Enlightenment and the french revolution
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Transcript of Enlightenment and the french revolution
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The French RevolutionThe French Revolution
Liberty Equality
Fraternity
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Key Concept:Key Concept: How did the Enlightenment evolve and affect society and
government?◦ The scientific revolution shattered long-held views about
the universe. This encouraged Enlightenment thinkers to question
society and government:◦ Locke (contract between government and governed)◦ Montesquieu (checks and balances)◦ Rousseau (individual freedom and civilization corrupts)◦ Voltaire (freedom of thought and expression)
◦ Their beliefs in the natural rights of man inspired the American and French Revolutions.
◦ These ideas were RADICAL!
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Key Concept… Key Concept…
Scientific revolution
New thinking encouraged
New thinking leads to revolutions in America and France
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Ingredients for RevolutionIngredients for Revolution 1688: Glorious/Bloodless Revolution in England removes
James II◦ William and Mary take over
No more Catholic kings or queens No more absolute monarchy
◦ Parliament ◦ Bill of Rights
Enlightenment ideas American Revolution (1776) and Constitution (1789) The Estates in France
◦ 1st Estate = clergy = wealthy/no taxes = privileged ◦ 2nd Estate = nobles = wealthy/few taxes = privileged◦ 3rd Estate = everybody else
Bourgeoisie/middle class = some wealth = high taxes = some rights
◦ Bankers◦ Merchants◦ Professionals◦ Business owners
Farmers and peasants
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Ingredients for Revolution…Ingredients for Revolution… Monarchy: Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
◦ Put country in debt Supporting American Revolution Personal luxuries
◦ Louis XVI Weak leader
◦ Couldn’t control country’s spending◦ Couldn’t control wife’s spending
Needed more money = taxes on the 2nd Estate◦ 1789: 2nd Estate forces Louis to call a meeting of
Estates-General First such meeting in 175 years First two estates could out vote the 3rd Estate,
even though the 3rd Estate had more people.
◦ Louis sides with 1st and 2nd Estates
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The Fuse Is Lit!The Fuse Is Lit!◦ Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes gets 3rd Estate to declare themselves
the National Assembly and become government of France National Assembly locked out of their meeting room by king Tennis Court Oath: National Assembly breaks down door to
tennis court and vows to stay until a constitution is created◦ Some nobles and clergy join
Painting of the National Assembly in the tennis court at Versailles
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The Revolution Goes Off!The Revolution Goes Off! Rumors
◦ King to use military against National Assembly◦ King to send troops to Paris to massacre French citizens
Citizens arm themselves with whatever they can July 14, 1789: The Bastille prison is stormed by a mob looking
for weapons◦ Release prisoners◦ Take some guards hostage and killed others
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The Great Fear SpreadsThe Great Fear SpreadsRumor
◦ Nobles hiring outlaws to attack peasantsCitizens break into houses of nobles
◦ Destroy legal papers (can’t owe king or lord what can’t be proved)
◦ Kill nobles◦ Burn houses
A chateau burns as peasants riot in the countryside
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The Great Fear Spreads…The Great Fear Spreads… October 1789: Women riot at Versailles
over cost of bread◦ Demands:
National Assembly provide bread King and queen return to Paris
August 1789: Great Fear spreads to clergy and nobles, more of whom now (out of fear) support National Assembly
◦ National Assembly ends Estate system
◦ Commoners/peasants now equal to clergy and nobles
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Statement of Revolutionary IdealsStatement of Revolutionary Ideals August 1789: National Assembly adopts Declaration of the
Rights of Man and of the Citizen◦ Influenced by Enlightenment & U.S. Declaration of
Independence “Men are born and remain
free and equal in rights.”◦ Rights included
Liberty Property Security Resistance to oppression Equal justice Freedom of speech Freedom of religion
Revolutionary leaders adopt “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” as motto (fraternity = brotherhood)
Illustration of Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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State-Controlled ChurchState-Controlled ChurchNational Assembly goes after
Catholic Church◦ Takes lands
Sale of church lands helps pay off French debt
◦ Declares clergy will be elected and paid as state officials
◦ French peasants (mostly Catholics) take offense Creates division in
revolution Cartoon: “The Zenith of French Glory; The Pinnacle of Liberty.” A French revolutionary watches a beheading while resting his foot on the head of a hanging clergyman.
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Royals ArrestedRoyals ArrestedJune 1791: Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette try to
sneak out of country◦ Arrested near Austrian border◦ Attempted escape made revolutionaries even angrier
at royalty
Arrest of Louis XVI and his Family, Varennes, 1791
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Divisions DevelopDivisions Develop1791: National Assembly creates a new constitution
◦ Creates a limited constitutional monarchy Strips king of most authority Creates a Legislative Assembly King Louis XVI agrees (no choice!)
Old problems still exist◦ Food shortages◦ Government debt◦ Poverty
Factions split revolutionaries◦ Radicals/Left: get rid of king, redo
government◦ Moderates/Center: wanted some changes
in government◦ Conservatives/Right: wanted to keep a
limited monarchy with few changes in government
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Two illustrations of sans-culottes
Divisions Develop…Divisions Develop…
Émigrés (the rich who fled France during the revolution) took actions to try to undo the revolution to get back their land
Sans-culottes (the lower-class in Paris) wanted even more radical change
◦ They had no power in the assembly (but that didn’t stop them!)
Movie poster for A Tale of Two Cities, based on the novel by Charles Dickens about the French Revolution and an émigré
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War and ExecutionWar and ExecutionAustria and Prussia fear revolution will spread.
◦ They pressure France to restore monarchy.◦ 1792: France responds by declaring war.
Prussian commander warns that he will destroy Paris if royal family is harmed.
August 10, 1792: Parisians furious at threat.◦ They storm the Tuileries (place where the royals were
under arrest). Mobs massacre royal guard, takes royal family
prisoners
Storming of the Tuileries Palace, Paris
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War and Execution…War and Execution…Rumor: King’s supporters in Paris prisons are
going to break out and retake Paris◦ Mobs raid prisons, and murder over 1,000 nobles
= September MassacresRadicals force
◦ Legislative Assembly to set aside the 1791 Constitution◦ Creation of a new government, National Convention
New government◦ Abolishes monarchy◦ Declares France a republic◦ Adult males given right to
vote
Illustration by Armand Fouquier of the September Massacres
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War and Execution…War and Execution…
National Convention, led by radical Jacobians put Louis XVI on trial and sentence him to death
◦ January 21, 1793: Louis beheaded by guillotine. War with Prussia continues.
◦ Prussia and Austria are joined by England Holland Spain
◦ National Convention takes extreme step of ordering a draft of men and women
Illustration of the execution of Louis XVI
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Reign of TerrorReign of Terror Many groups in France fighting for power
◦ Peasants loyal to Catholic Church and/or king◦ Clergy resisting government control◦ Rival leaders in different regions of France
1793: Maximilien Robespierre gains power◦ Vowed to build a “republic of virtue” by erasing
France’s past. Changed calendar
◦ Eliminated Sundays Closed churches
Reign of Terror = Robespierre = leader of Committee of Public Safety and virtual dictator
◦ Goal = protect revolution from its enemies Bogus arrests, trials Lots of torture and death
◦ Many “enemies of the revolution” = personal enemies of Robespierre because of their challenges to his power
◦ Apprx. 40,000 killed◦ 85% = peasants or middle class, those
who were supposed to benefit from the revolution
Top: Robespierre Bottom: Poster for movie
version of the Scarlet Pimpernel, a story of intrigues and love during the Reign of Terror
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End of TerrorEnd of Terror 1794: Fearing for own safety, members of National
Convention turn on Robespierre◦ Demand his arrest and execution
Reign of Terror ends on July 28, 1794 with Robespierre’s execution
◦ Public opinion shifts Tired of terror Tired of inflation for necessities
◦ 1795: National Convention creates third government since 1789
Gives more power to upper middle class Creates two-house legislature (like U.S. Congress) Created Directory = five men acting as
executive body (like U.S. president) Directory gives command of France’s armies to
Napoleon Bonaparte
Top: Illustration of the execution of Robespierre Bottom: Painting of Napoleon Bonaparte
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ReviewReview Ideas are powerful!
◦ The scientific revolution shattered long-held views about the universe. Enlightenment questioned society and government:
◦ Locke (contract between government and governed)◦ Montesquieu (checks and balances)◦ Rousseau (individual freedom and civilization corrupts)◦ Voltaire (freedom of thought and expression)
◦ Their radical beliefs in the natural rights of man inspired the American and French Revolutions.
New thinking encouraged
New thinking leads to revolutions in America and France
Scientific revolution