Enhancing Resiliency of Water Resources Vishnu Prasad ... · Enhancing productivity (benefit per...

Brisbane, Australia | 20-24 October 2019Insert your logo

Vishnu Prasad Pandey, PhD

International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Nepal

[E: [email protected]; [email protected]]

22nd International River Symposium

20-24 October, 2019 | Brisbane, Australia

Enhancing Resiliency

of Water Resources

Systems through

Knowledge

Generation &

Efficient Use

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


2

Contents

• Resilient Systems – What does it mean?

• What Makes Water Resources (WR) a (Climate)Resilient System?

– Emphasis on knowledge generation; promoting efficient use; & management/ governance

• IWMI’s Experience in Western Nepal

– Digo Jal Bikas (DJB) Project [USAID]

– BCRWME Project [Nordic Fund/ADB]

– Anukulan/BRACED Project [UKAid]

• Concluding Notes

• Acknowledgements

(Source:

https://littleleprechau

ns.blogspot.com/201

7/05/rivers-river-

basin.html)

https://littleleprechauns.blogspot.com/2017/05/rivers-river-basin.html


3

(Climate) Resilient systems – Another Buzz word!

IWRM

Climate

Change

Nexus

IRBM

Adapt

ation

RESILIENCE

Gover

nance

• Trigger for discussion on RESILIENCE?

– Changing weather pattern, long-term climate, and associated impacts

• What does it mean – in general?

– Resilient – able to be happy, successful, etc. again after something difficult or bad happened [Oxford Dictionary]

• How can we achieve it?

– Understand the system (status, root causes)

▪ For informed decision-making on strategies

– Design & implement policies, strategies

– Develop adequate capacity & awareness

SDGs

MDGsGreen

Growth


4

What Makes WR a Resilient System?

• Emphasis on knowledge generation;

– Better understanding of the system, its dynamics, interconnections, stressors & impacts

• Emphasis on promoting efficient use;

– Demand-side management:

▪ Enhancing productivity (benefit per unit of water use), e.g., MUS (multi-use Water System); water-efficient irrigation technologies; collective farming; etc.

– Supply-side management:

▪ Assessment of WR availability & sensitivity under various scenarios

▪ Enhancing water availability - ground(spring) water recharge, etc.

• Emphasis on water resources management/governance;

– Integration, trade-offs, at a system-scale, etc.


5

IWMI’s Experience in Western Nepal – Why Western Nepal?

• Western Nepal has

– high Water Availability (per capita); a lot of natural resources; potential for tourism

– has high potential to contribute to “National Prosperity”

• The region, however,

– is relatively under-developed in every development indicators

– has higher vulnerability to Climate Change

– has less scientific studies so far Therefore: IWMI is focusing last few years in Western Nepal


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IWMI’s Experience in Western Nepal – DJB Project

Sites for local scale studies

• Project: Digo Jal Bikas (DJB)

• Goal: Promote sustainable WRD&M in

western Nepal

• Duration: 2016-2019

• Funding: USAID

• Scale: Basin (3 basins) & Local (3 pilot sites)

• Objectives:

– Generate knowledgebase

– Develop & apply tools/models/approaches

– Contribute in developing integrated WRD & M guidelines for policy & practice


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IWMI’s Experience in Western Nepal – DJB Project

Inflow input for

Hydro-economic model

Impact of Climate Change – P & T

Inflows input to

Western Nepal E-Flows Calculator

Hydrological Model

Climate Future Matrices

E-Flows Calculator – Using Holistic

Approach

Techno-Social Interventions

• Hydro-economic model• Gender assessment framework

for water sectorINPUTS


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OUTPUTS

• The outputs can be accessed through DJB website: http://djb.iwmi.org/

• All data/models will be available at IWMI Water data Portal (http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/2018/06/water-data-portal/)

• DJB’s relevance to resiliency

– Enhancing knowledgebase

– Testing/piloting techno-social interventions for enhancing water use efficiency

– Identifying & evaluating various water development pathways for future water mgmt./ governance

IMPACTS: The project results are used

in National Irrigation Master Plan

http://djb.iwmi.org/

http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/2018/06/water-data-portal/


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IWMI’s Experience in Western Nepal – BCRWME Project

• BCRWME (Building Climate Resilient of Watersheds in Mountain Eco-Regions) was designed with the Goal of “Improving climate resilience of springs”

– Duration: 2015-2019 | Funding: NDF/ADB/CIF

• IWMI (i.e., NDF-2) is responsible for

– generating scientific evidence on springshedhydrology of 2-Watersheds.

BA

NLE

K

SH

IKA

RPU

R

Shikharpur Banlek

Catchment (km2) 3.74 1.43

No. of Springs 3 4

Elevation range (m) 1812 - 2470 770 to 1215

Slope (degrees) 0.8 to 63 5.8 to 48.4

Spring water usage Drinking, micro

hydro, agri.

Drinking, cattle

Spring

Rech

arg

e

Are

as?


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Spring

Rech

arg

e

Are

as?

• Isotope tracer study for identifying dominant spring recharge zones.

• Over 422 samples collected in during Mar 2016 – Mar 2017; & analyzed for isotopes

• Findings: – Existing recharge pond (interventions) are

outside the delineated recharge zones

– Recharge zones could be beyond the surface watershed boundary

– Springs in this study are recharged by a mix of surface & groundwater.

– Banlek has higher resident time, therefore, fed primarily by deeper groundwater system ?

Catchment

SpringsSample δ18O

(‰)

Sample δD

(‰)

Recharge Elevation (m

asl)

IDElev. (m

asl)

Derived

from δ18O

Derived

from δD

ShikharpurSS-1 2086 -8.94 -59.77 2598 2597

SS-2 2183 -8.95 -61.02 2601 2683

BanlekBS-2 822 -9.10 -64.61 1075 -

BS-3 832 -9.18 -65.56 1105 -

Next Step: Baseflow

Analysis


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Parameters Unit WinterPre-

MonsoonMonsoon

Post-

MonsoonAnnual

Rainfall (P) mm 53.4 324.2 1748.7 18.1 2144.4

BA

SEFLO

W A

T S

Q1 Streamflow

SQ1-Total flowl/min 1560.5 1018.0 5686.3 2881.1 2786.4

Streamflow

SQ1-Baseflow

l/min 1207.0 609.6 2426.5 2209.9 1613.2

mm 41.8 21.6 114.0 51.9 229.3

% of P 78.3 6.7 6.5 286.8 10.7

Baseflow Index

(BFI) – SQ1% 77 60 43 77 58

Parameters Unit WinterPre-

MonsoonMonsoon

Post-

MonsoonAnnual

Rainfall mm 24.5 153.4 829.4 8.7 1,016.0

BA

SEFLO

W a

t BS1 Spring BS1-

Total flowl/min 5.4 4.7 5.1 5.6 5.2

Spring BS1-

Baseflow

l/min 4.9 4.4 4.6 5.0 4.8

mm 0.37 0.34 0.47 0.25 1.4

% of P 1.5 0.2 0.1 2.9 0.1

Baseflow Index

(BFI) – BS1% 92 95 90 89 91

• Shikharpur:

– P = 2,144 mm; ET =46%; Runoff =18.5%; Recharge/Δ storage=35.5%

– Baseflow = 58% of runoff; varies across the seasons from 43% to 77%; 3-fold higher than P in post-monsoon (?) → fed by P as well as groundwater

• Banlek:

– Baseflow = 91% of runoff; almost consistent across seasons → fed by deeper aquifer system, rather than P.Findings are Consistent with that from isotopes study –

Banlek has higher residence time !

Hydrological Model developed: in RRAWFLOW


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IWMI’s Experience in Western Nepal – BCRWME Project

• Key Messages:

– Springs @ Shikharpur are fed by both rainfall & GW system; whereas in Banlek, fed primarily by GW

▪ Interventions in Shikharpur are likely to be successful than in Banlek

– Due to complex nature of recharge augmentation process, spring management interventions should incorporate a large integrated landscape management approach.

• Connection to resilience WR systems

– Enhance supply-side management through recharge augmentation → contribute to water use efficiency.

Spring

Rech

arg

e

Are

as?


13

IWMI’s Experience in Western Nepal – Anukulan/BRACED Project

• Multiple Use Water System (MUS)

– enhances water use efficiency and productivity as the same source is used for multiple uses; therefore

▪ Contributes in resiliency of WR systems

• >1,600 MUS are operating in Nepal

– At various level of performance; however, they are yet to get INSTITUTIONALIZED!

• Anukulan/BRACED project, among other aspects, looked on institutionalization of MUS

– Focused on 6 districts in West Nepal

Kailali

Surkhet


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• Institutionalization refers to -

– a process of embedding of some conception (for example, beliefs, norms, social roles, value or mode or behaviour) within an organization, social system and society as a whole (Tolbert and Zucker, 1996)

• Institutionalization is a necessary but NOTsufficient conditions for “UP- & Out-Scaling”

– Other conditions – technical feasibility, funding, demand from the communities – also matters

• Approach used

– Literature review; Field study; Interviews

Kailali

Surkhet


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• Following aspects of MUS Institutionalization observed from the study

– Strong demand from MUS from communities

▪ Willingness to share cost

▪ Have realized increase in HH income as well as nutritious & health benefits of MUS

– MUS is recognized as an adaptation mechanism in Harmonized LAPA

– MUS Network established in 2016

– Technology Transfer – INGOs & NGOs

• Challenges

– Lack of adequate information on MUS among new local government leaders/officers

– Difference in budget cycle between local gov. & Development Organizations

– New governance structure in Federal Nepal offering challenges & opportunities


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• Recommendations

– MUS approach can be integrated in formulation process of Water Use Master Plan (WUMP) of Paliks (the new Local Governments)

– Streamlining MUS/WUAs registration in Government agencies legitimizes MUS system at the Government level

– Palikas are autonomous in development planning, policymaking & budgeting

▪ It is an opportunity for the inclusion of MUS in Government Plans and budget

– The nutritional benefits of MUS is yet to understand better and needs further research


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Concluding Notes

• Investment on research & evidence-generation is a pre-requisite for devising strategies to enhance resiliency

• A successful resilient building program is expected to keep people’s livelihood at the center & have capacity strengthening component

• Both demand-side & supply-side measures should go hand-in-hand for enhancing resilience of WR systems

• Resilience is difficult to measure, however, government’s leadership [Institutionalization & Governance] may help build resilience

• Resilience building takes long time; therefore, funding for resilience building should go in PROGRAM-model rather than PROJECT-mode


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Thank You!

• Co-Authors

– Sanita Dhaubanjar; Bhesh Raj Thapa; Emma Karki; Alok Rajouria; Luna Bharati

• Funding Support

– USAID (for Digo Jal Bikas, DJB, Project)

– NDF/ADB/CIF (for BCRWME Project)

– UKAid & iDE (for Anukulan Project)

• Communities in Western Nepal

• Various government & non-government agencies for varying level of inputs

AC

KN

OW

LED

GEM

EN

TS

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