EnglishEnglishRenaissanceRenaissanceWritersWritersChristopher "Kit"Christopher "Kit" Marlowe Marlowe (baptised 26(baptised 26 February 1564 30 MayFebruary 1564 30 May 153! "as an English153! "as an English dra#atist$ p%et anddra#atist$ p%et and translat%r %& the Eli'abethantranslat%r %& the Eli'abethan era( )he &%re#%stera( )he &%re#%st Eli'abethan tragedian ne*tEli'abethan tragedian ne*t t% Willia# +ha,espeare$ het% Willia# +ha,espeare$ he is ,n%"n &%r his #agni&icentis ,n%"n &%r his #agni&icent blan blan, , -erse$ his-erse$ his %-erreaching pr%tag%nists$%-erreaching pr%tag%nists$ and his %"n #ysteri%us andand his %"n #ysteri%us and unti#ely death( unti#ely death(.hrist%pher Marl%"e.hrist%pher Marl%"e.hrist%pher Marl%"e "as.hrist%pher Marl%"e "as christened at +t( /e%rge0s .hurch$christened at +t( /e%rge0s .hurch$ .anterbury$ %n 26 February 1564(.anterbury$ %n 26 February 1564( 1e "as b%rn t% a sh%e#a,er in1e "as b%rn t% a sh%e#a,er in .anterbury na#ed 2%hn Marl%"e.anterbury na#ed 2%hn Marl%"e and his "i&e 3atherine( Marl%"eand his "i&e 3atherine( Marl%"e attended )he 3ing0s +ch%%l$attended )he 3ing0s +ch%%l$ .anterbury ("here a h%use is n%".anterbury ("here a h%use is n%" na#ed a&ter hi#! and .%rpusna#ed a&ter hi#! and .%rpus .hristi .%llege$ .a#bridge %n a.hristi .%llege$ .a#bridge %n a sch%larship and recei-ed hissch%larship and recei-ed his 4achel%r %& 5rts degree in 1564(4achel%r %& 5rts degree in 1564( 7n 1568 the uni-ersity hesitated t%7n 1568 the uni-ersity hesitated t% a"ard hi# his #aster0s degreea"ard hi# his #aster0s degree because %& a ru#%ur that he hadbecause %& a ru#%ur that he had c%n-erted t% R%#an .ath%licis#c%n-erted t% R%#an .ath%licis# and intended t% g% t% the Englishand intended t% g% t% the English c%llege at Rhei#s t% prepare &%rc%llege at Rhei#s t% prepare &%r the priesth%%d(the priesth%%d( 1%"e-er$ his degree "as a"arded %n schedule "hen the 9ri-y .%uncil1%"e-er$ his degree "as a"arded %n schedule "hen the 9ri-y .%uncil inter-ened %n his behal&$ c%##ending hi# &%r his :&aith&ul dealing: andinter-ened %n his behal&$ c%##ending hi# &%r his :&aith&ul dealing: and :g%%d ser-ice: t% the ;ueen( )he nature %& Marl%"e0s ser-ice "as n%t:g%%d ser-ice: t% the ;ueen( )he nature %& Marl%"e0s ser-ice "as n%t speci&ied by the .%uncil$ but its letter t% the .a#bridge auth%rities hasspeci&ied by the .%uncil$ but its letter t% the .a#bridge auth%rities has pr%-%,ed #uch speculati%n$ n%tably the the%ry that Marl%"e "aspr%-%,ed #uch speculati%n$ n%tably the the%ry that Marl%"e "as %perating as a secret agent "%r,ing &%r +ir Francis Walsingha#0s%perating as a secret agent "%r,ing &%r +ir Francis Walsingha#0s intelligence ser-ice( e-il0s 9act: can be traced bac, t% the 4thtraced bac, t% the 4th century$ Marl%"e de-iatescentury$ Marl%"e de-iates signi&icantly by ha-ing hissigni&icantly by ha-ing his her% unable t% :burn hisher% unable t% :burn his b%%,s: %r ha-e his c%ntractb%%,s: %r ha-e his c%ntract repudiated by a #erci&ulrepudiated by a #erci&ul g%d at the end %& the play(g%d at the end %& the play( Marl%"e0s pr%tag%nist isMarl%"e0s pr%tag%nist is instead t%rn apart byinstead t%rn apart by de#%ns and dragged %&&de#%ns and dragged %&& screa#ing t% hell(screa#ing t% hell( ?iterary .areer?iterary .areerDido, Queen of Carthage Dido, Queen of Carthage "as"as Marl%"e0s &irst dra#a(Marl%"e0s &irst dra#a(

Marl%"e0s &irst play per&%r#ed %n stageMarl%"e0s &irst play per&%r#ed %n stage in ?%nd%n stage "asin ?%nd%n stage "as Tamburlaine Tamburlaine (1568! ab%ut the c%n@uer%r )i#ur$ "h%(1568! ab%ut the c%n@uer%r )i#ur$ "h% rises &r%# shepherd t% "arri%r( 7t isrises &r%# shepherd t% "arri%r( 7t is a#%ng the &irst English plays in blan,a#%ng the &irst English plays in blan, -erse$ and$ "ith )h%#as 3yd0s-erse$ and$ "ith )h%#as 3yd0s TheThe Spanish Tragedy Spanish Tragedy$ generally is$ generally is c%nsidered the beginning %& the #aturec%nsidered the beginning %& the #ature phase %& the Eli'abethan theatre(phase %& the Eli'abethan theatre( Tamburlaine Tamburlaine "as a success$ and "as"as a success$ and "as &%ll%"ed "ith&%ll%"ed "ith Tamburlaine Part II Tamburlaine Part II( )he( )he se@uence %& his plays is un,n%"nA allse@uence %& his plays is un,n%"nA all deal "ith c%ntr%-ersial the#es( deal "ith c%ntr%-ersial the#es(The Je of !alta The Je of !alta$ ab%ut a Maltese$ ab%ut a Maltese 2e"0s barbar%us re-enge against the2e"0s barbar%us re-enge against the city auth%rities$ has a pr%l%guecity auth%rities$ has a pr%l%gue deli-ered by a character representingdeli-ered by a character representing Machia-elli( )he play is ,n%"n &%r itsMachia-elli( )he play is ,n%"n &%r its unsy#pathetic p%rtrayal %& nearly all itsunsy#pathetic p%rtrayal %& nearly all its characters( characters(>r Faustus is a te*tual pr%ble# &%r >r Faustus is a te*tual pr%ble# &%r sch%lars as it "as highly edited sch%lars as it "as highly edited (and p%ssibly cens%red! and (and p%ssibly cens%red! and re"ritten a&ter Marl%"e0s death( re"ritten a&ter Marl%"e0s death( )"% -ersi%ns %& the play e*istB the )"% -ersi%ns %& the play e*istB the 1604 @uart%$ als% ,n%"n as the 5 1604 @uart%$ als% ,n%"n as the 5 te*t$ and the 1616 @uart% %r 4 te*t( te*t$ and the 1616 @uart% %r 4 te*t( Many sch%lars belie-e that the 5 Many sch%lars belie-e that the 5 te*t is #%re representati-e %& te*t is #%re representati-e %& Marl%"e0s %riginal because it Marl%"e0s %riginal because it c%ntains irregular character na#es c%ntains irregular character na#es and idi%syncratic spellingB the and idi%syncratic spellingB the hall#ar,s %& a te*t that used the hall#ar,s %& a te*t that used the auth%r0s hand"ritten #anuscript$ %r auth%r0s hand"ritten #anuscript$ %r :&%ul papers:$ as a #aC%r s%urce(:&%ul papers:$ as a #aC%r s%urce(Marl%"e als% "r%te p%etry$Marl%"e als% "r%te p%etry$ including a$ p%ssibly$ un&inishedincluding a$ p%ssibly$ un&inished #in%r epic$ 1er% and ?eander#in%r epic$ 1er% and ?eander (published "ith a c%ntinuati%n by(published "ith a c%ntinuati%n by /e%rge .hap#an in 156!$ the/e%rge .hap#an in 156!$ the p%pular lyricp%pular lyric The PassionateThe Passionate Shepherd to His "o#e Shepherd to His "o#e$ and$ and translati%ns %& =-id0stranslati%ns %& =-id0s $mores $mores andand the &irst b%%, %& ?ucan0sthe &irst b%%, %& ?ucan0s Pharsalia Pharsalia( ()he three parts %&)he three parts %& Tamburlaine Tamburlaine "ere published in 150A all"ere published in 150A all Marl%"e0s %ther "%r,s "ereMarl%"e0s %ther "%r,s "ere published p%sthu#%usly( 7n 15$published p%sthu#%usly( 7n 15$ his translati%n %& =-id "ashis translati%n %& =-id "as banned and c%pies publiclybanned and c%pies publicly burned as part %& 5rchbish%pburned as part %& 5rchbish%p Whitgi&t0s crac,d%"n %nWhitgi&t0s crac,d%"n %n %&&ensi-e #aterial( %&&ensi-e #aterial( 9hilip +idney9hilip +idneySir Philip Sidney Sir Philip Sidney (udley( 9hilip "as educated at +hre"sbury"as educated at +hre"sbury +ch%%l and .hrist .hurch$+ch%%l and .hrist .hurch$ =*&%rd( 1e "as #uch tra-elled=*&%rd( 1e "as #uch tra-elled and highly learned( 7n 1582$ heand highly learned( 7n 1582$ he tra-elled t% France 1e spent thetra-elled t% France 1e spent the ne*t se-eral years in #ainlandne*t se-eral years in #ainland Eur%pe$ #%-ing thr%ughEur%pe$ #%-ing thr%ugh /er#any$ 7taly$ 9%land$ and/er#any$ 7taly$ 9%land$ and 5ustria( =n these tra-els$ he #et a5ustria( =n these tra-els$ he #et a nu#ber %& pr%#inent Eur%peannu#ber %& pr%#inent Eur%pean intellectuals and p%liticians(intellectuals and p%liticians( Returning t% England inReturning t% England in 1585$ +idney #et 9enel%pe1585$ +idney #et 9enel%pe >e-ereau*$ the &uture>e-ereau*$ the &uture 9enel%pe 4l%untA th%ugh9enel%pe 4l%untA th%ugh #uch y%unger$ she "%uld#uch y%unger$ she "%uld inspire his &a#%us s%nnetinspire his &a#%us s%nnet se@uence %& the 1560s$se@uence %& the 1560s$ $strophel and Stella' $strophel and Stella' 1er1er &ather$ the Earl %& Esse*$ is&ather$ the Earl %& Esse*$ is said t% ha-e planned t%said t% ha-e planned t% #arry his daughter t%#arry his daughter t% +idney$ but he died in 1586(+idney$ but he died in 1586( 7n England$ +idney7n England$ +idney %ccupied hi#sel& "ith%ccupied hi#sel& "ith p%litics and art( 1ep%litics and art( 1e de&ended his &ather0sde&ended his &ather0s ad#inistrati%n %& 7reland inad#inistrati%n %& 7reland in a lengthy d%cu#ent( +idneya lengthy d%cu#ent( +idney "as ,nighted in 1563("as ,nighted in 1563( 7n 1563$ he #arried Frances$7n 1563$ he #arried Frances$ teenage daughter %& +ir Francisteenage daughter %& +ir Francis Walsingha#( )he ne*t year$ heWalsingha#( )he ne*t year$ he #et /i%rdan% 4run% +idney "as a#et /i%rdan% 4run% +idney "as a ,eenly #ilitant 9r%testant( 1e had,eenly #ilitant 9r%testant( 1e had persuaded 2%hn .asi#ir t%persuaded 2%hn .asi#ir t% c%nsider pr%p%sals &%r a unitedc%nsider pr%p%sals &%r a united 9r%testant e&&%rt against the9r%testant e&&%rt against the R%#an .ath%lic .hurch andR%#an .ath%lic .hurch and +pain( 7n 1565$ his enthusias# &%r+pain( 7n 1565$ his enthusias# &%r the 9r%testant struggle "as gi-enthe 9r%testant struggle "as gi-en a &ree rein "hen he "as app%inteda &ree rein "hen he "as app%inted g%-ern%r %& Flushing in theg%-ern%r %& Flushing in the e&ense %& 9%etry: (als% ,n%"n as $ Defence of Poesie $ Defence of Poesie! F +idney! F +idney "r%te the"r%te the Defence Defence be&%re 1563( 7t isbe&%re 1563( 7t is generally belie-ed that he "as atgenerally belie-ed that he "as at least partly #%ti-ated by +tephenleast partly #%ti-ated by +tephen /%ss%n$ a &%r#er play"right "h%/%ss%n$ a &%r#er play"right "h% dedicated his attac, %n the Englishdedicated his attac, %n the English stage$stage$ The School of $buse The School of $buse$ t%$ t% +idney in 158$ but +idney+idney in 158$ but +idney pri#arily addresses #%re generalpri#arily addresses #%re general %bCecti%ns t% p%etry$ such as th%se%bCecti%ns t% p%etry$ such as th%se %& 9lat%( 7n his essay$ +idney%& 9lat%( 7n his essay$ +idney integrates a nu#ber %& classical andintegrates a nu#ber %& classical and 7talian precepts %n &icti%n( )he7talian precepts %n &icti%n( )he essence %& his de&ense is thatessence %& his de&ense is that p%etry$ by c%#bining the li-elinessp%etry$ by c%#bining the li-eliness %& hist%ry "ith the ethical &%cus %&%& hist%ry "ith the ethical &%cus %& phil%s%phy$ is #%re e&&ecti-e thanphil%s%phy$ is #%re e&&ecti-e than either hist%ry %r phil%s%phy ineither hist%ry %r phil%s%phy in r%using its readers t% -irtue( )her%using its readers t% -irtue( )he "%r, als% %&&ers i#p%rtant"%r, als% %&&ers i#p%rtant c%##ents %n Ed#und +penser andc%##ents %n Ed#und +penser and the Eli'abethan stage(the Eli'abethan stage( James ShirleyJames ShirleyJames Shirley James Shirley (or(or Sherley Sherley)) (September 1596 October 1666)(September 1596 October 1666) was an English ramatist! was an English ramatist!"e belonge to the great perio o#"e belonge to the great perio o# English ramatic literat$re% b$t% inEnglish ramatic literat$re% b$t% in &amb's wors% he (claims a place&amb's wors% he (claims a place among the worthies o# this perio%among the worthies o# this perio% not so m$ch #or any transcenentnot so m$ch #or any transcenent geni$s in himsel#% as that he was thegeni$s in himsel#% as that he was the last o# a great race% all o# whomlast o# a great race% all o# whom spoke nearly the same lang$agespoke nearly the same lang$age an ha a set o# moral #eelings anan ha a set o# moral #eelings an notions in common!( "is career o#notions in common!( "is career o# play writing e)tene #rom 16*5 toplay writing e)tene #rom 16*5 to the s$ppression o# stage plays bythe s$ppression o# stage plays by +arliament in 16,*! +arliament in 16,*!-eorge .hapman-eorge .hapmanGeorge Chapman George Chapman (c! 1559 1*(c! 1559 1* /ay 160,) was an English/ay 160,) was an English ramatist%translator% an poet! "eramatist%translator% an poet! "e was a classical scholar% an hiswas a classical scholar% an his work shows the in#l$ence o#work shows the in#l$ence o# Stoicism! .hapman has beenStoicism! .hapman has been ienti#ie as the 1i2al +oet o#ienti#ie as the 1i2al +oet o# Shakespeare's Sonnets by WilliamShakespeare's Sonnets by William /into% an as an anticipator o# the/into% an as an anticipator o# the /etaphysical +oets! .hapman is/etaphysical +oets! .hapman is best remembere #or hisbest remembere #or his translations o# "omer'stranslations o# "omer's Iliad, Iliad, Odyssey, Odyssey, anan Batrachomyomachia. Batrachomyomachia.John 3letcherJohn 3letcherJohn Fletcher John Fletcher (1549 16*5) was a(1549 16*5) was a Jacobean playwright! 3ollowingJacobean playwright! 3ollowing William Shakespeare as ho$seWilliam Shakespeare as ho$se playwright #or the 5ing's /en% he wasplaywright #or the 5ing's /en% he was among the most proli#ic an in#l$entialamong the most proli#ic an in#l$ential ramatists o# his ay6 both $ring hisramatists o# his ay6 both $ring his li#etime an in the early 1estoration%li#etime an in the early 1estoration% his #ame ri2ale Shakespeare's!his #ame ri2ale Shakespeare's! 7ho$gh his rep$tation has been7ho$gh his rep$tation has been eclipse since% 3letcher remains aneclipse since% 3letcher remains an important transitional #ig$re betweenimportant transitional #ig$re between the Eli8abethan pop$lar traition anthe Eli8abethan pop$lar traition an the pop$lar rama o# the 1estoration! the pop$lar rama o# the 1estoration!7homas /ileton7homas /iletonThomas Middleton Thomas Middleton (19 :pril 159;(19 :pril 159; 16*4) was an English Jacobean 16*4) was an English Jacobean playwright an poet! /iletonplaywright an poet! /ileton stans with John 3letcher an