English studies

For the journal, see English Studies (journal).

English studies is an academic discipline that includesthe study of literatures written in the English language(including literatures from the United Kingdom, theUnited States, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand,Hong Kong, the Philippines, India, Pakistan, SouthAfrica, and the Middle East, among other areas), En-glish linguistics (including English phonetics, phonology,syntax, morphology, semantics, pragmatics, corpus lin-guistics, and stylistics), and English sociolinguistics (in-cluding discourse analysis of written and spoken texts inthe English language, the history of the English language,English language learning and teaching, and the study ofWorld Englishes).More broadly, English studies explores the productionand analysis of texts created in English (or in areas ofthe world in which English is a common mode of com-munication). It is not uncommon for academic depart-ments of English or English Studies to include schol-ars of the English language, literature (including literarycriticism and literary theory), linguistics, law, journalism,composition studies, the philosophy of language, literacy,publishing/history of the book, communication stud-ies, technical communication, folklore, cultural stud-ies, creative writing, critical theory, disability stud-ies, area studies (especially American studies), theater,gender studies/ethnic studies, digital media/electronicpublishing, film studies/media studies, rhetoric andphilology/etymology, and various courses in the liberalarts and humanities, among others.In most English-speaking countries, the literary and cul-tural dimensions of English studies are typically prac-ticed in university departments of English, while the studyof texts produced in non-English languages takes placein other departments, such as departments of foreignlanguage or comparative literature. English linguisticsis often studied in separate departments of linguistics.This disciplinary divide between a dominant linguisticor a literary orientation is one motivation for the divi-sion of the North American Modern Language Associa-tion (MLA) into two subgroups. At universities in non-English-speaking countries, the same department oftencovers all aspects of English studies including linguistics:this is reflected, for example, in the structure and activ-ities of the European Society for the Study of English(ESSE).

1 English major

The English Major (alternatively English concentra-tion, B.A. in English) is a term in the United States anda few other countries for an undergraduate university de-gree focused around the consumption, analysis, and pro-duction of texts in the English language. The term mayalso be used to describe a student who is pursuing such adegree.Students who major in English reflect upon, analyse, andinterpret literature and film, presenting their analyses inclear, cogent writing. Although help-wanted postingsrarely solicit English majors specifically, a degree in En-glish hones critical thinking skills essential to a numberof career fields, including writing, editing, publishing,teaching and research, advertising, public relations, law,and finance.

1.1 History of English studies

The history of English studies at the modern universityin Europe and America begins in the second half of thenineteenth century. Initially, English studies comprised amotley array of content: the practice of oratory, the studyof rhetoric and grammar, the composition of poetry, andthe appreciation of literature (mostly by authors fromEngland, since American literature and language studywas only added in the twentieth century).[1] In Germanyand several other European countries, English Philology,a strongly positivistic and historically interested practiceof reading pre-modern texts, became the preferred schol-arly paradigm, but English-speaking countries distancedthemselves from philological paradigms soon after WorldWar I.[2] At the end of this process, English departmentstended to refocus their work on various forms of writinginstruction (creative, professional, critical) and the inter-preting of literary texts, and teacher education in Englishrecovered from the neglect it had suffered because ofmore science-oriented paradigms.[3] Today, English de-partments in native-speaking countries re-evaluate theirroles as sole guardians of the discipline because English isless and less native speakers unique 'property' and has tobe shared with the millions of speakers and writers fromother countries for whom English is an essential means ofcommunication and artistic expression.[4]

English literature became an object of study in Frenchuniversities as part of foreign (comparative) literature inthe nineteenth century. A chair of foreign literature was

1

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2 3 SKILLS ACQUIRED

established in Paris in 1830. English was first taught inde-pendently from other languages and literature in the Uni-versity of Lille and in the University of Lyons and onlyafterwards in the Sorbonne. These three universities werethe first major centres of English studies in France. Thefirst lecturer and later professor of English studies wouldseem to have been Auguste Angellier. After spendingseveral years teaching French in England in the 1860sand 1870s, he became a lecturer in English studies inthe University of Lille in 1881 and a professor of En-glish in 1893. In France nowadays, literature, civilisa-tion, linguistics and the spoken and written language areall important in English studies in universities.[5]

The English major rose into prominence in American col-leges shortly after the introduction of the electives system.It provided an opportunity for students to develop skills inanalytical reading with the aim of improving their writing,as well as exercises in rhetoric and persuasive expressionthat had been traditionally only taught in classical stud-ies and available to the very few due to language barriersand a shortage of professors who could actively engagestudents in the humanities. Outside the United States(originating in Scotland and then rippling out into theEnglish-speaking world) the English major became pop-ular in the latter half of the 19th century during a timewhen religious beliefs were shaken in the face of scien-tific discoveries.[6] Literature was thought to act as a re-placement for religion in the retention and advancementof culture, and the English Major thus provided studentswith the chance to draw moral, ethical, and philosophicalqualities and meanings of older studies from a richer andbroader source of literature than that of the ancient Greekand Latin classics.Since 2000, there have been more and more questionsabout the specific function of English departments atthe contemporary U.S. college and university. The ab-sence of a clearly defined disciplinary identity and the in-creasingly utilitarian goals in U.S. society present a chal-lenge to those academic units still mostly focusing onthe printed book and the traditional division in historicalperiods and national literatures, and neglecting allegedlynon-theoretical areas such as professional writing, com-position, and multimodal communication.[7]

2 English studies

See also Literature and linguistics, along with List of aca-demic disciplines

English linguistics

English sociolinguistics

Discourse analysis in English

English Stylistics (linguistics)

World Englishes

History of the English Language

Composition studies

Rhetoric

Technical communication

English language learning and teaching

English Literature

American literature, including: African American literature Jewish American literature Southern literature

Australian literature British literature (literature from some regionsof the United Kingdom may be written inCeltic languages)

Canadian literature (a significant amount ofCanadian literature is also written in French)

Irish literature New Zealand literature Scottish literature Welsh literature South African literature (excluding workswritten in other languages)

3 Skills acquired

In the past an academic degree in English usually meantan intensive study of British and American literary mas-terpieces. Now, however, an English Major encompassesa much broader range of topics which stretch over mul-tiple disciplines. While the requirements for an EnglishMajor vary from university to university, most Englishdepartments emphasize three core skills: analyzing liter-ature, a process which requires logic and reflective anal-ysis; creativity and imagination with regards to the pro-duction of good writing; and an understanding of differ-ent cultures, civilizations, and literary styles from varioustime periods. Prospective English Majors can expect totake college courses in academic writing, creative writing,literary theory, British and American literature, multi-cultural literature, several literary genres (such as poetry,drama, and film studies), and a number of elective mul-tidisciplinary topics such as history, courses in the socialsciences, and studies in a foreign language. To the endof studying these disciplines, candidates for a Major inEnglish attain skills in rhetoric, literary analysis, an ap-preciation for the diversity of cultures, and an ability toclearly and persuasively express their ideas in writing.

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3

4 Examples of courses

Most English courses fall into the broader categories ofeither Literature-based studies, which focus on classicalauthors and time periods, or Rhetorical studies, whichconcentrate on communication skills in preparation forspecialization in a variety of professional fields. Whilespecific graduation requirements vary from university touniversity, students can expect to study some of the fol-lowing courses.Courses in Writing and Composition: such as Aca-demic and Professional Writing, which stress analyticalwriting and train students to produce clear, cohesive ar-guments.Courses in British Literature: Courses may focus ontime periods, authors, genres, or literary movements.Examples include Shakespeare's Tragedies, History andTheory of British Drama, Medieval English Literature,the Victorian Novel, and Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales.Courses in American Literature: Depending upon theuniversity, these courses can either be broken down bytime period, such as Nineteenth Century Gothic Fic-tion; authors, such as classes on Hawthorne, Hemingway,or Frost; or Literary schools and movements, such asNaturalism or Transcendentalism.Courses in Multicultural Literature: The value ofbringing a range of cultural and multidisciplinary per-spectives to the study of English literature is being in-creasingly recognized in a number of universities. Exam-ples include Multi-cultural Literatures in Medieval Eng-land, Latina Narratives, and Studies in Jewish Literature.Rhetorical courses: Focus on techniques of persuasivearguing in the written form, as well as skills which involvethe analysis of written texts.

5 Career opportunities

A major in English opens a variety of career opportuni-ties for college graduates entering the job market. Sincestudents who graduate with an English degree are trainedto ask probing questions about large bodies of texts andthen to formulate, analyze, and answer those questions incoherent, persuasive proseskills vital to any number ofcareersEnglish majors have much to choose from aftergraduation. The most obvious career choices for Englishmajors are writing, publishing, journalism, and teaching.However, other less intuitive job options include posi-tions in advertising, public relations, acting, law, business,marketing, and directing.

6 See also

Literati

7 References[1] For a survey of these developments, see Gerald Graff,

Professing Literature. An Institutional History (Chicago:U of Chicago P, 1987).

[2] Richard Utz, "Englische Philologie vs. English Studies:A Foundational Conflict, in: Das Potential europischerPhilologien: Geschichte, Leistung, Funktion, ed. ChristophKnig (Gttingen: Wallstein, 2009), pp. 34-44.

[3] Bruce McComiskey, ed., English Studies. An Introductionto the Discipline (Urbana, IL: NCTE, 2006), esp. pp. 44-48, The New English Studies.

[4] See, for example, the English Without Borders project atTexas A&M University

[5] Imelda Bonel-Elliott (2000), English Studies in Francein: Engler, Balz and Haas, Renate, European English Stud-ies: Contributions Towards a History of the Discipline. Le-icester: The English Association for ESSE, pp. 69-88.

[6] Literature and Science (Matthew Arnold [1882])

[7] Richard Utz, The Trouble with English, Chron-icle of Higher Education, 13 January, 2013(http://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2013/01/03/the-trouble-with-english/); and Quo vadis, En-glish Studies, Philologie im Netz 69 (2014): 93-100(http://web.fu-berlin.de/phin/phin69/p69t8.htm)

O'Hara, Shelly. What Can You Do with a Majorin English. Hoboken: Wiley Publishing Inc., 2005.ISBN 0-7645-7605-4

The University of Chicago Courses and Programs ofStudy The College 2006-2008.

de Vane, William Clyde. The English Major.College English, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Oct., 1941), pp.4752

On the History of the English Major,

8 External links

European Society for the Study of English (ESSE)

International Society for the Linguistics of English(ISLE)

Association of Departments of English in the USand Canada

Conference on College Composition and Commu-nication

Sigma Tau Delta, Int. English Honor Society

Modern Language Association (MLA)

Professional organizations Related to the MLA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_(language)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaucerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Taleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Fictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Fictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthornehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingwayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frosthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatihttp://www.english.tamu.edu/english-without-borders?destination=node%252F76http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ian/arnold.htmhttp://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2013/01/03/the-trouble-with-english/http://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2013/01/03/the-trouble-with-english/http://web.fu-berlin.de/phin/phin69/p69t8.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764576054https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Englishhttp://www.essenglish.org/http://www.isle-linguistics.org/http://www.ade.org/http://www.ncte.org/cccc/http://www.ncte.org/cccc/http://www.english.org/http://www.mla.org/http://www.mla.org/related_professional

4 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

English study resources

Reasons for learning English Language

English lessons

https://www.tyoosis.com/subjects/subject/englishhttp://www.phrasal.info/1-topics/1-Find-your-reason-for-learning-English-Language.htmlhttp://cours-anglais.fr.cr/

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9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text English studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20studies?oldid=647044086 Contributors: Zundark, Sannse, Rbellin, Nite-

owlneils, Neilc, Andycjp, Icurite, Grstain, Florian Blaschke, Bishonen, El C, Carbon Caryatid, SophiaEg, Idont Havaname, Snowolf, Ben-son85, Angr, Mindmatrix, Graham87, Mayumashu, Yamamoto Ichiro, FlaBot, Birion, Gurch, Gwernol, Quentin X, RussBot, Chris Capoc-cia, NawlinWiki, Welsh, Gmatsuda, SandBoxer, Zzuuzz, Auroranorth, Roke, SmackBot, Alex earlier account, Sebesta, PeterSymonds,Sparkleiya, Pax85, Soosed, Cybercobra, Bottyang, RichardF, ShelfSkewed, Cydebot, Kairotic, Tawkerbot4, Mr pand, ThomasPusch, An-tiVandalBot, RobotG, Danny lost, MER-C, Tedankhamen, Matthew Fennell, Plm209, Andonic, VoABot II, Gngora, Fallschirmjger,Wolfdemon, Bryteline, Dbiel, Engunneer, Arms & Hearts, Carterdriggs, Iced27, ElinorD, Wassermann, Ilyushka88, L III (N) English,Troll666, PLA y Grande Covin, Doszika, PixelBot, Nzclogger1, Addbot, Dr001dk, Ewenss, Pirtskhalava, SpBot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem,GrouchoBot, Zhoroscop, Zero Thrust, PigFlu Oink, MastiBot, Tbhotch, Cgqyyflz, EmausBot, GoingBatty, Josve05a, Mar4d, AvicAWB,Kilopi, Coasterlover1994, Ego White Tray, Spicemix, ClueBot NG, Utziputz, Ramaksoud2000, BG19bot, Kyoakoa, Altar, Sunnym20,Candide75, Ctg4Rahat, Akosipalen, Lugia2453, Alexander Mikhalenko, Emptybaer, MjolnirPants, Manogen14, 1ravenhurst, Good oldtom1203, Bpnojutsu, Electro345 and Anonymous: 76

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License: CC0 Contributors: http://www.openclipart.org/cgi-bin/navigate/education/books (note: the link no longer works since reorga-nization of the OpenClipArt website). Original artist: Original author: AJ Ashton (on OpenClipArt). Code fixed by verdy_p for XMLconformance, and MediaWiki compatibility, using a stricter subset of SVG without the extensions of SVG editors, also cleaned up manyunnecessary CSS attributes, or factorized them for faster performance and smaller size. All the variants linked below are based on thisimage.

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English majorHistory of English studies

English studiesSkills acquired Examples of courses Career opportunities See alsoReferencesExternal links Text and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license