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English - Yalálag Zapotec Dictionary

University of Massachusetts Amherst Fall 2017

This dictionary was created by the students in Seth Cable’s graduate linguistic field methods course (LING 748; Fall 2017). The purpose of the dictionary is to be both a resource for students in the class, and a permanent record of those parts of the Yalálag Zapotec lexicon documented in the course. Due to these relatively limited interests, as well as to additional practical concerns, this dictionary is presently designed as simply an English-to-Yalálag Zapotec dictionary. Each entry is constructed as follows: ● Word of English ● Its (approximate) translation in Yalálag Zapotec, represented in the practical orthography

employed in class. For a description of the orthography, please see the following: http://people.umass.edu/scable/LING748-FA17/Materials/YalalagZapotec-Basics.pdf ● Its (approximate) translation in Yalálag Zapotec, represented in IPA ● An example sentence illustrating the Yalálag Zapotec word, along with its English

translation. ● The name of the class participant who contributed or edited the entry ● The date of the contribution (or most recent edit)

The following illustrates the format for an entry in this dictionary: Chicken: bèllj /bèʒχ/ Llàòwé bèllj /ʒàòwé bèʒχ/ He/she (formal) is eating chicken. (Seth Cable; 9/18/2017) Special thanks are owed to Ana Alonso Ortiz, for reviewing these entries and correcting errors when found. Any remaining errors are entirely the fault of course instructor Seth Cable.

For more information about the Yalálag Zapotec language, the reader is referred to the language page created for the course, located at:

http://people.umass.edu/scable/LING748-FA17/YalalagZapotec/

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A

After: bayullna /bajuʒna/ Bayullna gukra'allto wi'ato /bajuʒna gukra'aʒto wi'ato/ After, we wanted to dance. (Carolyn Anderson; 09/18/2017) A little bit (adv): lhatdauze /ɾatdawze/ Lhatdauze ndon Xhua’n ka Maria’n

/ɾatdawze ŋdon ʐuaʔŋ ka maɾiaʔŋ/ Juan is a little taller than Maria (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

lhatze /ɾatze/ Lhatze ndon Xhua’n ka Maria’n

/ɾatze ŋdon ʐuaʔŋ ka maɾiaʔŋ/ Juan is a little taller than Maria (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

All (for mass concepts): duxente /duʐɛnte/ Dullente be’elhenn bdau xhua’n /duʒɛnte beereŋ bðɑu ʐuɑʔn/ Juan ate all the meat. (Petr Kusliy; 09/18/2017) All (for humans): yòlhùltè /jòɾùltè/ Yòlhùltè lhé’n bdâwlhè bè’èlhèn. /jòɾùltè ɾéʔn bðáùɾè bèʔèɾèŋ/ All of you ate the meat. (Kimberly Johnson; 9/20/2017) A lot (adv): xhen /ʐen/ Da xhen llul Xhuan

/da ʐen ʒul ʐuaʔŋ/ Juan reads a lot (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

kakse /kakse/ Kakse llul Xhuan

/kakse ʒul ʐuaʔŋ/ Juan reads a lot. (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

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Also: lhenkse /ɾenkse/ Kehle tuze Xhua’n bede. Lhenkse Malhiana’n bede /keɾe tuze ʐuaʔŋ bede. ɾenkse maɾiaʔŋ bede/ Not only Juan came, Maria also came (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

And: na /na/ De da gun bika yala na bayullte lni’n kaze /ðe ða guŋ bika jala na bajuʒtee lniʔn kaze/

The others had other things to do, and the party ends just like that.. (Leah Chapman; September 20, 2017)

And: lhente /ɾente/ Xhuá’n lhèntè Lhia’n bdâw bè’èlhèn. /ʐuáʔn ɾèntè ɾiaʔn bðáù bèʔèɾèŋ/ Juan and Maria ate the meat. (Kimberly Johnson; September 20, 2017) Animal: ba /ba/ Ndontelhe ba molhaden kelhke ba lhosen

/ndonteɾe ba moraden keɾke ba ɾosen/ the purple animal is bigger than the pink animal (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Attack: llnhe /ʃnhe/ Dalhiz bell llnhe be’ene.

/daɾiz beʒ ʃnhe beʔene/ There are bulls that attack people. (Kimberly Johnson; 11/29/17)

Away: na’le /naʔle/ Biàj na’le /biax naʔle/ Go away! (Petr Kusliy; 10/1/2017)

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B

Back of, behind: kull /kuʒ/ Bxhonjdobe kull yo kebe /bʐonχdobe kuʒ jo kebe/ He ran around his house. (Petr Kusliy; 10/4/2017) Bad: zbanda /zbanda/ La’ bellka zbanda.

/laʔ beʒka zbanda/ Bulls smell bad. (Kimberly Johnson; 11/29/17)

Bark (verb): dxhia /dʐia/ Dxhia békwka.

/dʐia békʷka/ Dogs bark. / Dogs are barking. (Kimberly Johnson; 11/03/17)

Be: nak /nak/ Doktox nak Malhia'n /doktoʂ nak maɾiaʔn/ Maria is a doctor. (Seth Cable; 10/14/2017) bi /bi/ Nada'n bi /nadaʔn bi/ That’s me! (Seth Cable; 10/14/2017) Bean(s): zàʼ /zàʔ/ Bdáwà zà’ /bðáwà zàʔ/ I ate the beans. (Rodica Ivan; 09/25/2017) Bedroll: da /ða/ Gawebe lu da chinkwnate da nak klor sulna /gawebe lu ða tʃinkwnate ða nak klor sulna/ He looked in the small bedroll, the blue bedroll. (Carolyn Anderson; 11/06/2017)

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Big: daxhena /daʐena/ Daxhena llayal gak mesen /daʐena ʒajal gak mesen/ this table should be big(ger)

(Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017) Bird: bíndao /bíndao/ Llul tu bíndao. /ʒul tu bíndao/ A bird is singing.

(Kimberly Johnson; 10/30/2017

Birds: bínka /bínka/ Llul bínka. /ʒul bínka/ Birds are singing. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/30/2017) Bit: chulle /tʃuʒe/ Gukra'allto wi'ato chulle /gukra'aʒto wi'ato tʃuʒe/ We wanted to dance for a bit (Carolyn Anderson; 09/18/2017) Blue: klor sulna /klor sulna/ Da nak klor sulna /ða nak klor sulna/ The blue bedroll (Carolyn Anderson; 11/06/2017) Book: libr /libr/ Blhelhebe to libr /bɾeɾebe to libr/ He saw one book. (Petr Kusliy; 10/1/2017) Bring: bex /beᶊ/ Bexakbe da yublhe da gawto bdâwtòn /beᶊakβɛ ða jubɾe ða gawto bðawtoŋ/ They brought other things we would eat (Katia Vostrikova; 09/18/2017) Brother (sister/sibling): zâ’n /zâʔn/ Llawelhebe zâ’n Lenen /ʒaweɾeβɛ zâʔn Leneʔn/ Someone likes Elena’s sibling/sister/brother. (Rodica Ivan; 10/29/2017)

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Brother (of a male speaker): bibicha /bibitʒa/ Bdau bibicha za’n /bdaw bibitʒa za’n/ My brother ate the corn. (Carolyn Anderson; 12/27/2017) Brother (of a female speaker): bizana /bizana/ Bdau bizana za’n /bdaw bizana za’n/ My brother ate the corn. (Carolyn Anderson; 12/27/2017) Bull: belle /beʒe/ Bazán belle /bazán beʒe/

Bulls are common./ There are many bulls. (Kimberly Johnson; 11/03/2017)

Buy: ga’wa /gaʔwa/ Biksbi de ga’wa /biksbi de gaʔwa/

There’s nothing I want to buy. (Carolyn Anderson; 11/10/2017)

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C

Call: bne /bne/ Bikse bne xa'n nada. /bikse bne ʂa'ŋ nada/ My father never called me. (Carolyn Anderson; 10/18/2017) Car: kamion /kamion/ Nàpá’ tu kamion. /nàpáʔ tu kamion/ I have a car. (Petr Kusliy; 10/18/2017) Cat: xhit /ʐit/ Bne xhit'n ke bekon bdau be'elhen. /bne ʐitʔn ke bekoŋ bdaw beʔeɾeŋ/ The cat said that the dog ate the meat. (Deniz Ozyildiz; 10/21/2017) Certification (paper): yich /yitʃ/ Bxi yich kebe'n inchna gakbe doktor /bʐi yich kebeʔn intʃna gakbe doktor/ She got her certification to be a doctor. (Seth Cable; 10/14/2017) Chase: lllhai /ʃɾai/ Lllhai békwka xhídka. /ʃɾai bekʷka ʐidka/

Dogs chase cats. (Kimberly Johnson; 11/03/17)

Chicken: bèllj /bèʒχ/ Llàòwé bèllj /ʒàòwé bèʒχ/ He/she (formal) is eating chicken. (Seth Cable; 9/18/2017) Child: bidao /bidao/ Llbazulhe bawelha zá’n ka naka bidao

/ʒebazuɾe baweɾa zaʔn ka naka bidao/ When I was a child, I loved corn. (Petr Kusliy; 10/18/2017)

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Classmate: komblhex /kombɾɛʂ/ Bi komblhex kia ka’ lla’ gani /bi kombɾɛʂ kia kaʔ ʒaʔ ɣani/ At my classmate’s house (the ones who are

living here)... (Leah Chapman; September 20, 2017)

Cloud: bêj /bêχ/ Bi ze bej /bi ze bêχ/ There are no clouds. (Rodica Ivan; 10/29/2017) Cold: zay /zaj/ Llak zay nalla /ʒak zaj naʒa/ It’s cold today. (Rodica Ivan; 10/29/2017) Come from (past): balloj /baʒox/ Gana balloj xhitao'n /xana bajox ʐitaoʔn/ The kitty came from there. (Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017) Cook (verb): benchawto /bentʃáwto/ Basllullto benchawto daka bdâwtòn /bssʒuʒto bentʃáwto ðaka bðawtòn/ We finally finished cooking the things we ate. (Katia Vostrikova; 09/18/2017)

lluna /ʒuna/ Yo’illa lluna ye’lwao. /joʔʒa ʒuna jeʔlwao/ I cook every day. (Petr Kusliy; 10/11/2017) Corn (cooked): zá’ /záʔ/ Bdâwtò bè’èlhè nà bdâwtétò zá’ /bðâwtò bèʔèɾè na bðâwtétò záʔ/ We ate meat and we ate corn. (Kimberly Johnson; September 14, 2017) Corn (dried): xhúà /ʐua/ Bí xhúà’n bdau xhúà’n? /bi ʐuaʔn bdau ʐuaʔn/ What dried corn did Juan eat? (Petr Kusliy; 10/1/2017)

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Cough: bllu /bʒu/ Na bllu tu be. /na bʒu to be/ And one person coughed. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/30/2017) Cut (verb): bxhûxhj /bʐûʐχ/ Bxhûxhj Xhúà’n bè’èlhèn lhèn kwchíw kíà. /bʐûʐχ ʐúàʔn bèʔèɾèŋ ɾèn kwtʃíw kíjà/ John cut the meat with my knife. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/04/2017)

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D

Dance (verb): wi’ato /wi’ato/ Gukra’allto wi’ato /gukra'aʒto wi'ato/ We wanted to dance. (Carolyn Anderson; 09/18/2017) Day: lla /ʒa/ Na benll Xhuan yit lla llin ka Malhian

/na benʒ ʐuaʔŋ jit ʒa ʒin ka maɾiaʔŋ/ Juan worked one day more than Maria.

(Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017) Dirt: bzio /bzjo/ Gatulba ga nak bzio /gatulba ga nak bzjo/ It rolled where there was dirt. (Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017) Dirty: bziuze /bziuze/ Bziuze nakba /bziuze nakba/ It (the cat) was dirty. (Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017) Do: gun /guŋ/ De da gun bika yala na bayullte lni’n kaze /ðe ða guŋ bika jala na bajuʒte lniʔn kaze/

The others had other things to do, and the party ends just like that.. (Leah Chapman; September 20, 2017)

Doctor: doktox /doktoʂ/ Doktox nak Malhia'n /doktoʂ nak maɾiaʔn/ Maria is a doctor. (Seth Cable; 10/14/2017) wenxhmellbe /wenʐmeʃbe/ Wenxhmell ben Malhia'n. /wenʐmeʃ beŋ maɾiaʔn/ Maria is a doctor. (Seth Cable; 10/14/2017)

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Dog: békò’ /békòʔ/ Dà tù békw lù ksínà’n. /ðà tù békw lù ksínàʔn/ There is a dog in the kitchen. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/16/2017) Dream (about): bnelhe yelhe /bneɾe jeɾe/ Malhíà'n bnelhe lebe yelhe.

Maríàʔn bneɾe lebe jeɾe Maria dreamt about him/her.

(Rodica Ivan; 12/30/2017)

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E

Each other: luellg /lueʒɣ/ Blhelhe luellgto /bɾere lueʒto/ We saw each other. (Petr Kusliy; 10/1/2017) Eat: gawto /gawto/ Da yublhe da gawto

/ða jubre ða gawto/ The things we would eat. (Katia Vostrikova; 09/18/2017) End: bayuxte /bajuʂte/ De da gun bika yala na bayuʒte lni’n kaze /ðe ða guŋ bika jala na bajullte lniʔn kaze/

The others had other things to do, and the party ends just like that. (Leah Chapman; 9/20/2017)

Enter: bllinbe /bʒinbe/ Bllinbe ga’n lltasbe /bʒinbe ga’n ʒtasbe/

He entered the room where he sleeps. (Carolyn Anderson; 11/06/17)

Escape: balha /baɾa/ Bill balha xhitao'n bigasjba

/biʒ bara ʐitaoʔn bigasxba/ The kitty didn’t escape his shower. (Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017)

Every: yolhul /joɾul/ Yolhul bidaunolhka bede /joɾul bidaunoɾka bede/ Every girl came (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Exceed: badi /badi/ Ba badia lhauo

/ba badia ɾauo/ I exceeded you (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

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F Fall (verb): byal /bjal/ Byalo

/bjalo/ You fell. (Katia Vostrikova; 09/29/2017)

welhllj /weɾʒx/ Wexhj xhetlhat keben /weʐx ʐetɾat keben/ Her picture fell. (Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017)

Fast (adverb): setewulhe /setewuɾe/ Setewulhe dxhonj Xhua’n

/Setewuɾe dʐonχ ʐuaʔŋ/ Juan runs fast (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Father, my: xa’n /ʂa'ŋ/ Bikse bne xa'n nada. /bikse bne ʂa'ŋ nada/ My father never called me. (Carolyn Anderson; 10/18/2017) Female: nolh /nor/ Nú bidao nolhen bel libr'n? /nú biðao noren bel librʔn/ Which girl (child female) read the book? (Rodica Ivan; 10/23/2017) Field: lyixhe /ljiʐe/ Llaya'l goxho sabko kat llago lyixhe. /ʒajaʔl goʐo sabko kat ʒago ljiʐe/ You have to wear a reboso when you go into

the field. (Carolyn Anderson; 11/10/2017) Fifty: chi yon /ʧi jon/ Chi yon sentimitlhose ndon Xhua’n ka Malhia’n

/ʧi yon sentimetrose ŋdon ʐuaʔŋ ka/ɾau/keɾke maɾiaʔŋ/ Juan is 50 sm taller than Maria (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

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Find: wayilhjaba /wayiɾjaba/ Llakebe gani wayilhjaba. /ʒakebe gani wayiɾjaba/

He wondered if he might find it here. (Carolyn Anderson; 11/06/2017) gwallelha /gwaʒeɾa/ Nikse llaklha gwallelha lue /nikse ʒakra gwaʒelra lue/ I thought I’d find you here. (Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017) Finish: basdu /basdu/ Bi basdube za'n. /bi basdube za'n/ She didn't finish the corn. (Carolyn Anderson; 11/03/2017) Finish finally: besxuxto /besᶊuᶊto/ Besxuxto benchawto daka bdâwtòn /besᶊuᶊto bentʃáwto ðaka bðawtòn/ We finally finished cooking things we ate (Katia Vostrikova; 09/18/2017) Five: ga’i /gaʔi/ Ga’i minutse bdawa zà’n nàjé. /gaʔi minutsə bdawa zaʔn nàχé/ I ate the corn in five minutes yesterday.

(Petr Kusliy; 10/11/2017) Food: ye’lwann /jeʔlwan/ Ga’i minutse benchawa ye’lwaon nàjé /gaʔi minutsə bentʃawa jeʔlwaon nàχé/ I cooked for five minutes yesterday. (Petr Kusliy; 10/11/2017) For: palha /paɾa/ Benchau Xhua'n beelhe'n palha xnabe /bentʃau ʐuáʔn bèʔèɾèŋ paɾa ʂnàʔbè/ Juan cooked the meat for his mother. (Zahra Mirrazi; 10/5/2017) Front: lhaw /ɾau/ Bda Xhua'n txhonjdobe lhaw yo kebe /bda ʐuáʔn tʐonχdobe ɾau jo kebe/ Juan ran to and from his house. (Zahra Mirrazi; 10/5/2017)

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G Get: bxhi /bʐi/ Bxhi yich kebe'n inchna gakbe doktor /bʐi yich kebeʔn intʃna gakbe doktor/ She got her certification to be a doctor. (Seth Cable; 10/14/2017) Get back: ballin /baʒin/ Ka ballinba yo keba'n bziuze nakba

/ka baʒinba jo kebaʔn bziuze nakba/ When it (the cat) got back to its house, it was dirty.

(Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017)

Gift (loan Sp.): regal /regal/ Bí regal be’ Xhúà’n Malhíà'n? /bí regal beʔ ʐúà’n Maríàʔn/ Which gift did Maria give to Juan? (Rodica Ivan 11/30/2017) Girl: bidao nolh /biðao nor/ Nú bidao nolhen bel libr'n? /nú biðao noɾen bel librʔn/ Which girl read the book? (Rodica Ivan; 10/23/2017) Give: be'e /beʔe/ Be'e Xhua'n tú libx xnabe'n /beʔe ʐuáʔn tú libʂ ʂnàʔbèʔn/ Juan gave his mother a book. (Zahra Mirrazi; 10/5/2017) Go: biàj /biaχ/ Biàj na’le /biaχ naʔle/ Go away! (Petr Kusliy; 10/1/2017) Green: ga’ /gaʔ/ Gulla Malhia'n nak yeba'n ga'. /guʒa maɾiaʔn nak jebaʔn gaʔ/ I told Maria that the sky was green. (Deniz Ozyildiz; 12/23/2017)

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H

Have: nàp /nàp/ Nàpá’ tu kamion. /nàpáʔ tu kamion/ I have a car. (Petr Kusliy; 10/18/2017) Heavy: zi /zi/ Nak bdaon zi. Zi bdaon

/nak bdaon zi/ /zi bdaon/ This baby is heavy. This baby is heavy (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Here: gani /ɣani/ Bi komblhex kia ka’ lla’ gani /bi kombɾɛʂ kia kaʔ ʒaʔ ɣani/

At my classmate’s house (the ones who are living here)... (Leah Chapman; September 20, 2017)

Hide: gakwach /gakwach/ Ga gakwach lhize xitao’n? /ga gakwach ɾize ʂitao’n?/ Where is the cat hiding? (Carolyn Anderson; 11/06/2017) Horn: lus /lus/ Zu lus bellka. /zu lus beʒka/ Bulls have horns. (Kimberly Johnson; 11/29/17) House: lhix /ɾiʂ/ (Carolyn Anderson; 9/14/2017) yo /jo/ Bda Xhua'n txhonjdobe lhaw yo kebe /bda ʐuáʔn tʐonχdobe ɾau jo kebe/ Juan ran to and from his house. (Zahra Mirrazi; 10/5/2017) However, but: lhawze /ɾawze/ Gukra'axto wi'ato chulle lhawze de da gun bika yala /gukra'aʂto wi'ato tʃuʒe lhawze ðe ða guŋ bika jala/ We wanted to dance for a bit, however, the others

had things to do. (Carolyn Anderson; 09/18/2017)

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Hug: bdel /bdel/ Bdelbe leba /bdelbe leba/ He hugged it (the cat). (Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017)

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I

I (1sg, pers. pronoun): nàdá /nàdá/ Nàdá bdáwà zá’ /nàðá bðáwà záʔ/ I ate the corn (Rodica Ivan; 09/25/2017) In (locative/preposition): lu /lu/ Lu ksìná bue’i Xhúà’n gíten /lu ksìná bueʔi ʐúàʔn ɣíten/ Juan cooked the squash in the kitchen. (Rodica Ivan; 10/03/2017)

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J

Just like that: kaze /kaze/ De da gun bika yala na bayuxte lni’n kaze /ðe ða guŋ bika jala na bajuʂte lniʔn kaze/

The others had other things to do, and the party ends just like that.. (Leah Chapman; September 20, 2017)

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K

Kitchen: ksina /ksina/ Lu ksìná bue’i Xhúà’n gíten /lu ksìná bueʔi ʐúàʔn ɣíten/ Juan cooked the squash in the ktichen. (Rodica Ivan; 10/03/ 2017) Knife: kwchiw /kwtʃíw/ Bxhûxhj Xhúà’n bè’èlhèn lhèn kwchíw kíà. /bʐûʐχ ʐúàʔn bèʔèɾèŋ ɾèn kwtʃíw kíjà/ John cut the meat with my knife. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/04/2017) Know: nestelhe /nesteɾe/ Nestelhe Malhia'n beko'n bdau be'elhen. /nesteɾe maɾiaʔŋ bekoŋ bdaw beʔeɾeŋ/ Maria knows that the dog eat the meat. (Deniz Ozyildiz; 10/21/2017)

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L

Last year: gudwizi'en /gudwiziʔeŋ/ Gudwizi'en bxhi yich kebe'n inchna gakbe doktor.

/gudwiziʔeŋ bʐi yich kebeʔn intʃna gakbe doktor/ Last year, she got her certification to become a doctor.

(Seth Cable; 10/14/2017) Laughed: bxhill /bʐiʒ/ Bxhilla. /bʐiʒa/ I laughed. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/30/2017) Like: llawelhe /ʒawere/ Llawelhe Lenen Malhia’n /ʒaweɾe Leneʔn Mariaʔn/ Elena likes Maria. (Rodica Ivan; 10/29/2017) Living: lla’ /ʒaʔ/ Bi komblhex kia ka’ lla’ gani /bi kombɾɛʂ kia kaʔ ʒaʔ ɣani/

At my classmate’s house (the ones who are living here)... (Leah Chapman; September 20, 2017)

Look: lluwez /ʒuwez/ Lluweza. /ʒuweza/ I’m just looking. (Carolyn Anderson; 11/10/2017) Loudly (very): llebasúlhe /ʒebasúɾe/ Llebasúlhe llul bínka. /ʒebasúɾe ʒul bínka/ Birds were singing very loudly. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/30/2017) Love: llawelha /ʒawera/ Llawelha zà. /ʒaweɾa za/ I love corn. (Petr Kulsiy; 10/18/2017)

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nlli’elhe /nʒiʔeɾe/ Nlli’elhe Xhua’n Maria’n /nʒiʔeɾe ʐuaʔŋ maɾiaʔŋ/ Juan loves Maria

(Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

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M

Make: benlhis /benɾis/ Chinkwtelhe benlhis be'enen mes kia'n.

/ʧinkwteɾe benɾis beʔenen mes kiaʔn/ This person made my table too small

(Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017) Man: bè’ènè /bèʔènè/ Tú bè’ènè bdáù bè’èlhè /tú bèʔènè bdáù bèʔèɾè/ A man ate meat. (Deniz Ozyildiz; September 18, 2017) Many: bazá /bazá/ Bazán bel ba blha lhize. /bazan bel ba bɾa ɾiʒe/ Many snakes have arrived.

Snakes are common. (Kimberly Johnson; 11/03/17)

Market: ya /ja/ Biaj Malhia lhaw ya /biaχ malia law ja/ Maria went to the market. (Carolyn Anderson; October 10, 2017) Married: bchuyna /btʃujna/ Bchuyna Xhua'n rente Malhia'n. /btʃujna ʐua'n rente maɾia'n/ Juan married Maria. (Carolyn Anderson; 11/03/17) Meat: bè’èlhè /bèʔèɾè/ Bdâwtò bè’èlhè nà bdâwtétò zá’ /bðâwtò bèʔèɾè na bðâwtétò záʔ/ We ate meat and we ate corn. (Kimberly Johnson; September 14, 2017) Meet: galhan /gaɾan/ Galhan luellgto /gaɾan lueʒɣto/ We met. (Petr Kusliy; 10/1/2017)

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Mexico: site /site/ Llakll zay gani kelhke site /ʒakʒ zaj gani keɾke site/ It is colder here than in Mexico. (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Might: cheke /ʧeke/ Cheke yo’ba lu da ga nì /ʧeke joʔba lu da ga nì/ He might be in the green bedroll (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Minute: minutse /minutsə/ Ga’i minutse bdawa zà’n nàjé. /gaʔi minutsə bdawa zaʔn nàχé/ I ate the corn in five minutes yesterday.

(Petr Kusliy; 10/11/2017)

Mother: xnà’ /ʂnàʔ/ Bué’ílhénbè xnà’bè’n bè’èlhèn. /buéʔíɾénbè ʂnàʔbèʔn bèʔèɾèŋ/ He cooked meat with his mother. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/04/2017) Much: zi telhe /zi teɾe/ Zi telhe ba btasbe

/zi teɾe ba btasbe/ he slept too much

(Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Must: llayal /ʒajal/ Daxhena llayal gak mesen /daʐena ʒajal gak mesen/ This table should be bigger. (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

My: kia /kija/ Bxhûxhj Xhúà’n bè’èlhèn lhèn kwchíw kíà. /bʐûʐχ ʐúàʔn bèʔèɾèŋ ɾèn kwtʃíw kíjà/ John cut the meat with my knife. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/04/2017)

25

N

Name: le /le/ Kelhe Beden lebe. Xhua'n lebe. /keɾe βeðeŋ lebe ʐuaʔn lebe/ His name is not Peter. His name is Juan. (Seth Cable; 10/14/2017) Need: deksde /deksde/ Llakebe deksde de wallellhaba lu da’aki

/ʒakebe deksde de waʒelɾaba lu daʔaki/ He wonders: I need to find him in a bedroll. (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Next year: yitwize /jitwizɛ/ Yitwize sia tu kamion. /jitwizɛ sia tu kamion/ I will have a car next year. (Petr Kusliy; 10/18/2017) Nobody: nuksnu /nuksnu/ Nuksnu billkse bdaw za'n. /nuksnu biʒkse bdaw za'ŋ/ Nobody didn't eat the corn. (Carolyn Anderson; 10/10/2017) Not: bì /bì/ Bì bdáù Xhúà’n zá’n. bì bðáù ʐúàʔn záʔn Juan didn’t eat the corn. (Rodica Ivan; 10/1/2017) bìll /bìʒ/ Bill bdáù Xhúà’n zá’n. bìʒ bðáù ʐúàʔn záʔn Juan didn’t eat the corn. (Rodica Ivan; 10/1/2017) kelhe /keɾe/ Kelhe Xhúà’n bdau za’n /keɾe ʒuaʔn bdau zaʔn/ Juan didn’t eat the corn (Petr Kusliy; 10/1/2017)

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Nothing: bitbi /bitbi/ Bitbi blhelhe Malhia'n. /bitbi blele malia'ŋ/ Maria didn't see anything. (Carolyn Anderson; 10/10/2017) Nowhere: gaxga /gaʂga/ Gallga biaj Malhian. /gaʒga biaχ malian/ Maria didn't go anywhere. (Carolyn Anderson; 10/10/2017)

27

O

Old: ngulh /ŋguɾ/ Ba ngulhll Xhua’n ka Maria’n

/ba ŋguɾʒ ʐuaʔŋ ka maɾiaʔŋ/ Juan is older than Maria. (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

One: tú /tú/ (Katia Vostrikova; 09/19/2017) One (just one): tuzbe /tuzbe/ Tuzbe bì bxhille. /tuzbe bì bʐiʒe / Just one didn’t laugh. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/30/2017) tuze /tuze/ Tuze bíndao bì llule. /tuze bíndao bì ʒule/

Just one bird didn’t sing. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/30/2017)

Only: tuze /tuze/ Tuze Malhia'na bí bede /tuze maɾiaʔna bí bede/ Only Maria did not come (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

tekse /tekse/ Tu tekse bé'élhé llawa

/tu tekse béʔéɾé ʒawa/ I only ate meat (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Other: yublhe /jubre/ Da yublhe da gawto /ða jubɾe ða gawto/ other things we would eat. (Katia Vostrikova; 09/18/2017)

Yito /jito/ Tu kil nde bdaon lhau bdaon yito /Tu kil ŋde bdaon ɾau bdaon jito/

This baby is one kg heavier than the other baby (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

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Others: yala /jala/ De da gun bika yala na bayuxte lni’n kaze /ðe ða guŋ bika jala na bajuʂte lniʔn kaze/

The others had other things to do, and the party ends just like that.. (Leah Chapman; September 20, 2017)

29

P

Pan: yes /jes/ Lu yes kia bue’i Xhúà’n gíten /lu jes kia bueʔi ʐúàʔn ɣíten/ Juan cooked the squash with/in my pan. (Rodica Ivan; 10/3/2017) Party: lni’n /lniʔn/ De da gun bika yala na bayullte lni’n kaze /ðe ða guŋ bika jala na bajuʒte lniʔn kaze/

The others had other things to do, and the party ends just like that.. (Leah Chapman; September 20, 2017)

People/Person: bè’ènè /bèʔènè/ (Rodica Ivan; 10/1/ 2017) Person: bi /bi/ Bi komblhex kia ka’ lla’ gani /bi kombɾɛʂ kia kaʔ ʒaʔ ɣani/ At my classmate’s house (the ones who are

living here)... (Leah Chapman; September 20, 2017)

Picture: xhetlhat /ʐetɾat/ Welhj xhetlhat keben /weɾx ʐetɾat keben/ Her picture fell. (Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017)

Pink: lhosen /ɾosen/ Ndontelhe ba molhaden kelhke ba lhosen /ndonteɾe ba moraden keɾke ba ɾosen/

The purple animal is bigger than the pink animal. (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Play (verb): bditjen /bditxen/ Bditjen Xhua'n za'n. /bditxen ʐua'ŋ za'ŋ/

Juan played with the corn. (Carolyn Anderson; 10/10/17)

Biaj xhitao keben gatitjba /biàx ʐitao kebeʔn gatitxba/ The cat went to play. (Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017)

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Purple: molhaden /moɾaden/ Ndontelhe ba molhaden kelhke ba lhosen /ndonteɾe ba moraden keɾke ba ɾosen/ The purple animal is bigger than the pink animal. (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

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Q

Quickly: setewulh /setewuɾ/ Bue’i setewulh Xhua’n giten /bueʔí setewuɾ ʐuʔaŋ ɣíten/

Juan cooked the squash quickly (Carolyn Anderson; October 2, 2017)

Quietly: llilliteze /ʒiʒiteze/ Llilliteze bue'i Xhua’n giten /ʒiʒiteze bueʔí ʐuʔaŋ ɣíten/

Juan cooked the squash quietly (Carolyn Anderson; October 2, 2017)

32

R

Rain (noun): yaje /jaɾe/ Ka bayull guk yaje /ka bajuʒ guk jaxe/ When it finished raining… (Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017) Read: bel /bel/ Nú bidao nolhen bel libr’n? /nú biðao noɾen bel librʔn/ Which girl read the book? (Rodica Ivan; 10/23/2017) Llul /ʒul/ Kakse llul Xhuan

/kakse ʒul ʐuaʔŋ/ Juan reads a lot (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Realize: gukwelhe /gukweɾe/ Gukwelhe Xhua’n nunu xitaon da

/gukweɾe ʐua’n nunu ʂitaon ða/ Juan realized the cat wasn’t there. (Carolyn Anderson; 11/06/2017) Reboso (shawl): sabko /sabko/ Llaya’l goxho sabko kat llago lyixhe. /ʒajaʔl goʐo sabko kat ʒaxo ljiʐe/ You have to wear a reboso when you go into the field. (Carolyn Anderson; 11/10/2017) Rich: unya /unia/ Naka ben unya. /naka bən unia/ I am rich. (Petr Kusliy; 10/18/2017) Rise (verb): bzú /bzú/ Bzú wìllen /bzú wìʒen / The sun rose. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/16/2017)

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Road: gana /gana/ Wekélhoǃ Gana da tu békw. /wekéɾo gana ðà tù békw /

Watch out! A dog is in the road. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/16/2017)

Roll (verb): gatul /gatul/ Gatulba ga nak bzio /gatulβa ga nak bzjo/ It rolled where it was dirty. (Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017) Run: bxhonj /bʐonχ/ Bxhonjbe yo kebe /bʐonχbe jo kebe/ He ran to his house. (Zahra Mirrazi; 10/5/2017)

34

S

Say: ne /ne/ Bne xhit’n ke bekon bdau be’elhen.

/bne ʐitʔn ke bekoŋ bdaw beʔeɾeŋ/ The cat said that the dog ate the meat. (Deniz Ozyildiz; 10/21/2017)

See: blhelh /bɾeɾ/ Blhelha lebe

/bɾeɾa lebe/ I saw him.

Self (reflexive pronoun): kwín /kwin/ Blhelheto kwínto /bɾereto kwinto/ We saw each other. (Petr Kusliy; 10/1/2017) Sibling (sister/brother): zâ’n /zâʔn/ Llawelhebe zâ’n Lenen /ʒaweɾeβɛ zâʔn Leneʔn/ Someone likes Elena’s sibling/sister/brother. (Rodica Ivan; 10/29/2017) Sing: llul /ʒul/ Llul tu bíndao. /ʒul tu bíndao/ A bird is singing.

(Kimberly Johnson; 10/30/2017)

Sister (brother/sibling): zâ’n /zâʔn/ Llawelhebe zâ’n Lenen /ʒaweɾeβɛ zâʔn Leneʔn/ Someone likes Elena’s sibling/sister/brother. (Rodica Ivan; 10/29/2017) Sky: yeba’n /jebaʔn/ Gulla Malhia'n nale yeba'n ga'. /guʒa maɾiaʔn nale jebaʔn gaʔ/ I told Maria that the sky was green. (Deniz Ozyildiz; 12/23/2017)

35

Sleep: lltasbe /ʒtasbe/ Bllinbe ga’n lltasbe /bʒinbe ga’n ʒtasbe/

He entered the room where he sleeps. (Carolyn Anderson; 11/06/17)

Small: chinkwnate /tʃinkwnate/ Gawebe lu da chinkwnate /gawebe lu ða tʃinkwnate/ He looked in the small bedroll (Carolyn Anderson; 11/06/2017)

na’ch /naʔʧ/ Na’chll Xhuan kelhke Maria’n /naʔʧʒ ʐuaʔŋ keɾke maɾiaʔŋ/ Juan is smaller than Maria

(Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017) Smell: la’ /laʔ/ La’ bellka zbanda.

/laʔ beʒka zbanda/ Bulls smell bad. (Kimberly Johnson; 11/29/17)

Snake: bel /bel/ Bazán bel ba blha lhize. /bazan bel ba bɾa ɾiʒe/ Many snakes have arrived.

Snakes are common (around here). (Kimberly Johnson; 11/03/17)

Some: chupchon /ʧupʧon/ Chupchon bé’énè bede /ʧupʧon bé?énè bede/ Some people came (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

tuze /tuze/ Tuze bed /tuze bed/ Someone came (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Spring: lhau ba /ɾau ba/ (Rodica Ivan; 10/29/2017)

36

Squash: gít /ɣít/ Lu ksìná bue’i Xhúà’n gít(en) /lu ksìná bueʔi xhúàʔn ɣít(en)/ Juan cooked (the) squash in the kitchen. (Rodica Ivan; 10/03/2017) Star: belhj /beɾχ/ Ná’ ze tu belhj. /náʔ ze tu beɾχ/ There is a star. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/16/2017) Store: tiend /tjend/ Yolhulte tiendka lla lhaw yellen babia

/joɾulte tjendka ʒa ɾaw jeʒen babia/ I went to every store in town. (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Student: bi xkwelh /bi ʂkweɾ/ Na tu bi xkwelhka bllu /na tu bi ʂkweɾka bʒu/ And one of the students coughed.

(Kimberly Johnson; 10/30/2017) Summer: lhau lhin /ɾau ɾin/ (Rodica Ivan; 10/29/2017) Sun: wìll /wìʒ/ Bzú wìllen /bzú wìʒen / The sun rose. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/16/2017)

37

T

Table: mes /mes/ Chinkwtelhe nak mesen

/ʧinkwteɾe nak mesen/ This table is small. (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Take: bex /beʂ/ Bikse bexbe za’n. /bikse beʂbe za’n/

She didn't take the corn. (Carolyn Anderson; 11/3/17)

noxh /noʐ/ Elena na gan noxh za’n. /elena na gan noʐ za’n/

Elena must have taken the corn. (Carolyn Anderson; 11/3/17)

Tall: ton /ton/ Nak Malhia’n tu bidaonolh ton /nak maɾiaʔŋ tu bidaonoɾ ton/ Maria is a tall girl. (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Tell: lle /ʒe/ Llebe leba /ʒebe leba/ He told it (the cat). (Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017) Than: ka /ka/ Ndonll Xhua’n ka Maria’n

/ŋdonʒ ʐuaʔŋ ka maɾiaʔŋ/ Juan is taller than Maria (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

kelhke /kerke/ Ndonll Xhua’n kelhke Maria’n

/ŋdonʒ ʐuaʔŋ kerke maɾiaʔŋ/ Juan is taller than Maria (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

38

Thank You! (Expression): guxh kenó /guʐ kenó/ Guxh kenó ba benu zà’n! /guʐ kenó ba benu zà’n/

Thank you for (giving) the corn! (Rodica Ivan; 10/23/2017)

That (Complementizer): ke /ke/ Ne Malhia'n (ke) bekon bdau be’elhen. /ne maɾiaʔŋ ke bekoŋ bdaw beʔeɾeŋ/ Maria thinks that the dog ate the meat. (Deniz Ozyildiz; 10/21/2017) Then: ná /ná/ (Rodica Ivan; 9/14/2017) There: ná//ná/ (Katia Vostrikova; 09/19/2017) gana /xana/ Gana balloj xhitao'n /xana bajox ʐitaoʔn/ The kitty came from there. (Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017) There is: de /ðe/ De da gun bika yala na bayuxte lni’n kaze /ðe ða guŋ bika jala na bajuʂte lniʔn kaze/

The others had other things to do, and the party ends just like that.. (Leah Chapman; September 20, 2017)

They (human): léàkbé /l:éàkbé/ Léàkbé’n bdáù bè’èlhèn. /l:éàkbéʔn bðáù bèʔèɾèŋ/ They ate the meat. (Kimberly Johnson; September 20, 2017) They (non-human): léàkbà /l:éàkbà/ Léàkbà’n bdáù bè’èlhèn. /l:éàkbàʔn bðáù bèʔèɾèŋ/ They (dogs) ate the meat. (Kimberly Johnson; September 20, 2017) Thing: da/ða/ De da gun bika yala na bayuxte lni’n kaze /ðe ða guŋ bika jala na bajuʂte lniʔn kaze/

The others had other things to do, and the party ends just like that.. (Leah Chapman; September 20, 2017)

39

Think: ne /ne/ Ne Malhia'n ke bekon bdau be'elhen. /ne maɾiaʔŋ ke bekoŋ bdaw beʔeɾeŋ/ Maria thinks the dog ate the meat.

(Deniz Ozyildiz; 10/21/2017) llunlhis /ʒunɾiz/ Llunlhiza xhbab ke beko'n bdau be'elhen. /ʒunɾiza ʐbab ke bekoŋ bdaw beʔeɾe/ I think that the dog ate the meat. (Deniz Ozyildiz; 10/21/2017) This: nì /nì/ Cheke yo’ba lu da ga nì

/ʧeke joʔba lu da ga nì/ He might be in this green bedroll.

(Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017) Thought: xhbab /ʐbab/ Llunlhiza xhbab ke beko'n bdau be'elhen. /ʒunɾiza ʐbab ke bekoŋ bdaw beʔeɾe/ I think that the dog ate the meat. (Deniz Ozyildiz; 10/21/2017) Today: nalla /naʒa/ Blhelha tu xnà bidao nalla /brera tu ʂnà biðao naʒa/ I saw a (kid’s) mom today. (Rodica Ivan; 12/03/2017) Tomato: bexhe /beʐe/ Kelhe yeten bdaw Xhua'n bexen bdawbe /kele jeten bdaw ʐua'ŋ beʐen bdawbe/

Juan didn't eat the tortilla, he ate the tomato. (Carolyn Anderson; 10/18/17)

Tortilla: yet /jèt/ Kelhe Xhua'n bdaw yeten /kele ʐua'ŋ bdaw jeten/

Juan didn't eat the tortilla. (Carolyn Anderson; 10/18/17)

Town: yellen /jeʒen/ Yolhulte tiendka lla lhaw yellen babia

/joɾulte tjendka ʒa ɾaw jeʒen babia/ I went to every store in town (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

40

Two: chop /ʧop/ Na’chll Xhuan ka chop metlh /naʔʧʒ ʐuaʔŋ ka ʧop metɾ/

Juan is shorter than 2 meters. (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

41

U

42

V

Very: llebastelhe /ʒebasteɾe/ Llebastelhe llak zay gani

/ʒebasteɾe ʒak zaj gani/ It is very cold here. (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

zitelhe /ziteɾe/ Zitelhe llak zay gani

/ziteɾe ʒak zaj gani/ It is very cold here. (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

43

W

Wait: blhexh /bleʐ/ Bzia blhexha le kull yo ke na bikse blhelha le /bzia bleʐa le kuʒ jo ke na bikse blela le/ I waited outside her house, but she was never there. (Carolyn Anderson; 10/18/2017) Walk: bda /bda/ (Zahra Mirrazi; 10/5/2017) Want: guklha’ax /gukɾa’aʂ/ Guklha’axto wi’ato /gukra'aʂto wi'ato/ We wanted to dance. (Carolyn Anderson; 09/18/2017) llen’lha /ʒenʔɾa/ Bi llen'lha gawa /bi ʒenʔra gawa/ I don’t want to buy anything. (Carolyn Anderson; 11/10/2017) Warm: zey /zej/ Llak zey nalla /ʒak zej naʒa/ It’s warm today. (Rodica Ivan; 10/29/2017) Watch out!: wekélhoǃ /wekéɾo/ Wekélhoǃ Gana da tu békw. /wekéɾo gana ðà tù békw /

Watch out! A dog is in the road. (Kimberly Johnson; 10/16/2017)

What (interrog. pron.): bí /bi/ Bí xhúà’n bdau xhúà’n? /bi ʐuaʔn bdau ʐuaʔn/

What (kind of) dried corn did Juan eat? (Petr Kusliy; 10/1/2017)

When (rel. Pron. / adv): ka /ka/ Llebazulhe bawelha zá’n ka naka bidao

/ʒebazuɾe baweɾa zaʔn ka naka bidao/ When I was a child, I loved corn. (Petr Kusliy; 10/18/2017)

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Who (interrog. pron.): nú /nú/ Nú bdau zà’n? /nú bdau zàʔn/ Who ate the corn? (Petr Kusliy; 10/1/2017) Winter: lhauzay /ɾauzaj/ (Rodica Ivan; 10/29/2017) With: lhen /ɾen/ Bxhûxhj Xhúà’n bè’èlhèn lhèn kwchíw kíà. /bʐûʐχ ʐúàʔn bèʔèɾèŋ ɾèn kwtʃíw kíjà/ John cut the meat with my knife.

(Kimberly Johnson; 10/04/2017) Woman: nolhka /nolka/ Nolhka'n bikse bidaw za'n.

/nolka'ŋ bikse bidaw za'ŋ/ The women didn't eat the corn. (Carolyn Anderson; 10/10/2017)

Wonder (verb): llake /ʒake/ Llakebe dekske de wallellhaba lu da’aki

/ʒakebe dekske de waʒelɾaba lu daʔaki/ He wonders: I need to find him in a bedroll (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

Work (noun): llin /ʒin/ Na benll Xhuan yi tlla llin ka Malhian

/na benʒ ʐuaʔŋ ji tʒa ʒin ka maɾiaʔŋ/ Juan worked one day more than Maria. Lit: Juan did one day more work than Maria (Katia Vostrikova; 12/30/2017)

45

X

46

Y

Yesterday: nàjé /nàχé/ Ga’i minutse bdawa zà’n nàjé. /gaʔi minutsə bdawa zaʔn nàχé/ I ate the corn in five minutes yesterday.

(Petr Kusliy; 10/11/2017) You (singular): lhúé /ɾúé/ (Lhúé) bdáwò bè’èlhèn. /ɾúé bðáwò bèʔèɾèŋ/ You (familiar) ate the meat. (Rodica Ivan; 09/22/2017) You (plural): lhé’n /ɾéʔn/ (Lhé’n) bdáùlhè bè’èlhèn. /ɾéʔn bðáùɾè bèʔèɾèŋ/ You all / You guys ate the meat. (Rodica Ivan; 09/22/2017) You’re welcome! (Expr.): kelh bi /keɾ bi/ (Rodica Ivan; 10/23/2017)

47

Z