Englo5 Communication Skills Updated

SPEECH COMMUNICATION 3

(ENGL05)

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CommunicationProcess

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COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Elements of Communication

For communication to take place, there must be five factors:

The Sender – is the speaker or the communicator who has his/her own purpose, knowledge, interests, attitudes, skills and credibility.

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The Message – is the idea being transmitted by the sender to the listener.

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The Channel – is the medium or

vehicle through which the message is sent. It may be verbal or visual.

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The Receiver – is the target of the communication. He/she is the destination of the message, the listener, with his/her own purposes, knowledge, and interest levels, attitudes and listening skills.

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The Feedback – is the reaction given by the listener to the sender of the message. It is what completes the communication process.

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Encoding – the ideas which have been organized are put into code to make transmission possible. To represent these ideas, symbols in the form of sounds or words are used.

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Decoding – The codes or symbols used to transmit messages are converted into ideas or mental images to be interpreted by the receiver.

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All five elements must be present in any communication situation. Without any one element, no communication takes place.

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Barriers to Communication

Behind the communication process are several factors that inevitably spur bottlenecks in the way of efficient message sending and receiving. These obstacles concerning language use, the people involved, the environment ..

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.... and those of the immediate situation can obstruct the flow of meaning and cause communication breakdown.

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The elements of the communication process cannot be spared. They, too, can become barriers:

Speaker/Sender–physical appearance

voice, sounds, style, mannerisms, and

all other non-verbal aspects

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Message – When it does not meet the requirements of clarity, conciseness, concreteness, completeness, correctness, and coherence, will suffer from delay or a halt in the communication process.

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Channel – The choice of channel also needs attention. How urgent is the message? Who is to receive it and when? The channel used must suit the message and time requirement the message calls for.

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Listener/Receiver – It makes a difference between effective and ineffective communication. The listener may not be in the position to listen. Worst yet, he may not be the right person to receive the message. He may even have bad habits of listening.

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Feedback – Whether solicited or unsolicited, may also be another roadblock if the sender does not know how to send feedback or the listener does not know how to receive feedback either.

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Ways to prevent barriers to Communication:

Plan your communication. Consult with others when appropriate.

Seek to clarify ideas before communicating.

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Examine the true purpose of each communication. Language, tone, and total approach must be adapted to serve the objective.

Be mindful of the overtones as well as the basic content of the message.

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Ways to prevent barriers to Communication: Consider the receiver’s frame of reference. Make your message simple, clear, concise, concrete, complete, correct, and consistent.

Ask questions if needed. Use repetition to reinforce key ideas.

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Follow up communication by soliciting feedback. Encourage feedback.

Be sure action supports communication.

Seek not only to be understood but to understand.

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Aspects of Communication

1. The Verbal or Linguistic Aspect

This is the aspect that makes us of words. It may be oral or written, formal or informal.

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2. The Nonverbal Aspect

This aspect does not make use of words but may enhance or change the linguistic code.

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2. The Nonverbal Aspect

It has the following three elements:

2.1 Non-linguistic elements

2.2 Paralinguistic elements

2.3 Metalinguistic elements

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These are devices used in conveying messages without entirely relying on speech or language. These non-speech elements fall under seven categories.

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2.1.1.Kinesics – language of body.

2.1.2. Proxemics – language of space

2.1.3. Chronemics – language of time

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2.1.4. Haptics – language of touch

2.1.5. Olfactics – language of smell

2.1.6. Artefactual – language of objects

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2.1.7. Physical Appearance

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2.2. Paralinguistic elements

These include the attributes of voice that accompany the words we say.

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2.2.1. Vocal Quality – It is the distinctive characteristic of the tone of voice that makes it pleasant or unpleasant and by which other people identify you. It is also an indicator of one’s mood.

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2.2.2. Pitch – It refers to the highness or lowness of the voice when you speak. Pitch is determined by the length and thickness of the vocal cords.

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2.2.3. Tempo – It is the rate by which we speak. It refers to the number of words uttered within a given time. This is another indicator of the person’s mood.

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2.2.3. Volume – Voice intensity refers to the volume of the voice or the loudness with which we speak. Differences in vocal force enables the listeners to recognize differences in meaning.

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2.2.3. Junctures – These are pauses in the flow of speech while pauses are intervals of silence between or within words, phrases or sentences. In speech, such pauses express feelings and ........

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2.2.3. Junctures – ..... convey meaning more forcefully than words. A pause helps create suspense, puts emphasis on the word or words that follow, and it enables the speaker to catch up with his breath.

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References:

Speech and Oral Communication for College Students; copyright 2006 Author: Rafaela H. Diaz

http://www.mbaknol.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/CommunicationsProcess.gif

http://www.passia.org/seminars/2000/images/conflict.gif

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Englo5 Communication Skills Updated

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