English Phonology 11-12.docx

8/10/2019 English Phonology 11-12.docx

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UNIVERSIDAD TCNICA PARTICULAR

Johnny Marcelo Pan

UNIVERSIDAD TCNICA PARTICULAR DE LOJAMODALIDAD ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA

ENGLISH PHONOLOGYEVALUACION A DISTANCIA

PRIMER BIMESTRE

CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIN MENCIN INGLS

PANCHA RAMOS JOHNNY MARCELO1714747506

PERIODOOCTUBRE 11 - FEBRERO 12

QUINTO CICLO

QUITO, 15 DE NOVIEMBRE 2011


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A. Do the following activities:

STRATEGY: Read Chapters 1, 2 and 3.

I. Complete the following sentences with the correct choice

1. The theory about speech sounds and their use in language is called _ Phonetics and Phonolog _

2. Sounds used in language are called _ Phonemes _.

3. The representation of speech sounds used in language is called _ transcription _.

4. During the course new technical words would appear in _ bold _.

5. The language used by people from different social classes, geographical areas or educational

backgrounds is called _ accent _.

6. The language which is different in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and word order is

called _ dialect _.

7. The new name given to the accent recommended for this course and for foreigners studying

English is _ BBC pronunciation _.

8. Sounds are the result of _ muscle contracting _. 9. The airflow needed for producing speech sounds is produced by _ muscles for breathing

10. The air that leaves the larynx goes through the _ vocal tract _.

11. In the _ larynx _. are made many modifications


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12. The vocal tract ends in two cavities. They are _ oral and nasal _.

13. A vowel in which the tongue is very near the palate is called _ close _.

14. A vowel in which the tongue is very far from the palate is called _ open _.

15. A vowel in which the front part of the tongue is involved is called _ front _. 16. A vowel in which the back part of the tongue is involved is called _ back _.

17. A standard reference system of vowels _ cardinal _.

18. , I, e, , , are _ short _ vowels.

19. i:, :, :, :, u: a _ long _ vowels.

20. Sounds which do not obstruct the flow of air _ vocoids _.

21. Sounds which do obstruct the flow of air _ contoids _ .

22. Sounds in which the tongue starts in one position and ends in another _ diphthongs _.

23. Sounds in which there is not movement of the tongue _ pure vowels _.

24. Sounds in which the tongue moves to one position and then to another one _ triphthong _.

25. Sounds whose glide is to or to are called _ closing diphthongs _.

II. Write T for TRUE or F for false. Give the reason why the false ones are false.

1. __ T __ In the production of a plosive sound there is first a stricture and then a release of air.

2. __ F __ All plosive sounds are articulated in one place of articulation.

EXPLANATION: The plosives have different places of articulation.

3. __ F __ In the production of all plosive sounds there is not vibration of the vocal folds at all.

EXPLANATION:In the productions of all plosive sounds there are four phase in the productions.

4. __F__ In rapid speech and in initial position the plosives b, d and g are voiced.

EXPLANATION:These plosive are voiceless .

5. __ T __ Aspiration is a process by which the air leaving the vocal folds makes a sound like h.


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6. __ T __ If we use different allophones in a word there is not a change in meaning, but if we use different

phonemes a change in meaning can occur.

7. __ T __ Phonetics studies the description of sounds and Phonology the function and the relationship

among the different phonemes.

8. __ T __ In the production of a fricative sound there is a narrow passage to make a hissing sound.

9. __ T __ A continuant sound is a fricative one.

10. __ F __ In the word ride the vowel before d is a long one.

EXPLANATION: This is an open vowel .

11. __ T __ The h of the word hair takes the quality of e, and the h of the word hotel takes the quality of o.

12. __ T __ l, m, n and are shortened when they are followed by a voiceless plosive sound.

13. __ F __ In the production of sounds such as m, n and the air escapes through the mouth.

EXPLANATION:In the productions of sounds such as m, n and the air escapes through the nose or

nasal cavity.

14. __ T __ Lateral l has three allophones.

15. __ T __ In words such as plate ,pride, type or twist the consonants l, r, y and w are devoiced andfricative.

16. __ T __ The r sound is pronounced with the lips rounded and it occurs only before vowels.

17. __ F __ w and j are studied and defined only from a phonological point of view.

EXPLANATION:Are studied and define only from a phonological and phonetically point of view.

18. __ T __ Consonant clusters can occur in initial or final position

19. __ T __ There is one type of initial and final consonant clusters.

20. __ T __ h, w, j can occur in word-final position.


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ACTIVITY ONE: Answer the following questions. Be brief but go to the point. Provide your own examples.

We wont grade literal copies or examples from the book. Provide your own definitions and examples.

1) What is the difference between p, t, k and b, d , g in initial position?

These plosives changes the form during the phase in the productions, these changes produces betwep , t ,k and b ,d , g; for example

Closing Phase

These phase for p, t, k b, d, g takes silently

Compression Phase

The p , t , k isnt voicing b ,d, g has a little voicing , that could be change if these are

pronouncing in initial position make these fully voiced

2) What is distribution?

Distributions is a way to kwon the organization of different and particular sounds that are produmaking an analyze about the context and the positions. In these matter involves vowels and

consonants found a lot of manner distribution.

3) What is voicing?

Is the name gave to the vibrations of the vocal folds, that names phonation too.


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4) When does devoicing occur? Give your own examples.

A voiceless obstruent at the end of a syllable that show up as voiced when it occurs with inflectsuffix starting with a vowel in the other words in other words if it appears in an onset

Blin[t] blind

When p , t , k come at the beginning of a syllable are followed by a vowel.

Play plei / Tray trei

5) What is the difference between a fortis and a lenis sound? Examples

The most reasonably difference into fortis and lenis sound is that a fortis sound needs more highpressure of air trough the vocal tract; with this explanation we can define that the different is th

force of the articulations.

6) What is a phoneme?

Is the basic unit of phonology , specified is a group of letters of a alphabet that use to identify sound of vowels and consonants

7) What is an allophone?

Allophone occurs when a phoneme has a different explanation;example when a sound iswhen it occurs before a vowel and dark if it occursafter a vowel; these two kinds of realizationcalled allophones.

8) What is complementary distribution?


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Is the relationship between two different elements, where one element is found in a

Particular environment and the other element are found in the opposite environment.

If often indicates that two superficially different elements are in fact the same

Linguistic unit at a deeper level, in some instances more than two elements can be in

Complementary distribution with one to another.

9) How many kinds of transcriptions are there and what does each one of them consist on?

Phonemic transcription

This kind of transcription the speech sounds are identified like a phoneme and have an appropriate symbol for y

write.

In this kind of transcription there some exercise like these:

Transcription fro dictation. - It is an activity where the student here a paragraph from a TV, radio.

Recording or from a person and he should write that he hear.

Transcription from written text. - This activity the student should write a text using the phonemic syfrom a letter or paragraph that he received.

Phonetic transcription.

In this type of transcription involve knowledge about quality of the sounds.

Narrow phonetic transcription.- it is a total transcription about the quality of the sounds

Broad phonetic transcription. - It some similar that a narrow transcriptions with the difference that it inc

information about phonemic transcription.

10) Why the sequence kf is considered to be homorganic? By a fricative


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This sequence is considerer homorganic because it is a common relation between a plosive that is follow

11) What is the relation between m, n and and the pairs of plosives pb, td, kg?

They are fricatives and are continuant consonants

12) When the sequence g is pronounced with g and when it is pronounced without g? Provide you

Own examples.

When occurs without a following g if it occurs at the end of a morpheme and if we find in the mpart of the morpheme is following by g.

Spring spr Ruling rul

13) Why sound l is considered to be lateral?

Because, this consonant has an n particular way to produce, that the air goes into the mouth is ncommon, these air flow doesnt through a space between the tongue mit the roof of the mouth a

result this air goes to the sides of the tongue.

14) Why do we say that j and w are phonetically vowels and phonologically consonants? Give your

own examples.

The most important thing to remember about these phonemes is that they are phonetically likevowels but phonologically like consonants, the phonetic point of view about the articulations of

practically the same as that a front close vowel such as but is very short , the same situation occ

with w.

Fuse fjuz equal ikwl

Document dkjment equestrian ikwestrian

15) What is the structure of a syllable? Give your own examples.


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THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH SYLLABLE

The configuration of a syllable consist in different kind and form that the syllables arestructured

Z E R O

O N S E T It represents the syllable that appears in initial position of any word

that begins with a vowel. If the syllable start with a consonant in initialposition could be with any consonant phoneme except , is notcommon.

C O N S O N A N

T C L U S T E R There are syllables that beginning with two or more consonants

together. The principal characteristic is this syllable is they have a sortcomposed of followed by one of a small set of consonants.

P R E

- I N I T I A L

I N I T I A L

This cluster is with other consonants like are like initial.

I N I T I A L

P O S T

- I N I T I A L The other sort begins with of a set of about fifteen consonants

followed a set of we can call the first consonant like initial andthe second like post initial but there are some restrictions on whichconsonants are together

Z E R O

C O D A In some cases there are no final consonant in this aspect is called azero coda.

F I N A L

P R E

- F I N A L

P O S T

- F I N A L When the word end in one consonant it is called final; in the final

consonant is precede by a pre final consonant and another finalconsonant is followed by a post final consonant-Pre final consonant:Post final consonant:

RHYME

It is a syllable where are thevowel and the coda

PEAK

It is one part of the rhyme andis common that is vowel

CODAIt is a optional part of the

rhyme but is a onecharacteristic of the

syllable


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16) How is a syllable defined from a phonological and phonetical point of view?

Phonetically syllables are describe like consisting of a centre, we can find obstruction or in some cases there is not obstruction to airflow as a result we h

sounds comparatively loud. The sound depends of the obstruction to the airflow.

Phonological we can see something that involver looking at the possible combinatof English phonemes; that matter which study the possible phonemes combination

the phonotactics.

ACTIVITY TWO: Read Chapter 4 and write a summary.

STRATEGY:

Read Chapter 4 (complete) and refer to all the subtopics. Remember no to copy exact words from the book, be

creative and use your imagination to get a good summary.

VOICING AND CONSONANTS

THE LARYNX

The larynx consists of four basic anatomic components:

cartilaginous skeleton intrinsic muscles extrinsic muscles a mucosal lining

The cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx, which has into the vocal cords, is made up of the thycricoid, and arytenoid cartilages. These cartilages are connected to other structures of the head a

neck through the extrinsic muscles. The intrinsic muscles of the larynx alter the position, shape

tension of the vocal cords.


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Functions of the Larynx

The larynx functions in swallowing, breathing, and voice production.

The production of voice can be thought of in terms of three components:

the production of airflow the generation and resonance of sound the articulation of voice

Production of Airflow

The lungs first supply adequate airflow to overcome the resistance of the closed vocal cords.

vocal cords are finely tuned neuromuscular units that adjust pitch, loudness, and tone by alte

their position and tension.

Sound Production

The following diagram illustrates the vocal cord vibration cycle that occurs 200 to 400 times a

second during sound production that is phonation.

The rapid opening and closing of the vocal cords occur in a vibratory pattern and are responsible

sound production. Thus, any structural, inflammatory, or neoplastic lesion of the vocal cord affec

voice production and quality.

Glottis

This is the opening space between the focal folds, when they are apart that call is the glottis is op

in the moment when the vocal folds are together the glottis is closed. Beside this, the vocal folds

move into different positions


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Wide apart, in this way the vocal folds are in a position that they are breathing and thismoment is voiceless consonants like p, f, s.

Narrow glottis, in this moment when the air is passed into the vocal folds the glottis isnarrowed. The fricative sound is produce with the symbol h.

Vocal folds vibration, this action is produce when the vocal folds are touching each other,some case the vocal folds are nearly touching so making the air passing trough into the vo

folds producing a vibration, this effect is rapidly.

Vocal folds tightly that effect is when the glottis are pressed firmly and the air cannot pasbetween them. It cans kwon like glottal stop or glottal plosive.

RESPIRATION AND VOICING

Voicing

The aspect of defining contrast for obstruent like plosives and fricatives.

Voicing relates to vocal fold vibration, typically seen as presence that is voiced in contrast that

absence is voiceless and slightly more complicated aspiration and vocal fold vibration is periodic

Airstream mechanisms

Pulmonic; movement of lung air by respiratory muscles. Glottalic: movement of pharynx air by action of glottis. Velaric: movement of mouth air by action of tongue. Egressive: outward-moving Ingressive: inward-moving Plosive: stop made with airstream mechanism (lung air pushed out)


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Implosive: stop made with ingressive glottalic airstream mechanism (vibrating glottis mdown)

Ejective: stop made with egressive glottalic airstream mechanism (closed glottis moves u

When the vocal folds vibrate this aspect is call voicing or phonation, in this way we can differena voice like singing, shouting and speaking quietly. The vocal fold can modify the voice in the li

they modify the time or the form that they are pressed together.

The subglottal pressure is produce when below the vocal folds and they can be found in th

differences.

Variation in intensity - is produce in when speaking quietly. Variation in frequency - when the vocal folds are vibrates rapidly. Variation in quality when the speaking is low voice like murmured or breathy.

PLOSIVES

The plosives have the following characteristics:

The plosive is released when the air pass behind the stricture and that is close withpressure. The air has the possibility to escape making a loud sound that is called plosion

The articulators have movements into another producing strictures that dcan escape from the glottis.

When the stricture has formed and the air is compressed, following step is the released,result the air is allowed to escape.

All the plosive articulation has a during voicing.


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Plosives has four phases when we talk about the production

Closing phase - articulators move to form stricture for the plosive. Compression phase - moment that the air is compressed and stop in the moment escape. Released phase - articulators use to form the stricture can move as to permit the air escap Post-released phase - is the process that continuant after de released phase.

ENGLISH PLOSIVES

English languages there are six plosives; they are p, t, k, b, d, g; these plosives can be in differen

places of articulation:

p and b ; the lips are pressed together ( bilabial).

t and d ; the tongue (blade) is pressed against the alveolar ridge.

k and g ; the tongue (back) is pressed in the area the hard palate.

All this plosives can occur:

INITIAL POSITION - at beginning of a word MEDIAL POSITION - between other sounds FINAL POSITION - at the end of a word

FORTIS AND LENIS


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The Fortis and lenis distinction is usually thought of as the voiced/voiceless distinctio

consonants. This is the distinction between the initial sounds.

Voicing is of course an important aspect of this distinction; so important that generative lingoften mark the distinction with the feature. But voicing is not the only feature of the distinction,

some cases it does not figure at all.

For instance, both lenis and Fortis stops (plosives) are unvoiced. In English, lenis stops can be h

voiced or even unvoiced at the ends of words.

Fortis characteristic:

unvoiced

slightly longer than lenis consonants

they can have aspiration (post aspiration in English, pre- and post-aspiration

Icelandic)

they can be glottalized in English

they are stronger than lenis consonants

lenis characteristic:

often voiced (but not always, or not always fully)

slightly shorter than Fortis consonants

are not aspirated

are weaker than Fortis consonants.

ACTIVITY THREE: Define all the following terms and provide all the sounds for each group ofconsonants.

STRATEGY: Read Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7 where you will find the definitions. Do not copy whole paragraphs, write

just the definition for each term. In the case of definition for consonants add the corresponding sounds for each

group. Remember, literal copies


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CLASSIFICATION

OF

CONSONANTS

CL

VoicingRefers to the activity of

the vocal chords.

Voiced - are sounds in which there is vibration of the vocal cords andconsequently tone.They are: /b/ (beard) - /l/ (let) - /d/ (day) - /g/ (gum) - /m/ (mother)

Voiceless- are sounds in which there is no vibration of the vocal cords.They are: /p/ (pool) - /t/ (tea) - /k/ (kiss)

Manner ofArticulation

Refers to the degree ortype of obstruction to

the air flow.

Stops or plosive- are sounds produced by a momentary completestoppage of the air stream, followed by the release of the resultant airpressure in the form of a small explosion.They are:Voiced: /b/ (crab), /d/ (blood) /g/ (bag)Voiceless: /p/ (slap), /t/ (time), /k/ (cold)Fricatives- are sounds produced by forcing the air stream through anarrow opening, creating a friction noise.They are:Voiced: /v/ (very), // (bathe), /z/ (zoo, wise), /z/ (measure)Voiceless: /f/ (laugh), // (thigh), /s/ (soup) // (shock, nation), /h/ (hope) Affricates.- are sounds produced by a stricture of complete closurefollowed by released of the air-stream through a stricture of doseapproximation.Theyare: /t/ (lunch, chapter) /dz/ (germ, journal)Nasals.- Speech sound produced by lowering the velum and permittingthe air stream to flow through the nose.They are: /m/ (mind, sum) - /n/ (now, sign) -// (sing, longer, bank)Lateral.- are sounds produced by air escaping on one or both side of thetongue.They are: /l/ (lady) (all), /t/ (bottle) /d/ (cuddle)

R-sounds.- a special group of sounds derived from the consonant /r/.they are:TAP-R SOUNDS:- sound produced by the tongue tapping once against aplace of articulation r.Example: partsRETROFLEX-R SOUNDS.- sound produced with the tongue tip turnedback toward the hard palate. Example: RockSemiconsonants.- vowel like sound which structures like a consonant.They are: /y/ (yes) /w/ (wet) /r/ (room)

Place of Articulation.- Refers to the vocal

Bilabials.- are sounds that produced by bringing the upper and low liptogether.They are: /p/ (pin) - /b/ (ball) - /m/ (men) - /w/ (wet)Labiodentals.- consonant produced by the lower lip against the upperteeth.They are: /v/ (visit) - /f) (food)Dentals or Interdentals.- are sounds produced with the tongue tipagainst the teeth.They are:// (thin) - // (then) Alveolars.- are sounds produced by raising the tongue apex toward the


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ASSIFICATION

OF

CONSONANTS

tract where a speechsound is produced withthe greatest degree ofobstruction.

alveolar ridge. Alveolar ridge is a gum ridge behind the upper teeth.They are: /t/ (cat) /d/ (day) /s/ (sun) /z/ (zero) /l/ (lemon)/n/ (need) /r/ (red)Palatals.- are sounds produced with the front of the tongue raisedtowards the hard palate. it is also called Fronto-Palatal consonant,They are:/t/ (church), /dz/ (jeep), // (shine), /z/ (zoo), /z/ (measure) /j/(yes)Velars.- are sounds produced by raising the back of the tongue towardthe velum.They are: /k/ (kill), /g/ (get) // (sing)Glottals.- are sounds produced in the larynx due to the narrowing of theglottis.They are: /h/ (happy).

FRICATIVES AND AFFRICATES NASALS AND OTHER CONSONANTS

F R I C A T I

V E S

L E N N I S

LABIODENTAL, that is, the lower lip isin contact with Upper teeth

N A S A L S

The basic characteristic of a nasal consonant is that the air


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DENTAL fricatives are sometimesdescribed as if the tongue we placedbetween the teeth,

escapesthrough the nose. However air does not pass through themouth There are three types of closures are: bilabial ,alveolar and velar this set of places produces three nasalconsonant M,N,N which correspond to thethree places of articulation for the pairs of plosives pb , td , kd

POST-ALVEOLAR fricative with thesame place of articulation as t and d.the air escapes through a narrowpassage along the centre of the tongue

F O R T I S

C O N

S O N A N T L

LATERAL consonant is one in which the passage of airthrough the mouth doesNot go in the usual way along the centre of the tongue. Thereis a complete closure between the centre of the tongue andthe part of the roof of the mouth where contact is to be made.You can feel the movement of air past sides of the tongue;this is not really possible in a voices sound but if you try tomake a very loud whispered you should be able to feel the airrushing along the sides of your tongue

A F F R I C A T I V E

S

There are the only two affricate phonemes in English.

As with plosives and most of the fricatives, we have afortis/lenis pair, andVoicing characteristics are thesame as for these otherconsonants. it is slightlyaspirated in the positions where p, t, k are aspirated,Not strongly enough for it to be necessary for foreignlearners to give much attention to it. The place ofarticulation

C O N S O N A N T R

This consonant is important in that considerable differencesin it articulation and its distribution are found in differentaccents o English. An approximant, as a type of consonant, israther difficult t describe; informally, we can say that it is anarticulation in which the articulators approach each other butdo not get sufficiently close td each other to produce acomplete consonant such as a plosive nasal or fricativ

F O R T I S

C O N S O N A N T S

The first point concerns the shortening of a precedingvowelby syllable-final fortisconsonant. , the effect mostnoticeable in the case of long vowels and diphthongs,although it does also affect short vowels.

C O N S O N A N T J A N D

W

Articulation of J is practically the same as that of a frontclose, but is very short. In the same way W is closely. If youmake the initial sound of wet or yet very long, you able to hear this. But despite this vowel-like character, weuse then like consonants.The J and W sounds are and are slightly fricative in thesecontexts. For place of articulation, we regard j as palatal andw as bilabial.

GLOTTALISED a glottal stop occurs just before p, t, kor tf, is in only found in certain context. moreconservative pronunciation and not try to useglottalisation

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