PRESENT SIMPLE

Forms Use Examples

(+) I work/ he works(-) I don’t/ he doesn’t work(?) Do you/ does he work?(?/-) Don’t you/ doesn’t he work?

azioni abituali, permanenti, routine

verità universali, geografiche, leggi scientifiche, naturali…

con: avverbi di frequenza (always, often, usually, sometimes, occasionally, rarely/seldom, never); frequently, generally, normally, ever?, how often?; every day/week…, every other day/ month…, once a week/twice a year, three times a month…on Sundays/ Mondays…, in the morning/in the evening, at night/at the weekend

state verbs (verbi senza la forma –ing): like, hate love, enjoy, prefer, think (=believe)

believe, know, notice, remember, realise, understand, seem, be, contain, fit, include, matter, need, belong, cost, appear, want, have (=possess) see, hear, taste, feel nello stile narrativo, nelle cronache sportive,

recensioni, per istruzioni

con valore di futuro per orari pubblici, locandine, programmi.

He works in an office.

The sun rises in the east.Water boils at 100°C

He never goes to partiesDoes he often call during the weekend?They go to the swimming pool every week.

I don’t know.I like reading.This book belongs to me.I see what you mean.(BUT: I’m seeing the doctor at 6 o’clock)

The film is about a man who leaves his town.J. kicks the ball and passes it to B.l.H. acts superbly in the film.You beat the eggs then you add the flour.

The plane leaves London at 6.50 a.m.What time does the post office open?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Forms Use Examples

(+) sogg.+am/is/are+verbo-ing He is working(-) sogg+am/is/are+not+ verbo-ing He isn’t working(?) am/is/are+sogg+ verbo-ing? Are you working?(?/-) isn’t/aren’t+sogg+ verbo-ing? Aren’t I working hard? Isn’t he working hard?

azioni in corso nel momento in cui si parla o si scrive

situazioni temporanee

per situazioni che indicano cambiamento/ / sviluppo/ evoluzione

con: now, at the moment, at present, in this period, these days, today/tonight, nowadays, still, this week…

con always per esprimere irritazione, critiche, sorpresa.

Ricorda: alcuni verbi di stato hanno il presente progressivo e assumono un significato diverso

con valore di futuro per azioni riguardo a cui si sono presi accordi o si sono fatti programmi. (in genere accompagnato da tomorrow, next week, this afternoon o altre espressioni future).

Someone is making a noise outside.

My parents are abroad, so I’m staying with my aunt.More and more forests are disappearing because of fires.Computers are becoming faster and faster

Are you still watching TV?

I’m always losing my car keys!They are always criticizing me!

What are you thinking about?I’m seeing the doctor at 6 o’clock.We are looking at some photos.He’s having lunch.He’s being a bit rude.

Are you doing anything this afternoon?We are having dinner with the Browns tomorrow.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

Forms Use Examples

(+) I have worked/ he has worked I have/ he has gone(-) I haven’t/ he hasn’t worked I haven’t/he hasn’t gone(?) Have you/ has he worked? Have you/has he gone?(?/-) Haven’t you/hasn’t he worked? Haven’t you/hasn’t he gone?

Azione avvenute in un tempo non precisato del passato

Quando si vuole mettere in rilievo il risultato, l’effetto sul presente

Azioni avvenute in un periodo di tempo non ancora concluso

Con le seguenti espressioni: just, already, yet, still, this week/ month…, today, lately recently, so far, up to now, in the last few days/weeks…, ever?, never, always.

It’s the first/second … time something has happened

Nelle forme di durata con since, for,all,,, how long? con verbi che non hanno la forma progressiva

Nelle forme di durata con since, for, all …how long? con verbi che hanno la forma progressiva per lo più in frasi negative

Have you read Hamlet?

Look! He has had a haircut!I’ve forgotten his name.I’ve been to India twice.

He has never driven a car before.Tom hasn’t worked hard this term.I’ve just met him.Have you done your homework yet?I haven’t finished it yet.He’s already seen that film.I still haven’t received his reply.Have you heard from Tom recently?He’s always lived in New York.

That’s the third time he’ s phoned her.

How long have you known her?I’ve had this car for three years.We’ve been married for 20 years.They haven’t phoned me for two weeks.It hasn’t rained since January.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Forms Use Examples

(+) I have/ he has been walking(-) I haven’t/he hasn’t been walking (?) have you/ has he been walking?(?/-) Haven’t you/ hasn’t he been walking?

Nelle forme di durata con since, for, all… how long? con verbi che hanno la forma progressiva per lo più in frasi affermative e interrogative

Nella forma di durata in frasi negative con long,

Parlando di attività recenti si mette in risalto l’azione in sé, non il risultato.

Con lately, recently

Per esprimere sorpresa o rimprovero, rabbia, irritazione.

We have been walking for two hoursHow long have you been waiting?

I haven’t been waiting long.

I’m dead tired. I’ve been packing up my books.Why is she crying? She’s been peeling onions. She has peeled about a kilo..Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?

He has been smoking a lot recently.

You haven’t been quarrelling again, I hope.Who has been eating my chocolates?

PAST SIMPLE

Forms Use Examples

(+) I walked/he went(-) I didn’t walk/he didn’t go (?) did you walk/ did he go?(?/-) didn’t you walk/didn’t he go?

Azioni trascorse senza ripercussione sul presente

Fatto o azione svolta in un preciso tempo passato

Con last…,… ago, yesterday, in 1998, when …

Per dare dettagli e dinamiche di eventi passati

Se c’e più di un past simple le azioni sono in sequenza

Con la seguente costruzione:It’s (ages/two months…) since I last went to a disco How long is it since…?

Jack grew a beard but now he has shaved it off.How many plays did Shakespeare write?

The train left two minutes ago.

He has broken his arm.How did it happen?He fell off his bike

When she saw the mouse she screamed.

It’s two years since they left the country.It’s a year since we last heard from John.=We haven’t heard from John for a year.How long is it since they left the country? =How long ago did they leave the country?

PAST CONTINUOUS

Forms Use Examples

(+) I was walking / you were walking(-) I wasn’t/you weren’t walking (?) were you/ was he walking?(?/-) weren’t you / wasn’t he walking?

Azione in corso in un momento del passato

Con while, as (=mentre)

Per descrivere il background di una scena

At one o’clock Gorge was studying.

While we were having breakfast, Sue was sleeping.I was having a bath when the phone rang.While I was having a bath the phone rang

It was a mild summer day. The sun was shining in the sky and a light breeze was blowing. The children were playing in the park.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

Forms Use Examples

(+) I had walked(-) I hadn’t walked (?) had you walked?(?/-) hadn’t you walked?

per parlare di eventi accaduti prima di un momento o fatto passato

In un contesto passato con le seguenti espressioni:just, already, yet, when, earlier, before, after, ever …

It was the first/second time

Nella forma di durata in un contesto passato (Nelle forme di durata con since, for,all,,, how long? con verbi che non hanno la forma progressiva

Nelle forme di durata in un contesto passato con since, for, all …how long? con verbi che hanno la forma progressiva per lo più in frasi negative

Con la seguente costruzione:It was (ages/two months…) since I had been to a disco How long was it since…?

I didn’t recognise John because he had grown a beard .By the time I got to the phone it had stopped ringing.When we got to the station the train had already left.After she had read the letter she tore it to pieces.It was the third time I had seen that film.

How long had you and John known each other when you decided to get married?I had had that car for only a month when they stole it.

Tom was very tired. He hadn’t slept well for a long time.

It was two years since they had left the country.It was a year since we had heard from John last.=We hadn’t heard from John for a year.How long was it since they had left the country? =How long before had they left the country?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Forms Use Examples

(+) I had been walking / you had been walking(-) I hadn’t been walking (?) had you been walking?(?/-) hadn’t you been walking?

Nella forma di durata in un contesto passato con verbi che hanno la –ing form e per lo più in frasi affermative e interrogative.

Parlando di attività svolte nel passato per mettere in risalto l’azione in sé e non il risultato

It had been raining all morning.I had been working in the company for two years when they promoted me.How long had you been waiting when they arrived?

She had been working hard that day, so she was tired.

FUTURE TENSES (1)

Forms Use ExamplesPRESENT SIMPLE(+) I work/ he works(-) I don’t/ he doesn’t work(?) Do you/ does he work?(?/-) Don’t you/ doesn’t he work?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS(+) sogg.+am/is/are+verbo-ing He is working(-) sogg+am/is/are+not+ verbo-ing He isn’t working(?) am/is/are+sogg+ verbo-ing? Are you working?(?/-) isn’t/aren’t+sogg+ verbo-ing? Aren’t I working hard? Isn’t he working hard?

BE GOING TO(+) sogg.+am/is/are+going to+ verbo base He is going to work(-) sogg+am/is/are+not+ going to+verbo base He isn’t going to work(?) am/is/are+sogg+ going to+verbo base? Are you going to work?(?/-) isn’t/aren’t+sogg+ going to+verbo base? Aren’t I going to work hard? Isn’t he going to work hard?

con valore di futuro per orari pubblici, locandine, programmi.

futuro in frasi subordinate: nelle frasi con if, unless, in case, when, as soon as, before, after, until quando nella frase principale c’è un futuro

con valore di futuro per azioni riguardo a cui si sono presi accordi o si sono fatti programmi. (in genere accompagnato da tomorrow, next week, this afternoon o altre espressioni future).

con i verbi di moto (go, come) è assai frequente

per esprimere intenzione; rende spesso l’espressione “avere intenzione di”

per esprimere un futuro immediato: rende spesso l’espressione “stare per”

per esprimere un futuro immediato: quando riteniamo che una cosa debba accadere in base a quanto si vede o si sa.

The plane leaves London at 6.50 a.m.What time does the post office open?

If I pass my exam tomorrow, I’ll celebrate.When he arrives at the station he will call us.

Are you doing anything this afternoon?We are having dinner with the Browns tomorrow.

I’m going to Como this afternoon.

I’m not going to buy that car: it’s too expensive.What are you going to do after you finish high school?Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain.Mind that cup. You are going to spill the tea.

Look at the time! You are going to be late.My sister is going to have a baby.

WILL (+) sogg.+ will+ verbo base He will work. /He’ll work(-) sogg+will+not+ verbo base He will not work/ He won’t work(?) Will+sogg+ verbo base? Will he work?(?/-) Won’t+sogg+ verbo base? Won’t he work hard?

previsioni

promesse e/o minacce

decisioni istantanee

con : be sure, be afraid, believe, expect, hope, probably, perhaps, maybe, ever/never

I’ll be 20 next month.

I’ll send you a postcard.

It’s getting dark in here. I’ll turn the light on.I need some eggs. I’ll get them for you.

Don’t worry about the exam. I’m sure you’ll pass it.I probably won’t be home before ten.

FUTURE TENSES (2)

Forms Use ExamplesFUTURE CONTINUOUS(+) I will be working(-) I won’t be working(?) will you be working?(?/-) won’t you be working?

FUTURE PERFECT(+) sogg.+will have + participio pass. He will have worked(-) sogg+will+not+ have+ p.p. He won’t have worked(?) will he have worked?(?/-) won’t he have worked?

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (+) sogg.+will have been+ verbo-ing He will have been working for two weeks(-) He won’t have been working …(?) Will he have been working …?(?/-) Won’t he have been working ?

Azioni in corso in un dato momento future, spesso accompagnato da espressioni come in an hour’s/day’s time, this time tomorrow/next week, a day/week from now...

Azioni già programmate che si ritiene debbano verificarsi (in questo caso è possibile usare altre forme di futuro)

Per informarsi in modo cortese sui programmi di qualcuno (spesso per fini personali)

Azioni completate in un dato momento futuro, spesso accompagnato da espressioni come by then, by next year, by the end of the month, in a day’s/week’s time, within next week, a week from now, this time next week…

Per parlare di qualcosa che si suppone sia già accaduto.

Nelle forme di durata al futuro con verbi che non ammettono la forma progressiva (-ing)

Forme di durata al futuro con verbi che ammettono la forma progressiva (-ing)

This time tomorrow I’ll be lying on the beach.Meet me at the cafè at 6. I’ll be sitting at a table outside and I’ll be wearing a red scarf

We’ll be leaving at 7 tomorrow and we’ll be reaching the coast just before midday= we’re leaving…/ we will probably reach…)

-Will you be staying at home next weekend?-Yes, why?

Will he have finished writing his book by next year?Two days from now I’ll have started my holidays.By tomorrow the painters will have finished the houseThomas will have already told you about the accidentI’ll have been in this country for ten years next January

When Louise retires next year she’ll have been teaching for 40 years.On the 15th, we’ll have been going out together for exactly three months.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCESStudy the following examples

tipo IF Principale Esempi

Type 0 present simple present simple If you press this button you switch the machine on.

Type 1 present simple will+ v.base

imperativo

If I find your watch I’ll tell you Phone me if he arrives earlier.

Type2 past simple would+ v.base

could+ v.base

If you took more exercise you would feel better.

What would you do if you won a million pounds?

If I went to bed now I wouldn’t sleep. If I were you I wouldn’t buy that coat.

Type 3 past perfect(had done)

would/could have + part. pass.

If she had seen that film she would have enjoyed it.

It wouldn’t have been so difficult if I had had a map

What would he have done if he had missed the bus?