English-khmer Glossary of Economics

sTÞanuRkmesdækic©Economic Lexicon

PaKTI 1³ Gg;eKøs - Exµr Part One: English – Khmer

PaKTI 2³ Exµr - Gg;eKøs Part Two: Khmer – English

erobcMeday Epñke)aHBum<pSay én

viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa

viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa Cambodia Development Resource Institute

PMñeBj/ tula 2006

Economic Lexicon

Copyright © 2006 Cambodia Development Resource Institute

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the written permission of the Cambodia

Development Resource Institute.

ISBN 99950-52-00-8

Cambodia Development Resource Institute

56 Street 315, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh

PO Box 622, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

(855-23) 881-384/881-701/881-916/883-603 (855-23) 880-734

e-mail: [email protected] website: http://www.cdri.org.kh

Editing: Publishing Team

Design and Layout: Em Sorany and Oum Chantha

Printed and bound in Cambodia by JSRC Printing House

-i-

Foreword

I am pleased to introduce a new edition of CDRI’s Economic Lexicon, an English-

Khmer and Khmer-English guide to technical terms in economics and related fields

such as accounting, banking, finance, and development. CDRI's recent experience

in publishing, and contributing to a range of publications, conferences, seminars

and workshops, has shown that there is a real need for such a resource to assist

stakeholders in Cambodia's development to use more standard and easily

understood terms in Khmer and English when writing about development issues.

Our new 2006-10 Strategic Plan includes a commitment to produce research

products that are more flexible and appropriate for Cambodia. This new edition of

the Economic Lexicon is an expression of that commitment. We hope that it will

help promote the expansion of development material originally written in Khmer,

and the quality of translation from English material into Khmer.

The lexicon is in two parts. Part 1: The English-Khmer Lexicon, is a revision and

expansion of the last edition published in 1995. Over the past 10 years there have

been many developments in technical language. This is especially true for the

Khmer language, where many new words have been created and many others have

changed their meaning or become more specific. Also, many more technical

Khmer documents are being produced by various institutions taking different

approaches to the use of language.

CDRI, like many other institutions, publishes technical and policy documents on a

wide range of development-related topics. Wherever possible, CDRI's editorial

team makes great efforts to use words that are already in use in official documents

and to refrain from creating new words. This is not always easy as official

documents may use different Khmer words to express the same meaning, so

choices have to be made as to what would be the most commonly understood word

or term. Sometimes a new word or term needs to be used for a new concept which

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does not yet have a specific translation in Khmer. Wherever possible a

combination of simple words is used to express any new idea or concept.

Part II, The Khmer-English Lexicon, is new. It has been compiled in response to

requests from many of our readers who may have some difficulty with Khmer

technical terms, especially new ones. Where there is no exact equivalent, this

lexicon provides the nearest translation. It does not contain a detailed explanation

for each word, and the reader is advised to use the English word to further research

its meaning. The reason the lexicon contains many headwords of Pali or Sanskrit

origin is that their meaning is not immediately obvious to the general public.

Wherever any one particular word is not very much in use, the reader is referred to

another word more frequently used or more readily understandable.

Extensive research and the opinions of many people have gone into the

compilation of this lexicon. CDRI would like to thank everyone who has

contributed to this final product. We hope this lexicon will serve as a tool to help

readers to make better use of both CDRI publications and the broader development

literature. We see the lexicon as a continuous ''work in progress' so would welcome

any comments or suggestion from readers to help improve and expand on the

current edition.

Larry Strange

Executive Director CDRI

October 2006

-iii-

buBVkfa

´manesckþIrIkraysUmENnaMbgðajCUnnUv sTÞanuRkmecjpSayfµIeday vbsG EdlCa

bNþúMBakübkERb Gg;eKøs-Exµr nig Exµr-Gg;eKøs kñúgvis½yCMnajbec©keTsCaeRcIn dUcCaxag

KNenyü FnaKar hirBaØvtßú nigkarGPivDÆn_CaedIm . bTBiesaFn_naeBlfµI²rbs; vbsG kñúgkar

e)aHBum<pSay nigkarcUlrYmeFVIGtßbTpSBVpSaysnñisIT sikçasala )anbgðajfa ÉksarEbbenH

mantMrUvkareRcIn sMrab;CYydl;mCÄdæanGñkBak;B½n§nwgkargarGPivDÆn_RbeTskm<úCa kñúgkareRbIR)as;

BaküExµr nigGg;eKøs [)anÉkPaBKña niggayyl; enAeBlsresrGtßbTBIbBaðaGPivDÆn_ .

enAkñúgEpnkaryuT§saRsþ vbsG qñaM2006-10 manEcgBIkartaMgcitþksagplitplRsavRCavEdl

smRsbsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa . sTÞanuRkmenH KWCalT§plmYyénkartaMgcitþenH ehIysgÇwmfa nwg

GacCYyCMrujkarsresrGtßbTedIm CaPasaExµrEtmþg RBmTaMgCYybegáInKuNPaBkarbkERb

ÉksarGg;eKøsCaPasaExµr .

snÞanuRkmenHmanEbgEckecjCaBIrPaK . PaK1 KWCasnÞanuRkmGg;eKøs-Exµr EdlCa

ÉksarBRgIkbEnßm elIsnÞanuRkme)aHBum<pSayelIkTI2 eday vbsG enAqñaM1995 . kñúgry³eBl

10qñaMknøgmk BaküeBcn_bec©keTsmankarvivtþn_Evgq¶ayNas; . edayELkenAkñúgPasaExµr man

karbegáItBaküfµICaeRcIn nigmanBaküBImunCaeRcIneTotEdl)anERbRbYln½y rWk¾mann½ykan;EtCak;

lak;EfmeTot . mü:ageTot sßab½nnanak¾ksag ÉksarCaPasaExµr)aneRcInNas;Edr edayman

EbbbTxus²KñakñúgkareRbIR)as;BaküeBcn_ .

vbsG k¾dUcsßab½nÉeTotEdr )ane)aHBum<pSayÉksarbec©keTsmYycMnYnFM EdlBak;B½n§

nwgRbFanbTCaeRcIn . RkumGñkniBn§sTÞanuRkmenH )anxwtxMkt;RtaykBaküNaEdlmaneRbIrYc

ehIyenAkñúgÉksarpøÚvkarnana nigeCosvagkarbegáItBaküfµI . b:uEnþviFIenHminGacGnuvtþ)anCab;

rhUteT BIeRBaHmanÉksarpøÚvkarmYycMnYn)aneRbIBaküxusKñaedIm,IbBa¢ak;BIn½yEtmYydUcKña . dUecñH

ehIy k¾RtUvmankareRCIserIsykBaküNaEdleKGacyl;n½y)anCaTUeTACag . CYnkaleTot

BaküfµIRtUvEtbegáIteLIgedIm,IsMKal;Gtßn½ymYyEdlminTan;manBaküExµrsMrab;ehAy:agCak;lak; .

kñúgkrNIEbbenH nigtamlT§PaBGaceFVIeTA)an KWEtgGnuvtþykBaküsamBaØ²mkpÁMúKña edIm,IbegáIt

CaBakümann½yfµImYyeTot .

-iv-

PaK2³ snÞanuRkm Exµr-Gg;eKøs³ PaKenHKWCaÉksarcgRkgfµITaMgRsug edIm,IeqøIytbnwg

sMNUmBrrbs;GñkGanCaeRcIn Edl)anCYbbBaðaxøH²Bak;B½n§nwgBakübec©keTsExµr CaBiess

BaküfµI² . kñúgkrNIBMuGacrk)anBaküesµI snÞanuRkmenHmanpþl; BakübkERbEdlmann½yEk,rKña

bMput . snÞanuRkmenHBMumanpþl;karBnül;n½ylMGitelIBakünImYy²eT b:uEnþGñkGanGaceRbIR)as;

BaküGg;eKøs edIm,IeFVIkarRsavRCavn½ybEnßmeTot)an . mü:ageTot snÞanuRkmmankt;RtaBakü

CaeRcInEdlmanb£sKl;ecjBI)alI rWsMRsáwt BIeRBaHmanGñkGanCaeRcInminGacyl;n½yrbs;va)an

Pøam²eT . kñúgkrNIBaküNamYyminsUvmaneKeRbIR)as;snÞanuRkmmancuHBakümYyeTotEdlRkum

GñkniBn§yl;famankareRbIR)as; jwkjab;Cag rWk¾Gacqab;yl;)anCag .

snÞanuRkmenH)ancgRkgeLIg edaymankarRsavRCavy:agTUlMTUlay nigkarCYymtiBI

GñkmancMeNHdwgCMnajCaeRcInnak; . vbsG sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;RKb;²KñaEdl)ancUlrYmcMENk

CYyeRCamERCg[smiT§iplfµIenHelcecjCarUbrageLIg . vbsG sgÇwmfa snÞanuRkmenHkøayCa

]bkrN_mYyCYydl;GñkGannanakñúgkareRbIR)as;ÉksarepSg²rbs; vbsG RBmTaMgÉksarxag

GPivDÆn_epSg²eTot . vbsG cat;TukÉksarenHCa {kargarbnþeTAmuxCanic©} ehIysUmsVaKmn_

RKb;mtieyabl;BIGñkGan edIm,IeFVIkarEklMG nigBRgIksTÞanuRkm[)aneCOnelOneTAmuxeTot .

PñMeBj/ Extula qñaM2006

LarI e®sþn©

naykRbtibtþi vbsG

PaKTI 1

Gg;eKøs-Exµr

Part One: English–Khmer

PaKTI 1

Gg;eKøs-Exµr

Part One: English–Khmer

Economic Lexicon Part 1

1

A, a

a posteriori kñúgbcäakal

abacus n. k,ac; ¬]bkrN_buraNsMrab;

Kitelx¦

abandonment of a trade (occupation)

kare)aHbg;muxCMnYjGVImYy

abatement karbnßy ¬éfø/ Bn§>>>¦

aberration karXøatBIsPaBFmµta/

kMritxusKña/ karP½nþRcLM

abeyance karp¥ak/ goods in ~ TMnijKµan

GñkTTYl

abide v. eKarB/ eFVItam/ ~ by a promise

kan;Baküsnüa

abolish v. lubecal

above-mentioned dUcmanEcgxagelI

abrogate v. TukCanarakrN_

absolute acceptance karTTYlRBmTaMg

Rsug

absolute advantage ]tþmPaBdac;xat

absolute majority vote sMelgPaKeRcIn

dac;xat ¬CagBak;kNþaléncMnYnGñkmke)aH

eqñat¦

absolute poverty PaBRkIRkCak;Esþg/

PaBRkIRkdac;xat

absolute (total) loss kMhatsrubsuT§

absorption karRsUbcUl/ karbBa©ÚlCasaxa

absorptive capacity smtßPaBRsUbyk

abstain Gnub,vaT

abstract n. & v. 1> sMrg;GtßbT 22> eFVI

GrUbIykmµ

abuse of trust karrMelaPesckþITukcitþ

abuse of process karbMBanelInItiviFI

accelerate v. BenøÓn

accelerated depreciation method

viFIKitrMls;bgçM

accept (a bill of exchange) TTYlRBm

¬rUbiyaNtþi>>>¦

accept deposit v. TTYl R)ak;beBaØI¼R)ak;

tMkl;

acceptance karTTYlRBm/ notification of

~ lixitCUndMNwgkarTTYlRBm/ present a bill

for ~ bgðajrUbiyaNtþiedIm,IsMukarbBa¢ak;

TTYlsÁal;/ ~ in full karTTYlRBmTaMgRsug

acceptance certificate viBaØabnb½Rt

TTYlRBm

access 1> lT§PaB)aneRbIR)as;

2> lT§PaB¼pøÚv eTAdl;

accessible price éføEdlGacTijdUr)an

accession n. 1> ])aKmn_ ¬kar)anCa

kmµsiT§inUvvtßúrNb¦ 22> karcUlCasmaCik

accident insurance

karFanar:ab;rgelIeRKaHfñak;

acclimate v. pSa‘¿nwgGakasFatufµI

accord karRBmeRBog

accordance karGnuBaØateGay/ in ~ with

edayGnuelameTAtam

account KNnI

account amended KNnI)anEksMrYl

account book esovePAKNnI

account currency rUbiyvtßúTUTat;

account day éf¶TUTat;


2

account holder m©as;KNnI

account payable KNnIRtUvsg

account payee only sMrab;EtsgcUlKNnI

account receivable KNnIRtUvTar/ KNnI

GtifiCn

account, sales r)aykarN_lk;TMnij

account, unit of ÉktaKit

account, domestic KNnIépÞkñúg

account, expense KNnIcMNay

account, outstanding

KNnIenAminTan;sg

accountability KNenyüPaB ¬PaBTTYl

xusRtUv¦/ to demand ~ from TamTar

KNenyüPaBBI

accountancy KNenyü (GB)/ KNenyükic©

accountant KNenyükr/ chartered ~ or

public ~ (US) KNenyükrrdæTTYlsÁal;

accounting KNenyü (US)/ financial ~

KNenyühirBaØvtßú/ tax ~ KNenyüBn§dar

accounting analysis karviPaKKNenyü

accounting cycle vdþKNenyü

accounting period RKaKNenyü/

KNenyükal

accounting plan bøg;KNenyü

accounting price éføKNenyü

accounting statement

r)aykarN_KNenyü

accounting system RbB½n§KNenyü

accreditation karEtgtaMg/ karTTYlsÁal;

accredited party PaKITTYlsar\NTan

accrued (interest/rent...) expense

cMNay ¬karR)ak;¦ )anKitbEnßm

accrued (interest/rent...) income

cMNUl ¬karR)ak;¦ )anKitbEnßm

accrued interest karR)ak;)anKitbEnßm

accumulate bgÁrTuk/ smac½y/ bUkRtYt/

accumulated depreciation rMls;bgÁrTuk

accuracy PaBCak;lak;/ PaBRtwmRtUv

accused n. CnCab;ecaT

acknowledge receipt (of a cheque...)

TTYlsÁal;karTTYl ¬mUlb,Tanb½Rt>>>¦

acknowledge v. TTYlsÁal;

acknowledgment (of receipt)

esckþIbBa¢ak;fa)anTTYl

acquire v. eFVIlT§kmµ

acquisition lT§kmµ/ kar)anmkCakmµsiT§i

acquittance roll b½NÑsgR)ak;

act of war ehtuekIteLIgedays®gÁam/

sßanPaBsßitkñúgs®gÁam

acting chairman/woman RbFansþITI

activate eFVIeGayskmµeT,Ig

activity skmµPaB/ business ~ skmµPaB

GaCIvkmµ

actor tYGgÁ/ economic ~ tYGgÁesdækic©

act of God RbFanskþi

actual Cak;Esþg/ ~ delivery karRbKl;

Cak;Esþg/ ~ order karbBa¢aTijCak;Esþg

ad hoc committee KN³kmµaFikarcMeBaHkic©

ad valorem duty Bn§yktaméfø

ad valorem freight éfødwkCBa¢ÚnyktaméføTMnij

addendum, law on c,ab;sþIBIc,ab;bEnßm

additional bEnßm/ ~ insurance karFana

r:ab;rgbEnßm/ ~ premium buBVlaPbEnßm


3

additional profit tax (APT)

Bn§elIR)ak;cMeNjbEnßm

addressee GñkTTYl ¬lixit¦/ GñkEdlRtUvTTYl

adequate smlµm

adjourn v. elIkvarkal/ p¥ak

adjudicate CMrHkþI

adjusting entries (accounting)

elxnaEktMrUv

adjustment kMENtMrUv/ ~ account KNnI

EktMrUv/ ~ factor (AF) ktþaEktMrUv/ ~ value

tMélEktMrUv

administrative expenses cMNayrdæ)al

administrative-economic entity

GgÁPaBesdækic©rdæ)al

admissible evidence PsþútagRbevsnI/

PsþútagTTYlyk)an

adult eBjv½y/ ~ citizen RbCaBlrdæeBjv½y

advance buerRbTan ¬R)ak;ebIk[mun¦/

~ deposit R)ak;kk;mun

advance money R)ak;buerRbTan/ R)ak;

pþl;eGaymun

advance notice karpþl;dMNwgCamun

advance on documents buerRbTan

sMGagelIÉksar

advance on securities buerRbTaneday

manvtßúFana

advance payment karTUTat;Camun

advancement kareCOnelOneTAmux/

karrIkcMerIn

advantage ]tþmPaB

adversary proceeding svnakarRbtibkS

¬svnakarEdlKUkþItTl;Kña¦

adverse minl¥/ minGMeNaypl/ ~ factor/

trade balance ktþa¼CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ

minGMeNaypl

advertise v. pSayBaNiC¢kmµ

advertisement, advertising

karpSayBaNiC¢kmµ

advertising campaign yuT§nakarpSay

BaNiC¢kmµ

advice note lixitCUnB½t’man/ lixitCUneyabl;

advice, collection lixitCUndMNwgkar

RbmUlR)ak;

advice, debit/credit Rbkas \NBn§¼

\NTan

advice, dispatch/shipment

/forwarding lixitCUndMNwgbBa¢ÚnTMnij

adviser (advisor) TIRbwkSa/ financial ~

TIRbwkSahirBaØvtßú

advising bank FnaKarCUndMNwg

advisory function muxgarpþl;eyabl;

advocacy karts‘Umti

affidavit lixitEføgsc©a ¬GHGagsc©PaB

cMeBaHmuxc,ab;¦

affiliated company (or associated

company) Rkumh‘unbuRtsm<½n§/ Rkumh‘un

Bak;B½n§ ¬Rkumh‘unemkþab;PaKh‘unticCag 50°¦

affiliation, political ninñakarneya)ay

affinity n. Bn§úPaB/ ¬PaBdUcKña rW manTMnak;

TMngCamYyKña¦

AFTA-ASEAN Free Trade Area

tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘an


4

after-tax income cMNUleRkaykat;Bn§

aftercost cMNaybEnßm

age group RkumGayu

agency TIPñak;gar/ employment ~ kariyal½y

rkkargareGayeFIV/ pre-investment ~ TIPñak;gar

BinitülT§PaB muneBlvinieyaK

agenda rebobvar³/ kargarEdlRtUveFVI

agent Pñak;gar/ sole ~ tMNagpþac;mux

agglomerate pþMúcUlKña

aggregate GgÁpSM/ tYelxRbmUlpþúM/ ~ demand/

supply tMrUvkar¼karpÁt;pÁg; srub

aggregate, monetary xn§b,maNrUbiyvtßú/

rUbiyvtßúTaMgGs;

aggregation karpþúM/ xn§b,aT/ karpÁúMGgÁpSM

aggrieved person Gñkminsuxcitþ

agrarian éndIFøI/ ~ reform kMENTMrg;dIFøI

agrarian society sgÁmksikmµ

agreed (price) ¬éfø¦ RBmeRBog

agreement kic©RBmeRBog/ verbal ~ kic©

®BmeRBogpÞal;mat;/ ~ on the exchange of

goods kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIkarpøas;bþÚrTMnij/ ~ in

principle kic©RBmeRBogCaeKalkarN_

agribusiness ksi-BaNiC¢kmµ

agricultural product ksipl

agriculture ksikmµ/ Ministry of

Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries

RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT

agro-industry ksi-]sSahkmµ

agronomist ekSRtviTU

agronomy ekSRtsaRsþ/ ekSRtviTüa

aid CMnYy/ economic ~ CMnYyEpñkesdækic©/ ~

agreement kic©RBmeRBogpþl;CMnYy/

~ coordination mechanism ynþkar

sMrbsMrYlCMnYy/ ~ programme kmµviFICMnYy

air bill of lading b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas

air cargo/freightTMnijbBa¢ÚntamynþehaH

air-consignment note b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas

airport tax Bn§RBlanynþehaH

airway bill b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas

alien CnbreTs

alien act c,ab;sþIBICnbreTs

alienation karepÞrkmµsiT§i

alienator n samIbrivtþ/ Gñklk; rW epÞrsiT§i[eK

alimony R)ak;]btßmÖ ¬BIbþIeTARbBn§ rWBIRbBn§

eTAbþI/ eRkayeBlElgKña¦

allegation karecaTRbkan;edaymin)an

bgðajPsþútag

allegiance (politics) karesµaHsµ½RK

allegiance, oath of sc©aRbNiFan

alliance sm<½n§PaB

all-in price éføsBVRKb; ¬TMnij/ Fanar:ab;rg/

dwkCBa¢Ún>>>¦

allocate v. (fund) élEck/ eFVIviPaCn_/

allocated resources FnFanEdl)anélEck

allocation 1> karélEck/ karviPaCn_/

proportional ~ karélEcksmamaRt

2> R)ak;viPaCn_

allotment of shares karEbgEckPaKh‘un

allowance R)ak;]btßmÖ/ TayC¢Tan/

depreciation ~ TayC¢Tan[dl;rMls;/

family ~ R)ak;]btßmÖRKÜsar/ make an ~

eFVIkarbBa©úHéføkñúgkarlk;eGayGñkTij

all-risks insurance/policy kar¼b½NÑ

Fanara:b;rghaniP½yRKb;RbePT


5

alteration karEk ¬Bakü¼elx¼bBa¢I

KNenyü>>> edayekaslub¼sresrRtYt>>>¦

alternative CMerIs¼meFüa)ayepSgeTot/ ~

technology bec©kviTüaEbbepSg ¬Gac

eRbICMnYs)an¦

amalgamation karbBa©Úl ¬Kña¦

ambition karR)afñad¾elIslub/ mhicäta

amelioration n. kareFIVeGayRbesIreT,Ig/

suvuDÆikmµ

amendment 1> viesaFnkmµ ¬c,ab;>>>¦/

~ of a contract viesaFnkmµkic©snüa/

~ advice lixitCUndMNwgsþIBIkarEksMrYl

viesaFnkmµ 22> c,ab; b¤ maRtaénc,ab;Edl

RtUv)anEkERbehIy

amicable settlement dMeNaHRsay

RbkbedaykareyaKyl; ¬min)ac;eTAtulakar¦

amnesty karelIkElgeTas

amortisation of a debt ¬kar¦rMls;bMNul

amount TwkR)ak;/ gross ~ TwkR)ak;dul/

~ of invoice TwkR)ak;énvikáybRt

amount past due TwkR)ak;hYskalkMNt;sg

analysis karviPaK/ cost ~ karviPaKBIéføedIm/ ~

of job requirements karviPaKtMrUvkarkargar

analysis, discounted cash flow (DCF)

karviPaKcracrsac;R)ak;

analytical thinking KMnitviPaK

ancestor buBVCn

ancillary services esvakmµbnÞab;bnSM

annual RbcaMqñaM/ ~ budget KMeragfvikaRbcaMqñaM

annualised adj. KitelImUldæanRbcaMqñaM

annuity FnlaP/ R)ak;sMNgRbcaMqñaM/

life ~ CIvFnlaP

annulment emaXkmµ/ karcat;TukCaGasasUnü

antedate v. cuHbuerkalbriecäT/ cuHkalbriecäT

GtItkal

anthropology mnusSsaRsþ/ nrviTüa

anti- RbqaMg/ anti-personnel mine

mInRbqaMgmnusS

anticipated profit R)ak;cMeNjeRBogTuk

anti-dumping karRbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚc

éfø/ ~ duty Bn§RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø

anti-inflation measure/programme

viFankar¼kmµviFI Tb;Tl;GtiprNa

anti-trust law c,ab;RbqaMgnwgRtwsþ

apellate court sala]T§rN_

apparatus briFan/ bznP½NÐ

appeal 1> bNþwgtv:a/ ]T§rN_

2> karGMBavnav

appliance eRKOgeRbIR)as;

applicant Gñkdak;BaküsMu

applicant for a letter of credit

Gñkdak;BaküsMu¼GñkesñIsMu ebIksar\NTan

applied economics viTüasaRsþesdækic©

apply v. ¬dak;¦ Gnuvtþ/ applied research

karRsavRCavsMrab;Gnuvtþ

appointed days, on naéf¶)ankMNt;

appointment karEtgtaMg/ permanent ~

to the rank of administrative agent

kartaMgs‘ubkñúgzannþrskþiPñak;garrdæ)al

apportion v. EbgEck

apportionment bMENgEck

appraisal karvaytémø


6

appreciation 1> kareLIg éfø¼tMél

2> mUlvicar ¬karvaytMél¦

3> karTTYlsÁal;KuNPaB 44>GMNrKuN

approach viFIsaRsþ

appropriate adj. smRsb/ ~ size TMhM

smRsb/ ~ technology bec©kviTüasmRsb

appropriation (financial) ¬R)ak;¦ viPaCn_

¬R)ak;élTukenAmçagsMrab;eKaledAedayELk¦

appropriation accounts KNnIcMNUl-

cMNay

approval karyl;RBm/ on ~ etagman

karyl;RBm

approximately RbEhl/ RbmaN

aquaculture, aquatic culture varIvb,kmµ

aquatic product Clpl

aquatic resources FnFanClpl

arable land dIGacdaMduH

arbiter mCÄtþkr ¬GñkmanGMNac¼\T§iBl

edIm,IeFVIkarkat;kþI³ ]> kñúgkic©karrdæ¦

arbitrage 1> mCÄtþkmµ 22> karepÞrTunBIpSar

mYyeTApSarmYyedIm,IeqøótrkkMér

arbitrageur GñkepÞrTunBIpSarmYyeTApSar

mYyedIm,IeqøótrkkMér

arbitrary tamEtGMeBIcitþ

arbitration mCÄtþPaB/ mCÄtþvinicä½y/

karkat;kþIedayGaCJakNþal/ ~ committee

KN³kmµkarmCÄtþkmµ

arbitrator mCÄtþkr ¬xagBaNiC¢kmµ¦

architectural company Rkumh‘unsikSa

KMeragbøg;

architecture sßabtükmµ/ nimµabnkmµ

area unit ÉktatMbn;

area, free trade tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrI

area-based frame eRKagelImUldæantMbn;

arid area tMbn;s¶ÜtEhg

arithmetic nBVnþ/ ~ mean mFümnBVnþ

arm’s length sale karlk;KµankareyaK

yl;Biess

arrears bMNulyWty:avminTan;sg/ to be in

~ yWty:avkñúgkarsgbMNul

art work sñaédsil,³

article of copartnership

kic©snüacUlh‘un/ maRtashPaKkmµ

articles of association (GB) or by-

laws (US) lkçnþik³

articles of incorporation (US) or

memorandum of association (GB)

GnusSarN³begIátRkumh‘un

articulate v. bBa¢ak;CaBaküeBCn_

as provided, as stated, set forth

dUcmanEcg ¬kñúgc,ab;¦

Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA)

tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘an

assembly line ExSplitkmµ ¬tMelIgeRKOgcRk¦

assessed taxes Bn§)ankMNt;

assessment karvaytMél

assessor of taxes GñkkMNt;Bn§¼vayBn§

asset RTBüskmµ/ RTBüsm,tiþ/ current ~

RTBüskmµcrnþ/ foreign ~ RTBüskmµCa

rUbiyb½NÑ ¬FnaKar¦/ RTBüenAbreTs, fixed

(capital) ~ RTBüskmµCab;lab; ¬ÉksarxøH

ehAfa GclnRTBü EdlRtUvnwgBakü

immovable property), tangible ~

RTBürUbI/ frozen ~ RTBüp¥ib/ intangible ~


7

RTBüGrUbI/ financial ~ RTBühirBaØvtßú

assign (property) epÞrsiT§ieRbIR)as;Gclnvtßú

assignable credit sar\NTanGacepÞr)an

assignee 1> Gnub,Tanik ¬GñkTTYlsiT§i¼

RTBüsm,tþi¼karEtgtaMg ¦

2> GñkTTYlsiT§iRbTan/ GaNtþiKahk

assignee in bankruptcy GñkRtUv)an

cat;taMg[RKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþiGñkkS½yFn

assignor 1> Gnub,TayI ¬GñkepÞrRTBüsm,tþi/

GñkeFVIkarcat;taMg¦

2> GñkRbKl;siT§i/ GaNtþiTayk

assimilation smankmµ ¬kareFVI[RCYtRCab¦

assistance kar]btßmÖ/ CMnYy/ CMnYy]btßmÖ

assistant CMnYykar/ brivcäkarI/ ]bkarI

assistant accountant KNenyükrCMnYykar

assistant manager Gñkcat;karrg

associated company (see affiliated

company) Rkumh‘unBak;B½n§

association smaKm/ bar ~ KN³emFavI

assurance 1> karFanar:ab;rg

2> PaBR)akdkñúgcitþ ¬KµankarsgS½y¦

at call, money kMcIEdlm©as;bMNulGacTar

ykvij)anPøam

at par, share PaKh‘unEdlmantMélenA

pSarh‘unesµIKñanwgtMélcuHelIsnøwkb½NÑPaKh‘un

at sight draft rUbiyaNtþiRtUvsgR)ak;enA

eBlbgðaj

at sight, to pay sgR)ak;eBlbgðajÉksar

ATM (automatic teller machine)

m:asuInebIkR)ak;s½VyRbvtiþ

attitude \riyabf

attorney 1> GaNtþiKahk ¬GñkTTYlGaNtþi¦

2> tMNagkarBarkþI 33> emFavI

attractive adj. Tak;Taj/ ~ prices

éføTak;TajGtifiCn

auction karedjéfø

auction sale karlk;edjéfø

audit n. & v. 1> svnkmµ/ external ~

svnkmµBIxageRkA/ internal ~ svnkmµépÞkñúg

2> eFVIsvnkmµ ¬Binitü¼Eqk bBa¢IKNenyü¦

auditing svnkmµ/ National Auditing

Authority GaCJaFrsvnkmµCati/ ~ procedures

nItiviFIsvnkmµ

auditor svnkr ¬GñkRtYtBinitübBa¢I/ sñgkar

KNenyü¦/ independent/external ~

svnkrÉkraCü

auspices kar]btßmÖ/ under the ~ enAeRkam

»vaT ¬sßab½n¦

austerity PaBt,itet,ót/ PaBtwgrwg/ tbkmµ

autarchy GMNac¼RbeTskan;rbb pþac;kar

autarky sV½yaFibetyü/ esdækic©m©as;kar

xøÜnÉgpÞal;/ ¬minBwgEp¥kelI karnaMecj-naMcUl rW

CMnYyesdækic©¦

authentic deed/act lixityfaPUt

authenticate eFVInItüanukUlkmµ ¬bBa¢ak;faBit¦

authenticity yfaPaB

authorised bank FnaKarmankarGnuBaØat/

FnaKarRbtiRsuti

authorised capital edImTuncuHbBa¢I

authoritarianism GMNacniym

authority siT§iGMNac/ GaCJaFr/ rdæGMNac

authorisation 1> esckþIGnuBaØat


8

2> lixitGnuBaØat

authorised representative tMNagman

siT§iRbTan/ GaCJanukarI ¬tMNagmankarGnuBaØat¦

automatic teller machine (see ATM)

m:asuInebIkR)ak;s½VyRbvtiþ

automatic drawing right

siT§idkR)ak;sV½yRbvtþi

autonomous economic entity

GgÁPaBesdækic©sVy½t

autonomous enterprise shRKassVy½t

autonomy sV½yPaB/ sVy½tPaB/ economic

~ sV½yPi)alesdækic©

average mFüm/ ~ annual growth rate

GRtakMeNInmFümRbcaMqñaM/ ~ cost tMél¼

éføedIm mFüm

average collection period (ACP)

ry³eBlRbmUlbMNulCamFüm

avoidance, tax karecosvagBn§

award n. & v. 1> esckIþsMercrbs;GaCJa

kNþal 22> rgVan; 33> pþl;rgVan;[/ ~ a contract

RbKl;kic©snüa[

awareness kardwgsÁal;/ raise public ~

bMpuskaryl;dwgdl;saFarNCn

B, b

baccalaureate (degree)

¬sBaØab½Rt¦mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi

bachelor’s degree fñak;briBaØab½Rt

back eRkay/ xageRkay/ ~ interest karR)ak;

minTan;sg/ ~ a bill cuHhtßelxaFanaelI

back out v. dkxøÜnecj/ ~ from a

contract dkxøÜnecjBIkic©snüa

back to back xñgTl;xñg/ ~ credit

\NTanxñgTl;xñg

back up v. KaMRT/ bBa¢ak;KaMRT/ ~ a claim

bBa¢ak;KaMRTkarGHGag

backbone infrastructure ehdæarcna

sm<½n§q¥wgxñg ¬ehdæarcnasm<½n§eKal¦

backdate v. cuHbuerkalbriecäT/

cuHkalbriecäTGtItkal

backer GñkbeBa©jedImTun/ GñkKaMRT

background 1> Rbvtþi/ savta

2> épÞxageRkay

backing, financial karKaMRTxaghirBaØvtßú

backlog kargarenAKrminTan;eFVI

backup eRtombMrug

backwardness PaBGn;fy

bad debt \NeTyüTarmin)an ¬xUc¦/

\NeTyüBi)akTar ¬Cab;sgS½y¦

bad faith GsT§a/ KMnitevocevr

bad title b½NÐkmµsiT§iykCakarmin)an

bad workmanship TwkédGn;/ kareFVImin

)anl¥ ¬plitpl¦

bail R)ak;Fana ¬]> R)ak;bg;[tulakaredIm,I[

CnCab;ecaT)anenAeRkAXMu¦/ ~ bond b½NÑFana

bail out v. 1> se®gÁaHRkumh‘unCYbkarlM)ak

xaghirBaØvtßú 22> bg;R)ak;FanaxøÜn

bailiff n. GaCJasala

bail cover R)ak;Fana


9

bailment karepJITuk ¬dak;TMnij[GñkepSg

kan;kab; b:uEnþGñkenaHBMuEmnCam©as;kmµsiT§ieT¦

bait n. nuy/ use money as ~ eRbIluyCanuy

balance n. 1> tulüPaB 22> smtulü/ credit/

debit ~ smtulü \NTayI¼ \Nayik/ closing

~ smtulücugRKa/ pay the ~ sgR)ak;CMBak;/

positive ~ smtulü viC¢man/ ~ on goods and

services smtulüTMnijnigesva

balance of payments CBa¢IgTUTat;/

~ deficit/surplus »nPaB¼Gtierk CBa¢IgTUTat;

balance of trade CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ

balance sheet taragtulükar/ off- ~

items xÞg;eRkAtaragtulükar/ ~ date éf¶

eFVItaragtulükar

balance v. eFVIeGaymantulüPaB

balance v. an account bUksrubKNnI

balance v. the budget eFVItulükarfvika

bale KIb/ eb ¬vtßúGVImYymancMnYneRcIndUcCa

RkNat; Rkdas esµA>>> EdlcgCa dMu¼kNþab;¦

bank FnaKar/ central ~ FnaKarkNþal/

deposit money bank FnaKarTTYl

R)ak;beBaØI/ national ~ FnaKarCati

bank acceptance b½NÑTTYlRBmedayFnaKar

bank account KNnIFnaKar

bank book esovePAFnaKar/ esovePAepJI

R)ak;enAFnaKar

bank charge esah‘uyFnaKar

bank clearing karTUTat;tamFnaKar

bank deposit R)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKar

bank draft rUbiyaNtþiFnaKar rW b½NÑFnaKar

¬lixitecjedayFnaKarbBa¢aeGayFnaKarmYy

eTotsgR)ak;eTAbuKÁlNamñak;¦

bank financing hirBaØb,TanFnaKar

bank note RkdasR)ak;

bank of deposit FnaKarTTYlR)ak;beBaØI

bank reconciliation karepÞógpÞat;FnaKar

¬GgÁPaBsamIepÞógbBa¢Irbs;xøÜneTAnwgRbkas

\NBn§¼\NTan rbs;FnaKar/ kargarenHEtg

eFVIenAcugEx¦

bank reference TIsMGagbBa¢ak;BIxagFnaKar

bank statement r)aykarN_¼Rbkas

FnaKar/ sMrg;KNnIBIFnaKar

bank transfer karepÞrR)ak;enAFnaKar

bank v. dak;R)ak;enAFnaKar

bank-credit guarantee scheme

kmµviFIFana\NTanrbs;FnaKar

banker FnaKarik

banker’s draft (see bank draft)

banking muxCMnYjFnaKar/ muxviC¢aFnaKar

bankrupt kS½yFn/ FnkS½y/ niT§½n

bankruptcy PaBkS½yFn/ niT§nPaB/

discharge in ~ karrYcputBIkarkS½yFn

bar association KN³emFavI

barefoot doctor RKUeBTüCnbT

bargain and sale kic©snüaTij-lk;

bargain v. téfø/ (free) collective

bargaining karcrcaBIkartMelIgR)ak;QñÚl

rvagnieyaCit nignieyaCk

barrier r)aMg/ ]bsKÁ/ customs/tariff ~

r)aMgBn§Ky/ lift trade ~ dkr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ/

non-tariff ~s ( NTBs) r)aMgminEmnBn§Ky

barrister emFavI ¬Gg;eKøs¦


10

barter karedaHdUrTMnijnigTMnij

¬karpøas;bþÚrTMnijedaymineRbIluy¦

base mUldæan/ exOn/ ~ level of

consumption kMritmUldæanénkareRbIR)as;

base rate GRtaeKal/ GRtamUldæan

base year qñaMeKal

baseline survey GegátCamUldæan

basic CamUldæan/ ~ agreement kic©RBmeRBog

CamUldæan/ ~ price éføeKal/ ~ research

karRsavRCavCamUldæan

basic commodities plitplksikmµ

CamUldæan ¬ksiplFmµtaEdlpliteRcIn²

dUcCaRsUv/ eBat>>>¦

basic discount GbhareKal ¬Gbhar

FmµtaedayKµanbEnßmPaKryGVIeTot¦

basic human needs (BHN) tMrUvkarCa

mUldæanrbs;mnusS

basic salary/wage ebovtSr_eKal

¬ebovtSr_FmµtaedayKµanbUkR)ak;bEnßm¦

basin (Mekong River) Gag ¬TenøemKgÁ¦

basket n. k®nþk/ consumer ~ or

consumption ~ k®nþkTMnijeRbIR)as;

batch LÚt_ ¬GIv:an;EdlplitenAeBlEtmYy¦/

~ number elxLÚt_

BCC (business cooperation contract)

kic©snüashRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ

bear Gñklk;snøwkh‘un¼TMnij¼rUbiyvtßú Edl

eCOfaGIv:an;eKnwgcuHéfø/ ~ market TIpSarEdl

eKeCOfaGWv:an;nwgcuHéfø

bear v. interest pþl;nUvkarR)ak;

bearer Gñkkan;/ ~ cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt

KµaneQµaH ¬elImUlb,Tanb½RtKµancuHeQµaH

GñkRtUvebIkR)ak;eT KWfaGñkkan;mUlb,Tanb½Rt

GacebIkR)ak;)an¦

bearer instrument/paper lixitUbkrN_

sMrab;Kahk

beginning inventory sareBIP½NÐedIm qñaM¼RKa

behave v. kan;criya

behaviour Gakb,kiriya

below cost TabCagéføedIm

benchmark kMriteKal/ ~ survey GegáteKal

benefactor ]bkarI ¬GñkTMnukbMrug/ Gñkp©úgepþIm¦

beneficiary GñkTTYlpl/ GtßKahk

benefit GtßRbeyaCn_/ R)ak;]btßmÖ/ medical

~ R)ak;]btßmÖéføBüa)al

benefit-cost ratio

smaPaKplcMeNjeFobcMNay

bequeath v. eFVIGc©½yTanCaclnvtßú

bequest n. Gc©½yTanCaclnvtßú/ GMeNay

tamry³mrtksasn_

best interest ]tþmRbeyaCn_

best-seller esovePAlk;dac;bMput

biannual BIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM/ ~ monitoring

karXøaMemIlBIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM

bias lMeGog

bid v. & n. 1> edjéfø 22> karedjéfø

bilateral eTVPaKI/ ~ aid/assistance

CMnYyeTVPaKI

bill 1> vikáybRt 22> rUbiyaNtþi

bill at sight vikáybRt¼rUbiyaNtþi RtUvsg

enAeBlbgðaj

bill in transit vikáybRt¼rUbiyaNtþi kMBugbBa¢Ún


11

bill of entry RbtievTn_Ky ¬lixitRbkas

bg;Bn§Ky¦

bill of lading (B/L) GBaØtb½NÑ rW

GBaØtb½Rt/ lixitpÞúkTMnijnava/ b½NÑdwkCBa¢Ún

TMnij/ direct ~ GBaØtb½NÑedaypÞal;

bill payable vikáybRt¼rUbiyaNtþi RtUvsg

bill sent for collection

b½NÑepJI[RbmUlR)ak;

bill/letter of exchange rUbiyaNtþi/ lixitpøas;bþÚr

billion Ban;lan

bin tag pøakFug

bind v. cg/ mantMélGnuvtþ/ P¢ab;katBVkic©

biodiversity CIv³cMruH

biogas CIv]sµ½n

biomass CIvm:as

biosphere reserve, Tonle Sap

zbnIyCIvmNÐlbwgTenøsab

birth certificate sMbuRtkMeNIt

birth rate GRtakMeNIt/ GRtaRbsUtikmµ

birth spacing karBnüakMeNIt

black market pSarggwt/ ~ price éføpSarggwt

blacklist bBa¢IexµA

blank enAs¥at/ minTan;sresr/ ~ cheque

mUlb,Tanb½RtcMh ¬cuHhtßelxaehIy EtKµan

cuHTwkR)ak; rW eQµaHGñkTTYl¦

blank endorsement carxñgcMh

block bøúk

block fund mUlniFipþúM

blocked account KNnI bBaÄb;¼p¥ib

¬min[dkR)ak;ecj¦

blue-collar union shCIBhtßkr

board of directors RkumRbwkSaPi)al

board of inquiry KN³kmµkaresuIbGegátboard of investment (BOI)

RkumRbwkSavinieyaK

board of management RkumRbwkSaRKb;RKg

boat TUk/ Clyan/ ~ log book esovePA

skmµPaBClyan

body xøÜn ¬mnusS>>>¦/ tY ¬rfynþ>>>¦/ ~ of rules

and regulations GgÁc,ab; ¬nigbTb,BaØtþi¦

bona fide esµaHRtg;/ ~ purchaser

GñkTijesµaHRtg;

bond sBaØab½NÑ/ government/treasury ~

b½NÑrtnaKar/ bearer ~ sBaØab½NÑKµaneQµaH/

goods (held) in ~ TMnijrkSaTukenAXøaMgKy

¬rg;caMkarbg;Bn§¦/ mortgage ~ b½NÑniekçb

¬b½NÑbMNulmanvtßúbBa©aM¦/ take goods out of

~ bg;Bn§elITMnijedIm,IGacykvaecjBIXøaMgKy/

~ yield TinñplsBaØab½NÑ ¬cMNUl)anBIsBaØab½NÑ

KitCaPaKryénéføTijsBaØab½NÑ¦

bonded warehouse XøaMgsþúkTMnijRKb;

RKgedayPñak;garKy

bonus R)ak;bEnßm/ buBVlaP ¬]> R)ak;rgVan;¦/

cost of living ~ R)ak;bEnßmsMrab;RTRTg;

CIvPaB/ incentive ~ R)ak;elIkTwkcitþ/

productivity ~ rgVan;plitkmµ

book of investment esovePAbnÞúkén

karvinieyaK

book value (accounting) tMélkñúgbBa¢I/

tMélKNenyü

bookkeeper Gñkkan;bBa¢I/ KNenyükr


12

bookkeeping karcuHbBa¢IKNenyü/ single

entry ~ karcuHbBa¢IÉkPaK/ double entry ~

karcuHbBa¢IeTVPaK

books of accounts bBa¢IKNenyü

boom v. rIkduHdaly:agrh½s/ ~ industry

]sSahkmµEdlrIkduHdalya:grh½s/

booming sector vis½ykMBugrIkduHdal

boost v. CMruj/ rujeLIg

booty C½yP½NÐ ¬rbs;EdldeNþImrWbøn;BIeK¦/

GcäinRTBü

border price éføenARBMEdn

borrow v. x©I¼sMux©I/ borrowed reserves

R)ak;bMrug)anx©I ¬EdlFnaKarnana)anx©IBI

FnaKarkNþal¦

borrower Gñkx©I/ \Nvnþ

borrowings karx©Ibul

boss n. bri)al/ ecAhVay/ GñkRtYtRta/

bossy EdlcUlcitþRtYtRtaeK

BOT (build, operate, transfer) sagsg;-

GaCIvkmµ-epÞr

botany n. PUtKamsaRsþ ¬karsikSaBIrukçCati¦

bottleneck PaBraMgsÞH/ PaBkkkuj

bottom out v. cuHTabbMput

¬RbEhlminGacFøak;cuHeToteT¦

bottom-up BIeRkameLIgelI/

~ development karGPivDÆn_BIeRkameLIgelI

bourgeois KhbtI

bourgeoisie or middle class

vNÑ³KhbtI b¤ vNÑ³kNþal

boycott Bhikar ¬karRbqaMgedayminRBmTij

minRBmcUlrYm>>>¦

brain drain kar)at;bg;GñkmanCMnaj

brainstorming karBiPakSabMpusKMnit

branch (of a company) saxa ¬Rkumh‘un¦

brand sBaØa/ sBaØasMKal;/ rUb/ m:ak ¬TMnij¦

brand name eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ/ yIeha

breach of contract karelµIskic©snüa

breach of discipline karelµIsvin½y

breakages GIv:an;)ak;Ebk ¬minrab;CaRTBü

skmµeTenAeBleFVIsareBIP½NÐ¦

break-even point cMNucrYcedIm

breakthrough karTMlayPaBTal;Rck

bribe v. & n. 1> sUk

2> sMNUk/ take a ~ sIusMNUk

bridging loan kMcIry³eBlxøI ¬sMrab;Tij

pÞHfµI enAeBllk;pÞHcas;minTan;dac;¦

broadcast v. pSBVpSay ¬tamviTüú/ TUrTsSn_>>>¦

brochure n. esovePAesþIg/ kUnesovePA

pSBVpSay

broker eCIgsarCMnYj/ KYkeC

brokerage 1> kMéreCIgsar 22> kargareCIgsar

brought forward (accounting) eyagmk

bring in (assets as investment)

eFVI]bharit/ ykcUl

budget fvika/ ~ control karRtYtBinitü

fvika/ ~ credit \NTanfvika/ ~ fund

mUlniFifvika/ ~ prices éføTab²

buffer RTnab;/ ~ zone tMbn;RTnab;

buffer stock sþúksMrab;Tb;karERbRbYl ¬éfø/

karpÁt;pÁg;>>¦/ ~ facility (BSF)

]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;Tb;snñiFi

built-in stabilisers ktþaeFVIeGayman

sßirPaBCasV½yRbvtþi

bulk buying karTijduM


13

bulk order bBa¢aTijdMu

bull Gñklk;snøwkh‘un¼TMnij>>>EdleCOfa

muxGIv:an;eKnwgeLIgéfø

bull market TIpSarEdleKeCOfaGIv:an;nwgeLIgéfø

bulletin 1> RBwtþib½Rt/

2> esckþIRbkasCapøÚvkar ¬BIerOgsMxan;GVImYy¦

burden bnÞúk/ ~ of proof bnÞúkPsþútag/ tax

~ bnÞúkBn§

bureau kariyal½y/ employment ~

kariyal½ykargar

bureaucracy kariyaFibetyü

bureaucrat kariyaelxanukar/ GñkeFVIkar

kariyal½y

business Furkic©/ GaCIvkmµ/ kic©karCMnYj/

karrksuI/ ~ card namb½NÑ

business cooperation contract

(BCC) kic©snüashRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ

business format franchising

karpþl;siT§ieGayrksIupþac;muxtamEbbbTeK

business licence tax ¬Bn§¦ )a:tg;

business name namkrN_GaCIvkmµ

business undertaking kareFVIkic©karCMnYj

businessman/woman GaCIvkr/ FurCn

buy v. Tij/ ~ back Tijykvij/ ~ time

BnüaeGay)anyUr

buyer’s price éføGnueRKaHdl;GñkTij

buying order karbBa¢aTij

buying power GMNacTij

by-election kare)aHeqñateLIgvij

bylaws (see also articles of association)

c,ab;bEnßm ¬RbcaMtMbn;¦/ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg

by-product plitplbnÞab;bnSM/ nisSnÞvtßú

C, c

cabinet xuTÞkal½y/ political ~ KN³rdæm®nþI

cable transfer karepÞrR)ak;edayTUrKmn_

cadastre surieyadI

cadre Rkbx½NÐ/ public ~ Rkbx½NÐ

m®nþIraCkar/ ~ of administrative agent

Rkbx½NÐPñak;garrdæ)al

calculus KNnaGtüaNU

calendar RbtiTin/ ~ year qñaMRbtiTin

call deposit R)ak;beBaØIcrnþ

call loan/money \NTanKµankalkMNt;

¬RtUvsgvijenAeBleKTar¦

called-up capital mUlFn)anehA

¬)anbg;cUlRkumh‘unehIy¦

campaign yuT§nakar/ sales ~ yuT§nakarlk;dUr

cancel v. lubecal/ ~ an entry bdiesF

elxna ¬KNenyü¦/ ~ an order lubecal

karbBa¢aTij

cancellation karlubecal

canvass 1> sÞabsÞg; ¬mti¦

2> eXasnaTak;TajkarKaMRT

capability smtßPaB ¬eFVIGVImYy¦

capacity 1> smtßPaB/ earning ~

smtßPaBrkR)ak;/ in a legal ~ kñúgsmtßPaB

tampøÚvc,ab;/ load-carrying ~ smtßPaBpÞúk

¬GIv:an;¦/ production ~ smtßPaBplit

2> cMNuH


14

capital mUlFn/ Tun/ authorised ~mUlFn

Edl)anGnuBaØat/ paid in ~ mUlFnEdl

)anbg;/ ~ accumulation smac½yTun

capital account KNnI mUlFn¼Tun

capital adequacy ratio smaPaKsm

lµménmUlFn

capital amortisation rMls;mUlFn

capital asset RTBümUlFn/ RTBüskmµCab;lab;

capital assistance kar]btßmÖTun

capital contributor GñkcUlh‘un/ PaKTunik³

capital endowment edImTunEdlRtUvbg;

capital expenditure/investment/

outlay cMNayelIRTBümUlFn/ vinieyaK

capital expense cMNayCamUlFn

capital gains (accounting) tMélelIs

capital goods TMnij mUlFn¼CaTun

¬TMnijsMrab;plitTMnijepSg²eTot¦

capital intensive RbBlvb,kmµedImTun

¬EdleRbITun¼m:asIuneRcIn¦

capital levy Bn§elIRTBübuKÁl

capital loss (accounting) tMélxVH

capital market pSarTun

capital movement clnaTun/ karepÞrTun

capital productivity plitPaBénTun

capital reserves TunbMrug

capital revenue cMNUlCamUlFn

capital, authorised TunGtibrimaEdlRtUv

)anGnuBaØat[manenAkñúgRkumh‘un/ TuncuHbBa¢I

capital, frozen mUlFnpw¥¥bcapital, risk (venture capital)

TunvinieyaKpSgeRKaHfñak;

capital, working TunbgVil/

mUlFnRbkbkar

capitalism mUlFnniym

capitalist mUlFnik/ nayTun

capitalisation mUlFnPavUnIykmµ

capitalise v. eqøótykcMeNj/ qk;»kas/

mUlFnkmµ

captive market TIpSarpþac;mux

card b½NÐ/ sMbuRt/ business ~ namb½NÑ

¬GaCIvkmµ¦/ cash ~ b½NÑsac;R)ak;/ cheque ~

mUlb,Tanb½NÑ/ credit ~ b½NÑ\NTan/

identity ~ GtþsBaØaNb½NÑ

career GaCIB

caretaker (of a motor vehicle) Gñkkan;

kab;EfTaM ¬]> yanynþ¦/ ~ government

rdæaPi)alsMrab;RKb;RKgbeNþaHGasnñ

cargo navaPNÐ/ TMnijdwktamnava/ nava

¬dwkTMnij¦/ ~ documents ÉksarsMrab;

kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij

cargo list bBa¢ITMnijdwkCBa¢Ún

cargo outturn report r)aykarN_erITMnij

carriage forward éfødwkCBa¢Únbg;eday

GñkTTYl

carriage paid éfødwkCBa¢Únbg;edayGñkepJI

carried forward (accounting) eyageTA

¬]> eyageTATMB½rmYyeTotnUvtYelxbUksrubcug

snøwkbBa¢IKNenyü¦

carrying value (accounting)

tMélkñúgbBa¢I/ tMélKNenyü

cartel n. karEtl/ shRkumh‘un

case study karsikSakrNI ¬rW krNIsikSa¦

cash 1> ebLa ¬RkdasR)ak; + R)ak;kak;¦

2> sac;R)ak; ¬ebLa + FnaKar¦/ ~ substitute


15

CMnYssac;R)ak;

3> rtnvtßú ¬KNenyü¦

cash account 1>KNnIebLa 22>KNnIrtnvtßú

cash advance R)ak;buerRbTan ¬R)ak;ebIkmun¦

cash against document (CAD)

RbKl;R)ak;eBl)anTTYlÉksar

cash book (CB) n. bBa¢IR)ak;ecjcUl

cash budget EpnkarcMNUlcMNaysac;R)ak;

cash credit \NTansac;R)ak;

cash crop dMNaMlk;ykR)ak;

cash discount karlk;cuHéføtamkarbg;Ca

sac;R)ak;

cash down sale karlk;ykR)ak;Pøam

¬Casac;R)ak; rW mUlb,Tanb½Rt b:uEnþminyk

b½NÑ\NTaneT¦

cash economy esdækic©eRbIR)ak;kas

cash flow lMhUrsac;R)ak;/ ~ analysis

karviPaKlMhUrsac;R)ak;/ ~ statement

r)aykarN_lMhUrsac;R)ak;

cash in on eqøótykcMeNjBIelI

cash in hand (GB), cash on hand

(US) sac;R)ak;kñúg ebLa¼éd/ ebLa

cash in/with bank sac;R)ak;enAFnaKar

cash on delivery (COD) RbKl;TMnij

RbKl;R)ak;/ bg;R)ak;eBlTTYlTMnij

cash over and short R)ak;elIsxVH

¬bnþicbnþÜckñúgebLa¦

cash paid book esovePAsgR)ak;

cash price éfølk; ¬efak¦ Kittamkarbg;

Casac;R)ak;

cash rebate cMnYncuHéføeGaytamkarbg;Ca

cash reserves sac;R)ak;bMrug

cash voucher b½NÑcMNayebLa

cash with order (CWO) bg;R)ak;eBl

bBa¢aTij

cash-disbursement book esovePA

cMNayR)ak;

cashier ebLakr/ ebLaFikar

cash-receipt book esovePAcMNUlR)ak;

casting vote sMelg]tþmanuPaB

¬e)aHeqñat¦

casual labourer BlkrGENþt

¬ry³eBlxøI¦

casualty at sea mhnþrayenAsmuRT

cataclysm n. mhavinas

catalogue kataLúk ¬esovePAbgðaj rUb¼vtßú

epSg²¦

catalyst katalIkr/ ~ role tYnaTICakatalIkr

¬bnSúI/ CMruj¦

catchment area EdnrgTwkePøóg

catalyse v. bnSúI ¬Kña¦/ BenøÓn

categorisation of goods karkMNt;

RbePTTMnij

category RbePT/ BYk/ Epñk

causal sehtu ¬EdlR)ab;BIkarTak;Tgehtu

nigpl¦

CD-ROM suIDIr:m

ceiling price éføGtibrma/ éføx<s;bMput

celebrity n. Gñkl,IeQµaH

census 1> karCMerOn ¬RbCaCn¦/

~ sample KMrUtagCMerOn/


16

2> r)ab; ¬karrab;¦

census-enumeration area tMbn;rab;

bBa©ÚlCMerOn

central kNþal/ mCÄwm/ ~ administration

rdæ)al mCÄwm¼kNþal

central bank FnaKarkNþal

centralisation mCÄkar

centralised eFVImCÄkar/ ~ economy

esdækic©mCÄkar/ ~ record kMNt;RtamCÄkar/

~ system RbB½n§mCÄkar

centrally planned economy esdækic©

EpnkarRbmUlpþúM

ceramics kulalPaCn_/ ceramic product

plitplkulalPaCn_

certificate viBaØabnb½Rt/ ~ of approval

lixitGnuBaØat/ ~ of processing viBaØabnb½Rt

bBa¢ak;plitkmµ/ ~ of deposit viBaØabnb½Rt

beBaØI¼ epJIR)ak;/ ~ of origin viBaØabnb½Rt

RbPBedImTMnij/ ~ of quality viBaØabnb½Rt

bBa¢ak;KuNPaB/ ~ of quarantine viBaØabnb½Rt

BinitüeraKqøg/ ~ of registration viBaØabnb½Rt

Gnusidæ/ ~ of weight viBaØabnb½RtTMgn;

certified cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rtr:ab;rg

edayFnaKar rWmUlb,TanbR½tFanacMNay

certified public accountant (US)

KNenyükrrdæTTYlsÁal;

cessation karQb;/ ~ of business

karbBaÄb;GaCIvkmµ

cession n. Gnub,Tan/ karRbKl;eGay

¬]> kat;eGayeTAm©as;bMNul¦

ceteris paribus (other things being

equal) GVIepSgeTotenAdEdl

chairman RbFan/ ~ of the meeting

RbFanGgÁRbCMu/ GFibtI

challenge bBaðaRbQm

chamber of commerce sPaBaNiC¢kmµ

chance of selection P½BVénCMerIs

change 1> bMErbMrYl/ karpøas;bþÚr/ sm,rivtþn_/

2> R)ak;Gab;/ ~ fund R)ak;Gab;

channel Rck

chaos PaBRcbUkRcbl;

chapter CMBUk

character crit

charge bnÞúk/ bnÞúkcMNay/ éfø ¬RtUvbg;¦

charge v. a commission ykkMéreCIgsar

charge/credit account KNnIeCO

¬GtifiCnGacykrbs;EdlxøÜnTij edaybg;

R)ak;TUTat;smtulüKNnIenAéf¶eRkay¦

charges, overhead bnÞúkcMNayTUeTA

charity sb,úrsFm’/ kuslkic©

chart tarag/ KMnUssißti/ EpnTI/ BinÞúerxIy/ bøg;/

organisation ~ GgÁkarelx/ sale ~ KMnUs

taglk;/ ~ of accounts taragKNnI/ ~ of

general accounting bøg;KNenyüTUeTA

charter 1> FmµnuBaØ 22> lkçnþik³ (US)

charter plane ynþehaHCYldwkBiess

¬eCIgehaHehIrmineTogTat;¦

chattel mortgage (US) karbBa©aMRTBü

sm,tþipÞal;xøÜn

check karRtYtemIl/ karEqkeqr/ ]bsKÁ/

karbg¥g;/ put a ~ on imports bg¥g;karnaMcUl

check v. the accounts BinitüKNnI

checkoff RbB½n§kat;R)ak;dak;shCIBeday

nieyaCk


17

checks and balances karRtYtemIl nig

føwgGMNac

cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt/ bouncing/dud/

rubber ~ mUlb,Tanb½RtKµanR)ak; ¬RKb;RKan;

kñúgKNnI¦/ blank ~ mUlb,Tanb½RtcMh/ cash

a ~ ebIkR)ak;elImUlb,Tanb½Rt/ crossed ~

mUlb,TanbR½tqUt ¬eRbIsMrab;EtbBa©ÚlR)ak;kñúg

KNnI¦/ dishonoured ~ mUlb,TanbR½tKµan

R)ak;kñúgKNnI/ traveller’s ~ mUlb,Tanb½Rt

eTscrN_¼eFVIdMeNIr/ open/ uncrossed ~

mUlb,TanbR½t\tmanqUt ¬bBa©ÚlR)ak;kñúgKNnI

k¾)an ebIkR)ak;k¾)an¦/ ~ book esovePA

mUlb,TanbR½t/ ~ to bearer mUlb,Tanb½Rt

KµaneQµaH/ ~ crossed specially mUlb,TanbR½t

qUtBiess ¬Ca mUlb,Tanb½RtEdlbBa¢ak;lMGit

bEnßmnUvlkçxNÐ epSg²dUcCa eQµaHFnaKarrbs;

GñkTTYlCaedIm¦/ ~ stubs Kl;mUlb,TanbR½t/

~ voucher b½NÑcMNaymUlb,Tanb½Rt

chronic ruaMér:/ ~ unemployment PaBGt;

kargareFVIraMuér:

chronological order tamlMdab;éf¶Ex/

lMdab;erogtamkal

CIF (cost, insurance, freight)

éføTMnijbUkéføFanar:ab;rgbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún

circular saracr

circular adj. EdlepJIeTAbuKÁlCaeRcIn/

~ letter of credit b½NÐ\NTanepJIeTARKb;saxa

¬énFnaKarEdlecjva¦

circular systematic sampling

karykKMrUtagCaRbB½n§vil

circulating capital TunbgVil

circulation cracr/ ~ of capital cracr¼

karbgVil Tun/ ~ of goods cracrTMnij

citizen Blrdæ

civics viC¢anaTIBlrdæ/ elaknIti

civil suIvil/ ~ disobedience karbdiesF

c,ab;rdæ/ ~ law c,ab;rdæb,evNI/ ~ liberty

esrIPaBénBlrdæ/ ~ servant m®nþIraCkarsuIvil

¬tamFmµtaminrab;bBa©ÚlTahaneT¦/

~ society sgÁmsuIvil

civil status GRtanukUldæan/ ~ book

esovePAGRtanukUldæan/ certificate of ~

sMbuRtGRtanukUldæan

civilian n. & adj. 1> CnsuIvil

2>énCnsuIvil

claim 1> \NeTyü ¬R)ak;eKCMBak;¦/ ~ on

the government \NeTyüelIrdæaPi)al

2> kar tv:a¼TamTar 33> karGHGag

claim v. compensation TamTarsMNg

karxUcxat¼R)ak;b:Hb:Uv

claimant GñkTamTar/ edImecaT

clarify v. bMPøW

class 1> fñak;/ vNÑ³/ social ~ vNÑ³sgÁm/

economy/business/first ~ fñak;eGkUnUmI¼

CMnYj¼elxmYy ¬fñak;ekAGIynþehaHdwk

GñkdMeNIr¦

classical Ebbkøasuik/ ~ view TsSn³Ebb

køasuik/ ~ economics viTüasaRsþesdækic©køasIuk

classification cMNat;fñak;/ system of ~

RbB½n§eFVIcMNat;fñak;

classify v. cat;fñak;/ eFVIcMNat;fñak;

clause 1> lkçxNÐ/ ~ of a contract


18

lkçxNÐénkic©snüa/ 22> x ¬]> xTI1/ xTI2>>>¦/

special ~ xviessénc,ab;/ terminate ~ x

bBa©b;kic©snüa

claw back v. R)ak;dkykmkvij

clean adj. s¥at/ ~ development

mechanism ynþkarGPivDÆn_s¥ats¥M

clean bill of health viBaØabnb½RtbBa¢ak;

suxPaBl¥

clean bill of lading b½NÑpÞúkTMnij RtwmRtUv

¬KµankMNt;RtaBITMnijxus¼xUceT¦

clean collection EbbEpnTUTat;BaNiC¢kmµ

KµanP¢ab;Éksar ¬KWeyagelIlixitCMBak;R)ak;

b¤mUlb,TanbR½tEdleFVItamry³FnaKar¦

clear v. a cheque dak;mUlb,Tanb½Rt

eGayRbB½n§FnaKarcat;karepÞrR)ak;

clear v. goods through customs

bMeBjEbbbTKy ¬edIm,InaMcUl b¤naMecjTMnij¦

clear profit R)ak;cMeNjsuT§

clearance certificate

b½NÑRtYtBinitürbs;Ky

clearance inwards TMnijEdlKyXat;Tuk

clearance outwards TMnijEdlputBIKyBinitü

clearance sale karlk;LayLúgbegðIysþúk

clearing account KNnIpat;Tat;

clearing bank FnaKarTUTat;

clearing house (banking) sPapat;Tat;

clearing the arrears eFVIkarTUTat;R)ak;

EdlBMuTan;)ansg

clerk esµón/ bank ~ buKÁlikFnaKar

clientele n. Gtifita ¬GtifiCnTaMgGs;

rbs;hagNamYy¦

clinic KøInik

close v. an account biTKNnI

¬eFVI[KNnImansmtulüsUnü¦

close company Rkumh‘unbiTCit

¬Gñkkan;kab;PaKh‘unmanticnak;Nas;¦

closed economy esdækic©biTCit

¬rdæRtYtRtatwgruwgelIBaNiC¢kmµ nighirBaØvtßú¦

closing entries elxnabiTbBa¢I

closing price éføTMnijeBlehobbiThag

closing rate GRtabiT

¬GRtabþÚrR)ak;eBlbiTRbtibtþikarRbcaMéf¶¦

closing the books karbiTbBa¢I

club køib/ regional industry ~ køib

]sSahkmµtMbn;

cluster kBa©úM

clustering of elements smasFaturYmCakBa©úM

coaching karbgVwk/ karbgðat;

co-chair shRbFan

co-creditor n. sh\NTayk

code Rkm/ commercial ~ RkmBaNiC¢kmµ/

~ of conduct/ethics RkmsIlFm’

code kUd/ elxkUd

co-defendant shcugecaT

coding kardak;elxkUd

coefficient of variation emKuNbMErbMrYl

cognitive level kMrityl;dwg

coherence PaBrlUn/ PaBsuIKña

cohesion karrYmsM)ac;/ karrYbrYmKña/ siniT§Bl

¬kMlaMgpSarP¢ab;Kña¦

coin n. & v. 1>R)ak;kas 2>e)aHR)ak;kas

coincidence n. karKab;CYn/ Ékb,harPaB

collaboration kic©shkar

collate v. 1> RbmUlB½t’manmkBinitü


19

eRbobeFob 22> erobcMtamlMdab; ¬Éksar¦

collateral loan kMcImanrbs; bBa©aM¼dak;Fana

collateral vtßú bBa©aM¼dak;Fana/ sc©karP½NÐ

colleague shesvik

collect v. payment Tar ¬RbmUlR)ak;¦

collecting agent/bank Pñak;gar¼FnaKar

RbmUlR)ak;

collecting charges esah‘uyCYyRbmUlR)ak;

collection smuc©½y/ karRbmUl/ karTar/ debt

~ agency TIPñak;garTarbMNul/ ~ of stamps

karsnSMTukEtm/ debit ~ karRbmUlbMNul

collective CasmUhPaB/ rYm/ ~ bargaining

karcrcarCa rYm¼smUhPaB/ ~ farm ksidæanrYm/

shkrN_ksikr/ ~ ownership kmµsiT§irYm/

~ work sñaédCasmUhPaB

collectivity smUhPaB

collectivisation smUhPavUbnIykmµ

collector n. GñkRbmUl/ farm produce ~

GñkRbmUlTijplitplksikmµ/ money ~

GñkRbmUlR)ak;

column xÞg;/ xÞg;bBaÄr ¬tarag¦

combine KYbpSM/ lay/ ~ business and

pleasure KYbpSMCamYyKñanUvBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarkMsanþ

combustion n. cMehH ¬kareqH¦

come v. into effect/force cUlCaFrman

come v. into line RBmeRBogCamYyKña

come v. to an agreement QaneTAdl;

kic©RBmeRBog

comfort pasukPaB/ letter of ~ lixitKaMRT

RKwHsßansaxa ¬kñúgkarrkx©IR)ak;¦

commerce BaNiC¢kmµ

commercial BaNiC¢/ énBaNiC¢kmµ/ non ~

bank FnaKarGBaNiC¢/ ~ aircraft ynþehaH

CMnYj ¬dwkGñkdMeNIr rWTMnij¦/ ~ attaché

GnuB½n§BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ bank FnaKarBaNiC¢/

~ bill rUbiyaNtþi/ ~ court tulakarBaNiC¢kmµ/

~ credit \NTanBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ dealing

esdæBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ enterprise shRKas

BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ impracticability GRbtibtiþPaB

BaNiC©kmµ/ ~ invoice vikáybRtBaNiC¢kmµ/

~ paper RkdassñamBaNiC¢kmµ/ lixitTTYl

CMBak;/ ~ port kMBg;EpBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ register

bBa¢IBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ traveller tMNagBaNiC¢kmµ/

~ usage TMenomTMlab;BaNiC¢kmµ

commercialisation BaNiC¢PavUbnIykmµ

commercialise v. eFVIBaNiC¢PavUbnIykmµ

commission 1> kMéreCIgsar/ ~ agent

Pñak;garTTYlkMéreCIgsar/ ~ buyer/seller

Pñak;gartMNag Tij¼lk;/ ~ sale karlk;yk

kMéreCIgsar 22> KN³kmµkar

commitment karebþCJa ¬karsnüadac;Nat;¦

committed credit (state budget)

\NTanP¢ab;snüa ¬fvikardæ¦

committee KN³kmµaFikar/ standing ~

KN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_/ ~ of inspection

KN³kmµaFikarRtYtBinitü/ steering ~

KN³kmµaFikar dwknaMkargar¼nayk

commodity plitpl ¬EdleKlk;¼Tij

eRcIn²CaBiess vtßúFatuedIm niges,óg¦/

~ accounts KNnIplitpl

Common Effective Preferential

Tariff (CEPT) taragGnueRKaHBn§Kyman


20

RbsiT§iPaBrYm

common property resources (CPR)

FnFanRTBürYm

common sense suPnicä½½y

common stock PaKh‘unsamBaØ

commonwealth shFn ¬RkumrdæFøab;

enAkñúgcRkPBGg;eKøs¦/ ~ of independent

states shFnrdæÉkraCü

communication karR)aRs½yTak;Tg/

~ of information KmnaKmn_B½t’man

communist adj. kumµúynisþ

community property RTBürYmsM)ac;

bþIRbBn§ ¬Cam©as;rYmKña¦

company Rkumh‘un/ affiliated (or

associated) ~ Rkumh‘unbuRtsm<½næ/ joint

stock ~ Rkumh‘unGanamik/ limited liability

~ Rkumh‘unTTYlxusRtUvmanx½NÐsIma/ ~ union

shPaBRkumh‘un/ subsidiary ~ Rkumh‘unsaxa/

unlimited ~ Rkumh‘unTTYlxusRtUvKµankMNt;/

~ promoter sßabnikRkumh‘un/ trading ~

Rkumh‘unBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ies act c,ab;Rkumh‘un

comparative advantage ]tþmPaB

eRbobeFob

compatibility smitPaB ¬PaBcUlKñacuH¦

compatriot CnrYmCati

compensating errors el¥ógb:Hb:UvKña

compensation karb:Hb:Uv/ sMNg

compensatory financing facility (CFF)

]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;b:Hb:UvxaghirBaØvtßú

compete v. RbkYtRbECg

competent adj. mansmtßkic©/

mansmtßPaB/ ~ authority GaCJaFrman

smtßkic©/ ~ party PaKImansmtßkic©

competing lines muxTMnijRbkYtRbECg

competition karRbkYtRbECg/ sarmÖ/ free

~ karRbkYtRbECgesrI

competitive EdlRbECg/ ~ advantage

]tþmPaBRbECg/ ~ examination

karRblgRbECg/ ~ market pSarRbkYtRbECg/

~ price éføRbkYtRbECg

competitiveness PaBRbkYtRbECg/

PaBedjeCIgKña

competitor GñkRbECg ¬éfø/ TIpSar>>¦

compile v. cgRkg

complain v. t¥ÚjEt¥r/ tv:a

complainant Gñkbþwgtv:a

complaint bNþwg/ BakübNþwg

complementary EdlbMeBj[KñaeTAmk

completion karbBa©b;/ karbegðIy/ ~ of a

contract karbBa©b;kic©snüa

complex adj. misSPaK ¬sµúKsµaj¦

superiority ~ esyümanH/ inferiority ~

hInmanH/ complexity misSPaB

complex business plan bøg;GaCIvkmµ

sµúKsµaj

complex multi-stage design bøg;eRcIn

dMNak;minsamBaØ

complexity PaBsµúKsµaj/ PaBsaMjúaM

compliance with, in RsbCamYy

complicate v. eFVIeGaysµúKsµaj

complicity karcUléd

complimentary 1> EdlsesIr

2> EdleGayTeT ¬\tKitéfø¦

comply Rbtibtþitam/ eFVItam


21

component smasPaK/ FatupSM

composition smasPaB

compound entry elxnapÁúM

¬elxnamaneRbIcab;BIbIKNnIeLIgeTA¦

compound growth vDÆnPaBsmas

compound interest karR)ak;smas

comprehensive adj. RKb;RCugeRCay/

TUlMTUlay/ ~ analysis karviPaKRKb;RCugeRCay

compromise karRsuHRsYl

comptroller GñkRtYtBinitüxaghirBaØvtßú

compulsory CakatBVkic©/ Edlxanmin)an/

~ inspection GFikarkic©CakatBVkic©

computable EdlGacKNna)an

computer virus vIrus¼visaNU kMuBüÚT½r

comrade n. smmitþ/ shCIvin/ BYkm:ak

conceal v. lak;elom

concealment karlak;elom

concentration karRbmUlpþúM/ land ~

karRbmUlpþúMdIFøI/ ~ level of a substance

kMritkMhab;énsarFatu

concept eKalKMnit/ TsSnaTan

conception TsSnaTan

conceptual error el¥ógEpñkTsSnaTan

conceptualise v. KitKUrbegáItfµI

concern kgVl;/ RBYy)armÖ/ business ~

RKwHsßan ¬CMnYj¦/ his business is a going

~ muxCMnYjrbs;Kat;kMBugdMeNIrkareTAmux

¬nigmancMeNj¦

concerned EdlBak;B½n§/ ~ ministry

RksYgBak;B½n§

concert, act in v. eFVIskmµPaBrYmKña

¬edIm,IsMerceKaledAGVImYy¦

concerted economic action skmµPaB

esdækic©manvKÁmanesñI

concession sm,Tan/ forest ~ sm,Tan

éRBeQI/ ~ holder sm,Tanik/ social land ~

sm,TandIsgÁmkic©/ price ~ sm,Tanéfø

concessionaire sm,Tanik/ forest ~

éRBsm,Tanik

concessional, concessionary Edl

pþl;sm,Tan¼GnueRKaH/ ~ loan kMcIpþl;

sm,Tan/ ~ terms lkçxNÐsm,Tan

conciliate v. pSHpSa

conclusion n. snñidæan/ Gvsankfa

¬PaKbBa©b;énr)aykarN_¦

concrete measure viFankarCak;Esþg

concurrence 1> karyl;RBm/ karÉkPaB

2>karekItdMNalKña ¬RBwtþikarN_¦

condition lkçxNÐ/ working ~ lkçxNÐ

eFVIkargar/ ~ precedent lkçxNÐbegáIt

katBVkic©/ ~ subsequent lkçxNÐbBa©b;

katBVkic©

conditional edaymanlkçxNÐ/ ~

acceptance karTTYlRBmedaymanlkçxNÐ

conditionality PaBmanlkçxNÐ

conducive to GMeNaypldl;

conduct kiriyamayaT/ karRbRBwtþi¬xøÜn¦

conduct v. & n. 1> dwknaM/ eFVI/ dMeNIrkar

2> ~ of business kic©dMeNIrkareFVIGaCIvkmµ

conference snñisIT

confession n. karsarPaB/ sc©avIkrN_

confidential sMgat;


22

confirmation karbBa¢ak;/ ~ of order

karbBa¢ak;nUvkarbBa¢aTij/ ~ of price karbBa¢ak;éfø

confirmed letter of credit

sar\NTanGnusiT§i

confirming bank FnaKarbBa¢ak;

confiscate rwbGUs ¬ykRTBü¦/ dkhUt

conflict TMnas;/ ~ of interest TMnas;pl

RbeyaCn_

confrontation n. karRbTl;muxKña/

smµúxIkmµ/ ~ meeting karRbCMuTl;muxKña

confusing RcLMbl;/ gayP½nþRcLM

confusion karP½nþRcLM/ karRcLMbl;/

karRcbUkRcbl;

conglomerate Rkumh‘unBhuplitpl

conscience mnsikar

conscientious Edlmanmnsikar/ Edlyk

citþTukdak;

consensus karmUlmti/ kugsg;s‘us

consent v. & n. 1> RBm 22> karyl;RBm

consequential EdlCavi)ak

conservation GPirkS/karrkSa/ ~ of

nature GPirkSFmµCati/ soil ~ GPirkSdI

conservative adj. GPirkS

consideration karBicarNa/ under ~ kMBug

BinitüBicarNa

consignee GñkTTYlTMnij

consignee’s account, all charges to

ral;esah‘uycMNayCabnÞúkrbs;GñkTTYlTMnij

consignment n. 1> karbBa¢ÚnTMnij/

~ note lixitbBa¢ÚnTMnij 22> GIv:an;mYyRkum

¬]>mYykugtWn½r¦EdlbBa¢ÚneTA

consignor GñkbBa¢ÚnTMnij

consistency 1> sgÁtPaB/ PaBsuIKña

2> PaBminpøas;bþÚr

consolidated (information) ¬B½t’man¦

Rc)ac;bBa©ÚlKña

consolidated balance sheet tarag

tulükarsrub¬bUkcUlEfmnUvbuRtsm<½n§>>>¦

consolidation of balance sheets

karRc)ac;bBa©ÚlKñanUvtaragtulükar

consortium kugs½rsüÚm/ smaKm

conspiracy n. karKitk,t;/ shk,d

¬karrYmKMnitk,t;¦

constant efr/ ~ price éføefr

constituency mCÄdæanGñkKaMRT/ mNÐle)aHeqñat

constitution rdæFmµnuBaØ

Constitutional Council RkumRbwkSaFmµnuBaØ

constitutionality FmµnuBaØPaB

constraint kMhit ¬]bsKÁ¦

constructive CalkçN³ksag/ ~ criticism

karTietonCalkçN³ksag

consultancy karpþl;eyabl;ÉkeTs

consultant GñkBieRKaHeyabl;

consultation karBieRKaHeyabl;

Consultative Group (CG)

RkumBieRKaHeyabl;

consumables vtßúFatueRbIR)as;

consume v. eRbIR)as; ¬es,ógGahar/ \n§n³>>>¦

consumer GñkeRbIR)as;/ ~ basket k®nþk

TMnijeRbIR)as;/ ~ credit \NTansMrab;Tij

TMnijeRbIR)as;/ ~ goods TMnijeRbIR)as;/

~ price éføTMnijeRbIR)as; ¬éfølk;ray¦/

~ price index (CPI) snÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbI

R)as;/ ~ surplus plcMeNjénGñkeRbIR)as;


23

consumption kareRbIR)as;/ ~ expenditures

cMNayeRbIR)as;/ home (domestic) ~ kareRbI

R)as;kñúgRsuk/ ~ curve ExSekageRbIR)as;

contact karCYbTak;Tg/ ~ person mnusS

sMrab;CYbTak;Tg

container kugtWn½r ¬pÞúkTMnij¦

contemporary shkal/ shsm½y

contempt karemIlgay/ ~ of court

karRbmaftulakar

content 1> xøwmsar 22> matika

contest n. karRbECg/ karRbkYt/

~ a decision CMTas;tva:nwgesckþIsMerc

context bribT/ brikarN_

contingency yfaPaB/ kar\tRBagTuk/

~ beneficiary GtßKahkCayfaehtu/

~ plan EpnkarTukGnuvtþCayfaehtu

contingent adj. GaRs½yelI ¬RBwtþikarN_GVI

mYyEdlGacekIteLIg rWminekIteLIg¦/ Gnimitþ

continuity nirnþrPaB

continuous adj. bnþrhUt/ bnþCab;

contra account KNnIbdiPaK

contra entry elxnabRBa©as

¬edIm,IlubecalnUvelxnamun¦

contraband TMnijrt;Bn§

contraception karbgáarkMeNIt

contract kic©snüa/ ~ of insurance

kic©snüaFanar:ab;rg/ ~ of sale kic©snüalk;/

~ of work kic©snüakargar

contract (public) employee

buKÁlik¬rdæ¦Cab;kic©snüa

contract law c,ab;kic©snüa

contract v. out of an agreement dk b¤

lubkic©snüa ¬edaymankaryl;RBmCa

laylkçN_GkSrBIPaKImçageTot¦

contract v. 1> cuHkic©snüa 22> rYmcuH ¬esdækic©¦

contract, under Cab;kic©snüa/ eRkamkic©snüa

contracting party PaKIcuHkic©snüa

contractor GñkcuHkic©snüa/ Gñkem:Akar/

sub-contractor Gñkem:Akarbnþ

contractual business GaCIvkmµQrelI

kic©snüa

contradiction bdivaTkmµ/ PaBpÞúyKña

contradictory EdlpÞúyKña

contrast n. PaBpÞúyKña/ Bütierk

contra-transfer cuHbRBa©as/ eFVIRbtiRkanþ

elxna

contravene v. elµIs/ bMBan

contribute v. rYmviPaKTan/ rYmcMENk

contribution viPaKTan/ karrYmcMENk/

~ in kind viPaKTanCasMPar³

control v. RtYtBinitü/ RtYtRta

controllable expenses cMNayRKb;RKg)an

controlled selection CMerIsmankarRtYtBinitü

controller GñkRtYtBinitü

controlling interest, have a

mancMENkPaKh‘unRtYtRta ¬KWmanelIsBI

50°énPaKh‘unsrubrbs;Rkumh‘un¦

controversy vaTb,divaT ¬rW vaTRbtivaT rW

karCECkrkxusRtUvCasaFarN³¦

contumacy n. TudæPaB

¬karminRBmcUlxøÜneTAtulakar¦

convenience food Gaharevcx©b;Rsab;


24

¬EdlRsYl erobcM¼cMGin¦

convention 1> GnusBaØa 22> snñi)at

3> snµtikmµ¼karsnµt

conversation karsnÞna/ snÞnakar

conversion karbþÚr/ ~ price/rate GRtabþÚr

¬edIm,IKitbþÚrrUbiyvtßúmYyeTACarUbiyvtßúbreTs¦

convertible currency rUbiyvtßúEdlGac

bþÚrykrUbiyvtßúepSg)an

conveyance 1> karepÞr ¬kmµsiT§i¦

2> ÉksarepÞr

convict TNÐit ¬GñkCab;Bn§naKar¦

cooperate v. eFVIshRbtibtþikar

cooperative adj. & n.

1> EdleFVIshRbtibtþikar 22> shkrN_

coordinates niyamkar ¬ry³TTwg¼ry³beNþay¦

co-owner, co-proprietor shkmµsiT§ikr/

m©as;kmµsiT§irYmKña

co-ownership shkmµsiT§i

co-property RTBüsm,tiþrYmKña

copyright siT§icMlg/ rkSasiT§i

core sñÚl/ ~ budget fvikasñÚl/ ~ funding

mUlniFisñÚl/ ~ resources FnFansñÚl

corn n. (US) eBat/ baby ~ esñóteBat ¬bEnø¦

corporate state rdæshRKin

corporation saCIvkmµ/ multinational ~

saCIvkmµBhuCati/ ~ tax (GB) Bn§elIR)ak;

cMeNjRkumh‘un

correct adj. RtwmRtUv

correlated response variance v:arIy:g;

cMelIyTak;Tin

correlation shsm<½n§/ TMnak;TMng

correspondence, business karsresr

Tak;TgxagCMnYj/ lixiteqøIyqøgGaCIvkmµ

correspondent bank FnaKareqøIiyqøg

corridor rebog/ Efv/ economic ~

rebogesdækic©

corroborate v. bBa¢ak;¼GHGag bEnßm/

eFVIbmaNIykrN_

corruption n. GMeBIBukrlYy

cost 1> tMél 22> briyaTan 33> éføedIm

4> bnÞúkcMNay/ cMNay

cost accounting KNenyüéføedIm/

KNenyüviPaK

cost and freight (C & F)

éføTMnijbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún

cost of goods sold or cost of sales

éføedImTMnijlk;ecj

cost of living éføRTRTg;CIvPaB

cost price éføedIm

cost, historical tMélTijcUl

cost, insurance, freight (CIF)

éføTMnijbUkéføFanar:ab;rgbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún

cost, manufacturing éføedImplitkmµ

cost-benefit analysis karviPaKcMNay

nigplcMeNj

cost-effective adj. EdlmanRbsiT§PaB

cMNay

costing karKNnaéføedIm

Council of Ministers TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI

counter bBa¢r

counter party bdiPaKI

counter valuation bdiekaslvic©½y

counterbalance v. raMgxÞb;\T§iBl

countermand bdiesFbgÁab;munecal/


25

ecjRbtiGaNtþi

counter-offer kareGayéføelI ¬edIm,IRbECgTij¦

counterpart smPaKI

counterpart adj. bdiPaK/ ~ entry

elxnabdiPaK/ ~ fund mUlniFibdiPaK

counter-revolution n. Rbtibdivtþn_

country report r)aykarN_sþIBIRbeTs

country-representative office

kariyal½ytMNagRbcaMRbeTs

country-risk analysis karviPaKeRKaHRbeTs

coupe, forest éRBKub

court clerks RkLabBa¢I

court or lawcourt sala kat;kþI¼CMrHkþI

covenant karRBmeRBogCapøÚvkar

cover note (insurance) kMNt;sMGag

¬Fanar:ab;rg¦

cover price éføelIRkb ¬éfølk;raycuHelI

RkbesovePA/ TsSnavdþI >>>¦

cover, banking R)ak;Fana

cover, full (insurance) b½NÑFanar:ab;rgelI

haniP½yRKb;RbePT

cover, temporary (insurance)

b½NÑFanar:ab;rgbeNþaHGasnñ

coverage kar¼TMhM RKbdNþb;

¬]> edayb½NÑFanar:ab;rg¦

craftsmanship n. htßekaslü

creation n. karbegáIt/ mabnkmµ/ nimiµtkmµ/

mabnvtßú

creative thinking KMnitécñRbDit

creativity KMnitécñRbDit

credibility PaBKYr[eCO/ kitþinam

credit bank FnaKar\NTan

credit bureau kariyal½ypþl;B½t’man

BIkitþinam ¬énshRKas>>>¦

credit in kind \NTanvtßú ¬minEmnCaR)ak;¦

credit institution sßab½n\NTan

credit market TIpSar\NTan

credit n. & adj. & v. 1> \NTan

2> \NTayI 33> kt;Rtaxag\NTan

credit plus \NTanbUk ¬\NTanEdl

KitKUrTaMgkarCYyCaR)ak;kas nigbec©keTs¦

credit rating cMNat;fñak;\NTan/

smtßPaBsgbMNulrbs;Gñkx©I

credit restrictions kMhitén\NTan

credit risk haniP½yén\NTan

credit sale karlk;eCO

credit slip b½NÑsMeNA\NTan/ skçIb½Rt

\NTan

credit solvency lT§PaBsgbMNul

credit status CMhr\NTan

credit terms lkçxNÐ\NTan

credit worthiness PaBKYr)anTTYl\NTan

credit worthy borrower Gñkx©IR)ak;

EdlKYreGayTukcitþ

credit, open \NTanKµandak;vtßúFana

¬sMrab;GtifiCnl¥rbs;FnaKar¦

credit, tax \NTanBn§

credit, trade \NTanCMnYj ¬pþl;[shRKas

manTMnak;TMngCMnYjCamYyKña¦

creditor \NTayk/ m©as;bMNul

credulity n. PaBgayeCO/ sT§aluPaB

creeping inflation GtiprNasnSwm²


26

crime bTelµIsRBhµT½NÐ

criteria, criterion lkçN³vinicä½y

crop n. dMNaM/ pldMNaM/ supplementary ~

dMNaMrYmpSM

cross check epÞógKñaeTAvijeTAmk

cross class fñak;qøg

cross rate, exchange cross rate

GRtabþÚrrUbiyb½NÑepÞógpÞat; ¬GRtabþÚrR)ak;

eFobtam rUbiyvtßúTI3 dUcCa duløar¦

cross border (trade) qøgkat;RBMEdn

¬BaNiC¢kmµ¦

crossed cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtqUt

cross-examine v. karsYrbBa¢ak;sakSI

epÞógpÞat;nwgcMelIyeBlmun

cross-voting n. kare)aHeqñateGayKNbkS

epSg ¬minEmnKNbkSxøÜn¦

crude oil eRbgeqA

culprit n. BiruT§ikCn

cultivated land dIdaMduH

culture vb,Fm’/ ~ of impunity vb,Fm’

rYceTas

cumulated list bBa¢IbUkRtYt

curb v. Tb;sáat;

curfew bMrameKacr

currency rUbiyvtßú/ hard ~ rUbiyvtßúxøaMg

¬rbs;RbeTsmanesdækic©maMmYn niggaybþÚr

ykrUbiyvtßúepSgeTot¦/ soft ~ rUbiyvtßúexSay

currency in circulation rUbiyvtßúkñúgcracr

currency of account rUbiyvtßúykmkKitKUr

currency of payment rUbiyvtßúTUTat;

currency of the contract rUbiyvtßúén

kic©snüa

currency operation RbtibtþikarelI

rUbiyvtßú ¬dUcCakarbþÚrR)ak;CaedIm ¦

current account or checking

account (US) KNnIcrnþ

current adj. crnþ/ ~ expenditures cMNaycrnþ

current assets RTBüskmµ crnþ¼cl½t

current liabilities RTBüGkmµcrnþ

current price éføcrnþ/ éføbc©úb,nñ/ ~ list

taragéføcrnþ

current revenue cMNUlcrnþ

¬cMNUlCaRbcaM kñúgÉksarxøH¦

current account holder m©as;KNnIcrnþ

current market rate GRtaéføTIpSarRbcaMéf¶

curtailment karkat;bnßy

curve ExSekag/ aggregate supply ~

ExSekagpÁt;pÁg;srub

custody (keeping) karrkSaTuk

custom of the port (COP)

TMenomTMlab;Ep

custom-built/made ksag¼eFVI Biess

sMrab;GtifiCnNamñak;

customer GtifiCn

customs house TIcat;karKy

customs Ky/ ~ agent Pñak;garKy/

~ Department TIcat;karKynigrdæakr/

~ breach bTelµIsc,ab;Ky/ ~ declaration

RbtievTn_Ky/ ~ examination karRtYtBinitü

énPñak;garKy/ ~ frontier RBMEdnKy/

~ invoice vikáybRtKy/ ~ permit lixit

GnuBaØatBITIcat;karKy/ ~ regulations

bTbBaØtþiKy/ ~ tariff taragBn§Ky/

~ territory tMbn;RtYtBinitüKy ¬tMbn;EdlKy


27

Gactamcab;TMnij)an¦

customs broker buKÁl¼Rkumh‘un EdlnaM

TMnijqøgkat;Ky ¬bMerIeGayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún¦

customs duties (or dues) Bn§Ky

cycle vdþ/ suIkø/ xYb/ CMu/ ~ of poverty

vdþénPaBRkIRk

D, d

daily RbcaMéf¶/ ~ sales return cMNUllk;

RbcaMéf¶

damage karxUcxat/ Gnþray/ ~ by

seawater GnþrayedaysarTwksmuTÞ

damages R)ak;sMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxat

danger money R)ak;pþl;bEnßmsMrab;kargar

maneRKaHfñak;

DARE (Demand and Resource

Evaluation) karvaytMélFnFan nigtMrUvkar

data Tinñn½y/ enter v. ~ bBa©ÚlTinñn½y

data processing karcat;EcgTinñn½y

database mUldæanTinñn½y

data-collection stage dMNak;kalRbmUl

Tinñn½y

date kalbriecäT/ éf¶Ex/ interest to ~

karR)ak;mkTl;bc©úb,nñ

date a cheque forward cuHkalbriecäT

GnaKtelImUlb,Tanb½Rt

date of maturity éf¶dl;kMNt;sgR)ak;/

\NRbtiTan/

date, by the due dl;éf¶kMNt;

date, interest to R)ak;karmkTl;bc©úb,nñ

day éf¶/ settlement ~ éf¶TUTat;bBa¢I/ éf¶CMrHbBaI¢

day labourer BlkrsuIR)ak;éf¶/ TinikCn

day-release 1> éf¶rYcput ¬Bn§¦

2> RbB½n§EdlGnuBaØat[nieyaCitsMrakBIkargar

edIm,IeronsURt

DCB (Domestic Competitive Bidding)

karedjéføedayRbkYtRbECgkñúgRsuk

de facto tamkarCak;Esþg/ tamRBwtþin½y/

~ management karRKb;RKgtamRBwtþin½y

de jure tampøÚvc,ab;

dead account KNnIQb;eRbI/ KNnIgab;

dead loss karxatbg;srub

dead money R)ak;gab;/ R)ak;minykeTAeFVI

karrksuI

dead season rdUvs¶b;skmµPaB

¬]> rdUvlk;dUrminsUvdac;¦

deadline kalkMNt;/ kalbriecäTdl;kMNt;

deadlock PaBTal;Rck break the ~

TMlayPaBTal;Rck

dead-weight 1> TMgn;nicl/ TMgn;gab;

¬KµanCYybMerIkar¦

deal karRBmeRBogxagCMnYj/ GabNsBaØa/

get a good ~ Tij)anefak/ package ~

karRBmeRBogCakBa©b;

dealer BaNiC¢kr

dealership TMnak;TMMngCMnYjpþac;mux

dealing karlk;dUrh‘unenApSarh‘un/ CMnYj,

commercial ~ esdæBaNiC¢kmµ/ fair ~ CMnYj

Rsbc,ab;/ insider ~ karCYjdUrh‘uneday

GñképÞkñúg ¬EdldwgB½t’mansMgat;BIRkumh‘un¦


28

dear éfø ¬pÞúynwgefak¦

dear money R)ak;x©ImanR)ak;karx<s;

dearth of investment kgVHvinieyaK

death mrNPaB/ karsøab;/ ~ certificate

sMbuRtmrNPaB/ ~ in service benefit

R)ak;bMNac;mrNPaB

death rate GRtamrN³

debate karCECkedjedal ¬]> enAsPa¦

debenture sBaØab½NÑ ¬ry³eBlEvg²¦/

lixitbMNul/ register of ~ bBa¢IeQµaHGñk

kan;sBaØab½NÑrbs;Rkumh‘un/ ~ holder

Gñkkan;sBaØab½NÑ

debit n. & adj. & v. 1> \NBn§

2> \Nayik 33> kt;Rtaxag\NBn§

debit/credit memorandum or

debit/credit memo kMNt;ehtu \NBn§¼

\NTan b¤ Rbkas \NBn§¼\NTan

debt bMNul/ ~ holder embMNul/ bad ~

bMNul GaRkk;¼Bi)akTar/ doubtful ~ bMNul

sgS½y/ irrecoverable ~ bMNulTarmin)an/

~ crisis vibtþibMNul/ ~ ratio smaPaKbMNul/

secured/unsecured ~ bMNul man¼Kµan

dak;RTBüFana

debt-collection letter lixitTarR)ak;

debt-for-nature swaps bMNuledaHdUr

nwgFmµCati

debtor kUnbMNul/ \Nvnþ

decadence n. PaBcuHGab;»n/ GtßgÁt

decapitalise n. dkTunecj

deceased n. Gñksøab;

decennial population census

CMerOnRbCaCnRbcaMTsvtSr_

decent smrmü/ ~ livelihood CIvPaBsmrmü

decentralisation n. vimCÄkar

decentralise v. eFVIvimCÄkar/ decentralised

power GMNacvimCÄkar

deciding vote sMelg]tþmanuPaB ¬e)aHeqñat¦

decile n. TsPaK ¬sßiti¦

decimal n. & adj. 1> elxTsPaK

2> TsPaK

decision esckþIsMerc/ ~ maker GñkeFVI

esckþIsMerc/ ~ making kareFVIesckþIsMerc/

~ tree KMnUsedImeQIénRbB½n§sMerc

declaration 1> kar¼esckþI Rbkas

2> lixitRbkas/ RbtievTn_/ customs ~

RbtievTn_Ky/ tax ~ lixitRbkassareBIBn§

declared value tMél)an Rbkas¼RbtievTn_

decline n. karFøak;cuHyWt²

declining balance method of

depreciation viFIrMls;fyCalMdab;

decoding karbkRsayelxkUd

¬ERbCaPasaFmµtavij¦

deconcentration vishmCÄkar

decrease karFøak;cuH/ karfycuH/ ~ in price

karFøak;éfø

decree Rkwtü

de-dollarisation bdiduløarUbnIykmµ

deduct v. kat;kg/ pat;ecj/ after deducting

depreciation eRkay)anpat;rMls;

deductible adj. EdlGackat;kgecj/ tax

~ EdlGackat;kgecjBIcMNUlCab;Bn§

deductive method viFITajehtupl/

viessanumanviFI


29

deed 1> kic©snüaCalaylkçN_GkSr

2> GMeBI ¬l¥ rW GaRkk;¦/ good ~ kuslkic©

deed of assignment lixitepÞrkmµsiT§

¬BIkUnbMNuleTAm©as;bMNul¦

deed of conveyance lixitepÞrkmµsiT§i

GclnRTBü

default karxusqÁg/ karxVHxat/ karKµan

lT§PaBsg

default of acceptance karminTTYlRBm

defendant n. cugecaT

deferred payments karsgR)ak;bNþak;

¬eRcInelIk¦

deferred share PaKh‘unEdlTTYlPaKlaP

eRkayeK

deferred/unearned revenue ¬R)ak;¦

cMNUlTTYlmun ¬KWRtUveyageTAbBa©Úlkñúg

kariybriecäTeRkay²¦

deficiency PaBminRKb;RKan;/ ~ in weight

PaBxVHTMgn;

deficient reserves R)ak;bMrugxVH

deficient supply karpÁt;pÁg;mankgVHxat

deficit »nPaB/ balance of payments/

trade ~ »nPaBCBa¢Ij TUTat;¼BaNiC¢kmµ/ budget

~ »nPaBfvika/ meet v. a ~ bMeBj»nPaB

deficit financing hirBaØb,Tan»nPaB

deflate the economy eFVIbritþprNa

esdækic© ¬tamry³karkat;bnßysac;R)ak;pÁt;pÁg;

rW cMNayrdæaPi)al¦

deflation britþprNa ¬sPaBkarN_TMnij

cuHéføCaTUeTA ¦

deflationary gap KMlatbritþþþprNa

deflator (GDP) snÞsSn_britþprNa ¬pss¦

deforestation karkab;éRBeQI/ vivnkar

defrauder GñkbnøM ¬]> Bn§¦

defray ecjcMNayCYs

degradation TuBVlPaB/ karbBa©úHKuNPaB

del credere R)ak; ¬bUkbEnßmsMrab;¦

FanakarTUTat;/ ~ clause RbkarFanaTUTat;/

~ commission kMéreCIgsarFanakarTUTat;

delay 1> karyWty:av/ ry³kalkMNt;

yWty:av/ ~ in delivery karRbKl;yWty:av/

2> karBnüaeBl/ grant a ~ pþl;karBnüaeBl

delegate power eFVIRbtiPUkmµGMNac/

rMElkGMNac/ epÞrGMNac

delegation 1> karepÞr ¬siT§iGMNac¦

2> KN³RbtiPU

deliberation karBiPakSaedjedal

delinquent adj. 1> hYskalkMNt;

2> min)anbMeBjkatBVkic©edayectna

delinquent n. GnItiCnRbRBwtþelµIs

deliver v. RbKl;

delivered at duty paid RbKl;enAkEnøg

)anbg;Bn§ehIy

delivered at frontier RbKl;enARBMEdn

delivery karRbKl;/ ~ against payment

RbKl;TMnijeBlmankarTUTat;/ ~ order b½NÑ

bBa¢aeGayRbKl;TMnij/ ~ by instalments

RbKl;TMnijtamdMNak;kal/ ~ note lixit

RbKl;TMnij ¬[eTAGtifiCn CamYyKñanwgTMnij¦

demagogue n. GñkbeBa©IcraRsþ/ RbCaPiftik³

demand tMrUvkar/ sMNUmBr/ ~ bill/draft

lixitbþÚrykR)ak; ¬eBlbgðajFnaKar¦/


30

~ curve ExSekagtMrUvkar/ ~ deposit R)ak;

beBaØIcrnþ/ ~ exceeds supply tMrUvkarelIs

karpÁt;pÁg;/ ~ loan kMcIKµankalkMNt;

¬eBlTarRtUvsg¦

demand, to be in poor minsUvmantMrUvkar

demarcation (boundary) karkMNt;

RBMRbTl;

demilitarise v. dkT½Becj/ eFVIvieyaFkmµ

de-mining kare)assMGatmIn

demise 1> Ptisnüa/ kic©snüaCYl

2> mrNPaB

demobilise v. rMsay ¬kgT½B¦

democratisation

RbCaFibetyüPavUbnIykmµ/ RbCanuvDÆn¾

demographic rate (birth, death ...)

GRtaRbCasaRsþ ¬kMeNIt/ mrN³ >>>¦

demonetise karbBa©b;tMéleRbIR)as;én

RkdasR)ak;¼kak;

denationalisation niCatUbnIykmµ/ karbþÚr

RTBüsm,tþirdæeTACaÉkCn

denial, flat karRbEkkdac;Ghgáar

denominated in USD (cheque)

carwkCaduløarGaemrik ¬mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦

denomination ÉktatMélénRkdasR)ak;

¬rW kak;¦

denominator (fraction) PaKEbg

density dg;sIuet

Department of Overseas Trade

naykdæanBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs

Department of Public Prosecution

GgÁkarGyükar

department store PNÐaKar

dependability PaBGacBwgBak;)an

depletion karfycuHeRcIn²/ kareRbIGs;/ tnukmµ

depletive asset RTBüfycuHtamkareRbIR)as;

deport v. nireTs

deposit R)ak;beBaØI/ nikçitP½NÐ/ certificate of

~ RbkasnIyb½RtbeBaØI/ demand ~ R)ak;

beBaØIcrnþ/ guaranteed ~ nikçitP½NÐFana/

savings ~ R)ak;beBaØIsnSM/ fixed/time ~

R)ak;beBaØImankalkMNt;/ ~ bank FnaKar

TTYlR)ak;beBaØI/ ~ guaranty account KNnI

R)ak;tMkl;Fana/ ~ in transit R)ak;beBaØIkMBug

epÞr/ ~ receipt bgáan;édTTYlR)ak;beBaØI/

~ slip b½NÑsresrepJIR)ak;

deposit R)ak;kk;

deposit (minerals...) RsTab;Er:

deposit v. 1> kk; 22> tMkl;R)ak;/ epJIR)ak;

¬enAFnaKar¦

depositor GñkepJIR)ak;

depreciate v. Føak;éfø

depreciation 1> karFøak;éfø¼tMél

2> ¬kar¦ rMls; 33> karswkerc

depreciation allowance (accounting)

TayC¢TaneGaydl;rMls;

depress v. sgát;cuH ¬TIpSar/ GarmµN_/

Qñan;RhVaMgrfynþ >>>¦

depression, economic vism<aFesdækic©

deputy prime minister ]bnaykrdæm®nþI

deputy chairman GnuRbFan

deputy manager naykrg/ bNÑaFikarrg

deregulate v. eFVIbdiniy½tkmµ

dereliction of duty kare)aHbg;Parkic©


31

derivative instrument (banking)

]bkrN_nisSnÞ

descendant bcäaCn

description 1> karBiBN’na

2> RbePTTMnij/ ~ of goods karraymuxTMnij

desertification rehadæanIykmµ ¬kareFVI[

eTACavalrehadæan¦

design karrcnatak;Etg/ bøg;/ ~ effect

\T§iBlénbøg;/ ~ weight TMgn;bøg;

design v. rcnatak;Etg

designation letter lixit]eTÞsnam

¬GñktMNag>>>¦

desk study karsikSaenAkariyal½y

detailed adj. lMGit/ ~ instructions

bTbBa¢alMGit

deteriorated Gn;KuNPaB ¬TMnij¦

deterioration karGn;fy ¬KuNPaB/ éfø>>>¦

determine v. kMNt;

detriment karxUcRbeyaCn_

detrimental Edl eFVIeGayxUcRbeyaCn_¼

bgáeRKaHfñak;

devalue v. bBa©úuHtMélrUbiyvtßú ¬eFobnwg

rUbiyvtßúÉeTot²¦

development karGPivDÆn_/ karlUtlas;/ ~

strategies yuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_/ ~ aid CMnYyGPivDÆn_/

~ project KMeragGPivDÆn_/ Development Triangle

Zone tMbn;GPivDÆn_RtIekaN

deviation 1> kargakecj 22> KMlat

devise n. Gc©½yTanCaGclnRTBü

¬tammrtksasn_¦

diagnosis n. eraKvinicä½y

diagram KMnUsbMRBYj

differentiate v. Ejk

differentiation karEjkeGayeXIjPaBxusKña

digit elx/ single ~ inflation GtiprNa

mantYelxEtmYyxÞg;

digital EdlbgðajCaelx/ DIhSúItal;

digitalised economy esdækic©erxUbnIykmµ

dignitary \sSrCn

dignity PaBéføfñÚr/ \sSrPaB

dilemma n. sßanPaBRtUveFVICMerIsd¾Bi)ak

dimension TMhM/ TidæPaB ¬énsPaBkarN_GVImYy¦

direct adj. pÞal;/ foreign ~ investment

(FDI) vinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs/ ~ cost tMél

plitpÞal;/ briyaTanpÞal;/ ~ exchange

karedaHdUredaypÞal;/ ~ export karnaMecj

edaypÞal;/ ~ tax Bn§pÞal;

direct v. tMrg;Tis

direction 1> Tis/ TisedA 22> esckþIENnaM/

provide ~ and guidance pþl;TisedA

nigkarENnaM ¬[eFVIGVImYy¦

directive karcg¥úlTis/ bTENnaM/ ~ on

wages and prices bTENnaMsþIBIebovtSr_nigéfø

direct-lending schemes kmµviFI\NTanpÞal;

director nayk

director-general GKÁnayk/ deputy ~

GKÁnaykrg

directory 1> bBa¢IrayeQµaH

2> ftdak;Tinñn½y ¬kMuBüÚT½r¦

direct-transit trade BaNiC¢kmµqøgkat;pÞal;

disability BikarPaB

disadvantage plvi)ak/ KuNvibtþi


32

disadvantaged caj;eRbob/ ~ farmers

ksikrTn;exSay

disaggregation karbMEbkGgÁpSM

disagree v. minRBmeRBog/ minÉkPaB/

minyl;Rsb

disagreement n. karminRBmeRBog, in the

event of ~ kñúgkrNIKµankarRBmeRBog

disbursement karebIkpþl;¬R)ak;¦/

~ account KNnIraymuxkarebIkpþl;R)ak;/

~ schedule kalviPaKebIkpþl;R)ak;

discharge 1> dkbNþwg/ ~ a bankrupt

eGaybuKÁl)anrYcputBIPaBBIkS½yFn BIeRBaH

)anTUTat;bMNulehIy 22> TUTat;bMNulTaMgRsug

3> bBaÄb; ¬buKÁlik¦

disciplinary action kardak;vin½y

¬kardak;eTasxagrdæ)al¦

disciplinary council RkumRbwkSavin½y

¬GñksMercdak;vin½yelIbuKÁlik¦

disciplinary sanction TNÐkmµxagvin½y/

to impose ~ dak;vin½y

disciplinary transfer

karpøas;ecjedaydak;vin½y

disclaimer bTRbkasbdiesF

¬karTTYlxusRtUv/ siT§i >>>¦

discount 1> Gbhar ¬karcuHéfø¦/ cash ~

karlk;cuHéføtamkarbg;Casac;R)ak;/ to sell

goods at a ~ lk;TinijcuHéfø

2> Gbharit ¬R)ak;cuHéføeGay¦ 33> cuHéfø

discount a bill v. eFVIGbharrUbiyaNtþi

¬lk;rUbiyaNtþieGayFnaKar¦

discount bank FnaKarTij]bkrN_

TUTat;lixitbMNul

discount rate GRtaGbhar/ GRtacuHéfø

discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis

karviPaKlMhUrsac;R)ak;Kittamry³eBl

discouraged worker Blkr)ak;Twkcitþ

discretion qnÞanusiT§i ¬siT§isMerceBjelj¦/

at the ~ of the government CaqnÞanusiT§i

rbs;rdæaPi)al

discrimination karerIseGIg

disequilibrium vismta/ PaBKµanlMnwg

dishonoured bill of exchange

rUbiyaNtþiEdlRtUv)anbdiesF

dishonoured cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt

bdiesdæ ¬minTUTat;¦

disillusion esckþIRsgakcitþy:agxøaMg

disincentive eRKOgbg¥ak;Twkcitþ

disinflation karbnßyGtiprNa

disinvestment kardkTunQb;vinieyaK

dismiss v. bBaÄb;BIIkargar/ edjecal/

dismissal n. karbBaÄb;BIIkargar

dispatch n. karbBa¢Ún/ karEbgEck

dispatch v. epJI/ bBa¢Ún ¬TMnij>>>¦

dispersion diagram düaRkambMEbkray

disposable personal income cMNUl

enATMenrrbs;buKÁl/ cMNUlbuKÁleRkaykat;Bn§

¬]> R)ak;ExebIkykeTApÞH)an¦

dispose v. CMrHbBa©b;

dispossess dkhUtrbs;RTBü

disproportionate (amount of cash)

vismamaRt ¬cMnYnsac;R)ak;¦

dispute vivaT/ CMelaH/ ~ settlement

mechanism ynþkaredaHRsayvivaT


33

dissemination karpSBVpSay

dissolution karrMlay

distortion karERbRbYlxusPaBedIm

distress (sale) edaymanFur³bnÞan;/ edaHT½l

¬karlk;¦

distribution karEckcay

distribution of sample r)ayKMrUtag

distribution, unequal wealth

r)ayvismFn ¬karEckcayRTBüminesµIKña¦

disturbance karrMxan/ noise ~ karrMxan

edaysMelg

diversification cMruHkmµ/ BiBiFkmµ

dividend PaKlaP

divisible adj. EdlEckdac;/ GacEbgEck/

~ letter of credit sar\NTanGacbMEbk)an

division of labour karEbgEckBlkmµ

docker kmµkrkMBg;Ep

documentary collection

1> karRbmUlR)ak;eRkayeBl)anTTYlÉksar

2> karRbmUlÉksar

documentary credit \NTanÉksar

documentation

1> Éksar ¬TaMgGs;Tak;TinnwgerOgGVImYy¦

2> karksagsMNMuÉksar

documents against acceptance (D/A)

pþl;ÉksarRbKl;TMnijeBlbBa¢ak;TTYlRBmCMBak;

documents against payment (D/P)

pþl;ÉksarRbKl;TMnijenAeBlsgR)ak;

dogma n. siT§anþ ¬CMenOrbs;mnusSmYyRkumEdl

eKrMBwgfaGñkÉeTotTTYlykedayKµanCECktv:a¦

dollarisation duløarUbnIykmµ

domestic kñúgRsuk ¬rW kñúgRbeTs¦/ ~ assets

(bank) RTBüskmµkñúgRsuk>/ ~ credit \NTan

kñúgRsuk/ ~ demand tMrUvkarkñúgRsuk/ ~ income

(DI) plTunkñúgRsuk/ ~ financing hirBaØb,Tan

kñúgRbeTs/ ~ product (DP) plitplkñúgRsuk/

~ savings sBa¢½yFnkñúgRsuk ~ supply

karpÁt;pÁg;kñúgRsuk/ ~ price stability sßirPaB

éføkñúgRsuk/ ~ trade BaNiC¢kmµkñúgRsuk

domicile n. lMenA/ ~ of origin lMenAedIm

¬lMenABIkMeNIt tamFmµtaKW lMenA«Buk¦

domiciled bill of exchange rUbiyaNtþi

manbBa¢ak;Gas½ydæan

domiciled in Cambodia

manlMenApøÚvkarenAkm<úCa

dominate v. RKbsgát;

domino effect \T§iBldUmINU

donation GMeNay

donee bdiKÁahk

donor Tayk/ Gñkpþl;CMnYy

dormant adj. KµanskmµPaB/ ~ company

Rkumh‘unKµanskmµPaB ¬kñúgmYykariybriecäT¦

dose xñatmaRta/ kMrit

dossier sMNMuerOg

double v. ekInmYyCaBIr

double-deflation technique

bec©keTsbRgYmsÞÜn

double-entry bookkeeping

viFIcuHbBa¢IeTVPaK

doubtful debt \NeTyüsgS½y

down payment R)ak;kk;/ R)ak;bg;dMbUg

downgrade v bBa©úHtMél


34

¬]> kñúgkarBüakrN_tMélsnøwkh‘un¦

downsize v. kat;bnßy

downstream product plitpl

xageRkam¼cugExS ¬ekItecjBIplitpledIm¦

downward tendency ninñakarfycuH

dowry ekrþ×xagRsI

draconian measures viFankartwgrwgsMebIm

draft 1> esckþIRBag 22> rUbiyaNtþi/ bank ~

rUbiyaNtþiFnaKar ¬lixitbBa¢a[FnaKarebIkR)ak;¦

draft term lkçxNÐlixit

draught animals (GB), draft

animals (US) stVGUsTaj

draw lots v. cab;eqñat ¬edIm,IeRCIserIs¦

drawback n. cMNucminl¥

drawback n. Bn§KybgVilsgvij ¬enAeBl

TMnijRtUv)annaMecjeTAvij¦

drawee bharit/ GñkeGayeKdkR)ak;/

GñkRtUv)anesñIeGaybg;R)ak;

drawer bhar½k/ GñkdkR)ak;

drawing account KNnIR)ak;beBaØI

KµankalkMNt;

drawing rights siT§idkR)ak; ¬siT§isMux©I¦

drop karFøak;cuH

dual price system RbB½n§éføTVIk³/ RbB½n§éføBIr

due 1> EdlCMBak; 22> Edldl;kMNt;

due date \NRbtiTan/ éf¶dl;kMNt;sgR)ak;

due-card salakb½Rtpþl;TMnij

dumping karcak;Kr/ karlk;bgçÚcéfø/

~ duty Bn§Tb;Tl;nwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø

duplication 1> kareFVI[eTVKuN

2> karRtYtKña ¬\tRbeyaCn_¦

durability PaBCab;lab;/ PaBzitezr

dutiable EdlRtUvbg;Bn§/ ~ goods TMnij

RtUvbg;Bn§¼Cab;Bn§

duty Bn§ ¬BiessBn§Ky nigGakrBiess¦/ ad

valorem ~ Bn§yktaméfø/ customs ~ Bn§Ky/

excise ~ GakrBiess/ ~ paid price

éføKitTaMgBn§

duty Parkic©/ ~ bound Cab;Parkic©

duty-free EdlrYcBn§/ ~ goods TMnijrYcBn§

duty-paid goods TMnijbg;Bn§ehIy

DVD DIvIDI ¬fasvIedGU¦

dwindle v eFVIrMls;bnþicmþg²

dynamic adj. DINamik/ Edlman famPaB¼snÞúH

dynamics n. DINamik/ famPaB

dynamism DINamIs/ famPaB/ snÞúHkMlaMg

E, e

earmark v. élTuk ¬sMrab;eKaledAGVImYy¦

earned fees kMérrk)an

earnest R)ak;kk;/ kMNt;

earning capacity smtßPaBrkR)ak;

earnings cMNUl/ kMér/

retained ~ R)ak;cMeNjrkSaTuk

¬Edlmin)anebIk[m©as;h‘unCaPaKlaPeT¦

ease, prices are inclined to éføman

ninñakarfycuH

easement esvPaB/ siT§ieRbIR)as;dIGñkdéT

easy money policy eKalneya)ay

sac;R)ak;gayRsYl ¬EdlsMrYlkarpÁt;pÁg;

sac;R)ak;edIm,IBRgIkesdækic©¦


35

easy terms of payment lkçxNÐTUTat;

gayRsYl

ecological equilibrium lMnwgeGkULÚsuI

ecological tourism eGkUeTscrN_

ecological zone tMbn;eGkULÚsuI

ecology eGkULÚsuI

eco-national product (ENP)

plitplbrisßanCati

econometrics esdækic©maRtsaRsþ/

viC¢avas;Evgesdækic©

economic énesdækic©/ ~ austerity

tbkmµesdækic©/ kart,itet,ótxagesdækic©/

~ blockade/embargo karh‘u¿B½T§esdækic©/

~ conditions lkçxNÐesdækic©/ sPaBkarN_

esdækic©/ ~ conversion bMlas;esdækic©

¬BiessBIrcnasm<½n§eyaFamkrcnasm<½n§

esdækic©minEmneyaFa¦/ ~ cooperation

shRbtibtþikaresdækic©/ ~ corridor

rebogesdækic©/ ~ corridor RckTVar esdækic©/ ~

crisis vibtþiesdækic©/ ~ cycle vdþ esdækic©/ ~

downturn/recession karFøak;cuH esdækic©/ ~

efficiency RbsiT§PaBesdækic©/

~ entity GgÁPaBesdækic©/ ~ forecast

karBüakrN_esdækic©/ ~ impact plb:HBal;

xagesdækic©/ ~ indicator GaMgDIkarT½resdækic©/

~ pattern lMnaMesdækic©/ ~ integration

smahrNkmµesdækic©/ ~ model KMrUesdækic©/

~ philosophy TsSnviC¢aesdækic©/ ~ policy

eKalneya)ayesdækic©/ ~ projection

karKn;KUrxagesdækic©/ ~ sanction TNÐkmµ

esdækic©/ ~ stabilisation programme

kmµviFIsßirPavUbnIykmµesdækic©

economic cost-benefit analysis

(ECBA) karviPaKcMNaynigplcMeNj

xagesdækic©

economical EdlsnSMsMéc

economics viTüasaRsþesdækic©

economies of scale esdækic©maRtdæan

economist esdæviTU

economise snSMsMéc

economy esdækic©/ sMéc/ balance of

national ~ tulüPaBesdækic©Cati/ black ~

esdækic©ggwt/ centrally planned ~ esdækic©

EpnkarRbmUlpþúM/ decentralised ~ esdækic©

vimCÄkar/ capitalist ~ esdækic©mUlFn/ free

market ~ esdækic©TIpSaresrI/ planned ~

esdækic©Epnkar/ political ~ esdækic©

neya)ay/ ~ car rfynþsuIsaMgtic/ ~ size

xñatFM ¬lk;efakebIeFobnwgbrimaNva¦

education for all Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña

Education Sector Support

Programme (ESSP)

EpnkaryuT§saRsþsMrab;RTRTg;vis½yGb;rM

education service esvaGb;rM

effective skþisiT§i

effective date éf¶RbsiT§PaB

effective demand tMrUvkarCak;Esþg

effective rate of protection (ERP)

GRtaKaMBarskþisiT§i

effectiveness PaBskþisiT§i

efficiency RbsiT§PaB

efficient EdlmansmtßPaB/ Edlmanpll¥/


36

~ worker kmµkrEdlmansmtßPaB

elaborate y:agl¥itl¥n;/ briyayy:agl¥itl¥n;

elasticity PaByWt/ EdlGacpøas;bþÚr)an/

~ of supply and demand PaByWténkar

pÁt;pÁg; nigtMrUvkar

elderly Cncas;Cra

electoral official m®nþIe)aHeqñat

electrification GKÁIsnIPavUbnIykmµ/ rural

~ fund mUlniFiGKÁIsnIPavUbnIykmµCnbT

electronic adj. eGLicRtUnik

element smasFatu

eligibility for bank loans PaBGacTTYl

)an\NTanBIFnaKar

eligible EdlmansiT§i/ EdlGacTTYlyk)an

elite Gñkzan³x<s;

embargo karh‘¿uB½T§/ ninñivarN_ ¬]> karham

Xat;mineGaynaMTMnijecj-cUl¦/ lift an ~

elIkkarh‘¿uB½T§ecj/ place an ~ dak;karh‘¿uB½T§

embezzlement karekgRbv½Ba©

emergency PaB bnÞan;¼Gasnñ/ in case of

~ kñúgkrNIbnÞan;/ ~ aid CMnYyse®gÁaHbnÞan;/

~ condition lkçxNÐPaBGasnñ/ ~ fund

mUlniFise®gÁaHbnÞan;/ ~ loan kMcIse®gÁaHbnÞan;/

~ relief CMnYyse®gÁaHbnÞan;/ ~ tax Bn§visamBaØ

emerging economies esdækic©kMBugegIbeT,Ig

emerging markets TIpSarkMBugpuseT,Ig

emission bnSay ¬]> ]sµ½nBul¦

emolument brilaP/ R)ak;bMNac;muxtMENg

emotional buying motive bMNgTij

edayrMePIbcitþ

emphasise v. sgát;F¶n;/ KUsbBa¢ak;

employee nieyaCit/ ~ oriented Edlyk

citþTukdak;eTAelInieyaCit

employer nieyaCk

employment 1> kargar ¬eTogTat;manR)ak;

kMér¦ 22> sßanPaBmankargareFVI/ ~ rate GRta

GñkmankargareFVI 33>karCYl ¬[bMerIkargar

eTogTat;¦/ ~ bureau kariyal½yrkkargar

eGayeFVI/ ~ shock karb:HTgÁicxagkargar

empower v. pþl;GMNac¼pþl;siT§iGMNac[

emulation karRbECgtamKMrUl¥

enact a law Gnum½tc,ab;

encode v. sresrCaelxkUd ¬bkERbPasa

samBaØeTACaelxkUd¦

encouragement karelIkTwkcitþ/ karCMruj

end product plitplsMerc

end result plsMerc

endangered species RbePTesÞIrputBUC

ending inventory sareBIP½NÐcugRKa

endorse v. 1> KaMRT 22> carxñg ¬ Éksar¦

endorse v. (an expense) cuHTidæakar

¬bBa¢ak;yl;RBmelIcMNay¦ (French: viser)

endorsee GñkmansiT§ieRbIR)as;lixitsñam

tamcMNarxñg

endorsement bidæielx/ cMNarBIxñg/

rUbiybdiePaK/ ~ for collection cMNarxñg

ÉksaredIm,IRbmUlR)ak;

endorser GñkeFVIbidæielx/ GñkcarxñgÉksar/

rUbiybdiePaKI

endowment R)ak;pþl;[/ TayC¢Tan ¬R)ak;

EbgEckCaeTogTat;sMrab;eKaledAGVImYy¦

energy conservation karsnSMsMécfamBl

energy efficiency RbsiT§PaBfamBl

enforce payment v. bgçMeGayTUTat;


37

enforce v. dak;eGayRbtibtþi/ dak;bgçM[Gnuvtþ/

BRgwgkarGnuvtþn_ ¬c,ab;¦/ enforcement (n)

enforceable mantMélRbtibtþi/ Gacdak;bgMç

[Gnuvtþ)an

engage v. Bak;B½n§cUl

engagement karcUlRbLÚk

engine of economic growth

k,alma:sIunkMeNInesdækic©

enhancement karelIksÞÜy

enough RKb;RKan;

enquiry esckþIesñI/

make enquiries saksYrB½t’man

enrollment rate (school)

GRtacuHeQµaHcUleron

enterprise shRKas/ free ~ shRKasesrI

¬minenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæ¦/ small-

scale ~ shRKasxñattUc

entertainment karkMsanþ/ ~ centre

mNÐlkMsanþ

entitle v. pþl;siT§i

entity GgÁPaB/ legal ~ nItibuKÁl

entrepreneur shRKin

entrepreneurship shRKinPaB/ lkçN³

écñRbDitrksuI

entry 1> elxna ¬KNenyü¦ 22> karcUl/

~ point cMNuccUl/ RckcUl

enumerator GñkcuHeFVIGegát/ GñksYrGegát

¬KYreRbI interviewer rW surveyor vij¦

environment brisßan/ ~ scan karemIl

cMNucsMxan;kñúgbrisßan

environmental adj. énbrisßan/ ~ impact

karb:HBal;brisßan/ ~ protection

kic©karBarbrisßan/ ~ security snþisuxbrisßan

envoy eRbsit¼ebskCnBiess

equality smPaB/ income ~ smPaBén

R)ak;cMNUl/ ~ benefit plRbeyaCn_esµIKña/

equalisation kareFVIeGaymansmPaB

equation smIkar

equilibrium lMnwg/ tulüPaB/ smta/

~ price éfølMnwg

equitable edaysmFm’/ esµIPaB

equities h‘unFmµta

equity n. RTBüm©as; ¬RTBüskmµ dk

bMNUlcrnþ nigh‘unGnueRKaH¦

equity smFm’/ with ~ EdlmansmFm’/ ~

fund mUlniFismFm’

equity capital Tunm©as;h‘unFmµta

equity of redemption siTi§ls;

¬rbs;kUnbMNulGuIb:UEtk¦

equity participation PaKkmµ ¬cUlh‘un¦

equivalent smmUl/ esµIKña/ b:unKña/ ~ to

smmUlnwg/ ~ value tMélsmmUl

error el¥óg/ kMhus/ micäaelx/ ~ in

measurement el¥ógkñúgkarvas;Evg

escalation karrIkraldal ¬TMnas;¦/

kMeNInkartantwg

escrow, in EdlrkSaTukkñúgédttIyCn

essential Casarvnþ/ ~ goods TMnijCasarvnþ

established business GaCIvkmµEdl

cak;bJsehIy/ GaCIvkmµmanRsab;

establishment 1> RKwHsßan 22> karbegáIt

estate 1> dIkmµsiT§i ¬FM²¦


38

2> RTBüsm,tþirbs;buKÁlEdlsøab;

estate agent Pñak;garrksuICYl rWlk;Gcln

RTBü

estate, real GclnRTBü

estimate v. )a:n;sµan/ vaytémø

estimated profit R)ak;cMeNj)a:n;sµan

estimation bias lMeGogénkar)a:n;sµan

ethics sIlFm’/ sIlFm’viC¢aCIv³ ¬RkmsIlFm’¦

ethnography CatiBn§úviTüa

Eurodollar duløarGWr:ub ¬duløarepJIkñúgFnaKarenA

eRkAshrdæGaemriksMrab;bMerIBaNiC©kmµkñúgGWr:ub¦

evaluation karvaytémø/ credit project ~

karvaytMélKMerag\NTan

evasion (tax) kareKc ¬Bn§¦

even number elx Kt;KUr¼KUr

event RBwtþikarN_/ ~ of default krNIKµan

lT§PaBsg

eventuality yfaehtu

evidence Psþútag

evolution karvivtþn_

evolving process dMeNIkarvivtþþin_

exacerbate eFVIeGayrwtEtF¶n;F¶r

examine v. Binitü

ex-ante price éføEpnkar ¬muneBlGnuvtþ

Cak;Esþg¦

excavation kMNay ¬buraNviTüa¦

exceed v. elIs

excess n. & adj. 1> el,Is/ sMNl; ¬fvika¦

2> elIs/ ~ capacity smtßPaBelIs

¬tMrUvkarplit¦/ ~ reserve R)ak;bMrugelIs

exchange 1> karedaHdUr/ karbþÚr/ karpøas;bþÚr

¬BaNiC¢kmµ¦/ ~ control karRtYtBinitü

karbþÚrR)ak;/ ~ dumping karlk;bMpøajGRta

bþÚrR)ak;/ ~ gain/loss cMeNj¼kMhatelI

karbþÚrR)ak;/ ~ office kariyal½ybþÚrR)ak;

2> pSar/ kEnøglk;Tij/ stock ~ pSarh‘un

exchange rate or rate of exchange

GRtabþÚrR)ak;/ monthly average ~ GRta

bþÚrR)ak;mFümRbcaMEx/ closing ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;

enAeBlbiT/ fixed ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;minERbRbYl¼

efr/ parallel market ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;TIpSar/

forward ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;mankalkMNt;/

official ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;pøÚvkar/ spot ~ GRta

bþÚrR)ak;dl;éd

exchange, letter of (or bill of )

rUbiyaNtþi

excise tax GakrBiess ¬c,ab;km<úCa³ Gakr

BiesselITMnijnigesvamYycMnYn¦

excise tax revenues rC¢eTyücMNUl

exclusive agent tMNagpþac;mux

exclusive right siT§ipþac;mux

executive adj. Edl Rbtibtþi¼Gnuvtþ/

~ body/entity/unit esnaFikar/ ~ director

naykRbtibtþi/ ~ committee KN³kmµaFikar

Rbtibtþi/ ~ structure rcnasm<½n§Rbtibtþi/

~ summary esckþIsegçb ¬segçbÉksar

EdlEvgsMrab;fñak;dwknaMGan¦

executive n. 1> fñak;dwknaM/ chief ~ nayk

Rkumh‘un 22> GMNacnItiRbtibtþi

executive power GMNacnItiRbtibtþii

¬rdæaPi)al¦/ GMNacRbtibtþi ¬sßab½nepSgeTot

dUcCaRkumRbwkSaXMu¦

exemption, tax karelIkElgBn§/ muFaPaB

énBn§Gakr


39

exert pressure v. dak;sMBaF/ eFVIkarekobsgát;

existence GtßiPaB

existing EdlmanRsab;/ ~ structure

rcnasm<½n§EdlmanRsab;/ ~ level of

development kMrit manRsab;¼GtßiPaB

énkarGPivDÆn_

exit point cMNucecj/ Rckecj

ex-officio tamGMNacmuxgar ¬]> tam

GMNac¼edaysar muxgarCahirBaØik Kat;RtUv

køayCasmaCikénKN³kmµkarhirBaØvtßú¦

exogenous xageRkA/ negative ~ factors

ktþaGviC¢manxageRkA

expansion karBRgIk/ vibulkmµ/ vibulkar/vitßarkmµ

expatriate (or expat) GñkcMeNalRsuk/

GaNikCn

expectation, rational karrMBwgsmehtupl

expected profit R)ak;cMeNjrMBwgTuk

expend v. cMNay/ cay

expenditure n. cMNay/ capital ~ cMNay

CamUlFn/ current ~ cMNaycrnþ ¬cMNayCa

RbcaMkñúgÉksarxøH¦/ ~ curve ExSekagcMNay

expenses, administrative cMNayrdæ)al

expenses, sundry cMNayepSg²

experience n. bTBiesaFn_

experiment n. BiesaFn_

experimental learning cycle

vdþeronsURtedaydkBiesaFn_

experimentation BiesaFnkmµ/ karBiesaFn_

expertise ekaslüvic½y

expiration of a contract karputkMNt;

énkic©snüa

explicit Cak;lak;/ ~ instruction bTbBa¢a

Cak;lak;

exploitation GaCIvkmµ/ ~ of natural

resources kareFVIGaCIvkmµFnFanFmµCati

exploration karrukrk/ oil ~ karrukrk

eRbgkat

exponential growth kMeNInGicSb:UNg;sIuEyl

export v. & n. 1>naMecj 22>karnaMecj/

nIhr½N/ ~ article/item muxTMnijnaMecj/

~ duty Bn§naMecj/ ~ subsidies ]btßmÖFn

sMrab;karnaMecj/ ~ licence GaCJab½NÑnaMecj/

~ monopoly karnaMecjpþac;mux/ ~ tariff

taragBn§naMecj/ ~ of workers karnaMecj

Blkmµ

exportation karnaMecj/ nIhr½Nkmµ

exporter GñknaMecj/ nIharin

exporting firm Rkumh‘unnaMecj

exports TMnijnaMecj

ex-post project evaluation karvay

tMéleRkayeBlKMeragcb;

exposure (banking) haniP½y/ large ~

haniP½yFM

extended fund facility (EFF)

]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;mUlniFibEnßm

extension karbnþeBl ¬eGay¦

extensive adj. yfapl/ ~ agriculture

ksikmµyfapl

external accounts KNnIépÞeRkA

external aid CMnYyBIxageRkA ¬RbeTs¦

external balance CBa¢IgTUTat;GnþrCati

externalities 1> plb:HBal;mkBIeRkA


40

2> ktþaxageRkA

extract sMrg;

extraction karykecjmk/ karykEr:/

nisSarNkmµ

extractive industry ]sSahkmµykEr:

extradition btüab½n

¬karRbKl;CnCab;ecaTeTA[RbeTsepSg¦

extraordinary session sm½yRbCMuvisamBaØ

extrapolation karKn;KUr

extra-structural adjustment facility

(ESAF) ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;EktMrUvbEnßm

extrinsic reward rgVan;mkBIeRkA

ex-warehouse priceéfø¬lk;¦ecjBIXøaMg

ex-works/ex-factory price éfø ¬lk;¦

ecjBIeragcRk

F, f

fabric of peace, strengthen the

BRgwgekasikasnþiPaBeGaypSarP¢ab;Kñal¥

face value tMélcuHelIb½NÑ

facilitate v. CYysMrYl/ bgálkçN³gayRsYl

facilities eRKOgsMrYlkar/ kEnøgsMrYlkar

facility kargayRsYl/ ]bkrN_sMrYl/ extended

fund ~ ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;mUlniFibEnßm

fact GgÁehtu

fact-finding mission ebskkmµEsVgrkkarBit

factor ktþa/ ~ cost ktþatMél ¬BaküeRbIkñúg

KNnICatisMedAdl;plitplKittaméføTIpSar

bUk]btßmÖFn dkBn§pÞal;ecj¦/ primary ~

cost ktþatMélbzm/ primary ~ income

ktþacMnUlbzm/ primary ~ of production

ktþaplitkmµbzm

factual Cak;Esþg/ ~ situation sßanPaBCak;Esþg

fad GVIEdleKniymmYyRKa²

fail v. xkxan/ kS½yFn/ KµaneCaKC½y

fair mansmFm’/ edayyutþiFm’/ RtwmRtUv/

principle of ~ competition eKalkarN_

RbkYtRbECgRtwmRtUv/ ~ price éføsmrmü

fairness PaBsmrmü

fait(s) accompli(s) RBwtþin½y ¬GVIEdl)an

ekItehIy bþÚrElg)an¦

fall in prices karFøak;éfø

fall sharply v. Føak;cuHy:agKMhuk ¬]> éfø

plitpl¦

fallacious EdlbMPan;

false adj. Ekøgkøay/ minBit

falsify v. Ekøgkøay

family allowance(s) viPaCn_RKYsar/

R)ak;]btßmÖRKYsar

family business GaCIvkmµCalkçN³RKYsar

family food production plitkmµ

es,ógCalkçN³RKYsar

family scale (fishing) ¬karensaT¦

CalkçN³RKYsar

family well-being suxumalPaBRKYsar

famine TurÖikS/ karGt;Xøan

fancy k,ac;k,Úr/ hWuha

fare éføQñÜlyanCMniH/ concessionary ~ éfø

QñÜlGnueRKaH/ full ~ éføQñÜleBj/ half ~ éfø

QñÜlBak;kNþal/ single/one way ~ éføeFVI

dMeNIrEteTA rW Etmk/ return ~ (roundtrip ~)

éføeFVIdMeNIreTAmk/ high/low season ~ éføQñl


41

x<s; rWTabtamrdUv

farm ksidæan, ~ equipment brikçarksidæan

farming rbrksikmµ/ extensive ~ kareFVI

ksikmµtamEbbvibulvb,kmµ/ ksikmµyfapl/

intensive ~ ksikmµGtipl/ kareFVIksikmµtam

EbbRbBlvb,kmµ

far-sighted EdlemIleXIjEvgq¶ay

FAS (free alongside ship) éføTMnijdwk

dl;EKmnava

fast selling items TMnijlk;dac;elOn

fast-food restaurant ePaCnIydæan

Gaharrh½s

fauna rc¢³stV ¬BBYkstV¦

favor karGnueRKaH

favourable GMeNaypl/ ~ conditions

lkçxNÐGMeNaypl/ ~ trade balance

CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµl¥

favouritism GnueRKaHniym

fax TUrsar

feasibility study karsikSaBIPaBGaceFVI)an

rW karsikSaBIsmiT§ilT§PaB

feature lkçN³sMKal;/ vtßúniTÞsSn_

fee kMér/ esah‘uy/ licence ~ kMérGaCJab½NÑ

feedback B½t’manRtLb;

¬B½t’manpþl;mkeGayvij¦

feet, foot hVIt/ hVÚt/ ¬rgVas;RbEvg¦

felony bT]Rkidæ

fertility PaBmankUn/ ~ rate GRtamankUn

feudalism skþiPUminiym

fiduciary Cnkan;tMENgCaTITMnukcitþ/ abuse

of ~ karrMelaPesckþITukcitþ

fiduciary currency rUbiyvtßú rW R)ak;Rkdas

fiduciary loan kMcIKµanvtßúFana

field expenditure cMnaycuHeFVIkardl;kEnøg

FIFO (first in, first out) hVIúhVÚ ¬cUlmun

ecjmun¦

filing 1> kartMkl;Tuk 22> kardak;CUnBinitü

filing system RbB½n§erobcMÉksar

fill in a form bMeBjTMrg;EbbbT

final cugeRkay/ ~ goods plitplsMerc/

~ output Fatuecj¼plitpl cugeRkay/

~ consumption kareRbIR)as;cugeRkay/

~ provisions Gvsanb,BaØtiþ ¬c,ab;¦/

~ settlement karTUTat;pþac;

finance officer m®nþIhirBaØvtßú

finance v. pþl;hirBaØb,Tan/ pþl;Tun

financial énhirBaØvtßú/ ~ accounting

KNenyühirBaØvtßú/ ~ assistance CMnYy

hirBaØvtßú/ ~ autonomy sV½yPaBhirBaØvtßú/

~ appropriation R)ak;viPaCn_/ ~ charge/

cost bnÞúkcMNayhirBaØvtßú/ ~ crisis vibtiþ

hirBaØvtßú/ ~ forecast karBüakrN_hirBaØvtßú/

~ institution sßab½nhirBaØvtßú/ ~ panic

GehtuP½yhirBaØvtßú/ ~ liquidation karCMrH

hirBaØvtßú/ ~ pressure sMBaF hirBaØvtßú/

~ rate of return GRtaTajcMNUlhirBaØvtßú/ ~

reform kMENTMrg;hirBaØvtßú/ ~ services esva

hirBaØvtßú/ ~ shocks karb:HTgÁicxaghirBaØvtßú/

~ self-sufficiency PaBm©as;karxaghirBaØvtßú/

~ standing sßanPaBhirBaØvtßú/ CMhrhirBaØvtßú/

~ year qñaMhirBaØvtßú/ kariybriecäT

financial cost-benefit analysis (FCBA)


42

karviPaKcMNay nigplcMeNjhirBaØvtßú

financial manager (French:

ordonnateur) GaNab½k/ principal ~ GaNab½k

edImExS/ delegated ~ GaNab½kepÞrsiT§i

financing hirBaØb,Tan/ ~ arm saxapþl;

hirBaØb,Tan/ ~ modalities EbbbTpþl;

hirBaØb,Tan

finding rbkKMehIj/ lT§plrkeXIj/ KMehIj/

karrkeXIj

fine v. & n. 1> pakBin½y 22> R)ak;pakBin½y

finished goods/products plitpl sMerc

fire insurance karFanar:ab;rgeRKaHGKÁIP½y

firm GgÁPaBGaCIB/ shRKas

firm offer karsnüalk;Cak;lak;

firm sale karlk;pþac; ¬tamkic©snüaRtwmRtUv¦

fiscal énsareBIBn§/ ~ deficit »nPaB

sareBIBn§/ ~ policy neya)aysareBIBn§/

~ year qñaMsareBIBn§

fish culture/farming karciBa©wmRtI

fisheries reform kMENTMrg;vis½yensaT

nigClpl

fisheries resource FnFanClpl

fishery karensaT

fishery zone EdnensaT/ reserved ~

EdnensaTbMrugTuk

fishing lot LÚt_ensaT

fixed Cab;lab;/ efr/ Gcl½t/ ~ asset RTBü

skmµCab;lab;/ Gclkmµ/ ~ capital TunGcl½t/

Gclkmµ¬CamUlFn¦/ ~ cost/ expenses

bnÞúkcMNayefr/ ~ deposit R)ak;beBaØIman

kalkMNt;/ ~ rate GRtaefr ¬minERbRbYl¦

fixing of quotas karkMNt;kUta/ kardak;kUta

fixture eRKOgbMBak;Cab;/ fixtures and

fittings eRKOgbMBak; ¬TaMgGcl½t nigcl½t

Edllk;eTACamYynwgpÞH¦

flammable substance sarFatueqH

flat sMEb:t/ rab/ qakar/ ~ fee kMérqaka/

~ price éføqakar

flaw ex©aH/ KuNvibtþi

flawed Edlmanex©aH/ EdlmanKuNvibtþi

flexible Edlbt;Ebn)an/ Tn;Pøn;/ ~ exchange

rate GRtabþÚrR)ak; rs;¼Tn;Pøn;

flight of capital lMhUrelOnecjmUlFn

flimsy paper RkdaseBIelo ¬RkdasesþIg¦

float v. 1> GENþt/ 2> dak;[GENþt/

floating rate GRta ¬karR)ak;¦ GENþt

floating capital TuunbgVil

flooded forest éRBlicTwk

floor price éføGb,brma

flora rukçCati

flotation of a new company karcab;epIþm

ebIkRkumh‘unfµIedaylk;snøwkh‘unrbs;Rkumh‘unenaH

flow lMhUr/ karhUr

flow chart tarag/ GgÁkarelx

flow, stock snñiFiiicracr

fluctuation kareLIgcuH¬éfø¦

FOB (free on board) éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava

FOB airport éføTMnijdwkdl;Gakasyandæan

FOB shipment to destination

éføTMnijdwkdl;eKaledA

FOB trimmed éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava

nigerobeGay

FOB under tackle

éføTMnijdwkdl;eRkamdgeyag


43

focal point cMNucRbsBV

focus v. & n. 1> epþat 22> cMNucepþat

following tameRkay/ ~ year qñaMeRkay

¬qñaMeRkayTI1¦

follow-up v. & n. tamdanbnþ

food mðÚbGahar/ es,óg/ ~ price index

snÞsSn_éfømðÚbGahar/ ~ products/stuffs

plitples,óg

food balance tulükares,óg ¬brimaN

es,ógTaMgGs;Edlman eFobnwg cMnYnRbCaCn

EdlRtUvciBa©wm¦

food for work es,ógsMrab;Blkmµ

¬]> GgárBlkmµ¦

food security snþisuxes,óg

FOR (free on rail) éføTMnijdwkdl;elIpøÚvEdk

force 1> kMlaMg 22> kMlaMgBlkmµ

force majeure RbFanskþi

force, come into cUlCaFrman/

manRbsiT§PaB

forecast v. & n. BüakrN_

foreclose a mortgage v. bþwgGMNUs/

rwbGUskmµsiT§iGclnvtßúdak;Fana/ bþwgTamTar

kmµsiT§i niekçbRTBü¼RTBübBa©aM ¬edaysareK

min)ansgbMNultamkic©snüa¦

foregoing esckþIeTIbelIkeLIg

foreign breTs/ ~ accounts KNnIenA

breTs/ ~ assets RTBüskmµbreTs/ RTBübeBaØI

enAbreTs/ ~ balance CBa¢IgTUTat; GnþrCati/

~ currency/exchange rUbiyvtßú breTs ¬rW

rUbiyb½NÑ¦/ ~ exchange auction karedjéfø

rUbiyb½NÑ/ ~ direct investment (FDI)

vinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs/ ~ inflows lMhUrcUlBI

breTs ¬CMnYy/ rUbiyb½NÑ>>¦/ ~ liabilities

(bank) RTBüGkmµbreTs/ ~ reserves FnbMrug

breTs/ ~ trade BaNiC¢kmµ eRkARbeTs

foreign-aid programme kmµviFICMnYybreTs

foreign-trade turnover

cMNUlBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs

foreman emkar/ emRkum ¬Cag/ kmµkr¦

foresight karyl;dwgmun

forest éRBeQI/ protected ~ areas

tMbn;éRBkarBar/ ~ concession éRBsm,Tan/

coupe ~ éRBKub/ operable ~ éRBeQIGac

eFVIGaCIvkmµ)an

forest product/sub-product GnupléRBeQI

forestry rukçsaRsþ

forfeit money R)ak;Bin½y

forfeit v. kat;ecj/ )at;bg; ¬CakarBin½y¦

forfeited to the government ¬RtUv)an¦

rwbGUsCasm,tþirdæ

forgery karEkøg

form RTg;RTay/ legal ~ rUbPaBKtiyutþ

form (document) TMrg;kar ¬Éksar¦

form and legal concepts of the law

TMrg; nig Kti énc,ab;

formal pøÚvkar/ erobry/ ~ sector vis½y

erobry

formalities EbbbT/ TMrg;EbbbT/ TMrg;kar/

fulfil v. ~ bMeBjEbbbT

formulation mission ebskkmµelIkmti

forward mankalkMNt; ¬enAGnaKt¦/

~ delivery karRbKl;mankalkMNt;/


44

~ price éfølk;mankalkMNt;

forward v. bBa¢ÚnTMnij

forwarding agency TIPñak;gardwkCBa¢Ún

forwarding, advice of lixitCUndMNwg

bBa¢ÚnTMnij

FOT (free on truck) éføTMnijdwkdl;elIrfynþ

foul bill of lading b½NÑdwkCBa¢Únminl¥

¬EdlbBa¢ak;BIsßanPaBTMnijminl¥enAeBl

m©as;navaTTYlva¦

foundation 1> RKwH/ mUldæanRKwH/ xøwmsar

2> mUlniFi

founder n. sßabnik/ GñkbegIátRkumh‘un

founder v. rlM/ TTYlbraC½y

founding instrument ÉksarbegáIt

¬Rkumh‘un¦

frame Rkb/ Rkbx½NÐ

framework Rkbx½NÐ

franchise siT§ieRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ

¬edIm,IeFVIGaCIvkmµ¦

franchisee GñkTTYlsiT§ieRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ

franchiser Gñkpþl;siT§ieGayeRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ

fraud karéKbnøM

fraudulent EdléKbnøM

free esrI/ ~ market economy esdækic©

pSaresrI/ carriage ~ dwkeGayminKitéfø

¬GñkTijmin)ac;ecjéfødwkeT¦

free alongside ship (FAS)

éfødwkTMnijdl;EKmnava

free board and lodging

Gaharnigsñak;enAeday\tbg;éfø

free currency rUbiyvtßúTijlk;)anedayesrI

¬rdæKµandak;kMhitRtYtRta¦

free of charge eday\tbg;éfø

free on board and trimmed (see

FOB trimmed) éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava

nigerobeGay

free on rail (see FOR)

free on truck (see FOT)

free will ¬eday¦ suT§citþ

freedom of association

esrIPaBksagsmaKm

freehold property kmµsiT§iKµankalkMNt;

freeze kk/ bgák/ wage freeze karbgák

ebovtSr_ ¬mineGayeLIgcuH¦

freight éfødwkCBa¢Ún/ ~ forward éfødwkRtUv

bg;edayGñkTij

freight prepaid éfødwkCBa¢Ún)anbg;mun

freight, ad valorem éfødwkCBa¢Únyktam

éføTMnij

frequency PaBjwkjab;/ eRhVkg; ¬]> viTüú¦

freshwater Twksab/ ~fisheries

karensaTTwksab ~fish RtITwksab

fringe benefits GtßRbeyaCn_bEnßm

frozen account KNnI p¥wb¼bBaÄb;

frozen assets RTBüp¥ib/ RTBüCab;kþI

frozen capital mUlFn p¥wb¼bBaÄb;

fruitful EdlmanEpøpáa

fuel eRKOgeqH/ \n§n³

full eBj/ Eq¥t/ sBVRKb;/ ~ price éføeBj

¬KµancuHéfø¦/ ~ capacity smtßPaBeBjelj

full time work kargareBjem:ag

fully fledged bank FnaKarmanRKb;esva

¬EdlFMFat;eBjrUbrag¦


45

full-right representative tMNageBjsiT§i

fully paid up Edl)anTUTat;TaMgRsug

function muxgar

fund mUlniFi/ ~ accounting systems

RbB½n§KNenyümUlniFi/ ~ flow lMhUrmUlniFi/

~ raising karérGgÁasmUlniFi

fund (French: provision) sMviFanvtßú

¬sMrab;TUTat;mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦

fundamental adj. CaRKwH/ CamUldæan/

~ research karRsavRCavCaRKwH

funding agency/project TIPñak;gar¼

KMerag pþl;mUlniFi

funds held in trust mUlniFibeBaØI ¬]> GgÁkar

k EdleTIbbegáItfµI minTan;manKNnIenAFnaKar

enAeLIy. TaykGacpþl;R)ak; eGayGgÁkar k

edayepJIvacUl KNnIrbs;GgÁkar x Edlman

TMMnak;TMngl¥CamYyxøÜn edIm,I[GgÁkarenHebIkpþl;

bnþeTA[GgÁkar k¦

fungibility PaBEdlGacykeTACMnYsKña)an

¬rbs;nimYy²Kµan lkçN³¼tMrUvkar edIm,IsMKal;

ecjBIKñaeT³ ]> EdkeKal¦/ fungible adj.

fungibles TMnijGacføwg¼rab;>>>)an

future value tMélGnaKt

G, g

gain n. & v. 1> kMeNIn/ capital ~ tMélelIs

¬elIkarlk;RTBüskmµCab;lab;¦ 22> ekIneT,Ig/

cMeNj ¬CaR)ak;¦

galloping inflation GtiprNaelatepøaH

gamble on the stock exchange v.

elgEl,gTijdUrsnøwkh‘un

gap KMlat

garment industry ]sShkmµkat;edr

garnishee n. ttiyCnGMNUs ¬GñkEdlCMBak;

R)ak;dl;buKÁlmñak; ehIyEdlRtUvtulakarbBa¢a[

sgR)ak;eTAm©as;bMNulrbs;buKÁlmñak;enaH¦

gateway mat;Rck/ international comm-

unication ~ mat;RckTUrKmnaKmn_GnþrCati

gather RbmUlpMúþ

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs

and Trade) hÁat;/ kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBI

taragBn§KynigBaNiC¢kmµ

GDP (gross domestic product) pss

¬plitplkñúgRsuksrub¦

gem or gemstone t,ÚgmantMél

gender eynD½r ¬tYnaTIbursRsþI¦

gene EhSn/ modify a gene EkécñEhSn

general 1> TUeTA/ eKalkarN_ ¬kñúgRbkas>>¦/

~ points (in law) kMNt;TUeTA/ ~ provisions

bTb,BaØtþiTUeTA 22> GKÁ/ ~ director GKÁnayk

general and administrative expenses

cMNayTUeTA nigcMNayrdæ)al

general inspector GKÁaFikar/ deputy ~

GKÁaFikarrg

general inspectorate GKÁaFikardæan

general ledger (accounting) esovePAFM

general meeting mhasnñi)at

general partner GñkcUlh‘unKµankMrit

¬TTYlxusRtUvKµankMrit¦

general regulations nItirYm


46

general rule, as a tamviFanTUeTA

generality PaBTUeTA

generalisation kareFVI[manlkçN³TUeTA

Generalised System of Preferences

(GSP) RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA

generally accepted accounting

principle (GAAP) eKalkarN_

KNenyümankarTTYlsÁal;TUeTA

genetic énEhSn/ ~ sequence lMdab;EhSn

genetic modification (GM) karécñµEhSn/

GM food GaharécñEhSn/ GM agriculture

ksikmµécñEhSn

genome CINUm/ sMNMuEhSn

genus BYk/ CMBUk ¬stV/ rukçCati >>>¦

geography, economic PUmiviTüaesdækic©

geology PUKBÖsaRsþ

gesture kayvikar

gift GMeNay

gilt-edged investments vinieyaKman

suvtßiPaBx<s; ¬]> b½NÑrtnaKar¦

global adj. sakl/ srub/ ~ demand

tMrUvkarsrub/ ~ social product plitpl

sgÁmsrub/ ~ economic recession

karFøak;cuHesdækic©Casakl

globalisation of economy

saklPavUbnIykmµesdækic©

glossary sTÞanuRkm/ bTanuRkm

glut eRcInkkkuj/ ~ the market eRcIn

liclg;TIpSar

GNP (gross national product)

plitplCatisrub/ plTunCatisrub/ ~ deflator

snÞsSn_britþprNaplitplCatisrub

goal eKaledA

going concern GaCIvkmµmandMeNIrkar

going price éføFmµta/ éføcrnþ

going rate GRtaFmµta/ GRtacrnþ

gold standard sþg;darmas/ ~ system

RbB½n§bþÚrR)ak;tamsþg;darmas

goods TMnij/ capital ~ TMnijmUlFn/

consumer/consumable ~ TMnijeRbIR)as;/

dry ~ RkNat;nigexaGav/ faulty ~ TMnij

xUcKuNPaB/ finished ~ plitplsMerc/ free

circulation ~ TMnijcracresrI/ luxury ~

TMnijRbNit/ household ~ TMnijeRbIR)as;kñúg

pÞH/ manufactured ~ TMnijeFVIedaym:asuIn/

~ and services TMnij nigesva/ ~ in bond

TMnijenAXøaMgKy ¬rg;caMkarbg;Bn§¦/ ~ in

stock TMnijkñúgsþúk/ ~ left on hand TMnijRtUv

)anbdiesFminTTYl/ ~ in transit TMnijqøg

kat;/ ~ on consignment TMnijepJIeTAlk;

goodwill 1> ekrþ×eQµaHCMnYj/ mUlniFiBaNiC¢kmµ

2> suqnÞ³

governance GPi)alkic©/ local ~ GPi)al

kic©mUldæan

government rdæaPi)al/ ~ and institutional

accounting KNenyürdæaPi)al nigKNenyü

sßab½n/ ~ agency sßab½nrdæ/ ~ securities

sBaØab½NÑrdæaPi)al

grace period (debt payment)

efrevlaGnueRKaH

grade (civil servant) fñak;

grading karEbgEckKuNPaB

grand plan bøg;cMbg


47

grand total srubrYm

grandstanding karykkMBs;

grant GMeNayhirBaØvtßú/ ~ aid CMnYy\tsMNg

graphics RkahVik/ BinÞúerxIy_

grassroots level kMritmUldæan

grassroots organisation

GgÁkarfñak;eRkam ¬kMritRbCaCn¦

gratuity R)ak;sKuN/ sT§aTan/ CMnUn ¬tbsñg¦

Greater Mekong Sub-region

mhaGnutMbn;emKgÁ

green revolution bdivtþn_ébtg

greenhouse pÞHkBa©k;/ ~ effect bc©½y

pÞHkBa©k;/ ~ gas ]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;

grid bNþaj ¬RbTak;RkLa¦

gross dul/ srub/ ~ domestic product

(GDP) plitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬pss¦/

~ margin cMeNjdul/ Gb,hardul ¬Ca

PaKryénéfølk;¦/ ~ national product

(GNP) plitpl¼plTun Catisrub/~ price

éfødul/ ~ negligence kareFVsRbEhsF¶n;F¶r

¬c,ab;¦/ ~ output Fatuecjdul/ ~ profit

cMeNjdul/ ~ proceeds/receipts/returns

cMNUldul/ ~ weight TMgn;dul

groupage/grouped bill of lading

vikáybRtdwkCBa¢Únsrub

growth kMeNIn/ karlUtlas;/ ~ rate

GRtakMeNIn

GSP (Generalised System of

Preferences) RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA

guarantee karFana/ vtßúFana/ ~ for a loan

vtßFanasMrab;kMcI/ ~ of payment karFana

TUTat;/ ~ certificate or certificate of ~

b½NÑFanaKuNPaB/ quality ~ karFanaKuNPaB

guaranteed bill of exchange

rUbiyaNtþimankarFana

guaranteed deposit fund R)ak;kk;

guarantees and commitments under

signature (banking) karsnüatamhtßelxa

guarantor GñkFana ¬]> elIGñkNamñak;

kñúgkarsgbMNul¦

guardianship GaNaBüa)al

guideline eKalkarN_ENnaM

guilt BiruT§PaB

H, h

habitual CaTMlab;

hacker hak;K½r ¬GñklYceRCotcUleTAkñúg

RbB½n§kMuBüÚT½rrbs;GñkdéT ¦

half Bak;kNþal/ first ~ of the 6th

century Bak;kNþalTI1 énstvtSr_TI6

hallucination mmal/ karmmal

hand bill xitþb½NÑ ¬b½NÑeXasnapSBVpSay

EckeGaypÞal;éd¦

handicraft sib,kmµ/ vtßúeFVIedayéd/

~ goods TMnijsib,kmµ

handle cat;Ecg/ edaHRsay/ ~ a situation

edaHRsaysßankarN_

handling (goods) karelIkdak;

hard rwg/ lM)ak/ ~ condition lkçxNÐ

twgEtg/ ~ bargain kartéfød¾twgEtg/ ~ cash


48

sac;R)ak;mankñúgéd

hard disk (computer) fasrwg

hardware eRKOgcRkF¶n;/ Faturwg ¬kMuBüÚT½r¦

harmonisation suxdumnIykmµ/ kareFVI[

manPaBcuHsMrugKña

harmonised EdlrlUnKña

harmony PaBsuxdumrmna

harsh conditions lkçxNÐtwgEtg

haulage éfødwkTMnij/ kardwkTMnij ¬tamrfynþ

rW rfePøIg¦/ ~ cost (rates) éfødwkTMnij/

~ company/firm Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij

hazardous EdlRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;

head office kariyal½yFM/ TIcat;karFM

head tax Bn§mnusS

heading cMNgeCIg/ xÞg; ¬taragtulükar¦

headquarters (of a company)

TIsñak;karkNþal

health care karEfTaMsuxPaB

healthy EdlmansuxPaBl¥/ ~ balance

sheet taragtulükarEsþgplcMeNj/ ~ profit

plcMeNjkñúgcMnYny:ageRcIn

hearing svnakar

heavy equipment brikçarFunF¶n;

heavy industry ]sSahkmµFunF¶n;

hedged ¬EdlRtUv)an¦karBarkarxatbg;

heir TayaT ¬GñkTTYlmrtk¦

hereafter BIenHteTA

hereby tamry³enH

heritage mrtk/ national ~ ebtikP½NÐCati

heterogeneity PaBminesµIsac;

heterogeneous laycMruHKña/ visman/

visPaK ¬mindUcKña/ minesµIsac;¦

hidden adj. bgáb;/ ~ reserves FnbMrugbgáb;

hierarchy zananuRkm

high grade (ore) KuNPaBx<s; ¬Er:¦

high school viTüal½y/ junior ~ GnuviTüal½y

high-tech (sector) bec©kviTüax<s; ¬vis½y¦

hindsight karyl;dwgtameRkay ¬KWman

bTBiesaFn_edayRBwtþikarN_)anekIteLIgehIy¦

hire-purchase agreement kic©snüaCYl-

Tijpþac;/ kic©snüaTijbNþak;

historic/historical cost tMéltam

RbvtþisaRsþ ¬tMélCak;EsþgkalBIeBlTijcUl¦

historical steps CMhanmanGtßn½yCaRbvtþisaRsþ

hold in trust kan;kab;CakarepJITuk

holder (of a cheque...) Gñkkan;

holder in due course Gñkkan;kab;RtwmRtUv/

Kahkniy½t

holding company Rkumh‘unhUlDij ¬kan;

kab;Cag 50°énPaKh‘unkñúgRkumh‘unmYyeTot¦

home market pSarkñúgRsuk

homelessness PaBKµanpÞHsMEbg

home-made plitenA kñúgRsuk¼pÞH

homogeneity PaBesµIsac;

homogenous adj. sPaK/ esµIsac; ¬dUcKña¦

honorarium R)ak;sKuN

horizontal epþk/ ~ coordination

karsMrbsMrYltamExSepþk ¬rW ExSTTwg¦

horticulture sakvb,kmµ/ kareFVIc,ardMNaM

host government rdæaPi)alm©as;pÞH

hot money (money moving frequently

from one country to another) luyekþA

household RKYsar/ RKY/ female-headed ~

RKYsarRsþIemRKY/ male-headed ~ RKYsar


49

bursemRKY

household equipment brikçareKhkic©

household survey GegátRKYsar

housing pÞHsñak;enA/ karpþl;pÞHsñak;enA/

pÞHsMEbg ¬xÞg;cMNay¦/ ~ loan kMcIsMrab;

sg;¼TijpÞH

human-capital investment vinieyaK

TunmnusS

humanism mnusSniym

humanitarian assistance CMnYymnusSFm’

humanitarian relief

karse®gÁaHEpñkmnusSFm’

humanity mnusSCati/ nrCati

husbanding of resources karKitKUr

sMécFnFan

hydropower construction sMNg;

varIGKÁisnI

hyperinflation GtiprNaelatepøaH

hypothesis smµtikmµ

I, i

idea KMnit

ideal ]tþmKti

idealised condition lkçxNÐsuRkitPaB

identification GtþsBaØaNkmµ/ ~ mission

ebskkmµ rksMKal;¼bMpusKMnit

identify v. EsVgrkemIl/ rksMKal;/ sMKal;

)antamPinPaK/

ideology menaKmn_viC¢a

idle TMenrecal/ KµaneRbIkar/ ~ capital

TunKµaneRbIkar/ ~ time em:agTMenrecal

¬m:asuIneFVIkar)anEtKµandMeNIrkar¦

illegal adj. xusc,ab;/ ~ contract kic©snüa

xusc,ab;

illicit adj. xusc,ab;/ ~ alcohol Rsaxusc,ab;

ill-will TuqnÞ³ ¬bMNgGaRkk;¦

imbalance GtulüPaB/ nantþþPaB

imaginary profit cMeNjRbDit

immaculate Ecs ¬fµI/ s¥at¦

immediate objective TisedAbnÞan;

immediate payment karTUTat;Pøam²

immediate supervisor GñkemIlkarxus

RtUvpÞal;

immobilise (finance) eFVIGclkmµ

immoral GsIlFm’

immovable (property) n. GclnRTBü

immunity 1> PaBsuaM ¬nwgCMgW¦

2> GP½yÉksiT§i/ diplomatic ~ GP½yÉksiTi§

karTUt

impact plb:HBal;

impartial minlMeGog

impartiality PaBminlMeGog/ GnaKti

impeccable \tex©aH

imperfection PaBmanex©aH/ GnibuNPaB

impetus n. snÞúHCMruj

implementation of a law karGnuvtþn_c,ab;

implementing agency TIPñak;garGnuvtþ

import karnaMcUl/ GahrN/ ~ duty Bn§

naMcUl/ ~ permit GaCJab½NÑnaMcUl/ ~ quota

kUtanaMcUl


50

importer GñknaMcUl/ Gaharin

import-export GahrN-nIhrN/

karnaMecj-naMcUl

imports TMnijnaMcUl/ vieTsP½NÐ

impose taxes eGaybg;Bn§

impoundment karXat;cab;Tuk ¬rfynþ/ TUk>>>¦

impression cMNab;GarmµN_

improvement karEklMG/ suvuDÆikmµ

impunity niTNÐPaB/ PaBrYceTas/ culture

of ~ vb,Fm’niTNÐPaB

impurity n. 1> PaBminsuT§

2> GVIEdleFVI[minsuT§ ¬]> kkr¦

in good faith edayesµaHRtg;

in post kñúgtMENg

inaccuracy PaBminRtwmRtUv

inaccurate adj. minRtwmRtUv

inactive adj. Gskmµ

inadequate minsmlµm

inappropriate minsmRsb/ ~ aid CMnYy

minsmRsb

incapacity GsmtßPaB/ physical/mental

~ kar)at;bg;smtßPaBxag bBaØa¼kaysm,Ta

incentive eRKOgelIkTwkcitþ/ karelIkTwkcitþ/

investment ~ karelIkTwkcitþvinieyaK

inception karkekIt

incertitude PaBminR)akd

incessant Edl\tQb;Qr

incidence n. karekItman/ ~ of tax bnÞúkBn§

¬cMnYnR)ak;Bn§RtUvFøak;elIbuKÁlNamñak;enAcugbBa©b;¦

incident ]b,tþiehtu

incidental bnÞab;bnSM

inclusion karrab;bBa©Úl

inclusive Edlrab;bBa©Úl/ Cabriyab½nñ

income cMNUl/ plTun/ bdilaP/ disposable

~ cMNUleRkaykat;Bn§/ cMNUleRbI)anedayesrI/

private ~ cMNUleRkABIebovtSr_/ personal ~

cMNUlpÞal;xøÜn/ ~ account KNnIcMNUl/

~ (collected) in advance cMNUl)anTTYlmun/

~ per capita cMNUlkñúgmnusSmñak;/ ~ tax

Bn§elIR)ak;cMNUl/ ~ statement r)aykarN_

cMNUl

income-generating activities

skmµPaBbegáItR)ak;cMNUl

income-outlay accounts

KNnIcMNUl-cMNay

incompatibility vismitPaB/ PaBmincuHsMrug

incompetence GsmtßPaB

inconvenience plvi)ak

inconvertible currency rUbiyvtßúminGac

bþÚr ¬ykrUbiyvtßúdéT¦ )an

incorporated cUlCaRkumh‘un/ )ancuHbBa¢I

CaRkumh‘un

incorporated company Rkumh‘un

¬CanItibuKÁleBjelj¦

increase v. & n. 1> ekIn 22> kMeNIn

incremental EdlekInCadMNak;²

indebtedness PaBCMBak;bMNul

indefinite minCak;lak;/ KµankMnt;

indemnify v. eFVIsMNg

indemnity 1> sMNg karxUcxat¼CMgWcitþ

2> R)ak;bMNac;

independent audit svnkmµÉkraCü

in-depth suICMerA/ ~ evaluation karvaytMél

suICMerA


51

index snÞsSn_

indexation kardak;snÞsSn_ ¬]> eGay

ebovtSr_ERbRbYleTAtamGtiprNa¦

indicator GaMgDIkaT½r/ sUcnakr

indigenous people RbCaCnedIm

indirect tax Bn§Rbeyal

individual ÉktþCn/ buKÁl/ ~ insurance

karFanar:ab;rgbuKÁl

inducement eRKOgCMrujTwkcitþ

industrialisation ]sSahUbnIykmµ

industrious adj. ]sSah_¬Büayam¦

industry ]sSahkmµ/ rbr/ primary ~

]sSahkmµvtßúFatuedIm/ secondary ~

]sSahkmµEkécñ ¬BIvtßúFatuedImeTAplitpl¦/

light ~ ]sSahkmµFunRsal/ heavy ~

]sSahkmµFunF¶n;/ extractive ~ ]sSahkmµ

nisSarNkmµ ¬]> ]sSahkmµTajykEr:¦

inefficiency GRbsiT§PaB

inequality vismPaB/ PaBminesµIKña/

income ~ vismPaBénR)ak;cMNUl

infant mortality rate GRtamrN³kumar

inference karsnñidæan

inflammable goods TMnijGacqabeqH

inflate bMe)a:g/ eFVIeGaymanGtiprNa/

inflated price éføbMe):ag ¬tMelIgx<s;eday

Kµanehtupl¦

inflation GtiprNa/ ~ accounting KNenyü

GtiprNa ¬éføRTBüskmµmanKitbBa©Úl

GtiprNa¦/ ~ factor ktþaBRgIk/ ktþaGtiprNa

inflationary gap KMlatGtiprNa

inflationary period ry³eBlman

GtiprNa/ GtiprNakal

inflexibility PaBrwgkMRBws/ PaBminrs;revIk

inflict v. a penalty dak;eTasT½NÐ

¬]> cab;eGaybg;pakBin½y¦

inflow lMhUrcUl

influential Edlman GnuPaB¼\T§iBl

influx lMhUrKMhukcUl

informal sector vis½yminerobry/ vis½y

esdækic©eRkARbB½n§

information and communication

technology (ICT) bec©kviTüaB½t’man

nigTUrKmnaKmn_

information technology (IT)

bec©kviTüaB½t’man

infrastructure ehdæarcnasm<½n§

infringe v. RbRBwtþxus/ elµIs ¬c,ab;/

kic©snüa>>> ¦/ infringement n.

inheritance mrtk ¬GMBIGñksøab;¦

in-house adj. kñúgGgÁPaB/ ~ language

training karbNþúHbNþalPasakñúgGgÁPaB

initial adj. dMbUg/ ~ capital mUlFndMbUg

¬sMrab;cab;epþImGaCIvkmµ¦/ ~ price éfødMbUg

initial outlay or initial capital outlay

esah‘uybegáItshRKasdMbUg

initial v. cuHhtßelxasegçb/ initialisation n.

initiative KMnitpþÜcepþIm/ karpþÜcepþImKMnit

injunction (judge's order) GFibBa¢a

¬bBa¢arbs;ecARkm¦

injustice GyutiþFm’

in-kind contribution viPaKTanCavtßú

input n. FatucUl


52

inquiry karsaksYr ¬B½t’man/ éfø>>¦/ letter

of ~ lixitsaksYrB½t’man

insensitivity 1> GevTyitPaB

2> PaBmincab;GarmµN_

insider trading karCYjdUrh‘uneday

GñképÞkñúg ¬EdldwgB½t’mansMgat;BIRkumh‘un¦

insolvency PaBminGacsgbMNul)an/ GsaFPaB

inspect v. eFVIGFikarkic©/ RtYtBinitü

inspection GFikarkic©/ ~ fee kMéresva

GFikarkic©/ pre-shipment ~ GFikarkic©TMnijmun

eBlpÞúk/ ~ certificate viBaØabnb½RtGFikarkic©

inspectorate RkumGFikarkic©

installation zbnkmµ/ karerobcMtMelIg/

~ cost cMNaypÁMútMelIg

instalment R)ak;sgbNþak;/ ~ system

RbB½n§TUTat;bNþak;

instalment sales credit or instalment

plan buying karlk;¼Tij edayTUTat;sg

bNþak;

instalment shipment

karbBa¢ÚnTMnijCabeNþIr²

institutional finance hirBaØvtþúsßab½n

institutionalisation sßabnUbnIykmµ

institutionalise eFVIsßabnUbnIykmµ/ ksag

Casßab½n

instruction bTbBa¢a/ esckþIENnaM

instrument briFan/ ]bkrN_/ negotiable

~ ]bkrN_TUTat;

instrument of accession lixitUbkrN_

cUlCaPaKI

instrument of ratification

lixitUbkrN_énkarpþl;sc©ab½n

insufficiency PaBminRKb;RKan;

insurance karFanar:ab;rg/ all risks ~

karFanar:ab;rghaniP½yRKb;RbePT/ car ~

karFanar:ab;rgelIrfynþ/ life ~ karFana

r:ab;rgelICIvit/ ~ agent Pñak;garFanar:ab;rg/ ~

certificate viBaØabnb½RtFanar:ab;rg/

~ company Rkumh‘unFanar:ab;rg/ ~ law

c,ab;sþIBIkarFanar:ab;rg/ ~ policy b½NÑsnüa

r:ab;rg/ ~ premium(s) buBVlaPFanar:ab;rg

insured n. GñkRtUv)anFanar:ab;rg

insurer GñkFanar:ab;rg

intake karRsUbcUl

intangible GrUbI/ ~ assets RTBüGrUbI

integration smahrNkmµ/ karbBa©ÚlKña/

~ of industry smahrNkmµ]sSahkmµ/

vertical ~ smahrNkmµbBaÄr

integrity PaBs¥ats¥M/ territorial ~

bUrNPaBEdndI

intellectual property kmµsiT§ibBaØa

intelligible Edlyl;)an

intensification RbBlkmµ/ RbBlvb,kmµ/

agricultural ~ RbBlvb,kmµksikmµ

intensive Gtipl/ ~ agriculture ksikmµGtipl

intention bMNg/ ectna

interaction Gnþrkmµ

interactive Gnþrskmµ

inter-bank adj. GnþrFnaKar/ ~ settlement

system RbB½n§TUTat;GnþrFnaKar

inter-censal decade TsvtSr_cenøaHCMerOn

interdependence karBwgEp¥kKñaeTAvijeTAmk

interest 1> plRbeyaCn_ 22> karR)ak;/


53

compound ~ karR)ak;smas, high/low ~

karR)ak; x<s;¼Tab/ simple ~ karR)ak;samBaØ/

~ due date éf¶KitkarR)ak;/ ~ period

kalKitkarR)ak;

interest rate GRtakarR)ak;/ ~ for savings

GRtakarR)ak;snSM

interference kareRCotERCk

integrate v. eFVIsmahrNkmµ/ dak;bBa©Úl/

~ed pest management (IPM)

viFankarcMruHEfTaMdMNaM

interim sþITI/ beNþaHGasnñ

intermediary project KMeragGnþrkarI

intermediate goods TMnijGnþrkarI

intermediate output FatuecjGnþrkarI/

plitplGnþrkarI

intermediate technology bec©kviTüa

fñak;kNþal

intermediation GnþrkarIkmµ/ financial ~

GnþrkarIkmµhirBaØvtßú

intern n. (see trainee) kmµsikSakarI

internal épÞkñúg/ ~ affairs kic©karépÞkñúg/ ~

audit svnkmµépÞkñúg/ ~ control karRtYt

BinitüépÞkñúg/ ~ rate of return (IRR) GRta

TajcMNUlépÞkñúg/ ~ transfer bEgVrépÞkñúg

international GnþrCati/ ~ standard sþg;dar

GnþrCati/ ~ bidding/tendering karedjéfø

CaGnþrCati/ ~ relations TMnak;TMngGnþrCati

International Air Transport

Association (IATA) smaKm

dwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakasGnþrCati

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati

International Organisation for

Standardisation (ISO) GgÁkarGnþrCati

xagsþg;darUbnIykmµ

internet GuinfWNit/ ~ -cafe salbMerIGuinfWNit

intersect v. (graph lines) kat;Kña

inter-sectoral Gnþrvis½y

interview v. & n. 1> sMPas/ eFVIsMPas

2> bTsMPasn_/ semi-structured ~

bTsMPasn_Bak;kNþalerobry ¬eRbIbBa¢IsMnYr

mYyPaK nigsYrEfmmYyPaK¦

interviewee n. GñkeqøIysMPasn_

interviewer n. GñksYrsMPasn_

intimidate v. bMPitbMP½y

intra-cluster kñúgrgVg;kBa©úM

intrinsic sCÄnþik³

introduction esckþIepþIm

intuition GBÖnþjaN

inundated forest (see flooded forest)

éRBlicTwk

invalidate v. cat;TukCaemaX³

invaluable adj. kat;éfømin)an

invasion karlukluy/ ~ of privacy

karrMelaPsiTi§CaÉkCn

inventory sareBIPNÐ½/ sþúk/ TMnij/ draw up

an ~ eFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐ

inventory stock card b½NÑsþúk

invest v. vinieyaK/ eFVIvinieyaK

investigate v. esuIbGegát

investment n. vinieyaK/ karbNþak;Tun/

~ licence GaCJab½NÑvinieyaK


54

investor vinieyaKin/ GñkvinieyaK

invisible adj. emIlmineXIj/ ~ assets

RTBüGrUbI

invoice vikáybRt

involuntary Gectna/ \tbMNg

involvement kar cUlBak;B½n§¼Bak;B½n§

IOU (I owe you) lixitTTYlCMBak;

¬xJúMCMBak;Gñk¦

irrecoverable Edl RbmUlmin)an¼ Tarmin)an

irregular mineTogTat;/ minRbRktI

irregularities (mistakes) PaBminRbRktI

¬kMhus¦

irrelevant EdlminTak;Tg

irreversible adj. EdlminGacERbRkLas;)an

irrevocable adj. minGacbdiesF)an/

~ letter of credit sar\NTanminGac

bdiesF)an

irrigate v. eRsacRsB/ irrigation n.

issuance kare)aHpSay ¬RkdasR)ak;¦

issue bank FnaKare)aHpSayRkdasR)ak;

issue v. (a licence) ecj ¬GaCJab½NÑ¦/

currency issued rUbiyvtßúe)aHpSay

issuing bank (for a letter of credit)

FnaKarebIksar\NTan

IT (Information Technology)

bec©kviTüaB½t’man

item 1> GIv:an;/ mux ¬TMnij¦ 22> xÞg;/ cancel

an ~ (accounting) bdiesFelxna/ enter

an ~ cuHelxna/ off-balance sheet items

xÞg;eRkAtaragtulükar

J, j

jettison TMlak;GIv:an;ecalxøHedIm,IsMral

¬nava/ ynþehaH¦

job kargar/ white-collar ~ or office ~

kargarkñúgkariyal½y/ ~ description BiBN’

nakagar/ ~ design KMeragkargar/ bøg;kargar/

~ grading/ranking cMNat;fñak;kargar/

~ holder Gñkkan;kargar/ ~ lot TMnijcMruH

mYydMu² eRcInGn;² niglk;efak²/ ~ rotation

karbþÚrevnkargar/ ~ specialisation

ÉkeTskmµkargar/ ~ title eQµaHkargar

joblessness PaBGt;kargareFVI/ nikmµPaB

joint (enterprise, committee) cMruH

joint (liability) ¬karTTYlxusRtUv¦ rYmKña/

~ and several liability karTTYlxusRtUv

rYmKñanigerog²xøÜn

joint account KNnIrYm ¬manm©as;KNnIBI

2nak;eLIgeTA¦

joint inter-ministerial committee

KN³kmµaFikarcMruHGnþrRksYg

joint owner m©as;kmµsiTi§rYmKña

joint venture ¬KMerag¦ vinieyaKcMruH/

~ enterprise shRKassmasPaBesdækic©cMruH

joint-stock bank FnaKarrYmPaKh‘un

joint-stock company

(see public limited company)

saCIvkmµRkumh‘unPaKh‘un


55

journal 1> Tinñanub,vtþi ¬KNenyü¦

2> sarB½t’man

journal voucher b½NÑTinñanub,vtþi/

skçIb½RtcuHbBa¢I

journalising karcuHTinñanub,vtþi

judgement 1> karvinicä½y

2> salRkm ¬tulakar¦

judicial record lixitefáaleTas ¬tulakar¦

judicial reform kMENTMrg;RbB½n§yutþiFm’

judiciary GgÁecARkm

jump-start cab;epþIm[)anqab;

junk n. rbs;Gt;RbeyaCn_/ rbs;eGtcay

juridical Ktiyutþi ¬EdlRsbtamc,ab; nig

rebobrbbén c,ab;¼tulakar¦

jurisdiction Ednsmtßkic©/ yutþaFikar

just adj. RtwmRtUv/ yutþiFm’

justification of a project kareFVIyutþikmµ

KMerag/ karbgðajehtuplBItMrUvkareFVIKMerag

justified (expense...) ¬cMNay>>>¦ man

skçIkmµ

justify eFVIyutþikmµ

K, k

key role tYnaTIKnøwH

keynote address sunÞrkfaKnøwH

kind, payment in karTUTat;Cavtßú

L, l

label søak ¬sMrab;biTelIplitpl¦

labour Blkmµ ¬kargar rWBlkr¦/ casual ~

BlkmµGENþt ¬ry³eBlkargarxøI¦/ manual ~

htßkmµ/ organised ~ BlkmµcUlshCIB/

skilled ~ BlkmµmanCMnaj/ ~ card b½NÑ

kargar/ ~ force kMlaMgBlkmµ/ ~ laws c,ab;

Blkmµ/ ~ productivity plitPaBénBlkmµ/

~ security snþisuxBlkmµ/ ~ turnover

GRtabuKÁlikecj ¬BIGgÁPaB¦/ ~ union or

trade union shCIB

labourer Blkr/ day ~ TinikCn/ Blkr

suIR)ak;éf¶

labour-intensive adj. eRbIBlkmµeRcIn/

GtiBlkmµ/ ~ industry ]sSahkmµGtiBlkmµ

lack kgVH/ ~ of balance )at;tulüPaB/

~ of confidence kgVHTMnukcitþ

lading n. karpÞúkTMnij/ ~ port kMBg;EppÞúkTMnij

laissez-passer lixitebIkpøÚv

land dI/ dIFøI/ ~ alienation karepÞrkmµsiT§idI/

~ conflict TMnas;dIFøI/ ~ degradation karcuH

KuNPaBdI/ karxUcdI/ ~ dispute vivaTdIFøI/ ~

encroachment karrMelaPykdI/ ~ grabbing

karT®nÞanykdI/ ~ owner m©as;dI/ ~ ownership

kmµsiT§idIFøI/ ~ reform kMENTMrg;dIFøI/ ~ survey

GegátdIFøI/ zanKNit/ ~ restructuring

karEkERbdIFøIeLIgvij/ ~ settlement dMeNaH

RsaydIFøI/ ~ tenure karkan;kab;dI


56

land dispute settlement committee

KN³kmµaFikaredaHRsay)atuPaBdIFøI

landless adj. KµandI

landlessness PaBKµandIFøI

landlocked country RbeTsKµanRcksmuRT

landlord m©as; dI¼pÞH ¬EdlCYl[eK¦

landscape eTsPaB/ protected ~

tMbn;eTsPaBkarBar

large-scale survey GegátRTg;RTayFM

latent minTan;Cak;Esþg

launch n. kardak;ecjCaelIkdMbUgnUv

¬]> plitplelITIpSar¦

law c,ab;/ draft ~ esckþIRBagc,ab;/ ~ of

contract c,ab;énkic©snüa

Law on Co-Statute of Civil Servants

c,ab;sþIBI shlkçnþik³m®nþIraCkarsuIvil

Law on Financial Management

c,ab;sþIBIhirBaØvtßúsMrab;karRKb;RKg

Law on Social Security

c,ab;sþIBIrbbsnþisuxsgÁm

lawful Rsbc,ab;

lawless EdlGt;c,ab; ¬Kµanc,ab;RKb;RKg rW

KµankareKarBc,ab;¦

laws and regulations c,ab; nig

bTb,BaØtiþ¼lixitbTdæan

lawsuit erOgkþI

lawyer Gñkc,ab;/ emFavI

lay in stock v. bBa©ÚlXøaMg

lay off v. bBaÄb;buKÁlik

lay out v. cay ¬R)ak;¦

layout of letter TMrg;¼bøg; sMbuRt

leader 1> GñkdwknaM/ popular ~ emxül;

2> plitpllk;dac;CageK/ market ~

plitpl¼Rkumh‘un naMmuxeKelITIpSar

leading naMmuxeK/ ~ indicator GaMgDIkaT½rnaMmux

eK ¬Edlbgðajninñakar)anmunGaMDIkaT½rÉeTot¦

lease Ptisnüa/ karCYl ¬edaymankic©snüa¦/

finance ~ PtisnüahirBaØvtßú ¬kñúgenHshRKas

RtUvkt;RtaRTBüCYlBIeKkñúgtaragtulükar nig

eFVIrMls;va¦/ operating ~ PtisnüaRbtibtþikar

¬kñúgenHshRKasminRtUvkt;RtaRTBüCYlBIeKkñúg

taragtulükareT¦

lease v. CYl/ ~ back CYlmkvij

least developed countries (LDCs)

RbeTslUtlas;ticCageK

ledger (accounting) esovePAFM/

purchase ~ esovePAFMTij

legacy 1> Gc©½yTanCaclnRTBü

¬tammrtksasn_¦ 22> Gc©½yTan ¬ekrþ×¦

legal tamc,ab;/ nItüanukUl ~ capital edImTun

tamc,ab;/ ~ document Éksartamc,ab;/

~ representative GñktMNagtamc,ab;/

~ framework Rkbx½NÐc,ab;/ ~ decision

esckþIsMerctamc,ab;/ ~ reserves FnbMrug

tamc,ab;

legal effect GanuPaBKtiyutiþ

legal entity/person nItibuKÁl

legal substance (French: nature

juridique) nItisarCati

legal tender rUbiymaRta/ R)ak;Edlc,ab;

TTYlsÁal;

legality PaBtamc,ab;/ nItüanukUlPaB

legalise v. eFVIeGayeTAtamc,ab;/


57

eFVInItüanukUlkmµ

legatee Gc©½yTanlaPI ¬GñkTTYlsñgmrtk

tamry³mrtksasn_¦

legator Gc©½yTayk

legislation c,ab;/ nItikmµ

legislative power 1> GMNacnItibBaØtþi ¬sPa¦

2> GMNacbBaØtþi ¬sßab½nepSgeTot dUcCa

RkumRbwkSaXMu¦

legislative structure rcnasm<½n§nItibBaØtþi

legislator GñkeFVIc,ab;/ nItiBn§

legislature 1> GgÁnItibBaØtþi ¬GgÁkareFVIc,ab;¦

2> nItikal ¬énsPa¦

legitimate eBjlkçN³RtwmRtUv/ eBjc,ab;/

FmµanurUb

lend v. eGayx©I

lender GñkeGayx©I/ ~ of last resort Gñk[

x©ICacugeRkay

lending institution sßab½n \NTan¼ [x©IR)ak;

lessee Ptik³/ GñkCYl ¬BIeK¦

lessor PtibtI/ GñkCYleGay

let v. CYl ¬pÞH/ kariyal½y >>>¦

letter lixit/ covering ~ (or US: cover ~)

lixitGmÉksar/ ~ of attorney lixitepÞrsiT§i/

~ of credit (L/C) lixit\NTan/ ~ of

exchange rUbiyaNtþi/ ~ of indemnity

lixitFanasg/ ~ of intent lixitbBa¢ak;eKal

bMNg/ lixitEsþgectna/ ~ of inquiry lixit

saksYrB½t’man/ ~ of non-conviction lixit

bBa¢ak;faKµaneTas

level kMrit/ multi-level eRcInkMrit/ ~ of

development kMritGPivDÆn_

lever Xñas;

leverage KMnas;/ kareRbIkMcImankarR)ak;efr

eTArksuIedIm,I)ancMeNjelIsBIkarR)ak;

levy v. & n. 1> hUtBn§ 22> Bn§

¬CaBiessBn§bEnßm¦

liabilities bMNul/ RTBüGkmµ/ meet one’s

liabilities sgbMNulrbs;xøÜn

liability 1> bMNul 22> karTTYlxusRtUv/

~ insurance karFanar:ab;rgelIPar³TTYlxusRtUv

liable adj. for TTYlxusRtUv ¬tamc,ab;¦ cMeBaH

liaison TMnak;TMng/ sm<n§kar/ ~ office

kariyal½yTMnak;TMng

libel karsresrbrihaekrþ×

liberal democracy and pluralism or

liberal multi-party democracy

lT§iRbCaFibetyüesrIBhubkS

liberal profession viC¢aCIv³esrI

liberality or liberal gift sT§aTan

liberalisation esrIPavUbnIykmµ/ ~ of

trade esrIPavUbnIykmµBaNiC¢kmµ

Libor (London Interbank Offered Rate)

GRtakarR)ak;rvagFnaKarBaNiC¢enATIRkugLúg

licence GaCJab½NÑ/ lixitGnuBaØat

licensed manGaCJab½NÑ/ RbtiRsut/ ~ bank

FnaKarRbtiRsut

licensed technology bec©kviTüaTijBIeK

licensee Gñkkan;GaCJab½NÑ

licit adj. RtUvc,ab;

lien 1> R)atiePaKbMNul ¬vtßúdak;FanabMNul¦

2> siT§iXat;Tuk

life expectancy GayukalmFüm/ Gayurs;


58

enAmFüm

life or death issue bBaðasøab;rs;

life skill bMNinCIvit

life span Gayukal ¬BIeBlekItdl;søab;¦

lifestyle rebobrs;enA

lifetime Gayukal/ mYyGayu

LIFO (last in, first out) lIhVÚ ¬cUleRkay

ecjmun¦

likelihood PaBTMng

limit n. & v. 1> RBMEdn/ ~ of liability

RBMEdnénkarTTYlxusRtUv/ 22> dak;kMritRBMEdn

limitation n. kardak;kMritRBMEdn

limited liability karTTYlxusRtUvmankMNt;/

~ company Rkumh‘unTTYlxusRtUvmankMrit

limited partner GñkcUlh‘unmankMrit

¬TTYlxusRtUvmankMrit¦

line (department) ¬mnÞIr¦ ExSbeNþay

line item (budget) matika ¬fvika¦

line of credit or credit linekMrit\NTan

link cMNgTak;Tg

linkage karcgP¢ab;/ cMNgTak;Tg

liquid assets RTBübþÚrykR)ak;)anrh½s

liquid investments vinieyaKedaysac;R)ak;

liquidate v. CMrH/ TUTat; ¬bMNul/ bBa¢I¦/

~ a debt TUTat;bMNulTaMgmUl

liquidation karrMlay ¬Rkumh‘un¦/ karCMrHbBa¢I/

compulsory ~ karCMrHbBa¢ICakatBVkic© ¬tam

karsMercrbs;tulakar¦/ voluntary ~ karCMrH

bBa¢Iedaysµ½RKcitþ/ ~ report r)aykarN_CMrHbBa¢I

liquidator GñkCMrHbBa¢I/ GñkRtYtBinitükar

biTRkumh‘un

liquidity 1> snÞnIyPaB/ lT§PaBsgbMNul

2> sac;R)ak;TMenr/ ~ ratio smaPaKsac;R)ak;TMenr

liquidity (banking) sac;R)ak;nigRTBü

gaybþÚrCasac;R)ak;/ total ~ rUbiyvtßúTUeTA (M2)

list bBa¢I/ ~ price éføelIbBa¢I ¬kataLúk¦/

listed company Rkumh‘unEdlmansnøwkh‘un

lk;-Tij enApSarh‘un

litigation bNþwgvivaT/ karbþwgpþl;

livelihood CIvPaB/ karrkciBa©wmCIvit/

lively y:agskmµ/ ~ market TIpSarman

skmµPaBrs;revIk

livestock stVciBa©wm ¬ykpl¦

living 1> CIvPaB/ karrs;enA/ ~ standard

kMritCIvPaB/ cost of ~ cMnayRTRTg;karrs;enA

load factor, passenger (air travel)

GRtabMeBjekAGIGñkdMeNIr ¬tamynþehaH¦

loading and unloading of goods

karpÞúk nigkarerITMnij

loading capacity cMNuHpÞúk

loading port EppÞúkTMnij

loan kMcI/ \NeTyü/ bMNul/ bridging ~

kMcIpøas;pÞHfµI ¬enAeBlpÞHcas;lk;minTan;dac;¦/

soft ~ kMcIkarR)ak;Tab/ ~ at call kMcIKµankal

kMNt; ¬RtUvsgvijeBleKTar¦/ personal ~

kMcIpÞal;xøÜn/ unsecured ~ kMcIKµankarFana/

~ disbursed kMcI)anebIkpþl;

loan service (interest payment) esvabMNul

lobby v. ekogKr/ eXasnabBa©úHbBa©Úl

local ¬én¦mUldæan/ kñúgRsuk/ ~ authority

GaCJaFrmUldæan

location TItaMg

logging karkab;eQI/ illegal ~ karkab;eQI

xusc,ab;


59

logic tkáviC¢a/ LÚsuik

logistics PsþúPar/ karpÁt;pÁg;

logo rUbsBaØa

long-life assets RTBüGayukalEvg

long-term ry³eBlEvg/ TIXkal/

~ liabilities bMNulry³eBlEvg

loophole cenøaHRbehag/ tax ~ cenøaHRbehagén

Bn§ ¬EdlGaceKecosvagminbg;Bn§edayRsbc,ab;¦

loose-leaf ledger esovePAFMsnøwkdac;BIKña

loss kMhat/karxatbg;/ kar)at;bg;/ actual

total ~ kMhatsrubCak;Esþg

lot n. LÚt_/ fishing ~ LÚt_ensaT

low-income group/households

Rkum¼RKYsar manR)ak;cMNUlTab

lump-sum R)ak;bg;TaMgdul/ ~ payment

karTUTat;tamrebobem:Akar ¬rW qaka¦

lump-sum tax Bn§em:Akar

luxury RbNit/ ~ goods TMnijRbNit/

~ trade BaNiC¢kmµvtßúRbNit

M, m

M1 (money) rUbiyvtßú

M2 (liquidity) rUbiyvtßúTUeTA

macro- m:aRkU

macroeconomic analysis

karviPaKm:aRkUesdækic©

macroeconomic stability sßirPaBm:aRkU

esdækic©

macroeconomics m:aRkUesdækic©

magnitude TMhM

mail transfer karepÞr¬R)ak;¦taméRbsnIy_

mail, electronic sareGLicRtUnik/ GuIEml

main adj. cMbg

mainstream v. bRBa¢ab

maintain v. accounting book

kan;kab;bBa¢IKNenyü

maintenance karEfTaM/ ~ expenses/

costs cMNayEfTaM

major adj. cMbg/ sMxan;

majority PaKeRcIn/ sMelgPaKeRcIn ¬e)aHeqñat¦

mala fide seller Gñklk;Edlmanl,ickl

minl¥

maladministration karRKb;RKgGsmtßPaB

mal-development karGPivDÆn_xusTMng

malpractice rebobrbbminl¥/ kMhusqÁg

malthusianism nibulniym/ m:al;Tusniym

manage v. RKb;RKg/ cat;Ecg

management karRKb;RKg/ ~ control

karRtYtBinitükarRKb;RKg

manager GñkRKb;RKg/ bNÑaFikar/ financial

~ GaNab½k

managerial accounting KNenyüRKb;RKg

managership PaBCaGñkRKb;RKg

managing director naykRKb;RKg

mandate n. 1> siT§iGMNac 22> GaNtþi

mandate v. 1> pþl;siT§iGMNac 22> tMrUv/ the

law mandates that... c,ab;tMrUvfa

mandatory adj. Edlxanmin)an

manifest nievTnb½NÑ/ bBa¢I GñkdMeNIr¼ TMnij

dwkCBa¢Ún ¬tamynþehaH rW nava¦


60

man-made disaster mhnþraybgáedaymnusS

manner EbbbT

manual 1> htßkmµ 22> esovePAk,Ün

manufacture kmµnþsal

manufactured goods TMnijkmµnþsal

manufacturing kmµnþsalkmµ/ karplit

¬y:ageRcIn²edayeRbIm:asuIn¦

margin Gb,har/ kMrit/ m:aCIn/ ~ of error

kMritel¥óg/ ~ of lending kMriteGayx©IR)ak;/ ~

of profit kMritR)ak;cMeNj

marginal benefit plcMeNjÉktabEnßm

¬kñúgkarbegáInmYyÉktaplitpl¦

marginal cost éføedImÉktabEnßm ¬edIm,I

plitbEnßmmYyÉktaplitplelIsEpnkar¦/

bnÞúkcMNaym:ahSúINal;

marginal project KMeragbnÞab;bnSM

marginal propensity to consume

kMritTMenarénkareRbIR)as;bEnßm

marginal propensity to save

kMritTMenarénkarsnSMbEnßm

marginal revenue cMNUlÉktabEnßm

¬BIkarlk;plitplbEnßmmYyÉkta¦

marginal utility plRbeyaCn_ÉktabEnßßm

marginalisation m:aCInUbnIykmµ/ karRcan

cUlsßanPaBKµansiT§iGMNac

marginal-tax ratio smaPaKkMeNIn

cMNUlBn§eFobnwgkMeNInplTunCatisrub

marine xagsmuRT/ ~ concession Edn

sm,TanTwkéRb/ ~ fisheries ensaTsmuRT/

~ insurance karFanar:ab;rgpøÚvsmuRT

mark down v. bBa©úHéfø

mark up v. tMelIgéfø

market n. TIpSar/ black ~ pSarggwt/

capital ~ TIpSarTun ¬sMrab;vinieyaK¦/

~ capitalisation tMélRkumh‘unKittam

tMélTIpSarénsnøwkh‘un/ closed ~ TIpSarbiT

¬lk;[EttMNagpþac;mux¦/ open ~ TIpSarcMh

¬RKb;KñaGacTij¼lk;)an¦ ~ demand/need

tMrUvkarTIpSar/ ~ economy esdækic©TIpSar/

~ failure braC½yénTIpSar/ ~ forces kMlaMg

TIpSar/ money/finance ~ TIpSarrUbiyvtßú

¬kMcIry³eBlxøI²¦/ ~ practice TMlab;TIpSar/

~ price éføenATIpSar/ ~ saturation titßikmµ

kñúgpSar/ PaBEq¥teBjedayTMnijénTIpSar/ ~

segmentation karEbgEckTIpSar/ ~ value

tMélTIpSar ¬tMélenAéf¶enH¦/ tMélFanik/

~ share/penetration cMENkTIpSar

market v. lk;elITIpSar/ ~ a new product

lk;plitplfµIelITIpSar

marketable Gaclk;y:aggay

marketing m:aXItTIg/ karbeBa©jlk;elITIpSar/

~ chain ExScgVak; m:aXITIg¼TIpSar

market-regulated economy

esdækic©TIpSarerobry/ esdækic©niy½tTIpSar

mark-up Gb,har

marriage certificate sMbuRtGaBah_BiBah_

mass media RbB½n§pSBVpSay ¬B½t’man¦

mass production karplitRTg;RTayFM

master adj. eKal/ em/ ~ budget fvikaem/

~ map EpnTIeKal/ ~ plan Epnkar¼bøg;eKal/

~ sample KMrUtagem

master’s degree fñak;GnubNÐit

matching concept/convention

eKalkarN_énPaBsuIKña


61

material sMPar³/ RkNat;

maternal mortality rate

GRtamrN³matuPaB

mature eBjv½y/ cas;TMu/ ~ economy

esdækic©rIkcMerIneBjelj

maturity bkáPaB/ PaBeBjv½y/ PaBcas;TMu/

kalvsan/ kalkMNt;/ date of ~ éf¶dl;

kMNt; ¬sg¦

maximisation GtibrmanIykmµ

mayor ecAhVayRkug

mean (statistics) mFüm/ arithmetic ~

mFümnBVnþ/ geometric ~ mFümFrNImaRt

means meFüa)ay/ ~ of production

meFüa)ayplitkmµ

measurability PaBGacvas;)an

measure 1> TMhM/ rgVas; 22> viFankar/

economic ~ viFankaresdækic©/ fiscal ~

viFankarsareBIBn§

measurement of profitability

karvas;EvgPaBmancMeNj

mechanism 1> ynþkar 22> esnaFikar

¬sßab½n¦

mechanisation ynþkmµ/ ynþtUbnIykmµ

media or mass media RbB½n§pSBVpSay

mediation karsMruHsMrYl

mediator GñksMruHsMrYl

medic n. GñkevC¢saRsþ

medical ¬én¦ evC¢saRsþ/ ~ assistant

CMnYyevC¢saRsþ

medical aid n. GñkCMnYyevC¢saRsþ

medical care (expense)

¬cMNay¦EfTaMsuxPaB

medium mFüm/ ~ grade KuNPaBmFüm/

~ term loan kMcIry³eBlmFüm

meet CYb/ edaHRsay/ bMeBj ¬lkçxNÐ¦/

~ a deficit bMeBj»nPaB

meeting CMnYb/ karRbCMu/ ¬RbCMumhaCn

MEFP (Memorandum of Economic

and Financial Policy: for the IMF)

GnusSarN³sþIBIeKalneya)ayesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú

MFN (Most Favoured Nation

clause) lkçxNÐGnueRKaHbMputEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ

membership smaCikPaB

memorandum CMnYysµartI/ GnusSarN³/

~ of association GnusSarN³begáItRkumh‘un/

lkçnþik³Rkumh‘un/ ~ of understanding

(MOU) GnusSarN³RBmeRBog

mental ability smtßPaBxagbBaØa

mental job kargareRbIxYrk,al ¬EdlRtUvriHKit¦

mercantile adj. énBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ marine

kgnavaBaNiC¢kmµ¬rbs;RbeTsNamYy¦/

~ country RbeTs ¬mancMNUledaykareFVI¦

BaNiC¢kmµ

mercantilism BaNiC¢kmµniym

merchandising service establishment

RKwHsßanesvakmµTMnij

merchant BaNiC¢kr

merger karrMlaybBa©ÚlKña ¬nUvRkumh‘unBIr rW

eRcIn CaRkumh‘unmYy¦

merit kusl/ kuslkic©/ KuNsm,tþi

message sar

messenger narsar/ elxharI


62

method viFI

methodology viFIsaRsþ

micro biology mIRkUCIv³

microcosm Gtisuxumelak

micro-credit mIRkU\NTan

microeconomics mIRkUesdækic©

micro-finance mIRkUhirBaØvtßú

middle class vNÑ³kNþal ¬rW vNÑ³KhbtI¦

middleman QµÜjkNþal/ KYkeC/ eCIgsar/

GnþrkarI

migrant CncMNakRsuk/ nirRbevsn_

migrate v. from/to eFVIcMNakRsuk rW

cakRsuk BI¼eTA

migration cMNakRsuk/ BhiRbevsn_/

snþrRbevsn_

milestone 1> eKal ¬R)ab;cMgay¦

2> RBwtiþkarN_sMxan; ¬kñúgdMeNIrkarvivtþn_énGVImYy¦

milieu mCÄdæan

military eyaFa/ eyaFin/ ~ region

eyaFPUmiPaK

Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs) eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_

mineral concentrate Er:cMraj;

minicomputer kMBüÜT½rFuntUc

minimisation Gb,brmaPavUbnIykmµ/ tax ~

kareFVI[bnÞúkBn§fycuHTabbMput

minimise v. bnßydl;kMritGb,brma

mining GaCIvkmµEr:/ karykEr:

minor adj. & n. 1> tUctac/ bnÞab;bnSM

2> GnItiCn

minority PaKtic/ Gb,PaK

misappropriation of public funds vitikmµ

FnsaFarN³/ karekgRbv½Ba©RTBüsm,tþisaFarN³

miscalculate v. KNnaxus

miscellaneous epSg²/ KNnIcMNay{epSg²}

misdemeanour bTmCÄwm

¬kMritTabCagbT]Rkidæ¦

mission ebskkmµ/ ~ letter lixitbBa¢a

ebskkmµ/ ~ statement esckþIRbkasebskkmµ

misunderstanding karyl;RcLM/ karyl;xus

mixed economic entity GgÁPaBesdækic©cMruH

mobilisation of private savings

karekNÐRbmUlR)ak;snSMÉkCn

mobilise v. ekNÐRbmUl/ RbEmRbmUl

modality of investment

EbbbTénkarvinieyaK

mode n. m:Ud/ rebob

model n. KMrU

moderate adj. & n. 1> lµm ¬]> minefak

minéfø¦ 22> mCÄnikCn

modernisation TMenIbPavUbnIykmµ/ TMenIbkmµ

modernise eFVITMenIbkmµ

modification karEkERb/ kMENERb

module m:UDIl

modus operandi EbbbTRbtibtþikar

momentum snÞúHeCOneTAmux/ kMlaMgrujRcan/

m:Um:g;

monetarism rUbiyvtßúniym

monetarisation of the deficit

rUbiyvtßúnIykmµén»nPaB

monetary adj. én rUbiyvtßú¼luy/ ~ policy

neya)ayrUbiyvtßú/ ~ overhang rUbiyvtßúelIs

tulüPaB/ ~ confidence TMnukcitþelIrUbiyvtßú/


63

~ stabilisation sßirkmµ¼sßirPavUnIykmµrUbiyvtßú/

~ transaction RbtibtþikarKitCa luy¼rUbiyvtßúú

money rUbiyvtßú/ luy/ ~ (M1) rUbiyvtßú (M1),

~ (M2) rUbiyvtßúTUeTA (M2), quasi- ~ rUbiy

vtßúepSg²/ ~ in circulation rUbiyvtßúcracr/

~ economy esdækic©rUbiyvtßú/ ~ laundering

karlagluykxVk;/ ~ market TIpSarrUbiyvtßú

¬kMcIry³eBl xøI²¦/ ~ supply karpÁt;pÁg;

rUbiyvtßú¼sac;R)ak;/ ~/funds at call rUbiyvtßú¼

mUlniFiEdlGacpþl;eGay)anPøam²

moneylender \NTayk/ GñkrksuIcgkarR)ak;

monitor v. XøaMemIl ¬ÉksarxøHeRbIBakütamdan¦

monoculture Ékvb,kmµ/ eFVIdMNaMmYymux

monopolise v. eFVIpþac;mux

monopoly n. PaBpþac;mux/ monopolistic adj.

monthly RbcaMEx/ ~ statement r)aykarN_¼

sMrg;KNnI RbcaMEx/ ~ returns cMNUlRbcaMEx

moral obligation katBVkic©pøÚvcitþ

morality sIlFm’/ good ~ mansIlFm’l¥/

social ~ sIlFm’sgÁm

morbidity PaBmanCMgWeFVIeGaysøab;

mortgage niekçb/ GuIb:UEtk/ vtßúbBa©aMbMNul

mortgagee mças;bMNulGuIb:UEtk/ niekçbKahk

mortgager/mortgagor kUnbMNulGuIb:UEtk

most favoured nation (MFN) clause

lkçxNÐGnueRKaHbMputEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ

motion of censure jtþibenÞas

motivate v. CMrujTwkcitþ/ bMpusTwkcitþ

movable (property) clnvtßú

multi-disciplinary team RkumBhuCMnaj

multilateral BhuPaKI/ ~ agreement kic©RBm

eRBogBhuPaKI/ ~ aid/assistance CMnYyBhuPaKI

multinational BhuCati/ ~ corporation

Rkumh‘unBhuCati

multiple-shop undertakings

Rkumh‘unmansaxaeRcIn

multiplier emKuN

multi-purpose allocation

karélEcksMrab;eKaledAeRcIny:ag

multi-stage eRcIndMNak;/ ~ design

bøg;eRcIndMNak;/ ~ frame eRKageRcIndMNak;/

~ sampling karykKMrUtageRcIndMNak;

mutation n. rUbvivtþn_

mutatis mutandis EdlRtUvpøas;bþÚrtam

karcaM)ac;

mutual eTAvijeTAmk/ ~ assistance

karCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk/ ~ insurance

karFanar:ab;rgeTAvijeTAmk/ ~ benefit

manplRbeyaCn_eTAvijeTAmk/

mutual fund sgÁhFn

mutual societies sgÁhsmaKm

mutually supportive

CYyRTRTg;KñaeTAvijeTAmk

N, n

nascent economy esdækic©kMBugcab;kMeNIt

nation RbCaCati/ sgÁmCati

national énCati/ ~ accounting KNenyü

Cati/ ~ budget support ]btßmÖBIfvikardæ

¬]> cMeBaHfvikaextþ¦/ ~ bank FnaKarCati/


64

~ debt bMNulCati ¬x©IedayrdæaPi)al¦/

~ income plTunCati/ ~ Institute of

Statistics viC¢asßanCatisßiti/ ~ patrimony

ebtikP½NÐCati/ ~ product plitplCati/

~ economic management karRKb;RKg

esdækic©Cati

nationality sBa¢ati/ ~ of ships sBa¢atinava

nationalise v. eFVICatUbnIykmµ/ eFVICatikmµ

nationwide TUTaMgRbeTs

natural énFmµCati/ ~ condition lkçxNÐ

FmµCati/ ~ asset RTBüsm,tþiFmµCati ¬FnFan

FmµCatiGVImYy¦/ ~ disaster eRKaH¼mhnþray

FmµCati/ ~ unemployment rate GRta

nikmµPaBFmµCati/ ~ resource FnFanFmµCati/

~ loss kar)at;bg; ÉkÉg¼edayFmµCati

nature 1> FmµCati 22> critlkçN³ ¬rbs;mnusS¦

near-liquid asset or near money

RTBüCitdUcrUbiyvtßú ¬RTBüskmµEdlGacbþÚrCa

rUbiyvtßú)any:aggay¦

need tMrUvkar/ ~ for affiliation tMrUvkar

edIm,Icgsm<½n§

needs tMrUvkar ¬caM)ac;CamUldæan¦/

~ assessment study karvaytMélBItMrUvkar

negation GviC¢mankmµ

negative adj. GviC¢man/ ~ interest karR)ak;

GviC¢man ¬GRtakarR)ak;TabCagGRtaGtiprNa¦

negligence kareFVsRbEhs/ gross ~

kareFVsRbEhsF¶n;F¶r

negotiable adj. 1>Gaccrca)an/ ~ price

éføGaccrca)an 22>GacCYjdUr)an/ ~ debt

instrument rUbiyaNtþi\NeTyüGacCYjdUr)an/

~ documents ÉksarykTUTat;)an/

~ instrument ]bkrN_TUTat;

negotiate v. crca/ negotiation n.

neocolonialism GaNaniKmniymEbbfµI

net suT§/ sCÄtþikr/ ~ exports karnaMecjsuT§/

~ cost tMél suT§¼sCÄtþikr/ ~ foreign assets

RTBüskmµbreTssuT§/ ~ foreign current

transfer (NFCT) karepÞrbreTscrnþsuT§/ ~

foreign factor income (NFFI) ktþaplTun

breTssuT§/ ~ income cMNUlsuT§/ ~ indirect

taxes (NIT) Bn§RbeyalsuT§/ ~ national

product plTunCatisuT§/ ~ profit R)ak;cMenj

suT§/ ~ present value (NPV) tMélbc©úb,nñ

suT§/ ~ taxable income cMnUlCab;Bn§suT§/

~ worth mUlniFipÞal;suT§/ tMélBitRTBüskmµsuT§

¬RTBüskmµKittamtMélBitenATIpSar

ehIydkbMNulcrnþ¦

network bNþaj

neutralisation GBüaRkwtPavUbnIykmµ/

GBüaRkwtkmµ

new international economic order

(NIEO) lMdab;esdækic©GnþrCatifµI

newly fµI²/ ~ industrialised countries

(NICs) RbeTseFVI]sSahUbnIykmµfµI

newsletter RBwtþib½RtB½t’man

next of kin jatiCitCageK

NGO (non-government organisation)

GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al

nine years basic education

karGb;rMmUldæanry³eBl 9qñaM

nobility vNÑ³GPiCn

nomenclature namvlI ¬matika¦/ muxTMnij

nominal carwk/ ~ GNP plitplCatisrub


65

carwk/ ~ rate of interest GRtakarR)ak; carwk/

~ value tMélcarwk

nomination karEtgtaMg

nominee GñkTTYlkarEtgtaMg/ ~ account

KNnIkan;kab;kñúgnambuKÁlmñak;eTot

non-commercial bank FnaKarGBaNiC¢

non-agricultural or non-farm

employment kargarminEmnksikmµ

non-aligned movement clnamincUl

bkSsm½<n§

non-compliance karminRbtibtþitam/ PaB

minRsbtam

non-concessional adj. minpþl;sm,Tan

non-convertible currency

rUbiyvtßúminGacbþÚr ¬ykrUbiyvtßúdéT¦ )an

non-delivery karminRbKl;

non-discriminatory adj. minerIseGIg

non-durables TMnijminKg;yUr ¬Gahar/

sarB½t’man>>>¦

non-food items TMnijminEmnGahar

non-government organisation

(NGO) GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al

non-household sector vis½yminTak;Tg

nwgRKYsar

non-negotiable instrument ]bkrN_

minGacykeTATUTat;)an

non-payment karminTUTat;

non-performance karminGnuvtþn_/

karKµanlT§pl

non-performing loan kMcIBi)akTar

non-refundable adj. EdlminbgVilsgvij

non-resident GnivasnCn rW GnivasCn

non-returnable packing sMbkevcx©b;

minRbmUlvij

non-tax features lkçN³minTak;TgnwgBn§dar

non-taxable adj. minCab;Bn§/ ~ income

cMNUlminCab;Bn§

non-timber forest products (NTFPs)

GnupléRBeQI

non-urban population

RbCaCnminEmnGñkTIRkug

norm bTdæan

normalisation RbRktIPaBkmµ/ bktikmµ/

niy½tkmµ

North, the (countries) ]tþrRbeTs

¬RbeTsGñkman¦

notarial deed lixitviBaØabnkmµ

notary public sarkarI

note sarxøI²/ lixit/ kMNt;sMKal;/ advice ~

lixitCUndMNwg/ bank/currency ~ Rkdas

R)ak;/ covering ~ lixitGm/ credit/debit ~

lixit\NTan¼\NBn§/ delivery ~ lixit

RbKl;TMnij/ dispatch ~ lixitbBa¢ÚnTMnij/

promissory ~ b½NÑCMBak;R)ak;/ b½NÑsnüa

noticeable change

karERbRbYlKYr[kt;sMKal;

notification karCUndMNwg/ ~ procedure

nItiviFICUndMNwg

notifying bank FnaKarCUndMNwg

notion sBaØaN

novation kic©RBmeRBogepÞrkic©snüa

¬[PaKITI3¦


66

novelty adj. & n. PaB¼rbs; fµIEbøk

NPRS (National Poverty Reduction

Strategy) yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

nuclear-family structures rcnasm<½n§

RKYsarsñÚl ¬«BukmþaynigkUn¦

null and void emaX³

nullification emaXkmµ/ nullify v. eFVI[

eTACaemaX³

nullity emaXPaB

numeracy karecHelx

numerator (fraction) PaKyk

nutrition GaharUbtßmÖ

O, o

obedience karsþab;»vaT

object to v. CMTas;/ RbqaMg

objection, have no Kµankaryl;Tas;

objective n. & adj. 1> kmµvtßú/ TisedA

2> stüanum½t/ EdlQrelIkarBitCak;Esþg

objectivity kmµvis½yPaB

obligation katBVkic©/ be under ~ man

katBVkic©/ meet one’s obligations sg

bMNulrbs;xøÜn

obligatory CakatBVkic©/ xanmin)an

observation 1> karsegát ¬emIl¦

2> esckþIsegát ¬karkt;sMKal;¦

observe v. segát

observer GñksegátkarN_

obsolescence PaBhYssm½y

obsolete hYssm½y

occupation 1> muxrbr 22> karkan;kab;

occupancy rate (hotel) GRtasñak;enA

¬sNæaKar¦

occupational accident eRKaHfñak;enA

eBlbMeBjkargar

occupier Gñkkan;kab;

oceanography saKrsaRsþ

odd job kargarl¥itel¥ac

odd number elxess

offence bTelµIs/ eTaskmµ

offer 1> kareGayéfø/ cash ~ karsMubg;Ca

sac;R)ak; 22> karRbkaslk; ¬kñúgéføNamYy¦/

introductory ~ éføTak;m:Uy ¬cMeBaHplitpl

fµI¦/ special ~ TMnijlk;efakBiess

offer and demand karpþl;nigtMrUvkar

off-farm employment kargareRkAksidæan

officer m®nþI

official pøÚvkar/ ~ confirmation esckþI

bBa¢ak;CapøÚvkar/ ~ rate GRtapøÚvkar

Official Gazette raCkic© ¬esovePA¦

official n. m®nþIpøÚvkar/ GñkpøÚvkar

officialdom kariyaFibetyü

offload v. CMruHecj ¬nUvGVImYyEdlxøÜn

mincg;Tuk ]> snøwkh‘unelIstMrUvkar¦

offset v. b:Hb:Uvvij/ kat;kgvij

offshore adj. eRkAeqñr ¬eRbgkat¦

off-the-job training

karbNþúHbNþaldac;BIkargar

ombudsman m®nþIesuIbGegátBIkartv:a

¬cMeBaHsßab½nrdæ b¤GgÁkarFM²¦


67

omission 1> karxkxan ¬min)aneFVI¦

2> karkat;ecj 33> GVIEdl min)aneFVI rW kat;ecj

omnibus adj. cMruHmux/ ~ agreement

kic©RBmeRBogcMruHmux/ ~ bill of lading

GBaØtb½RtrYm

on an equal footing edayesµIPaBnigesµIsiT§i

on the path of reform elImaKa’énkMENTMrg;

onerous adj. Gs;esah‘uyeRcIn

one-stop service esvaRckecjcUlEtmYy

ongoing activity skmµPaBkMBug dMeNIrkar¼

RbRBwtþeTA

on-the-job training karbNþúHbNþal

P¢ab;nwgkargar

open adj. cMh/ ~ economy esdækic©ebIk

cMh/ ~ account KNnIcMh ¬kt;RtakarTij

eCOedayGñkTijKµandak;vtßúFana¦

open balance smtulümanelx ¬minsUnü¦

open cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtKµanqUt ¬b¤cMh¦

open credit \NTanKµandak;vtßúFana

¬sMrab;GtifiCnl¥rbs;FnaKar¦

open market pSarcMh/ pSaresrI/

~ operations RbtibtþikarelIpSarcMh

open policy eKalneya)ayebIkTUlay

open the trade sector v.

ebIkTUlayvis½yBaNiC¢kmµ

opening balance smtulüedImRKa

opening bank (for letters of credit)

FnaKarebIksar\NTan

operating budget fvikaRbtibtþikar

operating costs/expenses bnÞúkcMNay

RbtibtþikarFmµta

operation Rbtibtþikar/ insurance ~

RbtibtþikarFanar:ab;rg

operational costs bnÞúkcMNayRbtibtþikar

operative system RbB½n§Rbtibtþikar

operator Rbtibtþikr

opinion eyabl;/ mti/ ~ poll karsÞg;mti

opportunity kalanuvtþiPaB/ »kas

opportunity cost tMél»kasRtUv)at;bg;/

tMélénkarlHbg;

opposition 1> karRbqaMg rW CMTas;

2> bkSRbqaMg

optical fiber cable ExSkabGubTic

optimal allocation karélEckRbesIrbMput

optimism suTidiæniym

optimistic estimate kar)a:n;sµansuTidæi

optimise v. eFVIeGay)anRbesIr ¬bMput¦

option CMerIs/ at your ~ tamCMerIsrbs;Gñk/

share ~ siT§iTijPaKh‘un ¬kñúgéføNamYyenA

eBlNamYy¦ naGnaKt

oral agreement/contract

kic©RBmeRBog¼ kic©snüapÞal;mat;

¬minEmnCalaylkçN_GkSr¦

order 1> bBa¢a/ provincial/municipal ~

dIkaextþ¼Rkug/ 22> lMdab; 33> sNþab;Fñab;/

public ~ sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³

order for payment (French: mandat

de dépense) GaNtþiebIkR)ak;cMNay

order form/slip b½NÑbBa¢aTij

order, purchase b½NÑ¼kar bBa¢aTij

ordinary share PaKh‘unsamBaØ

ordnance yuT§P½NÐ/ unexploded ~


68

yuT§P½NÐminTan;pÞúH

organic agriculture ksikmµsrIragÁ

organic/organisational law

c,ab;erobcMGgÁkar

organisation chart GgÁkarelx

organisational structure

rcnasm<½n§cat;taMg

Organisation for Economic

Cooperation and Development

(OECD) GgÁkarshRbtibtþikaresdækic©

nigGPivDÆn_

orientation kartMrg;Tis

oriented (orientated) tMrg;eTArk/ sMedA/

manninñakareTArk

origin RbPBedIm/ edImkMeNIt/ bJsKl;/

certificate of ~ viBaØabnb½RtRbPBedIm TMnij/

country of ~ RbeTsRbPBedIm

origin, zero point Kl;G½kS

original cost tMélenAeBlcUl

¬tMélsMPar³eBlTijcUl¦

original invoice vikáybRtedIm

originating bank FnaKarebIksar\NTan

orthodox policy eKalneya)aysmµamti

¬RsmtamkarCMenO¼mtiCaTUeTA¦

outcome lT§pl

outdated, out-of-date hYssm½y

outflow lMhUrecj

outgoing letters lixitecj

outgoings cMNay

outlays (financial) cMNay/ debt

amortisation ~ cMNayrMls;bMNul

outlet kEnøglk;ecj

outlook TsSnvis½y/ karRbemIlemIlGnaKt

output Fatuecj/ plitpl/ final ~

Fatuecj sMerc¼cugeRkay

output tax or VAT (value added tax)

GakrelItMélbEnßm

outreach kareQagdl;/ karQandl;

outsource v. cuHkic©snüaxageRkA

outstanding adj. enACMBak;/ ~ balance

smtulüenACMBak;/ ~ cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt

minTan;sgR)ak;/ ~ loans kMcIenACMBak; ~

student sisSBUEk

outstanding obligations (debt)

bMNulhYskalbriecäT

outward-looking country

RbeTsebIkcMh ¬eq<aHeTAxageRkA¦

overcapacity smtßPaBelIs ¬tMrUvkarplit¦

overcharge kMérykelIs ¬elIskMritsmrmü¦

overcontrol karRtYtBinitühYs

overdraft 1> kardkR)ak;elIsR)ak;beBaØI

2> \NTankMNt;/ \NTanelIssmtulü

¬FnaKar¦

overdraft, to grant an

GnuBaØat\NTanelIssmtulü

overdue hYskalkMNt;sg/ ~ bill lixit

TarR)ak;hYskalkMNt;/ ~ loans R)ak;kMcI

hYskalkMNt;sg/ ~ payment karsgR)ak;

hYskalkMNt;sg

overfishing karensaTRtIhYsRbmaN

overheads or overhead expenses/costs

cMNay Rbeyal¼TUeTA ¬cMNayeTogTat; nig

sMxan;² dUcCa QñÜlpÞH/ TUrs½BÞ/ sMPar³kariyal½y>>>

EdlminTak;TgedaypÞal;nwgkarplit¦


69

overheated economy esdækic©rt;ekþAeBk

¬kMeNInskmµPaBesdækic©EdleFVI[mankMeNIn

GtiprNa¦

overlap RtYtKña/ KgKña

overlook emIlrMlg

overpopulation RbCaCneRcInhYs

overproduction briplitkmµ/ karplitelIs

overriding (in law) sMxan;CagGVIÉeTot

over-sampling karykKMrUtagelIs

overseas adj. enAbreTs/ ~ branches

saxaenAbreTs

oversight 1> karRbEhsePøcPøaMg

2> karemIlxusRtUvelI/ karTTYlbnÞúk

overspending cMNayhYskMNt;

overstaffed EdlmanbuKÁlikeRcInhYs

overtime, work v. eFVIkarem:agbEnßm

overview karBinitüCaTUeTA/ TsSn³rYm

overwhelming majority PaKeRcInelIslb;

owner m©as;/ m©as;kmµsiT§i/ kmµsiT§ikr/ ~ of

the goods m©as;TMnij

ownership kmµsiT§i/ PaBCam©as;

P, p

package kBa©b;/ ~ budget kBa©b;fvika/

pay/salary ~ kBa©b;ebovtSr_ ¬ebovtSr_ nig

R)ak;]btßmÖepSg² sMrab;kargarGVImYy¦ ~ tour

kBa©b;ExSTsSnkic©packaging (accounting) sMbkevcx©b;

packing list bBa¢Ievcx©b;

¬bBa¢IbBa¢ak;karevcx©b;TMnij¦

packing, non-returnable

sMbkevcx©b;minRmmUlykvij

pact ktikasBaØa ¬kic©RBmeRBogCapøÚvkar¦

paddy RsUv/ ~ husking karkinRsUv/

~ plots GMBkERs

paid holidays éf¶Qb;sMrakmanebovtSr_

paid-up capital mUlFn)anbg;CMrH

¬edImTunEdl)anbg;ehIy¦

panel of experts KN³CMnajkar

panic karP½yep¥Il/ GehtuP½y/ financial ~

GehtuP½yhirBaØvtßú

paper loss/profit cMeNj¼xat elIRkdas

¬RTBü)ancuH¼ekIntMélb:uEnþminTan;)anlk;ecjeT¦

paper money luyRkdas/ RkdasR)ak;

paperwork kargarRkdassñam

par value tMélcuHelIb½NÑ ¬rW tMélcarwk¦

paradox brmti/ Rbtimti

paradoxically EdlRbTaMgRbeTIsépÞkñúg

paramedic n. GñkGmevC¢saRsþ

paramedical adj. GmevC¢saRsþ

parameter ):ar:aEm:Rt

pare the budget v. bnßyfvikabnþicmþg²

parent company Rkumh‘unem

park ]Tüan/ national ~ ]TüanCati

partiality n. PaBlMeGog ¬kñúgkarCYyKaMRT¦

participant n. GñkcUlrYm

participate v. cUlrYm

participation 1> karcUlrYm

2> PaKkmµ ¬karbNþak;Tun¦


70

participatory poverty assessment

(PPA) karvaytMélPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm

participatory rural appraisal (PRA)

karvaytMélCnbTedaymankarcUlrYm

partner édKU/ smaKt/ GñkcUlh‘un

partnership 1> PaBCaédKU 22> CMnYjh‘unKña

part-time work kargarmineBjem:ag

party (to the contract) PaKI ¬énkic©snüa¦

pass the test (education) eFVIetsþCab;

passbook esovePAR)ak;beBaØI

passive adj. Gkmµ

passport lixitqøgEdn

past-due debt bMNulhYs kalkMNt;¼

éf¶kMNt;sg

patent RbkasnIyb½Rt ¬GnuBaØateGayRbkb

GaCIvkmµ¦/ )a:tg;/ ~ licence b½NÑ):atg;

patrimony ebtikP½NÐ/ RTBüsm,tþi/

ekrþ×mrtk ¬EdlmanCab;tmkBIxag«Buk¦

patron Gñk]btßmÖ/ emekIy/ bri)al

pattern lMnaM/ KMrU/ trading ~ lMnaMeFVI

BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ of rotation lMnaMvilpøas;bþÚrKña

pawn v. bBa©aM

pawnbroker kugsuI ¬bBa©aM¦

pay as you earn (PAYE)

RbB½n§Bn§kat;TukelIR)ak;ebovtSr_

pay at sight sgR)ak;eBlbgðajÉksar

pay back v. sgvij

pay n. ebovtSr_/ R)ak;kMér/ holidays with ~

éf¶Qb;sMrakmanebovtSr_/ leave without ~

karQb;sMrakKµanebovtSr_

pay off v. 1> TUTat;¼bg; pþac;

2> TUTat;R)ak;pþac; nigbBa©b;kargarGñkNamñak;

pay out v. TUTat;¼bg; R)ak;ecj

pay up v. TUTat;sgR)ak;CMBak;eK

payable adj. sg)an/ ~ to bearer

sgeGayGñkkan;/ ~ to order sgtambBa¢a

payback period 1> ry³eBlRtUvsgkMcIvij

2> ry³eBl RbmUlTun)anvij¼Rsg;edIm

¬)ancMeNjesµITundak;cuH¦

payee GñkRtUv)anbg;R)ak;[

payer Gñkbg;R)ak;¬[eK¦

paying bank FnaKarTUTat;

paying business GaCIvkmµ¼CMnYj Edl

pþl;cMeNj

payment karTUTat;/ karbg;R)ak;/ karsgR)ak;/

~ by instalments karsgbNþak; ¬]> tamEx¦/

~ credit \NTanTUTat;/ ~ currency rUbiyvtßú

TUTat;/ ~ in kind karTUTat;Cavtßú/ ~ systems

RbB½n§TUTat;/ ~ mechanism ynþkarTUTat;/

~ warrant GaNtþiebIkR)ak;

payoff n. R)ak;bg;pþac;

payout n. 1> R)ak;TUTat;ecj 22> R)ak;bg;CYy

Rkumh‘unNamYy ¬]> edayrdæaPi)al¦

payroll bBa¢I¼tarag ebovtSr_

peace building karksagsnþiPaB

pecuniary Tak;TgnwgR)ak;kas/ ~ motives

ehtuplxagluykak;

penalise v. Bin½y/ dak;eTas

penalty eTasT½NÐ/ eTasbBaØtþi/ karpakBin½y

pending accounts KNnIBüÜr ¬rg;caM

karedaHRsay¦

pension esaFnnivtþn_/ R)ak;ruWERtt/ ~ fund

mUlniFiesaFnnivtþn_


71

pensioner GñkTTYlesaFnnivtþn_

per diem ¬R)ak;¦ cMNaytaméf¶ ¬Kittam

cMnYnéf¶ nigtamFmµtamanGRtaesµIKñasMrab;

buKÁlikRKb;kMrit¦

percentage PaKry

perception sBaØaxn§/ cMNab;GarmµN_

performance TegVI/ karGnuvtþn_/ lT§pl/

~ standard sþg;dar lT§pl¼Rbtibtþi

performing EdldMeNIrkar/ ~ asset

RTBüskmµdMeNIrkar/ non ~ asset RTBüskmµ

mindMeNIrkar

period ry³eBl/ GMLúgeBl/ RKa ¬KNenyü¦

periodic tamkalkMNt;/ eTogeBl/ samayik/

~ control system RbB½n§RtYtBinitütamkal

kMNt;/ ~ order system RbB½n§bBa¢aTijeTogeBl

periodical n. kalikb½Rt ¬TsSnavdþI/

RBwtþib½Rt>>>¦

periodically edayeTogeBl

periodicity samyikPaB

perishable adj. EdlgayxUc¬KuNPaB¦/

~ goods TMnijgayxUc

perishables n. TMnijgayxUc

perks (or perquisites) GtßRbeyaCn_

bEnßm ¬pþl;CabEnßmelIebovtSr_¦

permanent Gcié®nþy_/ ~ establishment

RKwHsßanGcié®nþy_/ RKwHsßanCab;lab;/ ~ organ

GgÁkarGcié®nþy_

permit lixitGnuBaØat/ Tidæakar/ building ~

lixitGnuBaØatsagsg;/ export/import ~

lixitGnuBaØatnaMecj¼naMcUl/ work ~ lixit

GnuBaØateGayeFIVkar ¬sMrab;CnbreTs¦

perpetual inventory system

RbB½n§sareBIP½NÐnirnþn_

perpetuity nic©PaB

person buKÁl/ physical/natural ~

rUbvnþbuKÁl/ legal person/entity nItibuKÁl

personal pÞal;xøÜn/ ~ consumption

kareRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn/ ~ effects sMPar³

eRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn/ ~ loan kMcIpÞal;xøÜn ¬sMrab;

kareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar rW pÞal;xøÜn minEmnsMrab;

GaCIvkmµeT¦/ ~ property RTBüpÞal;xøÜn/

~ revenue R)ak;cMNUlbuKÁl/ ~ selling

kareXasnapSaylk;pÞal; ¬énbuKÁlmñak;¦/

~ income tax Bn§elIR)ak;cMNUlbuKÁl

personal identification number

(see PIN)

personality 1> buKÁliklkçN³ ¬KYrkt;sMKal;¦

2> Gñkl,Il,aj

personnel buKÁlik/ ~ benefits GtßRbeyaCn_

pþl;eGaybuKÁlik

perspective yfaTsSn_/ TsSnvis½y

PERT (Programme Evaluation and

Review Techniques) bec©keTsBinitü

vaytMélKMerag ¬rW kmµviFI¦

pessimistic estimate kar)a:n;sµanTuTidæi

pesticides fñaMsMlab;stVcéRg

petition jtþi

petroleum eRbgkat/ eRbg\n§n³/ ~ security

agreement kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI snþisuxeRbg\n§n³

petty cash sac;R)ak;bnþicbnþÜc/ ~ custodian

Gñkkan;hibR)ak; ¬R)ak;tictYc¦/ ~ book esovePA

cMNaytUctac/ ~ fund ebLa/ mUlniFisMrab;


72

cMNaybnþicbnþÜc/ ~ voucher b½NÑcMNayebLa

Ph.D. (degree) fñak;bNÐit

phase n. dMNak;kal

Phillips curve ExSekaghVIlIB ¬bgðaj

TMnak;TMngrvagGRtaERbRbYlénR)ak;ebovtSr_

eTAnwgkMritnikmµPaB¦

phone card s½BÞb½Rt ¬katTUrs½BÞ¦

physical rUbvnþ/ Cak;Esþg/ ~ accounts

KNenyürUbFatu/ ~ environment brisßan

rUbvnþ/ ~ factor ktþarUbvnþ/ ~ infrastructure

ehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbvnþ/ ~ investment vinieyaK

rUbvnþ ¬CasMPar³/ R)ak;kas>>¦/ ~ resources

FnFanrUbvnþ ¬GaKar/ ]bkrN_>>¦

physical therapist GñkBüa)aledayclna

phytosanitary PUtKamGnam½y

piece rate GRtatamÉktaplit

¬kMérKittambrimaNplit)an¦

pilot project KMeragsakl,g

PIN (personal identification number)

elxsMKal;pÞal;xøÜn/ elxGtþsBaØaNbuKÁl

pioneer industry ]sSahkmµQanmux

pioneering work kargarQanmux¼

RtYsRtay

pisciculture karciBa©wmRtI/ mcävb,kmµ

pittance R)ak;cMNUld¾sþÜcesþIg

place kEnøg

plan n. Epnkar/ five-year ~ EpnkarR)aMqñaM/

investment ~ EpnkarvinieyaK/ rolling ~

EpnkarrMkil

planned economy esdækic©Epnkar

planner GñkeFVIEpnkar/ EpnkarI

planning Epnkarkmµ/ kareFVIEpnkar/

karksagEpnkar

plant n. 1> eragcRk 22> eRKOgm:asuIn

plantation cMkar/ rubber ~ cMkarekAs‘U

platform evTika/ kmµviFIneya)ay ¬rbs;

KNbkS¦

playback karcak;eLIgvij ¬ExSGat;>>¦

pledge karsnüa/ R)ak;snüaeGay

plenary session sm½yRbCMueBjGgÁ

plot dILÚt_/ k,aldI

plough back v. vinieyaKbnþ ¬nUvR)ak;cMeNj¦

pocket of poverty RcklðkmanPaBRkIRk

polarisation, social PaB)ak;EbksgÁm/

karRbmUlpþúMCa ¬BIr¦RkummanKMnitpÞúyKña

police record, copy of the

lixitefáaleTas ¬rbs;b:UlIs¦

policy brief segçbsMrab;eKalneya)ay

policy formulation nimµitkmµ¼karksag

eKalneya)ay

policy framework Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay

policymaker Gñkksag¼GñkkMNt;

eKalneya)ay

political platform (of a party)

kmµviFIneya)ay ¬rbs;KNbkS¦

poll n. kare)aHeqñat

polling station kariyal½ye)aHeqñat

pollutant n. sarFatubMBul

pollution karbMBul/ air ~ karbMBulxül;

polyculture kareFVIVdMNaMeRcInmux/ Bhuvb,kmµ

population RbCaCn/ ~ growth rate GRta

kMeNInRbCaCn/ ~ policy eKalneya)ayRbCaCn


73

port of loading/shipment kMBg;EppÞúkTMnij

portfolio investments vinieyaKCamUlb½Rt

¬PaKh‘unTaMgGs;rbs;vinieyaKinNamñak;¦

position 1> CMhr

2> tMENg/ vacant ~ tMENgTMenr

positive adj. viC¢man/ ~ balance of

payments CBa¢IgTUTat;viC¢man/ ~ cash flow

lMhUrsac;R)ak;viC¢man ¬sac;R)ak;hUrcUlFMCag

sac;R)ak;ecj¦/ ~ interest karR)ak;viC¢man

¬GRtakarR)ak;x<s;CagGRtaGtiprNa¦

possession karkan;kab;/ ePaK³

post CaeRkay/ ~ auditing svnkmµCaeRkay

post a profit/loss RbkasCa saFarN³¼

pøÚvkar BI cMeNj rW kMhat

post an entry/item to the ledger

cuHelxnaeTAkñúgesovePAFM

post-action controls karRtYtBinitü

eRkayskmµPaB

post-date v. cuHkalbriecäTGnaKt

potential n. & adj. 1> skþanuBl

2> skþanuPUt

potentiality skþanuPaB

poverty PaBRkIRk/ TurKtPaB/ ~ reduction

karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk/ ~ line bnÞat;RkIRk

power GMNac/ siT§iGMNac/ kMlaMg/ GanuPaB

power boat Lúgbut ¬GUb½r¦

power grid/network bNþajGKÁIsnI

power of attorney lixitRbKl;siT§i

practice karGnuvtþn_ Cak;Esþg¼RbcaM/

professional ~ RbRBwtþikmµviC¢aCIv³

practitioner GñkGnuvtþ ¬RbcaM¦

pragmatic adj. EdlKitBIlT§pl/ Edlmanpl

pre- mun/ buer/ pre-Angkor buerGgÁr/

pre-crisis munvibtþi/

pre-action controls karRtYtBinitümunskmµPaB

precarious path KnøgeRKaHfñak;

precedent n. krNIyutþisaRsþ ¬tulakar¦

preceding mun/ ~ year qñaMmun ¬qñaMmunTI1¦

precious stones t,Úg ¬fµ¦ mantMél

preclude RcanecalCamun

pre-concession inventory

sareBIP½NÐbuersm,Tan

precondition buerlkçxNÐ ¬lkçxNÐRtUv

bMeBjCamun¦

predictability n. PaBGacTsSn_Tay)an/

TsSlT§PaB

predictable adj. GacTsSn_Tay)an

preemption siT§iTijmuneK ¬nUvsnøwkh‘un

ecjpSayfµIEfmeTot¦

pre-existing condition lkçxNÐmantaMgBImun

pre-feasibility study karsikSamun

karsikSaBIPaBGaceFVI)an

preference cMNUlcitþ

preference share h‘unGnueRKaH ¬EdlCa

erOy² KµansiT§ie)aHeqñateT b:uEnþTTYl)anPaK

laPmunh‘unÉeTot nigRtUvsgmunh‘unFmµta kñúg

krNIrMlayRkumh‘un¦

preferential EdlmansiTi§/ EdleKcUlcitþ

¬CagGVImYyeTot¦/ ~ creditor \NTayk

mansiTi§TarbMNulmun/ ~ duty (tariff) GRta

Bn§KyGnueRKaHBiess ¬Tab¦

pre-investment agency TIPñak;garBinitü


74

lT§PaBmuneBlvinieyaK

prejudice 1> buervinicä½y 22> kareFVI[xUcxatdl;

preliminary adj. epþImmux/ ~ discussion

karBiPakSaepþImmux

premises GaKar nigdICitGaKar ¬kmµsiT§ikr

EtmYy¦

premium buBVlaP/ at a ~ Edllk;)anéfø

¬elIsFmµta¦/ insurance ~ buBVlaPFanar:ab;rg

prepaid expense cMNaybg;mun

prepaid income cMNUlTTYlmun

prerequisite buBVlkçxNÐ

prescription bBaØtþi¼evC¢bBa¢a

present v. bgðaj/ presenter Gñkbgðaj/

presentation bTbgðaj

present value tMélbc©úb,nñ

press release RbkasB½t’man

prestige kitüanuPaB/ PaBefáIg/ ~ product

plitplRbNitfáúMefáIg

presumption karsnµtCamun/ sc©FarN_/

~ of innocence sc©FarN_énnireTas

pre-tax profit cMeNjmunbg;Bn§

prevalence eRbv:aLg;¼PaBCaTUeTA

price éfø/ agreed ~ éføRBmeRBog/ all-in ~

éføsBVRKb;/ bargain ~ or cut ~ éføefakNas;/

list ~ éføelIbBa¢I¬kataLúk¦/ ~ and salary

freeze karTb;éfø nigebovtSr_mineGayeLIg/

~ discrimination karerIseGIgkñúgkarkMNt;éfø/

~ listbBa¢Iéføø/ closing/opening ~ éføeBl

ehobbiThag¼ebIklk;/ cost ~ éføedIm/

competitive ~ éføRbkYtRbECg/ fair ~ éfø

yutþiFm’/ rock bottom ~ éføefakbMput/ selling

~ éfølk;/ ~ fixing karXubXitkMNt;éfø

prices to suit all pockets éføsmRsb

nwglT§PaBTijrbs;RKb;Kña

pricing karkMNt;éfø/ ~ system RbB½n§kMNt;éfø

clearance ~ karkMNt;éføedIm,IbeBa©jTMnij

primary bzm/ dMbUg/ ~ factor income ktþa

cMNUlbzm/ ~ factor of production ktþa

plitkmµbzm/ ~ health care (PHC) karEfTaM

suxPaBbzm/ ~ needs tMrUvkarcaM)ac; CamUldæan/

~ sampling unit (PSU) ÉktaykKMrUtag

dMbUg/ ~ selection CMerIsdMbUg/ ~ stratification

RsTab;nIykmµdMbUg/ ~ -sampling frame

(PSF) eRKagykKMrUtagdMbUg

primary education karGb;rMkMritbzm

prime cost tMélplitpÞal; ¬KµanbUkcMnayTUeTA¦

principal (in power transfer) GaNtþiTayk

principal accountant

KNenyükredImExS ¬RksYghirBaØvtßú¦

principal insurance company

Rkumh‘unFanar:ab;rgedIm

principle of equality and mutual benefit

eKalkarN_esµIPaBnigmanRbeyaCn_eTAvijeTAmk

prior adj. BImun/ ~ agreement

kic©RBmeRBogBImun

prioritise v. eFVIGaTiPavUbnIykmµ

priority n. GaTiPaB/ have/take ~ over

manGaTiPaBelI

private company or privately owned

company Rkumh‘unÉkCn

private income cMNUleRkABIebovtSr_

private investor vinieyaKinÉkCn

¬mnusSFmµtaEdlmanR)ak;vinieyaK¦

private economic entity


75

GgÁPaBesdækic©ÉkCn

privatisation ÉkCnnIykmµ/ ÉkCnPavUbnIykmµ

privilege 1> ÉksiT§i ¬GtßRbeyaCn_Biess¦

2> buBVsiT§i ¬siT§iBiess¦

pro forma invoice vikáybRtbeNþaHGasnñ

proactive skmµRKb;RKg/ skmµRbyuT§

probability RbU)ab‘ÍlIet/ PvnIyPaB/

~ sampling karykKMrUtagedayRbU)ab‘ÍlIet

procedural law (French: code de

procédure) c,ab;nItiviFI

procedure nItiviFI

proceeds R)ak;cMNUl/ pl/ net ~ cMNUlsuT§

process dMeNIrkar

processing karEkécñ/ RbRBwtþkmµ/ karcat;Ecg

¬Tinñn½y>>¦/ certificate of ~ viBaØabnb½RtbBa¢ak;

BIkEnøgEkécñ

proclamation esckþIRbkas/ karRbkas

procurement lT§kmµ/ karpÁt;pÁg;/ ~ phase

dMNak;kalpÁt;pÁg;

producer plitkr/ ~ surplus plelIs)an

dl;plitkr

product plitpl/ ~ breadth cMnYnmuxplitpl/

~ cycle vdþplitpl/ ~ depth Funplitpl

¬kñúgExSplitplnimYy²¦/ ~ line/ range ExS

plitpl ¬plitplRbhak;RbEhlKña 1ExS¦/

~ mix l,ayplitpl ¬plitplTaMgGs;

Edldak;lk; rWplitedayshRKasNamYy¦

production plitkmµ/ ~ accounts KNnI

plitkmµ/ ~ cost cMNayplitkmµ/ ~ line

ExSsgVak;plitkmµ/ ~ system RbB½n§plitkmµ

production-sharing contract (PSC)

kic©snüaEbgEckplitkmµ

productive adj. manplitPaB/ ~ assets

RTBüskmµmanplitPaB/ ~ ratio smaPaK

plitPaB

productivity plitPaB

profession n. viC¢aCIv³/ medical ~ viC¢aCIv³

¬xag¦ eBTü

professional énviC¢aCIv³/ ~ fees esah‘uy

viC¢aCIv³/ ~ secrecy karrkSasMgat;viC¢aCIv³

profile n. TMrg;/ rUbPaBTUeTA ¬]> énRkumh‘un

cMeBaHsaFarNCn¦

profit cMeNj/ R)ak;cMeNj/ healthy ~

cMeNjeRcIn/ ~ margin GRtacMeNj/ Gb,har/

~ sharing karEbgEckR)ak;cMeNj

profit and loss account or profit and

loss statement (US) KNnIcMeNjxat

KNnIlT§pl/ r)aykarN_cMNUlcMNay

profitability PaBmancMeNj

programme of action kmµviFIskmµPaB

progress vDÆnPaB/ PaBeCOnelOn/ CMenOn/

~ report r)aykarN_CMenOn/ ~ payment

karTUTat;tamdMNak;énCMenOnkargar/ in ~ kMBug

eCOnelOn

progressive personal income tax

Bn§kMeNIntamfñak;elIcMNUlbuKÁl

prohibition karhamXat;

prohibitive adj. 1> Edlx<s;hYslT§PaB

¬éfø/ tMél¦ 22> EdlhamXat; ¬c,ab;¦

project KMerag/ ~ appraisal karvaytMél

KMerag/ ~ cycle vdþénKMerag/ ~ formulation

karksagKMerag/ ~ justification yutþikmµKMerag/


76

~ proposal sMeNIKMerag/ ~ implementation

karGnuvtþn_KMerag/

projection karKn;KUrCamun

proliferation karrIksay ¬cMnYn¦

promise to pay (French: engagement de

dépense) karsnüacMNay

promissory note b½NÑCMBak;R)ak;/ b½NÑsnüasg

promotion 1> kartMelIgzan³ ¬buKÁlik¦

2> karpSBVpSay ¬lk;plitpl¦

3> karCMruj/ ~ of commercial interests

karCMrujplRbeyaCn_BaNiC¢kmµ

promotional strategy

yuT§saRsþpSBVpSay ¬lk;plitpl¦

prompt adj. Pøam²/ ~ cash R)ak;bg;dl;éd/

~ delivery karRbKl;Pøam²/ ~ payment

karTUTat;Pøam²

proof Psþútag/ skçIkmµ

propensity TMenar/ ]bnisS½y

property RTBü/ sm,tþi/ RTBüsm,tþi/

kmµsiT§i/ dInigGaKar/ ~ insurance karFana

r:ab;rgRTBüsm,tþi/ ~ tax Bn§elIRTBüsm,tþi¼

kmµsiT§i

proportion n. smamaRt/ in ~ to

smamaRtnwg

proportional allocation

karélEcksmamaRt

proportional tax system RbB½n§Bn§smamaRt

proposal sMeNI/ project ~ sMeNIKMerag

proprietor, proprietress, n. m©as;/ kmµsiT§ikr

prosecution 1> bNþwgsaFarN³/ karbþwgecaT

Rbkan; 22> Gyükar ¬PaKIedImecaTkñúgerOgRBhµTNÐ¦

prosecutor RBHraCGaCJa

prospect niTsSn_ ¬karrMBwgTuk¦

prospecting licence GaCJab½NÑsMrab;kar

rukrk ¬eRbgkat/ Er:>>>¦

prospective buyer GñkTijkñúgkarrMBwg

prospector Gñkrukrk ¬Er:>>>¦/ buersI

prospectus briyayb½NÑ

prosperity vibulPaB

protection kic©¼kar karBar/

environment(al) ~ kic©karBarbrisßan

protectionist measure

viFankarkarBarplitplkñúgRsuk

protocol 1> BiFIsar ¬Éksar¦

2> BiFIkar ¬sMrab;BiFIepSg²¦

protracted war s®gÁamruaMér:

provision 1>esckþIEcg/ bTb,BaØtþi rWbBaØtiþ

¬c,ab;¦/ final ~Gvsanb,BaØtþi/ transitional

~ Gnþrb,BaØtþi 22> viFankareRtom 33> vtßúpÁt;pÁg;/

sMviFanvtßú

provision dealer, retail Gñklk;raynUv

TMnijes,ógGahar

provision reserve sMviFanFn

provisional invoice vikáybRtbeNþaHGasnñ

proxy 1> GñkTTYlkarepÞrsiT§i/ GaNtþiKahk

2> ÉksarsiT§iRbTan/ lixitepÞrsiT§i

3> siT§iRbTan/ karepÞrsiT§i

prudent monetary policy

eKalneya)ayrUbiyvtßúRbugRby½tñ

prudential measure viFankarRbugRby½tñ

prudential rule viFanRbugRby½tñ


77

public administration rdæ)alsaFarN³

public n. & adj. 1>saFarNCn/ general

~ saFarNCn 22>saFarN³/ ~ accounting/

accounts KNenyüsaFarN³/ ~ company

or ~ limited company (PLC) Rkumh‘un

PaKh‘un/ saCIvkmµ ¬manecjsnøwkh‘unlk;[

saFarNCn¦/ ~ finance hirBaØvtßúsaFarN³/

~ adminstrative establishment RKwHsßan

rdæ)alsaFarN³/ ~ entity GgÁPaBrdæ ~ order

sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³/ ~ proclamation

esckþIRbkasCasaFarN³/ ~ sector vis½y

saFarN³/ ~ utilities shRKaspÁt;pÁg;saFarN³

¬pþl;esvasMrab;plRbeyaCn_saFarN³dUcCa

Twk/ GKÁIsnI/ ]sµ½n/ TUrKmnaKmn_¦/ ~ works

saFarN³kar

public relations TMnak;TMngsaFarN³

publicise v. pSBVpSay ¬c,ab;¦

public-spirited EdlKitRbeyaCn_saFarNCn

publish v. 1> e)aHBum<pSay

2> RbkaspSay/ RbkaspSayCasaFarN³

purchase ledger esovePAFMTij

¬kt;RtakarTijcUl¦

purchase v. & n. 1> Tij/ ~ on credit

TijeCO 22> karTij

purchaser GñkTij/ likely/prospective ~

GñkTijEdleKrMBwg

purchasing power GMNacTij/ lT§kmµBl/

~ of the currency GMNacTijénrUbiyvtßú

purge visuT§ikmµ/ viercnkmµ/ karsMGitsMGag

purify v. cMraj;eGaysuT§/ bnSúT§/ eRcaHsMGat

purpose eKaledA

purposive sampling karykKMrUtagtam

eKaledA

Q, q

qualification KuNvuDÆi/ kMritCMnaj/

KuNsm,tþixagCMnaj/ lkçN³sm,tþi

qualified acceptance karTTYlRBm

edaymanlkçxNÐ

qualitative énKuNPaB/ ~ method

viFIsaRsþ ¬viPaK¦ tamEbbKuNPaB

quality shipped KuNPaB ¬TMnij¦ eBlpÞúk

quality standard sþg;darKuNPaB/

bmanIyKuNPaB

quantitative énbrimaN/ ~ method

viFIsaRsþ ¬viPaK¦tamEbbbrimaN

quarrying GaCIvkmµ¬yk¦fµ

quarter 1> RtImas/ 22> mYyPaKbYn/ 2nd ~

of 7th century mYyPaKbYnTI2énstvtSr_TI7

quarter-day éf¶RbKl;R)ak;¬QñÜl¦RbcaMRtImas

quarterly adj. & adv. RbcaMRtImas

quasi-money rUbiyvtßúepSg²

quasi-public institution

sßab½nsaFarN³Rbhak;RbEhl

questionnaire bBa¢IsMnYr ¬sMrab;sMPasn_¦

quick ratio smaPaKrh½s

quintile bBa©PaK ¬sßiti¦

quorum kUr:um ¬cMnYnmnusScaM)ac;sMrab;ebIkkarRbCMu¦

quota kUta/ fixing of ~ karkMNt;kUta/ ~

regime rbbkUta/ ~ sampling

karykKMrUtagtamkUta


78

quotation éføRbkas ¬enATIpSar¦/ karRbkas

éfø/ share ~ karRbkaséføsnøwkh‘un/ keen ~

éføTak;Taj ¬KYreGaycg;Tij¦

quote v. & n. 1> kMNt;¼):an;sµan/ ~ in

local currency kMNt;éføCarUbiyvtßúkñúgRsuk

2> éføkMNt;

quoted company Rkumh‘uncUlpSarh‘un

¬snøwkh‘unmanlk;¼Tij enApSarh‘un¦

quoted price éfø)anRbkas

quotient n. plEck

R, r

racism BUCsasn_niym

raise v. 1> tMelIg/ ~ taxes tMelIgBn§

2> ekNÐRbmUl/ érGgÁas ¬R)ak;¦

rally (price) eLIgéføvij ¬eRkayBI)ancuH¦

random écdnü/ ~ check karRtYtemIl

écdnü/ ~ sample KMrUtagécdnü

randomisation écdnünIykmµ

range n. 1> RbeLaH/ price ~ RbeLaHéfø/ ~

of vision RbeLaH ¬cMgay¦ emIleXIj

2> cMnYnmux ¬plitplRbePTNamYy¦

3> CYr ¬PñM¦

rank zan³/ zannþrs½kþi ¬m®nþIraCkar¦

rank v. eFVIcMNat;fñak; ¬tamlMdab;¦

ransom R)ak;elaHxøÜn

rate GRta/ exchange ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;/

closing ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;enAeBlbiT/ forward

~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;mankalkMNt;/ ~ of interest

GRtakarR)ak;/ ~ of return GRtaTajcMNUl/

spot ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;dl;éd

rate éfø ¬Ékta¦

ratification karpþl;sc©ab½n/ sc©anumti

rating kareFVIcMNat;fñak; tMél¼KuNsm,tþi/

performance ~ kareFVIcMNat;fñak;lT§plkargar

ratio smaPaK/ Gnu)at/ ~ analysis

karviPaKsmaPaK

rational smehtupl/ sniTanIy/

~ expectation karrMBwgsmehtupl

rationale sniTanPaB/ ehtupl

rationality sniTanPaB

rationalisation sniTankmµ/ kareFVI[rwtEt

manRbsiT§PaB/ ~ of civil servants

sniTankmµm®nþIraCkar

raw adj. eqA/ ~ data Tinñn½yeqA ¬minTan;

viPaK¦/ ~ materials vtßúFatuedIm

real Bit/ ~ GNP plitplCatisrubBit/

~ rate of interest GRtakarR)ak;Bit

real estate/property GclnRTBü ¬dI nig

¼b¤ GaKar¦/ ~ agency TIPñak;garGclnRTBü

realism R)akdniym

reality n. tfPaB/ karBit

realisation smiT§ikmµ/ smiT§ipl

realise v. sMerc/ eFVIeGaysMerc

realty GclnRTBü

reasonable smrmü

reassess v. vaytMéleLIgvij/

reassessment n.

rebate 1> karcuHéfø ¬elI TMnijminRtUv)a:n;¼

karsgR)ak;munéf¶kMNt;¦

2> kar bnßy¼cuH éfø ¬[GtifiCnEdlTijeRcIn¦

3> karbgViltMél ¬mYyqñaMKitmþgCakardwgKuN


79

dl;GtifiCn¦

receipt bgáan;éd/ lixitTTYl

receiver GñkTTYl

recession, economic karFøak;cuHesdækic©

recidivism, case of krNIminragcal

recipient GñkTTYl/ ~ country RbeTs

TTYl ¬]> CMnYy¦

reciprocity bdikar/ PaBmaneTAmanmk

recognise sÁal;/ TTYlsÁal;/ recognised

RbtiRsut

recommendation Gnusasn_/ mtipþaMepJI

recompense v. & n. 1> sg ¬karxUcxat¦/

2> sMNg

reconcile v. bnSúI/ sMrbsMrYl/ pSHpSaeLIg

vij/ reconciliation n.

reconnaissance study karsikSaEsVgyl;

reconversion karpøas;bþÚreLIgvij/ karerob

cMeLIgvij

record n. & v. 1> kMNt;Rta/ Rbvtþi/

ÉtTKÁkmµ ¬lT§plx<s;bMput¦/ ~ profits

cMeNjx<s;bMputminFøab;man 22> kt;Rta

recourse ])aRs½y ¬siT§irbs;Gñkkan;rUbiyaNtþi

kñúgkartamTarsMNgBIGñkeFVIbidæielx¦

recoverable (debt) EdlGacRbmUlvij)an

recovery 1> karykcUlvij ¬R)ak;bgáar¦

2> karRbmUlmkvij/ ~ of debts karRbmUl

R)ak;bMNulmkvij 33>karerIb ¬esdækic©¦

recreation (service) kMsanþ

rectangular strategy yuT§saRsþctuekaN

rectification karEktMrUv

recurrent adj. mþgehIymþgeTot/

~ expenditure cMNaymþgehIymþgeTot

recycling karEkécññeLIgvij

red soil dIRkhm

red tape kariyaFibetyü/ EbbbTniym

redeem v. 1> sgpþac;/ ~ a debt sgbMNulpþac;

2> bþÚr¼lk; ykR)ak; ¬]>sBaØab½NÑ¦

redemption n. karsgpþac; ¬bMNul¦

rediscount bunGbhar ¬eFVIGbharmþgeTot¦

redistribution karEbgEckeLIgvij

redress n. sMNg ¬karxUcxat/ CMgWcitþ¦

reduction karkat;bnßy/ budget ~

karkat;bnßyfvika

redundancy programme kmµviFIbBaÄb;

BlkredaykgVHkargar

redundant adj. EdleRcInelIstMrUvkar rW

KµanRbeyaCn_

re-election kare)aHeqñatsaCafµI

reexportation karnaMecjbnþ/ bunnIhrNkmµ

referee GaCJakNþal

reference book esovePA eyag¼RsavRCav

reference period RKa¼ry³eBl eKal

referral hospital mnÞIreBTübEg¥k

refinancing (loan) bunhirBaØb,Tan ¬kMcI¦

reflect v. qøúHbBa©aMg

reforestation kardaMéRBeQIeLIgvij/ bunvnkar

reform n. & v. 1> kMENTMrg; 22> EkTMrg;

refund v. & n. 1> sgvij 22> R)ak;sgvij

refusal karbdiesF/ karRbEkk/ ~ of

acceptance karbdiesFkarTTYlRBm

regardless edayminKitdl;

regime rbb/ financial ~ rbbhirBaØvtßú


80

region tMbn;/ sub-~ GnutMbn;/ military ~

eyaFPUmiPaK/ military sub- ~ tMbn;Rbtibtþikar

swkrg

regionalisation tMbn;PavUbnIykmµ

register n.&v. 1> bBa¢I 22> cuHbBa¢I/ cuHbBa¢Ikar

registered capital mUlFn)ancuHbBa¢I ¬CapøÚvkar¦

registered letter/parcel

lixit¼kBa©b;beBaØI GnusiT§i

registered office (of a company)

TIcat;karcuHbBa¢ICapøÚvkar

registrar m®nþIcuHbBa¢I ¬Gñkkan;kab;bBa¢I¦

registration n. karcuHbBa¢I/ ~ certificate

viBaØabnb½RtcuHbBa¢I/ ~ number elxcuHbBa¢I

regressive tax system RbB½n§Bn§fycuH

¬fyGRtaenAeBlcMnUlekIneLIg¦

regular adj. eTogTat;/ ~ income

R)ak;cMNUleTogTat;

regularity PaBeTogTat;/ niytPaB

regularisation niytkmµ

regularly edayeTogTat;

regulate v. RKb;RKgeday bTbBa¢a¼

bTb,BaØtþic,ab;

regulations bTbBa¢a ¬lixitbTdæan kñúg

ÉksarxøH¦/ commune ~ dIkaXMu/ general ~

nItirYm/ internal ~ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg

regulator niytkr

rehabilitation karsþareLIgvij/ nItism,Ta/

~ project KMerag nItism,Ta¼sþareLIgvij/

~ of finances karsþarhirBaØvtßúeLIgvij

reimburse v. sgvij ¬R)ak;Edl)ancMNay¦

reimbursement karsgvij

reinsurance ¬kar¦ Fanar:ab;rgbnþ

reinvest v. 1> vinieyaKbnþ ¬vinieyaKR)ak;

cMenjeTAkñúgGaCIvkmµvij¦ 22> vinieyaKeLIgvij

reject v. & n. 1> Rcanecal

2> vtßúRcanecal ¬eRBaHminRtUvsþg;dar¦

related ¬Cab;¦ Tak;Tg¼Tak;Tin

relation TMnak;TMng

relative adj. EdleFob/ ~ price éføeFob

relative advantage ]tþmPaBeRbobeFob

relative majority vote sMelgPaKeRcIn

edayeFob ¬)ansMelgeRcInCagebkçCnmñak;eTot¦

relative n. sac;jati/ jatiBn§

relativity saebkçPaB ¬PaBmanTMnak;TMng¦/

rWLaTIvIet

release v. beBa©j/ edaHElg/ bn§Úr ¬sMBaF¦

relevant adj. EdlBak;B½n§/ ~ institution

sßab½nBak;B½n§

relief n. CMnYy/ tax ~ karGnueRKaHBn§/

~ assistance CMnYyse®gÁaHbnÞan;

relinquish bgVileGayvij/ e)aHbg;

remainder sMNl; ¬GVIEdlenAsl;¦

reminder n. lixitrMlwk ¬]> [mkbg;Bn§¦

remission of taxes karbgVilsgR)ak;Bn§

¬Edl)anbg;elIs¦

remittance karepJIR)ak;ecj/ visC¢na/ karepÞrR)ak;

remote area tMbn;dac;Rsyal

removal from a government office

dkecjBImuxtMENgGVImYykñúgrdæaPi)al

remunerate v. pþ;l;laPkar

remuneration laPkar/ R)ak;kMér/ R)ak;Ex/

R)ak;QñÜl/ R)ak;bMNac;

renew v. a licence bnþGaCJab½NÑ

renewable energy famBlkekIteLIgvij


81

rent v. & n. 1> CYl 22> R)ak;QñÜl ¬sMxan;

elIGclnRTBü ¦

rental 1> R)ak;QñÜl ¬GclnRTBü nig

clnRTBü¦ 22> karCYl

renter GñkCYlBIeK

reorganisation karerobcMeLIgvij

repatriation matuPUminivtþn_

repayment n. karsgvij/ R)ak;sgvij/

~ schedule tarageBlsgR)ak;

repeat order karbBa¢aTijEfmeTot

¬nUvmuxTMnijdEdl¦

repercussion (of an incident) RbtiXat

replacement investment vinieyaKbnøas;

replacement value tMélpøas;ecj

¬pøas;rbs;mYyedayrbs;mYyepSgeTot¦

replenish v. bMeBjeLIgvij

replicate eFVIcMlgtam/ eFVIsaCafµI

¬tamlMnaMdUcKña¦

report r)aykarN_/ annual ~ r)aykarN_

RbcaMqñaM/ market ~ r)aykarN_éføTMnijenATIpSar

representative tMNag/ GñktMNag/

authorized ~ GñktMNagmansiT§iRbTan

reproductive adj. énkarbnþBUC/ ~ health

suxPaBbnþBUC

repurchase karTijykvij

reputation ekrþ×eQµaH/ kitþinam/ good ~

kitþisBÞ

request v. & n. 1> esñI 22> sMeNI

require v. tMrUv[ ¬eFVIGVImYy¦/ required

reserves R)ak;bMrugtamkartMrUv ¬]/ kñúgc,ab;¦

requirement kartMrUv

resampling karykKMrUtagsaCafµI

reschedule (a loan) eFVIkalviPaKfµI

rescind v. a contract lubecalkic©snüa

rescue v. & n. 1> se®gÁaH 22> karse®gÁaH

research v. & n. 1> RsavRCav 22> kar

RsavRCav/ ~ and development (R & D)

karRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_

researcher GñkRsavRCav/ associate ~

GñkRsavRCavrg/ fellow ~ GñkRsavRCav/

senior ~ GñkRsavRCavCan;x<s;

reserve FnbMrug/ zbnIyPNÐ/ ~ of value

FnbMrugmantémø/ ~ ratio smaPaKFnbMrug/

~ requirement account KNnIFnbMrug

katBVkic©/ ~ requirements kartMrUvFnbMrug/

~ tranche PaKFnbMrug

reserve fund mUlniFibMrug

reserve member (of a committee)

smaCikbMrug ¬énKN³kmµaFikar¦

reserved bMrugTuk/ ~ forest éRBbMrugTuk

reserve, Tonle Sap biosphere

zbnIyCIvmNÐlbwgTenøsab

residence nivasdæan/ nivasndæan

resident nivasCn¼nivasnCn/ Gñksñak;enA/

non- ~ GnivasCn¼GnivasnCn

resident representative tMNagRbcaMRbeTs

residual value tMélsMNl;

resignation karlaElgBItMENg

resolution n. 1> esckþIsMerccitþ

¬énGgÁRbCMu¦/ 22> karedaHRsay/ conflict ~

karedaHRsayTMnas;

resort rmNIydæan/ ~ site mNÐlkMsanþ/


82

kEnøgrmNIydæan

resource FnFan/ ~ consumption

kareRbIR)as;FnFan

resource-rent tax (RRT) Bn§CYlFnFan

response bias lMeGogkñúgcMelIy

response rate GRtaeqøIytb

responsibility karTTYlxusRtUv

responsible, to hold cab;eGayTTYlxusRtUv

responsiveness n. kar¼PaB eqøIytb

restoration n. karsþarCYsCul[dUcedIm

restraining force kMlaMgbg¥ak;

restrict v. dak;kMhit/ ~ credit dak;kMhit

elI\NTan

restriction n. kMhit/ kardak;kMhit/ trade ~

kMhitBaNiC¢kmµ

restructured loan kMcI)anerobcMeLIgvij

¬BnüaeBlsg¦

resumption of exports karbnþnaMecj

eLIgvij ¬eRkay)anp¥akmYyry³¦

retail outlet hag¼kEnøg lk;ray

retail, to sell lk;ray

retailer, retail dealer Gñklk;ray

retail-trade business GaCIvkmµ¼

BaNiC¢kmµ lk;ray

retained earnings R)ak;cMeNjrkSaTuk

retained imports TMnijnaMcUlsMrab;eRbI

R)as; ¬kñúgRsuk¦

retention of staff karrkSaTukbuKÁlik

¬kMueGayeKecjBIGgÁPaB¦

retiree nivtþCn

retirement karcUlnivtþn_

retirement pension esaFnnivtþn_

retrenchment karkat;bnßy ¬cMnay¦

retroactive Rbtiskmµ/ ~ effect \T§iBl

Rbtiskmµ

retrospection karRkeLkemIleTAGtItkal

return 1> R)ak;cMNUl 22> lixitRbkas/ tax

~ lixitRbkassareBIBn§/ nil ~ lixitRbkas

sareBIBn§EdlKµanbMNulBn§RtUvbg;

return on investment ratio smaPaK

cMNUleFobnwgTunvinieyaK

return, rate of GRtaTajcMNUl

returnable pack(ag)ing sMbkevcx©b;

RbmUlvij¼epJITuk

returned cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtbBa¢ÚnRtLb;

returns 1> TMnijbBa¢ÚnRtLb;

2> cMNUlBIvinieyaK

revaluation karvaytMéleLIgvij

revealed comparative advantage

]tþmPaBeRbobeFobBinitüeXIj

revenue cMNUl/ R)ak;cMNUl/ ~ policy

eKalneya)ayxagcMNUl/ unearned ~

cMNUlTTYlmun

reverse an entry v. cuHbRBa©aselxna/

eFVIRbtiRkanþelxna

reversible EdlGacERbRkLas;)an

review karBinitüeLIgvij/ ~ mission

ebskkmµBinitüeLIgvij/ for ~ and

decision/approval edIm,IBinitü nigsMerc

revise v. EksMrYl/ revised plan Epnkar

EksMrYl

revocable letter of credit

sar\NTanGaclubvij)an

revoke a licence dkhUtGaCJab½NÑ ¬mkvij¦


83

revolving fund Tuncl½t

reward n. & v. 1> rgVan; 22> pþl;rgVan;

right n. & adj. 1> siT§i 22> RtwmRtUv

right of first refusal siT§ibdiesFTImYy

right of way siT§iqøgkat; ¬dIeK¦

right to the lease siT§iPtisnüa

¬siT§iénkic©snüaCYl¦

riot n. & v. 1> kub,kmµ 22> eFVIkub,kmµ

rise v. & n. 1> ekIn 22> kMeNIn

risk haniP½y/ PaBRbfuyRbfan/ eRKaHP½y/

at owner’s ~ haniP½yr:ab;rgedaym©as;

¬TMnij¦/ ~ consideration karBicarNaBI

haniP½y/ ~ taking karh‘anRbfuynwghaniP½y/

aggregate credit ~ haniP½y\NTansrub

rival n. KURbECg

road tax Bn§pøÚv

role play sMEdg ¬tY¦

roll over v. (loan) pþl;saeLIgvij ¬kMcI¦

rough estimate kar)a:n;sµanec,al²

routine n. TMrg;kardEdl²

row CYr/ CYrepþk ¬tarag¦

royalties sYy ¬rW kMérsYysar/ R)ak;bg;éfø

QñÜleFVIGaCIvkmµ/ R)ak;lk;sñaéd¦

rule viFan/ ~ of law nItirdæ

ruling esckþIsMercCapøÚvkar ¬tulakar¦/

saldIka ¬tulakarkMBUl¦

ruling prices éføCak;Esþg

run a factory ¬RKb;RKg¦ dMeNIrkareragcRk

running costs cMNay ¬sMrab;¦ dMeNIrkar

rush hour em:agmmajwk

S, s

SAC (structural adjustment credit)

\NTankMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§ ¬rbs;FnaKar

BiPBelak¦

safeguard v. KaMBar

safety suvtßiPaB/ ~ net sMNaj;¼RbB½n§suvtßiPaB

salary ebovtSr_/ R)ak;Ex/ starting ~ ebovtSr_

cab;epþImbMerIkar/ ~ index snÞsSn_ebovtSr_/

~ loan (receivable) kMcIelIebovtSr_

sale karlk;/ cash ~ karlk;ykCasac;R)ak;/

for ~ lk; ¬sresrelIpøakRbkas¦/ ~ invoice

vikáybRtlk;/ ~ contract kic©snüalk;/ ~ on

credit karlk;eCO/ ~ on instalment plan

karlk;eGaysgbNþak;/ ~ or return epJIlk;

¬Gñklk;rayTUTat;sgEtéføTMnijlk;dac;

ehIybgVilTMnijenAsl;[Gñklk;dMuvij¦/

~ proceeds/revenue cMNUlBIkarlk;

sales R)ak;lk;)an/ cMnYnTMnijlk;)an/

~ manager naykRKb;RKgkarlk;/ ~ mix

sareBIP½NÐTMnijsMrab;lk;/ ~ promotion

karpSBVpSaylk;/ ~ returns TMnijlk;min

dac;bBa¢Únmkvij/ ~ tax Bn§elIcMNUllk;)an/

~ value tMéllk;¬)an¦/ ~ volume cMnYn

Éktalk; ¬)an¦

salesman Gñklk;/ tMNaglk;

salination or salinisation karERbCaéRb

¬]> dIéRb¦

salvage v. & n. 1> RbmUlvij 22> rbs;)an


84

BIkarRbmUl ¬BI GKÁIP½y/ navalic>>>¦ 33> kar

se®gÁaH ¬nava b¤TMnijpÞúk¦

salvage/scrap value tMélRbmUl)anvij

¬eBlbeBa©jlk;rbs; rWeRKOgcRkcas;²¦

sample n. KMrUtag/ ):an;/ take a ~ v. ykKMrU

tag/ ~ allocation karélEckKMrUtag/ ~ design

bøg;KMrUtag/ ~ group RkumKMrUtag/ ~ overlap

karKgKMrUtag/ ~ implementation karRsg;

KMrUtag/ ~ selection kareRCIsKMrUtag/ ~ survey

GegátKMrUtag

sample v. ykKMrUtag/ sampled children

kumar ¬RtUv)an¦ ykCaKMrUtag

sampling karykKMrUtag/ ~ bias lMeGogyk

KMrUtag/ ~ domain tMbn;ykKMrUtag/ ~ error

el¥ógykKMrUtag/ ~ efficiency RbsiT§PaByk

KMrUtag/ ~ frame eRKagykKMrUtag/ ~ rate GRta

ykKMrUtag/ ~ variance v:arIy:g;ykKMrUtag

sanction TNÐkmµ/ kmµvi)ak/ economic ~

TNÐkmµesdækic©

sanction, with your Edl)ankarGnuBaØat

BIelakGñk

sanctuary TICMrk/ fish ~ kEnøgGPirkSBUCRtI/

wildlife ~ EdnCMrkstVéRB

saturate v. ep¢ak/ eFVItitßikmµ

saver GñksnSMR)ak;/ snñiFikark³

savings R)ak;snSM/ sBa¢½y/ ~ account

KNnI snSM¼sBa¢½y/ ~ bank FnaKar

snSM¼sBa¢½y/ ~ curve ExSekagR)ak;snSM/

~ bank book esovePAebLasMéc

saw mill eragcRkGareQI

scale xñat/ TMhM/ fñak;/ maRtdæan ¬énEpnTI¦/

economies of ~ esdækic©maRtdæan

scarcity PaBkMr/ tnuPaB

scenario esNarIy:U/ qak

schedular tax Bn§viPaKtamRbePTcMNUl

schedule, time tarageBl/ kalviPaK

scheme eRKagkar

scope visalPaB/ EdnGnuvtþ ¬c,ab;¦/ TMhM

scrap product plitplkaksMNl;

scrap/salvage value tMélRbmUl)anvij

¬BIkarbeBa©jlk;plitplkaksMNl;¦

sea-damaged EdlxUcxatedaysarTwk

smuRT

seal n. & v. 1> Rta 22> e)aHRtabiT

¬]> kugtWenIr¦/ sealed tender karedjéfø

kñúgeRsamsMbuRtbiTCit

seaport kMBg;EpsmuRT

seasonal tamrdUv/ manlkçN³rdUvkal

seaworthiness lT§PaBeFVIdMeNIrtamsmuRT

secondary bnÞab;bnSM/ ~ need tMrUvkar

bnÞab;bnSM/ ~ data Tinñn½yRbPBTIBIr

secondary school salamFümsikSa/

higher ~ salamFümsikSaTutiyPUmi/ lower

~ salamFümsikSabzmPUmi

second-stage unit (SSU) ÉktadMNak;TIBIr

secretariat elxaFikardæan

secretary elxaFikar/ ~ general

GKÁelxaFikar/ ~ of state rdæelxaFikar

sector n. vis½y/ ~ -wide TUTaMgvis½y

sectoral adj. tamvis½y/ ~ level kMritvis½y

secured mankarFana/ assets fully ~ RTBü

skmµmankarFanaeBjelj

securities mUlb½Rt/ ~ market pSarmUlb½Rt


85

security 1> snþisux/ food ~ snþisuxes,óg

2> karFana 33> rbs;Fana ¬R)atiePaK¦

4> GñkFana

Security Council (UN) RkumRbwkSasnþisux

¬Gsb¦

security, without edayKµanvtßúFana

SEDP (Socio-Economic Development

Programme) EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic©

seed n. RKab;BUC/ ~ capital Tun edIm¼BUC

¬edIm,I[)anduHdal¦/ ~ money R)ak; edIm¼BUC

seizure karrwbGUs

selection kareRCIs/ kareRCIserIs/ ~ error

el¥ógkñúgkareRCIs/ ~ interval cenøaHeRCIs/

tentative ~ kareRCIsbeNþaHGasnñ

self-determination sV½ysMerc

self-employed people CnbMerIGaCIB[xøÜnÉg

self-financing sV½yhirBaØb,Tan

self-help approach viFIsaRsþCYyxøÜnÉg

self-managing sV½yRKb;RKg

self-regulating mechanism ynþkar

sV½yEktMrUv

self-reinforcing system RbB½n§sV½yBRgwg

self-reliance PaBm©as;kar/ karBwgEp¥kelIxøÜnÉg

self-sufficiency PaBGacpÁt;pÁg;xøÜnÉgRKb;

self-sustaining sV½yRTRTg;

self-weighting sV½yTMgn;/ ~ design

bøg;sV½yTMgn;/ ~ sample KMrUtagsV½yTMgn;

sell lk;/ ~ at auction lk;edjéfø/ ~ at a

discount lk;cuHéfø/ ~ on credit lk;eCO/

~ up RbmUllk;eRkayeBlkS½yFn/ ~ retail

lk;ray

seller, best esovePAlk;dac;bMput

seller, quick TMnijlk;dac;qab; ¬gaylk;;¦

selling karlk;/ ~ order bBa¢alk;/ ~ price

éfølk;

semi-autonomous Bak;kNþalsVy½t

semiconductor GgÁFatuBak;kNþalcMlg

¬eGLicRtUnik¦

semi-finished product plitplBak;

kNþalsMerc

send back v. epJIRtLb;vij

send for collection v. epJIeTARbmUlR)ak;

sender GñkepJI

senior adj. fñak;x<s;/ ~ minister

eTsrdæm®nþI/ ~ officer m®nþIfñak;x<s;

seniority GtItPaB/ promotion by ~

tMelIgfñak;tamGtItPaB

sensitive issue bBaðaresIb

sensitivity PaBresIb/ PaBqab;rMePIb/

PaBqab;ejac/ evTyitPaB/ ~ analysis

viPaKénevTyiTPaB

sensitise v. bMpuskarPJak;rlwk

series of reports kMrgr)aykarN_

servant GñkbMerI/ civil ~ m®nþIraCkarsuIvil/

public ~ m®nþIraCkar

service esva/ esvakmµ/ ~ fees kMéresva/

~ contract kic©snüaesva/ ~ charge éføesva

~ industry ]sSahkmµesva

service v. a debt sgkarR)ak;

session sm½yRbCMu/ plenary ~ sm½yRbCMu

eBjGgÁ

set n. sMrab; ¬]> kUnesamYysMrab;¦/ bNþúM


86

¬]> bNþúMeKaledA¦

settlement dMeNaHRsay/ karTUTat;/ final ~

karTUTat;pþac;/ ~ bank FnaKarTUTat;/

~ credit \NTanTUTat;

several (liability) dac;BIKña/ erog²xøÜn

¬karTTYlxusRtUvminrYmKña¦

severance payment (or golden

handshake) R)ak;bMNac;eBlQb;eFVIkar/

R)ak;ebIkpþac;

sex worker GñkrksuIpøÚvePT

share n. h‘un/ snøwkh‘un/ ~ market pSarh‘un

share n. & v. 1> cMENk/ market ~ cMENk

TIpSar 22> EckrMElk/ ~ experiences Eck

rMElkbTBiesaFn_

shareholder Gñkkan;PaKh‘un/ PaKTunik³/

influential ~ PaKTunik³man\T§iBl

sharing PaKkmµ/ karEbgEck

shelter n. CMrk/ tax ~ CMrkecosBn§

shipped bill of lading GBaØatb½NÑdwk

TMnijtamnava

shipped quality KuNPaB¬TMnij¦eBlpÞúk

shipping agent Pñak;garnavacr

shipping company Rkumh‘unnavacr

shipping note lixitbBa¢ÚnTMnij

shop around v. rkemIlTMnij ¬éfø/

KuNPaB>>> edIm,ITij¦/ ERCTMnijemIl

shoplifting karlYc\v:an;kñúghag

shopping n. karedIrTijTMnij/ international

~ karBieRKaHéføCaGnþrCati

short bill rUbiyaNtþikMNt;ry³eBlxøI

short delivery karRbKl;TMnijxVH

short notice, at CUndMNwgmunry³eBlxøI

short of, be v. xVHxat/ Gs;

short term ry³eBlxøI/ ~ payoff

plry³eBlxøI

shortage kgVH/ karRkxSt;/ ~ in weight

kgVHTMgn;

short-change v. Gab; ¬R)ak;¦ xVH

shortcoming kgVHxat

shortfall kgVH ¬fvika¦/ cMnYnxVH

short-season rice RsUvRsal

show of hands n. kare)aHeqñatedayelIkéd

sick leave karQb;sMrakeBlQW

sick pay R)ak;]btßmÖeBlQW

side effect plb:HBal;bnÞab;bnSM/ bc©½yrg

sight bill/draft rUbiyaNtþibgðaj ¬bþÚryk

R)ak;)anenAeBlbgðaj¦

sight payment karsgR)ak;eBlbgðajÉksar

sight deposit R)ak;beBaØIGacebIk)antamsMeNI

¬edayBMucaM)ac;pþl;dMNwgmun[FnaKar¦

signatory htßelxI

significance sar³sMxan;

silting (of waterways) karduHdI

silviculture rukçvb,kmµ

simple samBaØ/ ~ entry elxnasamBaØ

¬mancuHKNnIEt 1KU¦/ ~ interest karR)ak;

samBaØ ¬KitelIEtR)ak;edIm¦

simple random sampling

karykKMrUtagécdnüsamBaØ

simple response variance

va:rIy:g;cMelIysamBaØ

simple unbiased estimate

kar)a:n;sµansamBaØminlMeGog

simplification n. kareFVIsamBaØkmµ/ ~ of


87

customs procedures kareFVIsamBaØkmµnItiviFIKy

simplify n. eFVIeGaysamBaØ

simulation kareFVIRtab;tam

sine qua non condition

lkçxNÐxanmin)an

single entry (accounting)

rebobcuHbBa¢IÉkPaK

single indicator technique

bec©keTsGaMgDIkaT½reTal

single window RckecjcUlEtmYy

sinking fund mUlniFidak;snSMbMrug ¬TwkR)ak;

dkmkrkSaTukedayELky:ageTogTat; sMrab;

edaHRsaytMrUvkarGVImYynaGnaKtdUcCasg

bMNulCaedIm¦

Sino-Khmer Exµrkat;cin

site TIkEnøg

size TMhM

skill CMnaj/ life ~ bMNinCIvit

slogan Baküesøak

slope of a curve/line cMeNatén ExSekag¼

bnÞat;

sloppy adj. x¢Ix¢a/ ~ work kargarx¢Ix¢a

slum n. sgáat;RkIRk¬rexkrxak¦/ ~ -dwellers

Gñkrs;enAkñúgsgáat;RkIRk

slush fund hibexµA ¬begáItedaysMgat;¦

small-scale xñattUc

SME (small and medium enterprise)

shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm

smoking gun PsþútagekþA²

smooth adj. relag/ rlUn/ ~ operation

dMeNIrkarrlUn ¬l¥¦

smuggler Gñkrt;Bn§

smuggling karrt;Bn§

social énsgÁm/ sgÁmkic©/ ~ cost bnÞúksgÁm/

karxatbg;xagsgÁmkic©/ ~ cost-benefit

analysis (SCBA) karviPaKcMnay nigplcM

enjxagsgÁmkic©/ ~ impact plb:HBal;sgÁm/

~ insurance cost bnÞúkcMNayFanar:ab;rgsgÁm/

~ justice yutþiFm’sgÁm/ ~ morality sIlFm’

sgÁm/ ~ order sNþab;Fñab;sgÁm/ ~ product

plitplsgÁm/ ~ reintegration bunsmah

rNkmµsgÁmkic©/ ~ safety net RbB½n§suvtßiPaB

sgÁm/ ~ security/welfare (budget

expenditure) R)ak;viPaCn_sgÁm/ ~ security

snþisuxsgÁm/ ~ security contribution

viPaKTansnþisuxsgÁm/ ~ status zan³ ¬kñúg¦

sgÁm/ ~ strictures bBaØtþisgÁm/

socio-economic adj. esdækic©-sgÁmkic©/

~ policy eKalneya)ayesdækic©-sgÁmkic©/

~ survey Gegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic©

sociology sgÁmviTüa

soft currency rUbiyvtßúexSay

¬minGacbþÚrykrUbiyvtßúdéTeTot)an¦

soft goods TMnijvaynP½NÐ

soft loan kMcImankarR)ak;Tab ¬TabCagGRta

enATIpSar¦/ kMcIKµankarR)ak;

soft market TIpSarmankarpÁt;pÁg;eRcInCag

tMrUvkar

soft repayment terms lkçxNÐsgGnueRKaH

software (computer) sUhVEvr

soil erosion kareRcaHdac;dI

sole agency TIPñak;garpþac;mux


88

sole agent/representative tMNagpþac;mux

sole distributor GñkEbgEckpþac;mux

sole proprietorship 1> ÉkkmµsiT§i

2> shRKasÉkbuKÁl

solicitor Gñkc,ab; ¬PaKeRcIn CYyBieRKaH

eyabl; nigerobcMÉksarxagc,ab;¦

solidarity n. samKÁIPaB

solvency saFnPaB/ lT§PaBsgbMNul

solvent saFnIy ¬EdlGacsgbMNul¦

sophisticated technology bec©kviTüa

eCOnelOnnigsµúKsµaj

sort v. erobtamlMdab;

sound adj. RtwmRtUv/ RbkbedayKtibNÐit

sound the market v. sÞabsÞg;TIpSar

South, the TkSiNRbeTs¬RbeTsRk¦

sovereign immunity GP½yÉksiT§irdæ ¬siT§i

rbs;rdæedIm,I)anrYcputBIkarbþwgTarsMNgxUcxat¦

sovereign risk haniP½yrdæaPi)alminGac

sgR)ak;

sovereignty GFibetyüPaB

spatial sampling karykKMrUtagtamkEnøg

special drawing rights (SDR)

siT§idkBiess

special economic zone tMbn;esdækic©Biess

special promotion zone (SPZ) tMbn;

GPivDÆn_Biess

speciality ÉkeTs/ rbs;Biess

specialisation ÉkeTsnIykmµ/ CMnajnIykmµ

specialised bank FnaKarÉkeTs

specific period of time ry³¼kMNt;

eBlCak;lak;

specification yfaRbePT

specify v. bBa¢ak;/ kMNt;/ specified

period kal kMNt;¼bBaØtþi

specimen KMrUbgðaj/ bdirUb/ ~ signature

KMrUhtßelxa

speculation n. 1> karqk;»kasekgcMeNj

¬kñúgkarTij¼lk;¦/ oil ~ karqk;»kasekg

cMeNjkñúgeRbgkat

2> karvaysµan/ pure ~ karvaysµansuT§saF

spoilage n. 1> karxUcKuNPaB ¬rbs;hUb¦

2> rbs;xUcKuNPaB

spoils C½yP½NÐ/ vtßúrwbGUs)an

spot price éføTijlk;dl;éd ¬TUTat; nig

RbKl;TMnijPøam²¦

spouse shB½T§

spread, spreading n. karrIkraldal

squeeze v. expenditure rwtt,itcMNay

stabilisation sßirkmµ¼sßirPavUbnIykmµ/

~ policy neya)aysßirkmµ

stability, economic sßirPaBesdækic©

stable exchange rate GRtabþÚrR)ak;man

sßirPaB

staff buKÁlik

stage n. dMNak;/ dMNak;kal

stagflation (stagnation + inflation)

kars<wkRTwgmanGtiprNa

stagnation kars<wkRTwg/ GvDÆnPaB/

economic ~ kars<wkRTwgesdækic©

stake PaKkmµ/ karcUlh‘un

stakeholder GñkmanPaKh‘un/ GñkBak;B½n§

stamp duty Bn§Etm

standard sþg;dar/ ~ cost tMélsþg;dar/


89

~ deviation KMlatsþg;dar/ draft ~ sþg;dar

RBag/ compulsory ~ sþg;darbBa¢a/ gold ~

sþg;dar¼xñat mas/ ~ of living or living

standard kMritCIvPaB/ up to ~ dl;kMrit

sþg;dar ~ operating procedures nItiviFI

Rbtibtþikarsþg;dar

standard-conversion factor (SCF)

ktþabMElgsþg;dar

standardisation sþg;darUbnIykmµ

stand-by adj. eRtom/ ~ agreement

kic©RBmeRBogeRtom/ ~ credit \NTaneRtom

standing (bank) sþg;Dig¼sßanPaB/ bank

of good ~ FnaKarmansþg;Digl¥

standing order lixitbBa¢aGcié®nþy_ ¬[

FnaKarepÞrR)ak;y:ageTogTat;eTAKNnImYy

eTotrhUtdl;manbBa¢afµI¦

standpoint, from the economic

tamTsSn³esdækic©

staple product plitplmUldæan

start-up cost esah‘uycab;epþIm

state enterprise or state-owned

enterprise shRKasrdæ

state general budget fvikaTUeTArbs;rdæ

State Treasury rtnaKarCati

statement esckþIRbkas/ r)aykarN_/

financial ~ r)aykarN_hirBaØvtßú/ ~ of

account sMrg;¼r)aykarN_ KNnI/ ~ of

affairs bBa¢IsareBIP½NÐeBlkS½yFn/ ~ of

receipts and payments r)aykarN_cMNUl

cMNay/ monthly ~ r)aykarN_RbcaMEx

station of destination/origin sßanIy

eKaledA¼ecjdMeNIr

statistics sßiti

status sßanPaB/ zan³/ ~-inquiry agency

TIPñak;garRsavRCavsßanPaBRkumh‘un/ ~ quo

sßanPaBCak;EsþgkMBugman/ ~ symbol nimitþ

sBaØasMKal;zan³

statute lkçnþik³/ co-~ of civil servants

shlkçnþik³m®nþIraCkarsuIvil

statute of limitation GaCJayukal

steadily CaeTogTat;/ CaCMhan²

steering committee KN³kmµaFikar

dwknaMkargar¼nayk

stem n. edIm ¬cMENkeRkABIKl;Cab;b£s nig

cugCab;søwk¦/ cassava ~ edImdMLÚgeQI

¬]> sMrab;eFVIBUC¦

step (in a process) CMhan ¬kñúgdMeNIrkar

GVImYy¦/ ~ by ~ mYyCMhanmþg²

stereotype n. pñt;KMnit

stevedore kmµkrkMBg;Ep

stevedoring karelIkdak;TMnijecjcUlk)a:l;

stewardship n. karEfTaMRKb;RKg

stiff price éfø x<s;¼x<s;eBk

stimulate v. CMruj/ bMpus

stipulate v. Ecg

stock n. snøwkh‘un/ ~ exchange/market

pSarh‘un

stock n. sþúk/ snñiFi/ TMnij/ opening ~

sþúkedImRKa/ out of ~ Gs;BIsþúk/ ~ control

karRtYtBinitüsþúk/ ~ in hand sþúkkñúgéd

¬mankñúghag¼XøaMg¦/ ~ in trade sþúkTMnij

sMrab;lk;/ ~ turnover (ratio) GRtabgVilsþk


90

¬kñúgmYyqñaM¦/ ~ lines muxTMnijkñúgXøaMg

stock v. sþúk ¬TMnijTuklk;¦

stock, natural fish sþúkRtIFmµCati

stockbroker KYkeCh‘un

stockout n. Gs;BIsþúk ¬PaB¦

stockpile v. & n. sþúkeRcIn² ¬nUvGVImYy

sMrab;eRbIenAéf¶eRkay¦

stocktaking kareFVIsareBIP½NÐ/ ~ sale

karlk;LayLúgmuneBleFVIsareBIP½NÐ ¬edIm,I[

RsLHXøaMg¦

stopfiler (tax) Gñkdak;RbkassareBIBn§

min)anRKb;elIk

storage karsþúk ¬Tukdak;GIv:an;kñúgXøaMg¦

storekeeper/shopkeeper m©as;hag

straight-line depreciation method

viFIrMls;esµIPaK

strategic needs tMrUvkarCayuT§saRsþ

strategist n. yuT§saRsþviTU/ GñkyuT§saRsþ

strategy yuT§saRsþ

stratification RsTab;nIykmµ

stratum RsTab;/ ~ mean mFümPaKénRsTab;

strike kUdkmµ

stringent twgruwg/ ~ measures viFankartwgruwg

strong market pSarxøaMg ¬TIpSarman

GñkTijeRcIn¦

structural adjustment kMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§/

~ loan kMcIsMrab;kMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§

structural adjustment facility (SAF)

]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;kMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§

structure n. rcnasm<½n§/ ~ of banking

institutions rcnasm<½n§sßab½nFnaKar

structured experience bTBiesaFn_man

lkçN³CaRbB½n§

student stipends R)ak;bMNac;sMrab;nisSit

study tour TsSnkic©sikSa

sub-class fñak;rg

sub-classification cMNat;fñak;rg

subcontract v. em:Akarbnþ/ cuHkic©snüabnþ

subcontractor Gñkem:Akarbnþ/ GñkcuHkic©snüabnþ

sub-decree GnuRkwtü

subdivide v. Eckbnþ ¬KNnI/ Rkum>>¦

subjective choice CMerIsGtþenam½t

sublet, sublease CYlbnþ

sub-national adj. fñak;eRkamCati

subordinate entity GgÁPaB eRkam»vaT¼

cMNuH

subpoena v. & n. 1> ekaHsakSI

¬tulakar¦/ 22> dIkaekaHsakSI

sub-product, forest GnupléRBeQI

subrogation ])aeTskmµ/ kardak;CMnYs

sub-sample KMrUtagrg

subscribed capital mUlFn)ancuHeQµaH

subscribing to securities

briviskmµmUlb½Rt

subscription kar Cav¼sMuCav/ ~ price éføCav

subsectoral level kMritGnuvis½y

subsidiary adj. rg/ ~ account KNnIrg/

~ ledger esovePAFMrg

subsidiary n. (company) buRtsm<½n§

¬Rkumh‘unemkan;kab;h‘unCag 50°¦/ wholly

owned ~ saxa ¬Rkumh‘unemkan;kab;h‘un

TaMgGs;¦

subsidise v. pþl;]btßmÖFn/ CYybMeBjxat

subsidy, subvention n. ]btßmÖFn/


91

R)ak;bMeBjxat

subsistence agriculture ksikmµCIvRBwtþi/

ksikmµRKan;EtmYyrs;

subsistence production plitkmµCIvRBwtþi/

karplitRKan;EtmYyrs;

substance sarFatu

substandard eRkamsþg;dar

substantial adj. dMukMPYn/ ~ funding

karpþl;fvikaCadMukMPYn

subtotal srubrg

succeeding stage dMNak;kalCabnþ

successor Gñkbnþevn

sue v. bþwg

sum 1> TwkR)ak; 22> plbUk

summit snñisITkMBUl

sundry account KNnIcMruH

supervise v. Binitütamdan

supervision karBinitütamdan/ GaNaBüa)al/

under financial ~ of the Ministry of

Economy and Finance eRkamGaNaBüa)al

hirBaØvtßúénRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú

supervisor GnurkS/ GñkBinitütamdan

supervisory authority GaCJaFrGaNaBüa)al

supplementary crop dMNaMrYmpSM

supplemental budget fvika]bsm<½n§

¬RbtibtþikarhirBaØvtßúénGgÁPaBrdæEdlmanlkçN³

]sSahkmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµ EtBMuEmnCanItibuKÁl¦

supplementary bEnßm/ ~ schedule

tarag¼Éksar B½t’manbEnßm

supplier GñkpÁt;pÁg;

supply 1> sMPar³pÁt;pÁg; 22> karpÁt;pÁg;/

karpþl;/ ~ and demand karpÁt;pÁg;nigtMrUvkar/

~ curve ExSekagkarpÁt;pÁg;

support v. & n. 1> KaMRT/ RTRTg;/ ~

service esvakmµKaMRT 22> kar KaMRT¼RTRTg;

supporting document ÉksarGm

¬rdæ)al¦/ skçIb½Rt ¬KNenyü¦

Supreme Council of the Magistracy

]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm

surcharge éføykbEnßm/ Bn§ykbEnßmelI

TMnijnaMcUl ¬edIm,ICYyCMrujplitkmµkñúgRsuk¦

surety n. 1> GñkFana 22> rbs;Fana

surplus Gtierk/ pl elIs¼elIstMrUvkar

surtax Bn§bEnßm

survey n. & v. Gegát/ ~ area tMbn;Gegát/

~ data Tinñn½yGegát/ ~ error el¥ógGegát/

~ operation RbtibtþikarGegát/ general ~

GegátTUeTA

survivability PaBGacrs;)an/ financial ~

PaBGacrs;)anxaghirBaØvtßú

survivor CnenArs;

suspend v. BüÜr/ p¥ak

suspense account KNnIrg;caM ¬kt;RtaCa

beNþaHGasnñnUvTwkR)ak;EdlKNenyükrmin

Tan;dwgfa RtUvkt;cUlKNnIc,as;las;NamYy¦

suspension kar BüÜr¼p¥ak

sustain v. RTRTg;/ self- ~ing sV½yRTRTg;/

~ life RTRTg;CIvit

sustainability cIrPaB

sustainable adj. mancIrPaB/ ~ agriculture

ksikmµmancIrPaB/ ~ development

karGPivDÆn_mancIrPaB


92

sympathy n. smancitþ ¬CYyKaMRT>>>¦

symptom eraKsBaØ/ nimitþehtu

synchronisation smkalkmµ

synergy famBlelIs)anBIkarpÁúMKña

¬]> karbBa©ÚlFnFanrksuICamYyKña edIm,I)an

cMeNjeRcInCagenAedayELk²BIKña¦

synthetic products plitplsMeyaK

system of proportional representation

RbB½n§smamaRt ¬e)aHeqñat¦

systematic CaRbB½n§/ CayfaRkm/ ~ factor

ktþaCaRbB½n§/ ~ land registration karcuHbBa¢I

dIFøICaRbB½n§/ ~-risk phenomenon )atuPUt

eRKaHfñak;manlkçN³CaRbB½n§/ ~ sampling

karykKMrUtagCaRbB½n§

systematise RbB½n§nIykmµ

T, t

table tarag

tabulation karelIkCatarag

take into account ykmkKit/ rab;bBa©Úl

take stock v. eFVIsareBIP½NÐ

take up references v. RbmUlBt’man

take v. legal action against bþwgtam

pøÚvtulakarcMeBaH/ GnuvtþviFanc,ab;cMeBaH

take-home pay R)ak;cMNUleRkaykat;Bn§/

ebovtSr_suT§

takeover karcUlRtYtRta ¬edayTijykCag

50°énPaKh‘unrbs;Rkumh‘un¦/ take over v.

takings n. R)ak;TTYl)an ¬BIkarlk;kñúg

ry³eBlNamYy¦

tangible assets RTBüskmµrUbI/ RTBürUbI

target cMNucedA/ eKaledA/ Epnkar/ sales

targets Epnkarlk; ¬tYelx¦ ~ group

RkumeKaledA/ ~ market TIpSareKaledA

tariff 1> bBa¢Iéfølk; 22> taragBn§Ky/ Bn§naMcUl

task Parkic©/ ~ -oriented epþatelIParkic©/

~ force Rkumkargar

taste cMNUlcitþ

tax Bn§/ Bn§dar/ back ~ bMNulBn§BIqñaMmun²/

emergency ~ Bn§visamBaØ/ ~ accounting

KNenyüBn§dar/ ~ avoidance karecosvagBn§

¬edayc,ab;mancenøaHRbehag¦/ ~ assessor

Pñak;garkMNt;Bn§/ ~ base mUldæanykBn§/

~ burden bnÞúkBn§/ ~ collection karRbmUlBn§/

~ credit \NTanBn§/ ~ collector GñkRbmUl

Bn§/ ~ evasion kareKcBn§ ¬elµIsc,ab;nigRtUv

maneTasT½NÐ¦/ ~ exempt EdlelIkElgBn§/

~ exemption karelIkElgBn§/ ~ holiday

ry³eBlrYcBn§/ vismBn§/ ~ loophole cenøaH

RbehagénBn§/ ~ moments »kashUtBn§/ ~ on

profit Bn§elIR)ak;cMeNj/ ~ payment year

qñaMbg;Bn§/ ~ rate GRtaBn§/ ~ rebate karbnßy

Bn§/ ~ receipts/revenues cMNUlBn§/ ~ relief

karbn§ÚrbnßyBn§/ ~ reduction karkat;bnßyBn§/

~ revenues efforts or ~ effort kMlaMgcMNUl

Bn§dar/ ~ treatment cMNat;kar¼RbRBwtþikmµ Bn§/

~/taxation year qñaMCab;Bn§

tax v. hUtBn§/ ykBn§

taxable adj. 1> Cab;Bn§/ ~ income cMNUl

Cab;Bn§ 22> EdlGachUtBn§)an

taxpayer GñkCab;Bn§

technical assistance CMnYybec©keTs


93

technical fix dMeNaHRsay¼Rckecj

bec©keTs

telegraphic address GasydæanTUrKmn_

telegraphic transfer karepÞrR)ak;edayTUrKmn_

telex TUrBum<

teller ebLakr

temporary beNþaHGasnñ/ ~ cover b½NÑFana

r:ab;rgbeNþaHGasnñ/ ~ unemployment

nikmµkalik

tenancy n. 1> ry³eBlCYl ¬GclnRTBü¦

2> siT§ikan;kab; ¬GclnRTBüCYl¦

tenant GñkCYl ¬dI/pÞH>>>¦/ Ptik³/ ~ farmer

ksikrCYldIeK

tendency ninñakar/ rising ~ ninñakarekIneLIg

tender karedjéfø ¬edIm,IeFVIkarpÁt;pÁg;¦

tender terms and conditions book

esovePAbnÞúk ¬sMrab;edjéfø¦

tenderer Gñkedjéfø

tendering karedjéfø ¬edaymandak;Éksar

tMél):an;sµanlMGit¦

tenure 1> ry³eBlkan;kab;tMENg/ GaNtþi

2> siT§ikan;kab;tMENg¼RTBüsm,tþi

3> karkan;kab; ¬dI/ pÞH¦

tenurial right siT§ikan;kab; ¬dI/ pÞH¦

term GaNtþi/ry³eBl/ long ~ ry³eBlEvg/

TIXkal/ medium ~ ry³eBlmFüm/ short

~ ry³eBlxøI/ GcIrkal/~ in/of officeGaNtþi

term-deposit account KNnIbeBaØIman

kalkMNt;

terminal contract kic©snüamankalkMNt;

termination karbBa©b; ¬kargar¦/ karbBaÄb;

¬GaCIvkmµ¦

terms lkçxNÐ/ easy ~ lkçxNÐFUrRsal/

~ and conditions of a contract xøwmsar

niglkçxNÐénkic©snüa/ ~ of a contract

lkçxNÐénkic©snüa/ ~ of payment lkçxNÐ

TUTat;/ ~ of reference lkçxNÐeyag ¬sMrab;

epÞógpÞat;¦/ lkçxNÐkargar ¬kic©snüakargar¦/

~ of sale lkçxNÐlk;

territorial integrity bUrNPaBEdndI

tertiary education ]tþmsikSa

test n. & v. 1> etsþ 22> eFVIetsþ

test the market v. sÞabsÞg;TIpSar

testament mrtksasn_

testimonial sMbuRtKaMRT ¬eGaycUleFVIkar¦

textile vaynPNÐ/ ~ industry ]sShkmµ

vaynPNÐ

theory RTwsþI

think-tank Rkumpþl;KMnit

third party PaKITIbI/ ttiyCn

threshold n. kMritcab;ERbRbYl/ kaMQancUl

thrift plan EpnkarsnSMsMéc

tied aid CMnYymancMNg

time eBl/ kal/ kalkMNt;/ ~ deposit

R)ak;beBaØImankalkMNt;/ ~ dimension

TidæPaBxageBlevla/ ~ draft rUbiyaNtþi

mankalkMNt;/ ~ frame Rkbx½NÐeBlevla/

~ limit for delivery kalkMNt;RbKl;TMnij/

~ policy b½NÑsnüaFanar:ab;rgmankalkMNt;/

~ segment kMNat;eBl/ ~ table tarageBl/

~ value tMéltameBl/ ~ work kargarKit

em:ag ¬TUTat;kMértamcMnYnem:ag/ éf¶¦


94

timely return (of a cheque...)

bgVilvijTan;eBl

tip TwkEt ¬R)ak;[eRkA¦

title 1> cMNgeCIg 22> gar

title deed b½NÑkmµsiT§i

title, land b½NÑkmµsiTi§dI

toll éføeRbIesva ¬]> eRbIpøÚv/ s<an ¦

tool ]bkrN_/ Rbdab;Rbdar

top-down paradigm KMrUBIelImkeRkam

total n. & v. srub/ grand ~ srubrYm/

subtotal srubrg

track record n. RbvtþieCaKC½y-braC½y

tracking kartamdanemIl

trade BaNiC¢kmµ/ CMnYj/ GaCIB/ ~ agreement

kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ balance CBa¢IgBaNiC¢

kmµ/ ~ barriersr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ deficit

»nPaBBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ discount/terms karcuH

éføkñúgGaCIB ¬eGayGñkRbkbrbrdUcKña¦/ ~ name

eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ/ yIeha/ ~ reference TIsMGag

bBa¢ak;xagGaCIB/ ~ representation tMNag

BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ tariff taragBn§Ky

trade v. pøas;bþÚrBaNiC¢kmµ/ eFVICMnYj

trademark sBaØaBaNiC¢kmµ

trade-off karedaHdUr ¬TMnij¦Kña

trader QµÜj/ GñkCMnYj/ BaNiC¢kr

trade union shCIB

trading karCYjdUr/ kareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ/

~ partner édKUBaNiC¢kmµ

trading capital TunbgVil

trading losses kMhateFVIGaCIvkmµ ¬eBl

R)ak;cMNUl)anticCagR)ak;cMNayecj¦

traditional CaRbéBNI/ ~ savings R)ak;

snSMtamTMlab;/ ~ way of life rebobrs;enA

CaRbéBNI

traffic cracr/ ~ order sNþab;Fñab;cracr

trainee or intern (US) kmµsikSakarI/

Gñkhat;kar

training karbNþúHbNþal/ on-the-job ~

karbNþúHbNþalP¢ab;nwgkargar/ off-the-job ~

karbNþúHbNþaldac;BIkargar ¬]> enAmhaviTüal½y¦

transaction Rbtibtþikar/ kic©karCMnYj

transfer v. & n. 1> epÞr 22> karepÞr/ bEgVr/

karepÞrR)ak;/ Gnub,Tan (French: cession),

~ deed lixitepÞr/ ~ payments R)ak;epÞrTUTat;

~ pricing kardak;éføedIm,IepÞrR)ak;

transferable adj. GacepÞr)an/ ~ credit

\NTanGacepÞr)an

transferee n. Gnub,Tanik/ GñkRtUv)aneK

epÞreGay

transferor n. GñkepÞr ¬[eK¦

transformation (products...) karbMEbøg

tranship or transship v. epÞrBIyan

mYyeTAyanþmYyeTot ¬edIm,Idwkbnþ¦/

transhipment n. karepÞr

transit qøgkat;/ ~ account KNnIqøgkat;/

~ goods TMnijqøgkat;/ ~ passenger GñkdMeNIr

qøgkat;/ ~ licence GaCJab½NÑsMrab;TMnijqøgkat;

transitional adj. Gnþrkal/ ~ economy

esdækic©Gnþrkal/ ~ measures viFankar

Gnþrkal/ ~ period ry³eBlGnþrkal

transmission karbBa¢Ún ¬sar¦

transnational corporation (TNC)

Rkumh‘unrMlgCati


95

transparency n. tMlaPaB

transporter GñkdwkCBa¢Ún

trauma n. rbYs ¬pøÚvkay rW pøÚvcitþ¦

travel agency TIPñak;gareTscrN_/ TIPñak;gar

Kmnakar

traveller’s cheque mUlb,Tanb½RteTscrN_

traveller’s letter of credit sar\NTan

eTscrN_

travelling salesman Gñklk;cl½t

treasurer n. hirBaØik/ rtnakr

treasury rtnaKar/ ~ bill b½NÑrtnaKar

¬ry³kalxøICagmYyqñaM¦/ ~ bond b½NÑrtnaKar

¬ry³kalEvg¦

treatment n. RbRBwtþikmµ/ cMNat;kar/ karcat;Ecg

treaty sn§isBaØa

treble v. ekInmYyCabI

trend ninñakar/ market ~ ninñakarTIpSar

trial balance taragtulüPaB

trickle-down effect plb:HBal;snSwm²/

plb:HBal;bnÞab;bnSM

trillion, one (US) mYylanlan

tripartite adj. RtIPaKI

trust fund mUlniFimrtk ¬mUlniFiRKb;RKg

edayRbtisiT§iCnsMrab;GtßKahk¦

trust fund facility (TFF)

]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;mUlniFimrtk

trust letter lixiteCOTukcitþ

trustee (one to whom a right has been

assigned by will, gift... French: ayant

cause) RbtisiT§iCn

trustee in bankruptcy shbdiPaK ¬Gñk

RKb;RKgkarkS½yFnEdlEtgtaMgedaytulakar¦

trustee ordinance bTbBa¢a RbtisiT§iCn

¼Gñksñgkar

trusteeship PaBTTYlxusRtUv

trusteeship council

RkumRbwkSaPi)alRbtisiT§iCn

trustworthy EdlKYreGayTukcitþ

T account KNnIRbePTGkSr T

tuition class karsikSabg;éfø

turning point cMNucbt; ¬eBlEdlman

karpøas;bþÚr¦

turnkey contract kic©snüaesakñúgéd

turnover plrbr/ plGaCIvkmµ/ R)ak;cMNUl

turnover rates of labour GRtaecjcUl

énBlkr

two-track approach viFIedaHRsayBIrpøÚv

two-way eTVTis/ BIrpøÚv

typical CatYy:ag

U, u

ultimate area unit (UAU)

ÉktatMbn;cugeRkay

ultimate goal eKaledAcugeRkay

ultimate sampling unit (USU)

ÉktaykKMrUtagcugeRkay

ultimatum n. »sanvaT

unaccountable adj. 1>minGacBnül;)an

2> KµanKNenyüPaB/ minTTYlxusRtUv

unaccounted for adj. )at;edayKµankarBnül;


96

unaided edaykMlaMgpÞal;xøÜn

unaltered Edl\tpøas;bþÚr

unanswered EdlKµancMelIy

unascertained goods TMnijRcbUkRcbl;

¬minTan;EbgEcktamRbePT¦

unavailing efforts karRbwgERbgKµan)anpl

unbalanced budget fvikaKµantulüPaB

¬man»nPaB¦

unbanked cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtminTan;

dak;cUlKNnIFnaKar

unbiased \tlMeGog

uncalled capitalmUlFnminTan;ehA ¬[bg;¦

uncashed cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtminTan;

ebIkykR)ak;

unclaimed EdlBMuRtUv)anTamTar

uncleared goods TMnijminTan;qøgKy

uncontrollable expenses cMNayRKb;

RKgmin)an

uncrossed/open cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt

KµanqUt

undated KµancuHéf¶Ex/ ~ bond b½NÑTTYl

sÁal;bMNulKµankalkMNt;

undercoverage (insurance) karFana

r:ab;rgdNþþb;minsBV

undercut v. lk;efakCag

underdeveloped countries

RbeTsGn;fy/ RbeTsGnaPivDÆn_

underemployed 1> KµankargareFVIeBj

elj/ ~ capital TuneRbImin)aneBjelj

2> GñkKµankargareFVIeBjelj

underlease (see sublease) CYlbnþ

undermanager bNÑaFikarrg

undermentioned manerobrab;dUcxageRkam

underproduction 1> karplitminRKb;tMrUvkar

2> karplitmineBjkMlaMg

underrate v. vaybenßak

undersell v. 1> lk;efakCag ¬KURbECg¦

2> lk;eRkamtMél ¬edIm¦

undersigned, the GñkcuHhtßelxa

¬BIeRkam¦/ htßelxI

understanding karyl;dwg/ karyl;Kña

eTAvijeTAmk/ snÞidæPaB/ good ~ karyl;dwg

l¥/ memorandum of ~ GnusSarN³RBmeRBog

underwrite v. 1> CYyFana 22> CYyr:ab;rg

underwriter GñkFana

undisclosed income cMNUl\tRbkas/

cMNUllYclak;

undivided profits R)ak;cMeNjminEbgEck

undoubted eday\tsgS½y

unearmarked fund mUlniFiKµanélTuk

edayELk

unearned fees kMérminTan;rk)an

unemployed adj. & n. 1> Gt;kareFVI

2> GñkGt;kareFVI/ nikmµCn

unemployment PaBGt;kareFVI/ nikmµPaB/

seasonal ~ nikmµPaBtamrdUv/ temporary ~

nikmµkalik/ ~ benefit R)ak;]btßmÖcMeBaH

nikmµPaB/ ~ rate GRtanikmµPaB

unendorsed EdlKµanbBa¢ak;xagxñg

unequal wealth distribution

r)ayvismFn

unexpected fall karFøak;cuH\trMBwgTuk

unexpended balance smtulüminTan;cMNay

unexpired cost (accounting)


97

tMélkñúgbBa¢I/ tMélKNenyü

unfair KµansmFm’/ minyutþiFm’

unfavourable minGMeNaypl/

~ conditions lkçxNÐminGMeNaypl

unfilled order b½NÑbBa¢aTijmin)anGnuvtþ

unfit for work EdleFVIkarminekIt

unforeseen adj. min)anRbemIleXIj/

\tRBagTuk ¬cMNay¦

unfounded adj. KµanmUldæan

unification n. karbRgYbbRgYm/ ÉkPavUbnIykmµ

unified rYmEtmYy/ ~ as one rYmKñaCaFøúgmYy

uniformity lkçN³ÉkPaB

unify v. bRgYbbRgYm

unilateral ÉketaPaKI

unincorporated mincUlCaRkumh‘un

unintentionally edayGectna

unionisation karcUlshCIB

unit 1> Ékta/ ~ of analysis ÉktaviPaK/

~ of account ÉktaKit/ ~ price/rate

éføÉkta 22> GgÁPaB

united rYbrYmKña

unknown (factor, quantity...) GBaØat

unlawful elµIsc,ab;/ ~ means meFüa)ay

elµIsc,ab;

unlimited liability karTTYlxusRtUvKµankMrit

unloading karerITMnij

unmarketable, unmerchantable

Edllk; minecj¼mindac;

unpaid (cheque) ¬mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦minTUTat;

unpaid balance smtulüminTan;TUTat;

unpaid capital TunminTan;)anbg;

unproductive assets RTBüskmµKµan

plitPaB

unqualified acceptance karTTYlRBm

eday\tsMéc

unquestionable KµanGVIKYrq¶l;

unrecorded adj. min)ankt;Rta

unregistered Edlmin)ancuHbBa¢I

unremunerative adj. Kµan)anpl/

KµancMeNj

unrestricted random sample

KMrUtagécdnüKµankMNt;

unsafe adj. KµansuvtßiPaB

unserviceable adj. minGaceRbIR)as;)an

unsettled adj. minnwgn ¬FatuGakas¦/ min

Tan;edaHRsay ¬vivaT¦/ minTan;sg ¬bMNul¦

unskilled adj. KµanCMnaj/ ~ labour

BlkmµKµanCMnaj

unstable adj. KµansßirPaB

unstratified sampling karykKMrUtag

KµanRsTab;

unsuccessful adj. min)aneCaKC½y

unsuitable adj. minsmRsb

untied aid CMnYy\tcMNg

up and down eLIgehIycuH

up to date (information) adj. Tan;eBl

update v. eFVIbc©úb,nñPaB ¬kñúgÉksarxøH

eFVIcrnþkar¦

upgrade v. tMelIg smtßPaB¼KuNPaB/

eFVI[RbesIr

upheaval karvwkvr/ claclxøaMg

upkeep (expenses) cMNayEfTaM


98

upper credit tranche PaK\NTanxagelI

upward tendency ninñakareLIg

urbanisation nKrUbnIykmµ/ Ministry of

Land Management, Urbanisation and

Construction RksYgerobcMEdndI

nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg;

urgent bnÞan;/ ~ needs tMrUvkarbnÞan;

useful life (accounting) GayukaleRbI

R)as; ¬énRTBüskmµ¦

user costs bnÞúkcMNaycMeBaHGñkeRbIR)as;

¬kñúgkareRbIR)as;GVImYy dUcCa fñl;>>>¦

usual supplier m:UypÁt;pÁg;CaRbcaM

usurer RBwT§ikr ¬GñkykkarR)ak;x<s;hYsehtu¦

usury RBwT§ikmµ ¬karykkarR)ak;x<s;hYsehtu¦

utensil Rbdab;RbdareRbIR)as;kñúgpÞH

¬BiesskñúgpÞH)ay¦

utilities karpÁt;pÁg;saFarN³

utility company Rkumh‘unpÁt;pÁg;saFarN³

¬Rkumh‘un Twk ePøIg esvakmµsMxan;² sMrab;

saFarN³Cn¦

V, v

vacancy kEnøg¬eFIVkar¦TMenr

vaccine fñaMbgáar

validate v. pþl;suBlPaB/ bBa¢ak;faBit

validity suBlPaB/ PaBmantMél/ ry³kal

mantMél

valorem (see ad valorem)

valuable goods TMnijmantMél

valuables n. vtßúmantMél

valuation ekaslvic½y/ karkMNt;tMél

value added (VA) tMélbEnßm

value added tax (VAT) GakrelItMél

bEnßm ¬Gtb¦

value date éf¶KitkarR)ak;

value n. & v. 1> tMél 22> vaytMél

value, declared tMél)an Rbkas¼

raykarN_¼RbtievTn_

variable n. & adj. 1> Gefr 22> ERbRbYl

variance (statistics) v:arIy:g;

variation bMErbMrYl/ karERbRbYl

vault cash sac;R)ak;kñúgXøaMg

vehicle yan/ motor ~ yanynþ

velocity of circulation el,Ón ¬én¦

cracr

velocity of money el,ÓncracrrUbiyvtßú

vendee GñkTij

vendor Gñklk;

verbal (widely used in error for “oral”)

pÞal;mat;/ ~ agreement kic©RBmeRBog

pÞal;mat;/ ~ warning karRBmanpÞal;mat;

verbally (used in error for “orally”)

edaypÞal;mat;

vertical bBaÄr/ ~ programme kmµviFIbBaÄr

~ communication karR)aRs½yTak;Tgtam

ExSbBaÄr/ ~ integration smahrNkmµbBaÄr

¬Rkumh‘un¦/

vested interest plRbeyaCn_cak;b£s

veteran (soldier) GtItyuT§Cn

viability PaBGacrs;)an

vibration rMj½r


99

vicious circle n. GnÞak;vilvg; ¬Gt;Rckecj¦

vicious cycle n. GnÞak;Cavdþ

video vIedGU

video CD suIDI vIedGU

view TsSn³/ karyl;eXIj

village development committee

(VDC) KN³kmµkarGPivDÆn_PUmi

violate v. rMelaP ¬c,ab;>>>¦

violence higSa/ GMeBIhigSa

virtue KuNFm’

visible adj. ¬Gac¦emIleXIj/ ~ trade

BaNiC¢kmµrUbI

vision ckçúvis½y

visual control karRtYtBinitüedayeRbIEPñk

vocation ]bnisS½y/ to have a ~ for

man]bnisS½ykñúgkar>>>

vocational training karbNþúHbNþal

viC¢aCIIv³/ ~ center mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal

viC¢aCIv³¼]bnisS½y

void adj. emaX³/ null and ~ emaX³

volume of exports (or imports)

brimaNTMnijnaMecj ¬rWnaMcUl¦

voluntary adj. edaysµ½RKcitþ/ ~ restriction/

limitation kardak;kMrit¼kMhit edaysµ½RKcitþ

vote kare)aHeqñat/ ~ of confidence kar

e)aHeqñatTukcitþ/ kare)aHeqñatsMEdgkarTukcitþ

vote-counting station

kariyal½yrab;snøwkeqñat

voter registration station kariyal½y

cuHeQµaHGñke)aHeqñat

voting right siT§ie)aHeqñat

voucher sMeNA/ b½NÑtMNagR)ak;/ b½NÑcMMnay

vulnerability PaBgayrgeRKaH

W, w

wage ebovtSr_/ R)ak;kMér/ R)ak;QñÜl/ ~ rise

(US: raise) eLIgebovtSr_/ ~ and price

controls karRtYtBinitüebovtSr_nigéfø/ ~

earner GñkeFVIkarykebovtSr_/ Ptikar/ ~

freeze karbgákebovtSr_ ¬mineGaycuHeLIg¦/

~ indexation kardak;snÞsSn_ebovtSr_

¬pSarP¢ab;nwgGRtakMeNIncMNayRTRTg;CIvPaB¦/

~ scale taragkaMebovtSr_/ ~ work

kargarsuIR)ak;kMér

waive v. lHbg;siT§i ¬]> edIm,IeFVIkartva:¦/

~ tax eGayrYcBn§

waiver n. 1> karlHbg;siT§i/ karelIkElg

2> Éksar lHbg;siT§i¼elIkElg

warehouse XøaMg/ PNÐaKar

warehouseman qµaMXøaMg

warehousing karTukdak;TMnijkñúgXøaMg

warning karRBman/ kardas;etOn

warrant 1> dIka 22> b½NÑGnuBaØat/ ~ of

attorney lixitepÞrsiT§i

warrantee GñkTTYl)ankarFana

warrantor GñkFana

warranty karFana

war-risk insurance karFanar:ab;rg

haniP½ybgáedays®gÁam

wastage karx¢Hx¢ay


100

waste kaksMNl;/ liquid ~ kaksMNl;rav/

solid ~ kaksMNl;rwg

watershed TICMral

waterways pøÚvTwk

weak market pSarexSay ¬minsUvmanGñkTij¦

wear and tear karswkric

weighted average mFümPaKsmta

welfare state rdæmanKitKUreRcInxagsgÁmkic©/

suxevTn_RbeTs

well GNþÚg/ drilled ~ GNþÚgxYg/ ring ~

GNþÚgdak;lU

wetlands dIesIm ¬dITMnabmanTwkdk;edayGenøI¦

white book esovePAs

white-collar worker nieyaCit/ buKÁlik

kariyal½y

whole TaMgmUl/ TaMgGs;

wholesale karlk;dMu/ ~ price éfølk;dMu/

~ trade BaNiC¢kmµlk;dMu

wholesaler Gñklk;dMu

wildlife stVéRB/ ~ sanctuary EdnCMrkstVéRB

will 1> qnÞ³ 22> mrtksasn_

wilful damage karxUcxatbgáeLIgeday

ectna

windfall profit cMeNjPøam²\trMBwgTuk

winding up 1> karrMlay ¬Rkumh‘un¦

2> karCMrHbBa¢I

winner GñkQñH/ C½ylaPI

withdraw v. dk/ dkxøÜn/ ~ an order lubecal

karbBa¢aTij/ ~ money dkR)ak; ¬BIKNnI¦

withholding tax Bn§kat;Tuk/ ~ payable

Bn§kat;TukRtUvbg;

work kargar/ GVIEdleFVI)an/ sñaéd/ ~ in

progress (WIP) kMBugplit ¬RTBükMBug

plit KWtMéleFVI)anenAcugRKa¦

work out v. KNna

work v. eFVIkar/ ~ full time eFVIkareBj

em:ag/ ~ overtime eFVIkarem:agbEnßm/

~ part time eFVIkarmineBjem:ag

work, art sñaédsil,³

worker 1> Blkr 22> kmµkr

workforce kMlaMgBlkmµ ¬BlkrTMagGs;

kñúgkariyal½y rW eragcRk¦

working capital TunbgVil/ Tuncl½t

working condition lkçxNÐkargar

working day éf¶eFVIkar

working group Rkumkargar

working paper ÉksarBiPakSa

¬r)aykarN_sikSaRsavRCavBIerOgGVImYy¦

workman kmµkr

work-related illness CMgWbNþalBIkargar

workshop 1> eragCag/ 22> sikçasala/

vKÁGnuvtþ

writ dIkabgÁab; ¬tulakar¦

write down v. kt;RtabBaú©HtMélRTBüskmµ

¬kñúgbBa¢IKNenyü¦

write v. off a debt lubbMNul ¬ecjBIbBa¢I¦

write-back (of provisions...)

karykvijnUv ¬sMviFanFn>>> kñúgKNenyü¦

written, in writing CalaylkçN_GkSr


101

Y, y

yardstick xñat

year (fiscal, financial...) qñaM/ kariybriecäT

¬sareBIBn§/ hirBaØvtßú>>>¦

year on year qñaMelIqñaM/ BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM/

~ change bMErbMrYlqñaMelIqñaM ¬bMErbMrYleFob

nwgeBldUcKñaénqñaMmun¦

yield Tinñpl

young people RbCaCnv½yekµg/ RsTab;yuvv½y

Z, z

zero population growth (ZPG)

kMeNInRbCaCnkMritsUnü

zone tMbn;/ hSÚn/ core ~ tMbn;sñÚl/ buffer

~ tMbn;RTnab;/ inter ~ GnþrtMbn;

zoning karEbgEcktMbn;

English-khmer Glossary of Economics

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