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ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN USE

Okutman Mustafa Balta

An interactive grammar With many examples and answers

It’s a perfect book to prepare the exam of YDS The book contains about 9.000 examples

The grammar is often very direct and easy to understand. At other times we give more details, because they are necessary for clear understanding and accurate usage

ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN USE

Okutman Mustafa Balta

An interactive grammar With many examples and answers

It’s a perfect book to prepare the exam of YDS The book contains about 9.000 examples

CİNİUS YAYINLARIÇAĞDAŞ TÜRK YAZARLARI | ----------------Babıali Caddesi, No. 14 Cağaloğlu - İstanbul

Tel: (0212) 5283314 — (0212) 5277982http: / / www.ciniusyayinlari.com

[email protected]ın AdıKİTABIN ADI

[email protected]ına hazırlayan: ---------------Kapak tasarımı: ---------------

Dizgi: --------------BİRİNCİ BASKI: Kasım, 2010

ISBN 978-605-127--------------Baskı ve cilt:

Kitap MatbaacılıkSanayi ve Ticaret Ltd. Şti.

Davutpaşa Cad. No. 123 Kat 1Topkapı, Zeytinburnu

İstanbulTel: (212) 482 99 10Sertifika No: 16053

© YAZARIN ADI, 2010© CİNİUS YAYINLARI, 2010

Tüm hakları saklıdır.Bu yayının hiçbir bölümü yazarın yazılı ön izni olmaksızın,

herhangi bir şekilde yeniden üretilemez,basılı ya da dijital yollarla çoğaltılamaz.

Kısa alıntılarda mutlaka kaynak belirtilmelidir.Printed in Türkiye

How to use the grammar

This book is designed so that you can find the answers to particular problems of English grammar. You are not expected to start at Unit 1 and study the Units one by one, or to study a whole Unit at a time. Different people have different problems, so they need to look at different points in different Units.

Using the grammar units

Each unit has got two parts. The left- hand page contains the explanation of the grammar rules and patterns. Explanations given clearly and concisely for each area of grammar. There are many exercises about the each Topic. These examples have an important meaning place to understand the lesson better.

Model answers

For each exercise, the first or second has been supplied. You can use this as a model for the rest of the exercise.

Key to exercises

The Key to all the exercises is given at the back of the book .There are about 3000 exercises about all units.

Suggestion

Easy reference for self-study or use in class. It’s a perfect book to prepare general English Grammar and The University Examination of Language.Okutman Mustafa BALTAŞirnak University Foreign Language Department

ENGLİSH GRAMMAR İN USE | 7

CONTENTS

Present and past

UNIT 1 Present continuous (I am doing).

UNIT 2 Present simple (I do)

UNIT 3 Present continuous and present simple (I am doing and I do)

UNIT 4 Past simple and (to be) past

UNIT 5 Past continuous (I was doing)

Present perfect and past

UNIT 6 Present perfect

UNIT 7 Present perfect with Ever - never

UNIT 8 Present perfect continuous

UNIT 9 Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done)

UNIT 10 How long......?

UNIT 11 Since and for

UNIT 12 Present perfect and past tense (1) (I have done and I did)

UNIT 13 Past perfect (I had done)

UNIT 14 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)

UNIT 15 Have and has got

UNIT 16 Used to

The Future tense - Conjunctions of time

UNIT 17 Future Actions in the Present I am doing / do / going to do. etc.

UNIT 18 Going to future

UNIT 19 The Future tense

UNIT 20 The Future perfect tense and will be

UNIT 21 Future Continuous

UNIT 22 Conjunctions of time- When / While....

Modals- Conditional clause

UNIT 23 Can, could and (be) able to

UNIT 24 Modal verbs

UNIT 25 May and might

8 | Mustafa Balta ENGLİSH GRAMMAR İN USE | 9

UNIT 26 Must and have to

UNIT 27 Need / Needn’t

UNIT 28 Should

UNIT 29 Had better

UNIT 30 Requests, offers, permission and invitations

UNIT 31 Conditional clause (type-one)

UNIT 32 Conditional clause (type-two)

UNIT 33 Conditional clause (type-three)

UNIT 34 I wish, If only

Passive Voice - Causative Verbs

UNIT 35 Passive Voice affirmative

UNIT 36 Passive Voice negative-question

UNIT 37 Passive Voice , begins with the person

UNIT 38 It is said that (be) supposed to...

UNIT 39 Causative Verbs

Reported speech

UNIT 40 Reported speech - Statements.- imperative

UNIT 41 Reported speech - tell-told

UNIT 42 Reported speech -Questions

Tag questions ,Pronouns -object –subject-possessive

UNIT 43 Tag questions -do you? isn’t it? etc.

UNIT 44 Subject and Object pronouns- I / me / he / him etc.

UNIT 45 Possessive Adjectives –my / his / their etc.

UNIT 46 Possessive pronouns and whose-mine / yours / hers etc.

The conjunctions -Purpose Clauses

UNIT 47 The conjunctions

UNIT 48 Questions- Have you? Do they...?

UNIT 49 WH Questions

UNIT 50 Purpose Clauses

UNIT 51 The imperative in English

UNIT 52 Short Answers

Countable and uncountable -Articles –Sıngular.

UNIT 53 Countable and uncountable nouns (1)

UNIT 54 The definite article-the

UNIT 55 The indefinite article :a, an

UNIT 56 Do and make

UNIT 57 Singular and Plural

UNIT 58 Apostrophe’s, genitive’s

Pronouns and determiners- Relative clauses

UNIT 59 Reflexive pronouns (myself / yourself / themselves) etc.

UNIT 60 Some and any

UNIT 61 Indefinite Pronouns No / thing / one / body / where

UNIT 62 Quantifiers .. Much, many, a lot, plenty

UNIT 63 All of most / most of no / none of etc.

UNIT 64 Too / either / so I am / neither do I......Both / both of neither / neither of / either / either of

UNIT 65 Relative clauses -1 ( Who / which / that)

UNIT 66 Relative clauses -2 ( When / Where / Why)

UNIT 67 Relative clauses -3 (whose / whom)

Adjectives – adverbs and Comparison

UNIT 68 Adjectives and adverbs (quick / quickly)

UNIT 69 So and such

UNIT 70 Comparison (comparative) cheaper, more expensive etc.

UNIT 71 Comparison ( EQUALITY ) --as ... as

UNIT 72 Comparison (Superlative) --the longest the most enjoyable etc...

UNIT 73 Always, still--Any more / any longer / no longer

Conjunctions

UNIT 74 Although / though / even though in spite of despite

UNIT 75 In case

UNIT 76 As long as- provided / providing

UNIT 77 During and while


UNIT 1 Present continuous (I am doing)

Present Continuous Tense

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Long Form Contracted Form

I am playing I am not playing I’m not playing Am I playing?

You are playing You are not playing You’re not playing Are you playing?

He / she / it plays He / she / it is not playing He / she / it’s not playing Is he / she / it playing?

We are playing We are not playing We aren’t playing Are we playing?

You are playing You are not playing You’re not playing Are you playing?

They are playing They are not playing They aren’t playing Are they playing?

We use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.

She is driving now, at the time of speaking. (This means, The action is not finished)

Robert is not studying at the moment. (Robert isn’t studying at the moment.)

The baby is not sleeping now (The baby isn’t sleeping now)

They are not listening to music. (They aren’t listening to music)

She is not writing a letter at the moment. (She isn’t writing a letter at the moment.)

My mother is not making a cake today. (My mother isn’t making a cake today)

We are not working today. It’s holiday. (We aren’t working today. It’s holiday.)

‘Are you working hard today?’ ‘Yes! I’ve got a lot to do.’

We make the present continuous tense by adding -ing to the base verb. Normally it’s simple - we just add –“ing”.

Prepositions- List of irregular verbs

UNIT 78 Telling time- Giving the Date

UNIT 79 Until -from...to –by / the time.

UNIT 80 Before / after

UNIT 81 Prepositions of place -In, at, on

UNIT 82 Most important prepositions

UNIT 83 Cardinal, Ordinal Number

UNIT 84 A little, a few

UNIT 85 There-present-past-perfect-future..etc

UNIT 86 List of irregular verbs

UNIT 87 Key to exercise

They are having breakfast She is planning to visit some historical places soon.


Just add -ing to the base verb:

work > working

play > playing

assist > assisting

If the base verb ends in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant, double the last letter:(vowels = a, e, i, o, u)

stop > stopping

run > running

begin > beginning

If the base verb ends in ie, change the ie toy:

lie > lying

die > dying

If the base verb ends in vowel + consonant + e, omit the e:

come > coming

mistake > mistaking

I am playing base-ball. She is looking for her book.

You are going to the station. They are speaking with the policeman.

He is saying he doesn’t need a coach. I am thinking about her.

They are looking at the clown. I am watching TV.

You are playing with your computer. We are trying to stop this.

There are some verbs which are never or hardly ever used in progressive forms.

believe, love, doubt, hate, suppose, prefer, imagine, realise, understand, know, want, remember, wish, like, need etc.

I like his attitude. (NOT I am liking ...)

I rang her up because I needed to talk. (NOT ... because I was needing to talk.)

I have only known her for two days. (NOT I have only been knowing her ...)

I ‘m tired. I want to go home (not I’m wanting) I don’t understand. What do you mean?

Do you know that girl? Yes, but I don’t remember her name I always do and I’m always doing

I always go to work by car. (not ‘I’m always going’) Who are you writing to?

To talk about planned future arrangements: Next month I am spending my holidays in Australia.

I am meeting some friends after work. I am not going to the party tonight.

Is he visiting his parents next weekend? Isn’t he coming with us tonight?

Next week I’m going to the theatre. When are you getting married?

He is seeing his mother on Tuesday She is travelling to York at the weekend.

“What are you doing after this lesson? After school? tonight? tomorrow? Wednesday night?

You can use the present continuous with today / this week / this year etc. (periods around now);

You’re working hard today. (not ‘you work hard today’) Yes, I have a lot to do.

The company I work for isn’t doing so well this year.

I’m reading a really good book at the moment. It’s about a man who...

1- John is not reading the book at the time of speaking.

2- He means that he has started it, but has not finished it yet.

3- He is in the middle of reading it.

The population of the world is increasing very fast.

The world is changing. Things never stay the same.

The situation is already bad and it is getting worse.

Exercise “Present continuous tense”

What are you doing tonight? I’m seeing a very important customer in my office at 4 o’clock.

We are going to the sea for our holiday. Where are you staying in Vienna?

He is rushing off home right now. I am having a bath right now.

She is playing the piano pretty wonderfully. I am meeting him tonight

They are running quite fast. You are reporting to a great manager!

She is knitting a sweater for me. She is reading an English book.

They are listening to rock music. We are drinking lemonade.

Are you studying Japanese? I am eating a hamburger.

1.1 Using the Present Continuous tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.

They _____________ the lemons. (to squeeze) They are squeezing the lemons.

It ________ on the sidewalk. (to lie) It is lying on the sidewalk.

1. She ________________ a letter. (to write) 2. They _________________ about it. (to worry)

3. He _________________ jam. (to make) 4. It _________________. (To die)

5. We _______________ to school. (To hurry) 6. She _________________ us to do it. (To dare)


7. You ________________ on the blanket. (to lie) 8. He _________________ the problem. (to solve)

9. I _________________ now. (to leave) 10. They _________________ to help us. (to try)

1.2 Using the Present Continuous tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.

We ___________ to come. (to plan) We are planning to come.

It __________. (to rain) It is raining.

1. I _______________ the grass. (to cut) 2. It _______________ downstream. (to float)

3. They _________________ the game. (to win) 4. We _________________ the present. (to wrap)

5. She _________________ lettuce. (to grow) 6. He _________________ for us. (to look)

7. I _________________ a sweater. (to knit) 8. They _________________ wood. (to saw)

9. She _________________ the windows. (to clean) 10. We _________________ the floor. (to scrub)

11. I ________________ the toaster. (to fix) 12. He _________________ his coffee. (to sip)

13. They __________________ the hedge. (to trim) 14. You _________________ the ducks. (to feed)

15. She _________________ her head. (to nod)

1.3 Make questions from these words. Put the words in the right order

1. (is / working / Paul / today) Is Paul working today?

2. (what the children / are / doing) What are the children doing?

3. (you / are / listening / to me) __________________?

4. (where / your friends / are / going) __________________?

5. (are / watching / your parents / television) __________________?

6. (what / Jessica / is / cooking) __________________?

7. (why / you / are / looking / at me) __________________?

8. (is / coming / the bus) __________________?

1.4. Using the Present Continuous tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.

He _________ hard. (to work) He is working hard.

We ____________ anxious. (to feel) We are feeling anxious.

1. I _______________ the questions. (to answer) 2. You ________________ boots. (to wear)

3. We ______________ for work. (to look) 4. She ______________ her friend. (to call)

5. He _______________ a house. (to build) 6. They _______________ supper. (to cook)

7. We ______________ a story. (to tell) 8. You ______________ for the bus. (to wait)

9. I _______________ a book. (to read) 10. They _______________ berries. (to pick

1.5 Change the following affirmative statements into questions.

It is snowing. Is it snowing?

They are being cautious. Are they being cautious?

1. I am learning English ___________________

2. You are carrying a parcel ___________________

3. It is growing colder. ___________________

4. We are living in Halifax ___________________

5. They are running a race. ___________________

6. He is drinking coffee. ___________________

7. She is shopping for presents. ___________________

8. I am cleaning the window. ___________________

9. We are buying pencils. ___________________

10. They are playing football. ___________________

1.6. For each of the following sentences, determine whether the Simple Present tense or the Present Continuous tense is more appropriate

Right now, he ________ ridiculous. (to be) Right now, he is being ridiculous.

She ______ to Sydney every weekend. (to drive) She drives to Sydney every weekend.

1. At the moment, I __________________ supper. (to cook)

2. He ________________ the paper every weekday. (to read)

3. We ________________ right now. (to study)

4. She ________________ every day. (to study)

5. Now it _______________. (to rain)

6. They ______________ to Mexico every year. (to travel)

7. Just now we ________________ the shopping. (to do)

8. She always ________________ correctly. ( to answer)

9. You ________________ never late. (to be)

10. Now I ________________ to the radio. (to listen)

11. Each Sunday, we ________________ the flea market. (to visit)

12. At present, I ________________ for work. (to look)


UNIT 2 Present simple

Harold Black is a famous pianist. He gives two or three concerts every week.

Present Simple Tense



I play I do not play I don’t play Do I play?

You play You do not play You don’t play Do you play?

He / she / it plays He / she / it does not play He / she / it doesn’t play Does he / she / it play?

We play We do not play We don’t play Do we play?

You play You do not play You don’t play Do you play?

They play They do not play They don’t play Do they play?

We use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit,

a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens.

Oil is a raw material. He’s very big! He eats a lot!

Do you know Mr Smith? Does she understand Italian?

It’s 10.30! They always get up late. What time do your children go to school?

Jane studies psychology at university. We don’t watch television very hard

It cost a lot of money to build a hospital I drink coffee, but I don’t drink tea

Jane buys beautiful clothes. My parents don’t speak -or- do not speak English, sorry!

Her sister phones every day. I am very good at German; I understand it quite well.

If the verb ends in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x or -o, add -es to the base form:

kiss - kisses, finish - finishes, watch - watches, mix - mixes, go - goes

He brushes his hair. She kisses her children

If the verb ends in consonant + y change y to i and add -es:

study - studies, copy - copies, try - tries, carry –

He studies lesson

He does his homework. She goes home after school.He travels a lot and this week he’s in New York. He practises for four hours every day.

Harold’s always very busy. He plays the piano regularly. He does not go to bed late

The earth goes round the sun The Moon goes round the Earth.

Short Answer

Do you play tennis? No, I don’t Do your parents speak English? Yes, they do

Does Gray work hard? Yes, he does Does your sister live in London? No, she doesn’t

My mother doesn’t watch football matches on TV. Mary and Jack don’t like ice cream.

I don’t like washing the car. I don’t do it very often Bill doesn’t usually do his job very well

Sarah speaks Spanish, but she doesn’t speak Italian Paula doesn’t usually have breakfast

When the action is usual or when it happens every day:

They hate music because the teacher is bad. They love maths because it is very easy.

They dislike fish. They like French because the teacher is great

I go to work every day. She takes the bus at 8.00 in the morning.

Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep. He is not driving a bus. (He is asleep.)

But he drives a bus. (He is a bus driver.) I get up at 8 o’clock every morning. (not ‘I’m getting’)

Adverbs of frequency tell us how often something happens always, usually, regularly, normally, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never

Adverb of frequency Verb

I always get up at 6.45.

Peter can usually play football on Sundays.

Mandy has sometimes got lots of homework

Sarah always takes the train at 7.00 am. He never wears black clothes.

I usually cook when my parents come home. You are often tired.

I sometimes go to the cinema. I love him because he always makes me laugh!

They usually get good marks. She is sometimes angry!

We always get up at 7.30 am. You never learn your lessons!

How often do you drive your car? Every day. How often does your teacher give you homework?

Our teacher always gives us homework. How often do you go to the movies?

I promise / I apologise etc. I promise I won’t be late. (not ‘I’m promising’) ‘What do you suggest I do?’ ‘I suggest that you ...’

Exercise “Present Tense”

Barbara goes to her friend’s party. We have coffee and milk for breakfast..

There are many trees in the street. Does he wash his car in the garage?

She prepares a good meal for tonight. They help their grandfather to plant trees.


My daughter has good marks at school. Samantha goes to the running track

We have breakfast. He studies in a university.

Does she have a problem? no , she does not Salaam and Sara eat their lunch.

The baker and the lawyer are workers. She is 12 years old.

Her uncle puts the screwdriver and the hammer away. You don’t work hard

She drinks tea, but she doesn’t drink coffee I don’t like Fred and Fred doesn’t like me

The weather is usually nice. It doesn’t rain very often

He has a funny dog. His name is Sugar; he plays with him all the time.

Harry watches television from 7.00 to 9.00 every evening. She is hard-working; she always tries to do her best.

There is a good film at the cinema. Do you want to see it?

2.1. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Present of the verbs shown in brackets.

He always _______ promptly. (to reply) He always replies promptly.

She _____ little. (to say) She says little.

1. He __________ it. (to deny) 2. They __________ to be on time. (to try)

3. It _________ to be careful. (to pay) 4. She __________ hard. (to study)

5. You __________ good manners. (to display) 6. He always __________ himself. (to enjoy)

7. She __________ to Ireland once a year. (to fly) 8. We __________ five people. (to employ)

9. He __________ his friends. (to accompany) 10. She ___ chocolate chip cookies every week. (to buy)

2.2 Using the Simple Present tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.

I ______ to the radio. (to listen) I listen to the radio.

He _______ to the radio. (to listen) He listens to the radio.

1. She __________ the guitar. (to play) 2. We __________ soccer. (to play)

3. They _________ to talk. (to like) 4. He __________ ice cream. (to like)

5. You _________ your friends often. (to call) 6. He _________ the office every day. (to call)

7. She __________ regularly. (to practise) 8. They __________ once a week. (to practise)

9. We __________ here. (to shop) 10. It __________ delicious. (to taste)

2.3. Change the following affirmative statements into questions.

She walks to work. Does she walk to work?

They take the bus. Do they take the bus?

1. I hurry home. ........................................................................

2. He drives a truck. ........................................................................

3. You follow the news. ........................................................................

4. They want a pet. ........................................................................

5. She likes flowers. ........................................................................

6. We need tea. ........................................................................

7. She answers the questions. ........................................................................

8. He drinks coffee. ........................................................................

9. I learn quickly. ........................................................................

10. It rains heavily. ........................................................................

2.4 Make questions from these words + do / does

1. (where / live / your parents) Where do your parents live?

2. (you / early / always / get up) Do you always get up early?

3. (how often / TV / you / watch) ........................................................................?

4. (you / want / what / for diner) ........................................................................?

5. (like / you / football) ........................................................................?

6. (your brother / like / football) ........................................................................?

7. (what / you / do / in your free time) ........................................................................?

8. (your sister / work / where) ........................................................................?

9. (to the cinema / often / you / go) ........................................................................?

10. (what / mean / this word) ........................................................................?

11. (often / snow / it / here) ........................................................................?

12. (go / usually / to bed / what time / you) ........................................................................?

13. (how much / to phone / New York / it / cost) ........................................................................?

14. (you / for breakfast / have / usually / what) ........................................................................?


UNIT 3 Present continuous and present simple

Do you know when she is coming to pick us up?

Present simple (they play) present progressive (continuous) (they are playing) :

They play tennis very well ...it is a statement of fact

They play tennis on Saturday afternoons...it is a habit

What are they doing now? - They are playing tennis...that happens right now

The present progressive is formed with ‘to be’

Look! He’s sleeping. Somebody is waiting for you. What are you looking at?

What are you looking for? What is she doing? - She must be working in the garden.

He is writing a new novel. I am reading a good book. Don’t take this book, I’m reading it!

The present simple:

Spring begins on March 21st. The earth revolves round the sun. He plays the piano.

We have tea at 4. She goes to London twice a month.

The film starts at 8 pm. I am going to the cinema tonight.

Usually we have dinner at 7, but today we are having it at 9.

Simple Present Present Progressive / Continuous

always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, every day, every week, every year, on Mondays

at the moment, at this momentToday now right now Listen! Look!

The water is boiling. Can you turn it off? Listen to those people. What language are they speaking?

Let’s go out. It isn’t raining now. ‘Don’t disturb me. I’m busy.’ ‘Why? What are you doing?’

I’m going to bed now. Goodnight! Maria is in Britain at the moment. She’s learning English.

Please be quiet. I’m working Why are you under the table? What are you doing?

What are you thinking of? - My boyfriend! What do you think about them? - I think they’re friendly.

Study this example situation:

Things that are always true.Actions (always, often,

sometimes, never).General facts about

our lives.Something that is happening now.

“Water boils at 100 degrees.”

“I always boil the kettle before I make the tea.”

“The kettle isn’t boiling.”

“English is a popular language in business.”

“I always speak English in my lessons.”

“I like English.”“I am in my lesson, so I’m

speaking English.”

“It never snows in Germany in the summer.”

“It often snows in the winter.”

“I enjoy snow.”“It isn’t snowing, the sun

is shining.

Listen! Sandra is playing music! On Sundays, I always play football with my friends.

I don’t like carrots. She hates westerns.

Can you help Peter? He is doing his homework. What are you watching on TV? Is it interesting?

When I go back home, I will phone my girlfriend. We usually take a taxi to go to work.

You can also say ‘I’m always doing something’, but this has a different meaning.

I’ve lost my key again. I’m always losing things.

You’re always watching television. You should do something more active.

John is never satisfied. He’s always complaining.

“What does he teach?” “He teaches English.”

“What is he doing?” “He’s holding a flag.”

Present Simple Tense and Present Continuous Tense

He goes to school. Look, He is going to school!

He drinks a coffee. Look, He is drinking a coffee!

I swim every day. Look, I am swimming!

She washes her hair. Look, She is washing her hair!

The cat always drinks its milk. Look, it is drinking its milk!

We dance in the living room. Look, we are dancing in the living room!

They run to church. Look, they are running to church!

You write a letter. Now, you are writing a letter.

Mother cooks in the kitchen. Right now, mother is cooking in the kitchen.

The monkey eats bananas. Look, the monkey is eating a banana!


In the afternoon we watch TV. We are watching TV at the moment.

They have breakfast. Look, They are having their breakfast!

Father drives a big car. At the moment father is driving a little red car

The penguin swims very good. Look, The two little penguins are swimming!

The children eat their breakfast. The children are eating their breakfast now.

Peter writes his homework. Peter can’t come, he is writing his homework.

We can’t play tennis. It is raining now

Michael can’t play football. He is playing the guitar at the moment.

No, I am not listening to my cassettes, I am having a bath.

What are you doing? I am learning English.

3.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong.

1. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. RIGHT

2. The water boils. Can you turn it off? WRONG: is boiling

3. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. ......

4. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about? ............

5. The moon goes round the earth..............

6. I must go now. It gets late. .............

7. I usually go to work by car............

8. ‘Hurry up! It’s time to leave.’ ‘OK, I come.’......

9. I hear you’ve got a new job. How do you get on? .......

3.2 Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb given in brackets.

Right now, he ________ ridiculous. (to be)

Right now, he is being ridiculous.

She ______ to Sydney every weekend. (to drive)

She drives to Sydney every weekend.

1. At the moment, I ..........supper. (to cook)

2. He.........the paper every weekday. (to read)

3. We.........right now. (to study)

4. She.........every day. (to study)

5. Now it............ (to rain)

6. They......... to Mexico every year. (to travel)

7. Just now we ............ the shopping. (to do)

8. She always.........correctly. ( to answer)

9. You ............ never late. (to be)

10. Now I ...............to the radio. (to listen)

11. Each Sunday, we ......the flea market. (to visit)

12. At present, I ............for work. (to look)

3.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple.

1. Are you hungry? Do you want something to eat? (You / want)

2. Jill is interested in politics but she ....................to a political party. (not / belong)

3. Don’t put the dictionary away. I ............................ it. (use)

4. Don’t put the dictionary away. I .......................... it. (need)

5. Who is that man? What..................................? (he / want)

6. Who is that man? Why....................................at us? (He / look)

7. George says he’s 80 years old but nobody........................... him. (believe)

8. She told me her name but I...................... it now. (not / remember)

9. I ......................... of selling my car. (think) Would you be interested in buying it?

10. I................... you should sell your car. (think) You................ it very often. (not / use)

11. I used to drink a lot of coffee but these days I.......................... tea. (prefer)

12. Air....................... mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. (consist)


UNIT 4 Past simple - and (to be) past

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791. He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music.

Past simple



I played I did not play I didn’t play Did I play?

You played You did not play You didn’t play Did you play?

He / she / it played He / she / it did not play He / she / it didn’t play Did he / she / it play?

We played We did not play We didn’t play Did we play?

You played You did not play You didn’t play Did you play?

They played They did not play They didn’t play Did they play?

You called Debbie. Did you call Debbie? You did not call Debbie

We use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and

finished at a specific time in the past

I saw a movie yesterday. I didn’t see a movie yesterday.

Last year, I travelled to Italy. Last year, I didn’t travel to Italy.

She washed her hands. She didn’t wash her hands.

The past form and base form for irregular verbs and regular verbs:

V1 base V2 past V1 base V2 past

regular verbwork

explodelike

workedexploded

likedirregular verb

goseesing

wentsawsang

I went to the cinema. He lived in London.

I was a bus driver. Lisa took an English test.

I wanted to be a fireman. She had a black cat.

I saw it very well. I went to the swimming pool every day.

How many children did they have? My parents weren’t very rich.

We didn’t have a washing-machine. I was at the post office.

We had a very big house. She wasn’t in her room.

At noon, she washed her car. Did you see Mary last night?

He watched the match all the night. I lived in Paris.

Did she live in England? Joan looked for Pretty at the fun fair

Yesterday, Maggie went to school Saturday night Mike took the tube.

At ten, Sheila wrote a letter. He didn’t wash his car.

Did it rain on Sunday? Yes, it did Did you have dinner last night?

Study this example:

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past

My favourite football team lost a match last season.

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.

Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a shop.

The police stopped me on my way home last night.

She passed her examination because she studied very hard.

But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed

see saw We saw Rose in town a few days ago.

go went I went to the cinema three times last week.

shut shut It was cold, so I shut the window.

work worked Terry worked in a bank from 1996 to 2003

clean cleaned This morning I cleaned my teeth

rain rained Yesterday it rained all morning

enjoy enjoyed We enjoyed the party last night

do did We did a lot of work yesterday

go went Calorie went to the cinema three times a week

take took James came into the room ,took off his coat and sat down


A: Did you go out last night? B: Yes, I went to the cinema but I didn’t enjoy the film much.

Did you go to school yesterday? My brothers played baseball last Saturday.

We didn’t have orange juice last morning. Did Mike listen to music last night?

Why did you make a cake yesterday? They didn’t help at home!

You missed the bus so You arrived late. I stayed at home all day long.

Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was / were:

I was angry because they were late. They weren’t able to come because they were so busy.

When-Clauses Happen First

When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question

She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.

TO BE – PAST (WAS –WERE)

There were a lot of students in the classrooms during the last break. But there aren’t now

To Be - Affirmative

Subject To Be Examples

I was I was tired this morning.

You were You were very good.

He was He was the best in his class.

She was She was late for work.

It was It was a sunny day.

We were We were at home.

You were You were on holiday.

They were They were happy with their test results

I was in the museum They were in front of the supermarket

You were very busy on Friday. Robert and Stan were Garry’s friends

He was happy Tina was at home yesterday

I was in Canberra last spring We were at school last Saturday

Jessica and Kimberly were late for school She was in South Africa last month.

Last year Rachel was 22, so she is 23 now When I was a child, I was afraid of dogs

To Be - Questions and- Short Answers

Question Short Answers** Short Answers

Was I late? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.

Were you sick? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.

Was he surprised? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.

Was she from Italy? Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.

Was it a big house? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.

Were we ready? Yes, we were. No, we weren’t.

Were you early? Yes, we were. No, we weren’t.

Were they busy? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.

English exercise “To be in past simple”

I was very surprised to see you there. What time was it?

Were you alone or with your wife? We were angry not to meet them.

Where was she yesterday at four? Was your father there too?

There were few people at the meeting. She was in the living room.

You were very angry. They were very late.

He was with his sister. It was six in the morning.

The cake was horrible! Tom Bake was at home yesterday.

English exercise “simple past tense”.

Yesterday I went out with my girlfriend. That man stole my purse!

I ate burgers on my birthday last year. I threw the letter away and I went home.

I won the prize of five dollars. What a nice idea! She made some brownies.

Well! She did not eat -or- didn’t eat all of them. She took butter also.

She sliced a piece of butter and put it in the pan. She cracked an egg open and let it fry.

When the egg was cooked she ate it. In the video what did she cook?

Why did she fry an egg? Where did she eat the egg?

I wrote a message to my friend. You told me that you are a student in the English section.

She always revised her lessons. He sometimes did not revise well for his exams.

The dog barked all the time. The grammar teacher explained the lesson very well.

He fed the dog yesterday. My friend did not like talking to other people.

4.1 Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past tense of the irregular verbs shown in brackets.

They _____ a song. (to write) They wrote a song.

We _____ the floor. (to sweep) We swept the floor.

1. She ____________ the dishes. (to do) 2. They ___________ for a walk. (to go)

3. He __________ his time. (to take) 4. I ___________ the beds. (to make)


5. They ___________ to catch the bus. (to run) 6. She ___________ up quickly. (to get)

7. You ___________ the coffee. (to drink) 8. We ___________ soundly. (to sleep)

9. He ___________ his books. (to forget) 10. I ___________ the house. (to leave)

4.2 A friend has just come back from holiday. You ask him about it. Write your questions.

1. (where / go?) Where did you go?

2. (go alone?) Did you go alone?

3. (food / good?) .................

4. (how long / stay there?) .................

5. (stay / at a hotel?) .................

6. (how / travel?) .................

7. (the weather / fine?) .................

8. (what / do in the evenings?) .................

9. (meet anybody interesting?) .................

4.3 Complete the sentences, Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.

1. It was warm, so I took off my coat. (take)

2. The film wasn’t very good. I didn’t enjoy it very much. (enjoy)

3. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I .......... her. (disturb)

4. I was very tired, so I......... to bed early. (go)

5. The bed was very uncomfortable. I ......... very well. (sleep)

6. Sue wasn’t hungry, so she ............ anything. (eat)

7. We went to Kate’s house but she -.......... at home. (be)

8. It was a funny situation but nobody .............. (laugh)

9. The window was open and a bird .......... into the room. (fly)

10. The hotel wasn’t very expensive. It............ very much. (cost)

11. I was in a hurry, so I ............. time to phone you. (have)

12. It was hard work carrying the bags. They ........... very heavy. (be)

4.4 Change the following affirmative statements into questions:

He lifted the suitcase. Did he lift the suitcase?

I paid the rent. Did I pay the rent?

1. She hurried to school. . ................................................................

2. They carried the parcels .................................................................

3. You closed the door .................................................................

4. I plugged in the lamp .................................................................

5. They planned the party .................................................................

6. We taught the class .................................................................

7. She told a story .................................................................

8. They struck a bargain .................................................................

9. He met his friends .................................................................

10. I shook hands.....................................................................................

4.5 Change the following affirmative statements into negative questions.

You walked quickly.

Did you not walk quickly? Didn’t you walk quickly?

He burst the balloon.

Did he not burst the balloon? Didn’t he burst the balloon?

1. You watched the game................................................. .................................................

2. I climbed the ladder. ................................................. .................................................

3. We pleased the visitors. ................................................. .................................................

4. They canned the peaches. ................................................. .................................................

5. He received the letter. ................................................. .................................................

6. You saw the fireworks. ................................................. .................................................

7. It cost five dollars. ................................................. .................................................

8. She hit the ball. ................................................. .................................................

9. He did his homework. ................................................. .................................................

10. They cut the ribbon. ................................................. .................................................

4.6 Change the following affirmative statements into negative statements.

I scanned the newspaper. I did not scan the newspaper.

They flew to Toronto. They did not fly to Toronto.

1. We enjoyed ourselves. ....................................................

2. She pinned on the brooch. ....................................................

3. I fanned myself. ....................................................

4. They emptied their pockets. ....................................................

5. You replied at once. ....................................................

6. He went to work. ....................................................

7. We swam across the river. ....................................................

8. They took the bus. ....................................................

9. I shut the windows. ....................................................

10. You ran fast. ....................................................

4.7. Using the Simple Past tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verb to be.

I ___ calm. I was calm.

You ____ right. You were right.

1. He .............................. happy. 2. We .......................... students.

3. They.............................. ambitious. 4. You ........................... clever.

5. It ................................. hot. 6. I.................................. busy.

7. We.................................patient. 8. She ............................ eleven years old.

9. They ................................... intelligent. 10. He............................. in a hurry.



When / While I was walking home from work, I bumped into an old friend on the street

Past Continuous Tense



I was playing I was not playing I wasn’t playing Was I playing?

You were playing You were not playing You weren’t playing Were you playing?

He / she / it was playing

He / she / it was not playing

He / she / it wasn’t playing

Was he / she / it playing?

We were playing We were not playing We weren’t playing Were we playing?

You were playing You were not playing You weren’t playing Were you playing?

They were playing They were not playing They weren’t playing Were they playing?You were studying when she called.

Were you studying when she called?

You were not studying when she called

The past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say what we were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past.

We were waiting for the bus. Where were you going?

We were visiting our friends. Were you having a party with them?

No, we were watching an exciting video there. What were their parents doing?

They were eating out in a restaurant. What were you doing after the film?

We were having a chat about it. Why were you standing at the bus stop at ten o’clock?

USE 1 INTERRUPTED ACTION IN THE PAST

When my sister came in, I was telephoning

I was watching TV when she called.

When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.

While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.

What were you doing when the earthquake started?

I was listening to my iPod, so I didn’t hear the fire alarm

You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.

While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.

A: What were you doing when you broke your leg? B: I was snowboarding.

USE 2 PARALLEL ACTIONS

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

She was swimming in the pool while he was watching television

While he was watching television, she was swimming in the pool

Were you listening while he was talking?

I wasn’t paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.

What were you doing while you were waiting?

Thomas wasn’t working, and I wasn’t working either.

I was studying when she called. While I was studying, she called.

Past Continuous with When

When Karen arrived, we were having dinner. (= We had already started dinner before Karen arrived.) When Karen arrived, we had dinner. (= First Karen arrived and then we had dinner.)(see unit 22)

When I arrived at the party . Jenny was talking to Mick, Annie and Peter were dancing

I was explaining the exercise to him when Liverpool scored a splendid goal.

What were you doing when they scored ? ‘ my father asked.

When you phoned, I was having a shower.

When my sister came in, I was studying


Past Continuous with While

At 8 o’clock yesterday evening, I was having dinner...

Matt phoned while we were watching a match on television.

While we were all watching television, he was trying to do his maths exercise.

The present continuous tense and the past continuous tense

Where are you? Where were you?

She is tired. She was tired.

What is she doing? What was she doing?

Why is he leaving? Why was he leaving?

John is going to Paris. John was going to Paris.

Why is Tom happy today? Why was Tom happy yesterday?

Tomorrow, it will be Saturday. Yesterday, it was Saturday.

They are looking for Ashley. They were looking for Ashley.

He’s not nice. He wasn’t nice.

They are very nice, aren’t they? They were very nice, weren’t They?

English exercise “Past continuous”

At ten past seven she was having a shower.

At five past eight she was getting dressed.

At eleven o’ clock she was working.

At a quarter to one she was having lunch.

It was raining while we were playing tennis this morning.

Greg was studying when we went to his place yesterday.

The boys broke the window as they were playing football.

Tom was walking down the street when he met Jack.

She fell off the ladder while she was painting the ceiling.

A. What were you doing when these people arrived? Watching television?

B: - No, we were playing cards with Mr Wilson, the neighbour.

A: - But the woman told me you were watching television!

B: That’s a lie! We were not watching television! Ask Mr Wilson!

While a mechanic was repairing a car, he fell down.

When Mira and Mary were walking in the street, they met their uncle.

John’s mother saw him while he was fishing in a pond.

When I came home, my father was having lunch.

As she was walking across the road, a car hit her.

When my father arrived, we were sleeping...

I was studying when you phoned me.

She broke her tooth while she was eating nuts.

The postman came Just as I was leaving home.

Just as I sat down at the table, the phone rang.

What were you doing when I phoned you?

We went to see Sara, but she wasn’t there.

They were sitting in the garden when it started to rain.

When I woke up, it was raining.

At ten past one she was washing the dishes.

Harry wasn’t watching TV at eight o’ clock pm last night.

Jill wasn’t wearing her uniform at work yesterday.

Anna was eating when we arrived.

What were you doing at 11.30 yesterday? Were you working?

What did he say?”I don’t know. I wasn’t listening”

‘Why were you not watching? ‘

5.1. Use the Past Continuous tense; fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.

.......you.......... last night? (to work) Were you working last night?

It ....... not ............ (to rain) It was not raining.

They .................... home. (to hurry) They were hurrying home.

1. We....................... for the test. (to prepare)

2. ......... she............... notes? (to take)

3. I ............not.................. long. (to wait)

4. They ............................... at Woolco. (to shop)

5. ............it not ..................... outside? (to freeze)

6. She ............................. on Almond Street last year. (to live)

7. .................. you ..................... supper when the phone rang? (to eat)

8. He .................. asleep by the time the lesson ended. (to fall)

9. ........................... we not ........................ the next chapter? (to discuss)

10. They ............................... their books away, when their friends arrived. (to put)

11. You ............ not............................. the news. (to follow)

12. ............. I............... too much noise? (to make)

5.2 Using the Past Continuous tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.

I __________ a salad. (to make) I was making a salad.

They ___________ to find some boots. (to try) They were trying to find some boots.

1. He _______________ a book. (to read) 2. We _________________ money. (to save)

3. She _______________ school. (to attend) 4. It ________________. (to thunder)

5. They ________________ for the exam. (to study) 6. We ________________ ourselves. (to sun)

7. They ________________ they way. (to lead) 8. You _______________ by bus. (to leave)


9. We ________________ through the snow. (to plod) 10. You _______________ your goals. (to attain)

5.3 Rewrite the following As example:

You were learning French.

Were you learning French? You were not learning French.

Were you not learning French? Weren’t you learning French?

You were learning French, weren’t you?

1. We were starting a business.

2. She was waiting outside.

3. He was singing.


Its Rachel’s birthday tomorrow and I haven’t bought her a present

I don’t have a present for her)

Present Perfect TensePresent Perfect Simple



I have done I have not done I haven’t done Have I done?

You have done You have not done You haven’t done Have you done?

He / she / is has done He / she / it has not done He / she / it hasn’t done Has he / she / it done?

We have done We have not done We haven’t done Have we done?

You have done You have not done You haven’t done Have you done?

They have done They have not done They haven’t done Have they done?

You have seen that movie many times.

Have you seen that movie many times?

You have not seen that movie many times.

The present perfect is used to show that the action began in the past and continues in the present.

He has smoked since he left school. (he still smokes).

He has been in prison for two years. (he is still in prison).

Someone has stolen my laptop. I have bought two printers, and a modem.

Karan has written a wonderful letter. Have you ever been to New York?

We have visited Central Park. I haven’t finished -or- have not finished my homework yet.

Peter and Alice have lived in Moscow for six years. Have you finished your examination?

Prince has bought a new computer. We have written three essays this evening.

People have not travelled to Mars. Have you read the book yet?

A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?

B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States I have lost my passport (=I can’t find my passport)

Where’s Rebecca? She’s gone to bed (=she is in bed now)

We’ve bought a new car (=we have a new car now)

Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.


Bob is away on holiday. Oh where has he gone? (=where is he now?)

Can I take this newspaper? Have you finished with it? (=do you need it now?)

Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He has lost his key. He lost it and he still hasn’t got it.

When we use the present perfect there is always a connection with now.

The action in the past has a result now:

‘Where’s your key?’ I don’t know. I’ve lost it.’ (I haven’t got it now)He told me his name but I’ve forgotten it. (I can’t remember it now)‘Is Sally here?’ ‘No, she’s gone out.’ (She is out now)I can’t find my bag. Have you seen it? (Do you know where it is now?)I have lost my passport. (I can’t find my passport now)

You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet:

Just = a short time ago:‘Would you like something to eat?’ ‘No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch.’Hello. Have you just arrived? Are Diane and Paul here? Yes, they have just arrivedAre you hungry? No, I have just had dinerİs Tom here? No, I am afraid he has just gone

ALREADY, YET

‘When is Sara going on holiday?’ ‘She has already gone. Have you met him? Not yet.

already

We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected.

I am sorry, she has already gone home.The film has already started.

She’s only four years old and she is already reading.

She already knows how to cook I have already received my exam results

Shall I tell Liz the news or does she already know? I’ve only just had lunch and I’m already hungry.

“When will you clean the car?” “I’ve already cleaned it.

Do you want a cup of coffee? No, thanks. I’ve already had one.”

yet

We use yet in questions or negative statements to talk about things that we expected to happen

before now.

Have you finished the work yet?I haven’t seen the film yet.

A: Have you seen him? B: Not yet.

We usually use the present perfect with already and yet.

Please wait a moment. She hasn’t finished it yet. It’s quite late. Hasn’t the taxi arrived yet.

It’s quite early. Has tom already left?” But I’ve already done it!

Have you seen Eric yet? We’ve already had our breakfast.

I am very hungry. I haven’t eaten lunch yet. I’ve written the letter but I haven’t posted it yet.

We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.

I have been here since 9 o’clock. John hasn’t called for 6 months.

John hasn’t called since February. He has worked in New York for a long time.

He has worked in New York since he left school. I haven’t phoned home since Christmas.

We’ve been here since nine o’clock. I have had a driving licence since I was eighteen

Exercise “Yet, already, since, for”

Has the film started yet? When he arrived, the film had already begun.

Have you already finished? Stephen has worked here since last May

Are they already here? Haven’t you done your Christmas shopping yet?

Have you had your shower yet? Have you already done your military service?

I have already seen this movie twice We have not seen each other since Saturday

Put your money away. I have already paid the bill I have lived in the same house since I was born

He has already finished reading the novel.

Exercise “Present perfect”

I have not eaten anything since breakfast. I have not been ill for ages.

We have just received your invitation to your party. The postman has not come yet.

I have never heard such nonsense. I have forgotten my book at home.

He has lost his keys. She has not seen her son for a long time.

I have not revised my lessons. Thomas has worked very hard.

The child has broken a cup. Faith has not called me since Wednesday.

The children have not eaten anything. Emilio has not spoken to the boss.

6.1 Fill in the blanks using the Present Perfect tense of the regular verbs shown in brackets.

She _________ hard. (to try) She has tried hard.

He ___________ his friend. (to annoy) He has annoyed his friend.

1. We _______________ them. (to envy)

2. She ________________ the clarinet for five years. (to play)

3. You _________________ for the job. (to apply)

4. We _______________ the eggs. (to fry)

5. They _________________ six people. (to employ)


6. He ________________ the wall with paint. (to spray)

7. I ________________ home. (to hurry)

8. They _________________ unusual intelligence. (to display)

9. It _________________ our chances. (to destroy)

10. You ________________ on your bicycle. (to rely)

6.2 Using the Present Perfect tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets

We ____________ the contest. (to enter) We have entered the contest.

He ____________ the work. (to finish) He has finished the work.

1. They _______________ a pizza. (to order) 2. It _______________ to rain. (to start)

3. You _______________ the question. (to answer) 4. I _______________ the eggs. (to cook)

5. We _______________ the sauce. (to heat) 6. He _______________ the room. (to clean)

7. She _______________ the car. (to start) 8. They _______________ on the door. (to knock)

9. You _______________ on the lights. (to turn) 10. She _______________ them to come. (to ask)

6.3 Complete Bs sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just / already / yet

1. A: Would you like something to eat?

B: No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch. (Just / have)

2. A: Do you know where Julia is?

B: Yes, I ......................................... her. (Just / see)

3. A: What time is David leaving?

B: He................................... (already / leave)

4. A: What’s in the newspaper today?

B: I don’t know. I ............................... (not / read / yet)

5. A: Is Ann coming to the cinema with us?

B: No, she............................................ the film. (already / see)

6. A: Are your friends here yet?

B: Yes, they ................................... (Just / arrive)

7. A: What does Tim think about your plan?

B: I...................................... (not / tell / yet)

6.4 Fill in the blanks using the Present Perfect tense of the regular verbs shown in brackets.

He __________ the child. (to scare) He has scared the child.

They ____________ the hillside. (to scar) They have scarred the hillside.

1. She __________________. (to apologize)

2. I ________________ the soup. (to stir)

3. It _________________. (to stop)

4. We _________________ what happened. (to explain)

5. They __________________ a concert. (to plan)

6. You ________________ the table. (to wipe)

7. We _________________ our hopes on you. (to pin)

8. She _________________ the choir. (to join)

9. They ________________ an eagle. (to spot)

10. It ___________ every day. (to rain)

11. You _______________ the cream. (to whip)

12. She _______________ everything. (to arrange)

6.5 Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect tense of the irregular verbs shown in brackets.

They _________ tall. (to grow) They have grown tall.

He __________ it. (to choose) He has chosen it.

1. We ....................... lunch. (to eat) 2. I................................ the floor. (to sweep)

3. She ...........................in a choir. (to sing) 4. They ........................ to work. (to go)

5. You .................... your way. (to lose) 6. He ........................ earlier than usual. (to rise)

7. We..................... to everyone. (to speak) 8. I ............................. The kingfisher. (to see)

9. They .....................each other a long time. (to know) 10. She ........................ here from France. (to fly)

11. He............................. very helpful. (to be) 12. I ............................... the blue cloth. (to cut)

13. We .............................two letters. (to write) 14. They ...................... the competition. (to win)

15. She............................ no one. (to tell) 16. It .............................a long time. (to take)

17. You ............................ to do it. (to forget) 18. I .............................it. (to hear)

19. They ...........................town. (to leave) 20. He ........................the problem. (to understand)


UNIT 7 Present perfect with Ever - never

Have you ever been to Greece? Have you ever painted a wall?

Yes, I have been to Greece ,No, I haven’t. Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. No,Never

EVER Ever means ‘at any time’, the specific time is unknown or unnecessary, and is used in questions. Ever is also used with ‘the first time’ for first experiences.

Have you ever met a famous person? (Did you meet a famous person at any time in the past?)

This is the first time I’ve ever eaten snake soup.

NEVER Never means the subject hasn’t had a certain experience before.

Have you ever been abroad? No, I’ve never been abroad. (I’ve never had that experience before.)

I have never cut my hair before because my mum didn’t want it.

Let me know if she ever comes back. I love you forever.

Have you ever been to the U.S.A., Sara’s always on time; she’s never late!

I’ve never seen that. Never do that again!

I have never been to Paris. He is always kind ever since I’ve known him.

Have you ever seen anything like this? I never drink tea.

Study this example conversation:

DAVE: Have you travelled a lot, Jane? JANE: Yes, I’ve been to lots of places. DAVE: Really? Have you ever been to China? JANE: Yes, I’ve been to China twice. DAVE: What about India? JANE: No, I haven’t been to India.

Exercise “ever / never”

I have been to Canada, but I haven’t been to the United States

Have you ever eaten caviar? (In your life) We’ve never had a car.

Has Anne ever been to Australia? Yes, one

Have you ever played golf? Yes, I have played a lot

Have you ever drunk wine? Have you ever driven a car?

Have you ever seen a film? Have you ever worn a pink shirt?

Have you ever flown in a plane? Have you ever eaten traditional English food?

7.1 You are asking somebody questions about things he or she has done.

Make questions from the words in brackets.

1. (ever / ride / horse?) Have you ever ridden a horse?

2. (ever / be / California?)...................................

3. (ever / run / marathon?) ................................

4. (ever / speak / famous person?) ........................

5. (always / live / in this town?) ........................

6. (most beautiful place / ever / visit?) What.......................

7.2 Complete these sentences using today / this year / this term etc.

1. I saw Tom yesterday but I haven’t seen him today.

2. I read a newspaper yesterday but I.................... today.

3. Last year the company made a profit but this year.....................

4. Tracy worked hard at school last term but -..........................

5. It snowed a lot last winter but ..........................

6. Our football team won a lot of games last season but we......................

7.3 Ask questions beginning “Have you ever..........?”

1 (London?) Have you ever been to London? No, never

2 (play / golf?) Have you ever played golf Yes, many times

3 (Australia?) ........................... Yes, once

4 (lose / your passport?) ........................... No, never

5 (fly / in a helicopter?) ........................... Yes, a few times

6 (win / race?) ........................... No, never

7 (New York?) ........................... Yes, twice

8 (drive / a bus?) ........................... No, never

9 (break / your leg) ............................ Yes, once



It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining.

It has been raining

Present Perfect ContinuousAffirmative Negative Interrogative


I have been doing I have not been doing I haven’t been doing Have you been doing?

You have been doing You have not been doing You haven’t been doing Have you been doing?

He / she / it has been doing He has not been doing He hasn’t been doing Has he been doing?

We have been doing We have not been doing We haven’t been doing Have we been doing?

You have been doing You have not been doing You haven’t been doing Have you been doing?

They have been doing They have not been doing They haven’t been doing Have they been doing?

You have been waiting here for two hours.

Have you been waiting here for two hours?

You have not been waiting here for two hours.

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. “For five minutes,” “for two weeks,” and “since Tuesday” (see unit 11)

They have been talking for the last hour. She has been sleeping since this morning

What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? He has been teaching for seven years now.

James has been teaching at the university since June. She has been swimming for hours now.

The farmer has been planting trees for two months now.. I have been waiting for twenty minutes.

They have been hoping for his returning since last week.

An action (not the result)

She has been writing for two hours. I have been reading for 2 hours. [I am still reading now.]

We’ve been studying since 9 o’clock. [We’re still studying now.]

We use both for and since to say how long something has been happening. We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.

He has been working in this company since 1985

She has been working at that company for three years

How long have you been learning English? [You are still learning now.]

We have not been smoking. [And we are not smoking now.]

I have been reading for 2 hours.

past present future

************************************

Action started in past. Action is continuing now.

Mary has been living in Germany since 1992.

Why is he so tired? He has been playing tennis for five hours.

I have been living without electricity for two weeks.

The film has not been running for ten minutes yet, but there’s a commercial break already.

She has not been in the garden for more than an hour.

Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?

Present perfect continuous or present continuous?

I cannot sleep because the baby is crying it has been raining all week

A car alarm is ringing in the street! This alarm is driving me crazy.

Marie’s English is improving, isn’t it? She has been singing for two hours

She is ill ; she is sleeping in her bed I am studying Spanish at university.

I’m getting a little worried because the baby has been crying for over half an hour

Where have you been? We have been waiting for you since 1.00 pm

I have been visiting him in Canada. (The focus is on the duration of the action.)

Exercise “Present perfect continuous”

She looks very depressed; she has been reading a sad story.

They have been smoking for a long time.

His eyes are red! He has been crying too long,

She has been working as a model for two years.

She has been waiting for an hour.

How long have you been learning English?

I am tired; I have been walking since the daybreak

I have been working in this institution since 2005.

We have been waiting for him for hours and it is really mean of him not to turn up.

She has been cooking for us all this time and I must say she is a fantastic cook.

The phone has been ringing for the past five minutes without anyone picking it up.


8.1 Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.

I ________________ all night. (to work) I have been working all night.

She ___________________ the trumpet. (to practise) She has been practising the trumpet.

1. We ______________________ for you. (to wait)

2. They __________________________ a race. (to run)

3. He ___________________________ a book. (to read)

4. You ___________________________ a letter. (to write)

5. I __________________________ the table. (to set)

6. It __________________________ for hours. (to rain)

7. We __________________________ here for three years. (to live)

8. She ____________________________ to us. (to speak)

9. You ___________________________ presents. (to buy)

10. They ___________________________ a trip. (to plan)

8.2 Write a question for each situation.

1. John looks sunburnt. You ask: (you / sit in the sun?)

Have you been sitting in the sun?

2. You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waiting for you. You ask: (you / wait / long?)

.......................................

3. You meet a friend in the street. His face and hands are very dirty. You ask: (what / you / do?)

.......................................

4. A friend of yours is now living in Baker Street. You want to know ‘How long ...?’ You ask: (how

long / you / live / in Baker Street?)

.......................................

5. A friend tells you about his job--he sells computers. You want to know ‘How long ...?’ You ask: (how long / you / sell / computers?)

.......................................

8.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences.

1. The rain started two hours ago. It’s still raining now. It has been raining for two hours.

2. We started waiting for the bus 20 minutes ago. We’re still waiting now.

We............................................................ for 20 minutes

3. I started Spanish classes in December. I’m still learning Spanish now.

I................................. since December.

4. Ann began looking for a job six months ago. She’s still looking now.

................................... for six months.

5. Mary started working in London on 18 January. She’s still working there now.

..................................... since 18 January.

6. Years ago you started writing to a pen-friend. You still write to each other regularly now.

We.................................. for years.

8.4 Rewrite the following two affirmative statements as questions, negative statements, negative questions without contractions, negative questions with contractions, and affirmative statements followed by negative tag questions.

They have been enjoying themselves.

Have they been enjoying themselves?

They have not been enjoying themselves.

Have they not been enjoying themselves?

Haven’t they been enjoying themselves?

They have been enjoying themselves, haven’t they?

1. It has been snowing.

2. You have been visiting your friends.


UNIT 9 Present perfect continuous and simple(I have been doing and I have done)

Ann’s clothes are covered in paint. Have you written that letter? She has been painting the room. No, I haven’t

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

I have been writing for an hour.I have been doing my homework

I have been washing the carI haven’t been playing that game for an hour,

James has been living here for a year.

I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.I have done my homework. (work is completed now.)I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now

I haven’t played that game for yearsJames has lived in this town for 10 years

This tense is used for an action which began in the past and is still in progress.

(just finished)

They’ve been working here for a long time but Andy has worked here for even longer.

I’ve lived here for 10 years and she has been living here for 12 years.

How long have they been married? The glass is dirty! Nobody has washed it.

I have bought this magazine. My hand hurts. I have written a lot of letters.

Excuse me; you have dropped your purse! Someone has been smoking in this room.

Surfing has been a popular sport for 10 years. I feel fit. I have been exercising for 3 hours.

I’m really tired! I have been playing soccer all afternoon.

They’ve been talking about this for month and they still haven’t found a solution.

Compare these examples:

My hands are very dirty. I’ve been repairing the car. / The car is OK again now. I’ve repaired it.

She’s been smoking too much recently. She should smoke less.

Somebody has smoked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty.

It’s nice to see you again. What have you been doing since we last met?

Where’s the book I gave you? What have you done with it?

Have you ever played tennis? How long have you been reading that book?

They’ve been playing tennis since 2 o’clock. How many pages of that book have you read?

Mary has written ten letters today. They’ve played tennis three times this week.

Exercise “Present perfect continuous and Present Perfect Simple “

They have been married for three years. He has been at home for ten minutes.

I have often been to Scotland. He has just stopped smoking.

Have you ever taken a plane? Look at the mouse! What has happened to it?

How long have they known each other? I have always wanted to become a pianist.

Have you understood anything I’ve said to you? Sorry, I’ve forgotten my homework.

How long has Jack been studying English? How many new words have you learnt this week?

How many times have you eaten at this restaurant? You look exhausted! What have you been doing?

Look at the weather! It’s been raining all day! I need a holiday! I haven’t had one for two years.

I’ve always wanted a sport car! Ooh, that woman. I’ve never liked her.

9.1 Read the situations and write two sentences using the words in brackets.

1. Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53.

(Read / for two hours) He has been reading for two hours.

(Read / 53 pages so far) He has read 53 pages so far.

2. Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her tour three months ago.

(Travel / for three months) She .........................

(Visit / six countries so far) She ...........................

3. Jimmy is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is national champion again--for the fourth time.

(win / the national championship four times) He .....................

(play / tennis since he was ten) He ...........................

4. When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together. They still make films.

(make / ten films since they left college) They ............. .....................

(make / films since they left college) They .....................

9.2 For each situation ask a question using the words in brackets.

1. You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask: (how long / learn / Arabic?)

How long have you been learning Arabic?

2. You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask: (how long / wait?)

....................................

3. You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask: (how many fish / catch?)

....................................

4. Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask: (how many people / invite?

....................................

5. A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask: (how long / teach?)


....................................

6. You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask:

(How many books / write?) .................................

(How long / write / books?) ....................................

7. A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask:

(How long / save?) .....................................

(How much money / save?) ....................................


How long have they been married? They have been married for 20 years.

“How long have you been...” is used to ask how long someone has

a) done an activity for or b) done a job

How long have you been + noun

How long have you been an architect? I’ve been an architect for 15 years

How long have you been + verb~ing

How long have you been skiing?* I’ve been skiing for 3 hours.

SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

how often ... times how long ....since ....for

How long have you been married? (not how long are you married)

They have been married for five years (not they are married for five years)

How long have you known her? (not how long do you know her?)

I have known her for a long time (not I know her for.......)

How long has she lived in London? She has lived there all her life

“How long have you been in” is used for a professional field, or a place

How long have you been in business?*I’ve been in business for 25 years.or We’ve been in business since 1995.

HOW OFTEN .....?

I sometimes watch television. How often do you watch television?They hardly ever use the internet. How often do they use the internet?She quite often reads the newspaper. How often does she read the newspaper?

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FROM...TO.......?


How long does it take by train from London to Manchester?

It takes two hours by train from London to Manchester.

How long does it take you to get to school? Present

How long did he stay in France? Past

How long will he be staying? Future

How long have you been learning English? Perfect

How long had you had the car before you crashed it? Past perfect

“How long does it take by car from your house to the station?

It takes ten minutes by car from my house to the station

How long does it take to cross the Atlantic by ship?

I came by train Did you? How long did it take (to get here)?

How long will it take to get from here to the hotel?

It takes a long time to learn a language It doesn’t take long to cook an omelette

It won’t take long to fix the computer How long is it to Istanbul from Izmir?

Compare the present and the present perfect:

Amy is in hospital. But she has been in hospital since Monday. (not ‘Amy is in hospital since Monday’)

We know each other very well but we have known each other for a long time. (not ‘we know’)

Are you waiting for somebody? But how long have you been waiting?

Exercise “How long -How far How often “

New-York is 2,570 miles far from Las Vegas. How far is New-York from Las Vegas?

She usually spends 2 hours in traffic How long does she usually spend in traffic?

Sydney is 13,249 miles far from Paris. How far is Sydney from Paris?

He has played tennis for 30 minutes How long has he played tennis?

The bus-stop is 300 yards away. How far is the bus-stop?

I have been looking for her for... How long have you been looking for her?

They stayed in Ireland for... How long did they stay in Ireland?

It takes me ... to go to your house. How long does it take you to go to my house?

She’s known me for... How long has she known you?

I have been practising for... How long have you been practising?

She had to stay at home for.. How long did she have to stay at home?

He hadn’t been feeling well for.. How long hadn’t he been feeling well?

I’ll be absent for... How long will you be absent?

He has been working in this hospital for.. How long has he been working in this hospital?

I haven’t seen my sister for... How long haven’t you seen your sister?

The game generally lasts ... How long does the game generally last?

We had been waiting for her for .. How long had you been waiting for her?

The war lasted nearly ... How long did the war last?

I was married for ... How long were you married?

10.1 Read the situations and write questions from the words in brackets.

1. John tells you that his mother is in hospital. You ask him:

(How long / be / in hospital?)

How long has your mother been in hospital?

2. You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You ask her:

(How long / teach / English?)

.....................................?

3. You know that Jane is a good friend of Carol’s. You ask Jane:

(How long / know / Carol?)

.....................................?

4. Your friend’s brother went to Australia some time ago and he’s still there. You ask your friend:

(How long / be / in Australia?)

.....................................?

5. Tim always wears the same jacket. It’s a very old jacket. You ask him:

(How long / have / that jacket?)

......................................?

6. You are talking to a friend about Alan. Alan now works at the airport. You ask your friend:

(How long / work / at the airport?)

........................................?

7. A friend of yours is having driving lessons. You ask him:

(How long / have / driving lessons?)

........................................?

8. You meet somebody on a train. She tells you that she lives in Glasgow. You ask her:

(always / live / in Glasgow?)

........................................?

10.2 Complete Bs answers to A’s questions.

1. A: Amy is in hospital, isn’t she?

B: Yes, she has been in hospital since Monday.

2. A: Do you see Ann very often?

B: No, I haven’t seen her for three months.

3. A: Is Margaret married?

B. Yes, she ......... married for ten years.

4. A: Are you waiting for me?

B: Yes, I ................ for the last half hour.

5. A: You know Linda, don’t you?

B: Yes, we ............... each other for ages.


6. A: Do you still play tennis?

B: No, I ............... tennis for years.

7. A: Is Jim watching TV?

B: Yes, he .............. TV all evening.

8. A: Do you watch TV a lot?

B: No, I.............. TV for a long time.

9. Have you got a headache?

B: Yes, I ............ a headache all morning.

10. A: George is never ill, is he?

B: No, he....................... ill since I’ve known him.

11. A: Are you feeling ill?

B: Yes, I ............... ill since I got up.

12. Sue lives in London, doesn’t she?

B: Yes, she ...........in London for the last few years.

13. Do you still go to the cinema a lot?

B: No, I ........... to the cinema for ages.

14. Would you like to go to New York one day?

B: Yes, I ......... to go to New York. (Use always / want)

10.3 How long does it take to do these things? Write full sentences

1. How long does it take to fly from your city to London?

It takes two hours to fly from my city to London

2. How long does it take to fly from your city to New York?

It takes ..................................

3. How long does it take to study to be a doctor in your country?

It takes ..................................

4. How long does it take to walk from your home to the nearest shop?

It takes ..............................

5. How long does it take to get from your home to the nearest airport?

It takes .................................

10.4 Write questions with How long did it take...?

1. (Jane found a job) How long did it take her to find a job?

2. (I walked to the station) ..............you...............

3. (Tom painted the bathroom) ..............................

4. (I learnt to ski) .............................

5. (They repaired the computer) ..............................

10.5 Read the situations and write sentences with it took........

1. I read a book last week. I started reading it on Monday. I finished it three days later

It took me three days to read the book

2. We walked home last night. We left at 10 o’clock and we arrived home at 10.20

It took ....................................

3. I learnt to drive last year. I had my first driving lesson in January. I passed my driving test six months later

It took .......................................

4. Mark drove to London yesterday. He left home at 7 o’clock and got to London at 10

It took .......................................

5. Lisa began looking for a job a long time ago. She got a job last week

It took ....................................



They have been learning English since May (they’re still learning English)

We use for when we give the length of the time. ALL TENSES

For three days, for 6 months, for a long time, for a week, for several years, for two centuries, for 4 years

We use since when we give the beginning of the time. PERFECT TENSES ONLY

Since Monday, - Since 1997, - Since the last war. - Since the day we met. since Monday since January

I have worked here since 2004. I have had this car since October.

I have worked here for three years. I have had this car for three months.

I have known your parents for a long time. I’ve known Mike for ten years now

He’s been fond of animals since he was born I have belonged to Greenpeace since 1999

I have been reading since 4 o’clock. I have been reading for hours.

I have stayed in Algeria for six months. She has stayed at Mary’s since Friday.

I have been an English teacher since2000. They have learnt English for ten years.

I have been her friend since yesterday. It has rained since lunch time.

She has not seen her friends for a long time. I have waited for you for five minutes.

They haven’t gone to the seaside since July. Susan has started a new job since last week.

I have been studying for 3 hours. I have been watching TV since 7pm.

Tara hasn’t been feeling well for 2 weeks. Tara hasn’t been visiting us since March.

He has been playing football for a long time. He has been living in Bangkok since he left school.

I have been studying English since 1993. John has helped me since 10:00 this morning.

Exercise “Since and for”

He has been here for a long period. She has lived in New York for six years.

He has been learning French for eight months. They have been married for a long time.

I haven’t seen her for ages. She has got that job since March 18.

He has put on weight since the end of last year. I have been well paid since I joined that firm.

Kevin has been playing for two hours. She has been singing since ten o’clock.

I have been waiting for you for ten minutes. Mike has been hired for a six month period.

Tom has been sleeping since yesterday We have been learning English for six months

He has been watching TV since 6.00 p.m. Three days ago he started reading a book

I’ve been working hard, so now I’m going to have a rest. The ground is wet. It’s been raining.

We’ve been waiting for an hour. Those people have been in Europe since August.

It has been raining for 2 days. I haven’t seen her since June.

She has been living in Paris for 5 years. He hasn’t cooked for many years.

11.1 Read the situations and complete the sentences beginning in the way shown.

1. (It’s raining now. It’s been raining since lunchtime.) It started raining at lunchtime.

2. (Ann and I are friends. We first met years ago.) We’ve known each other for years.

3. (Mark is ill. He became ill on Sunday.) He has.............................

4. (Mark is ill. He became ill a few days ago.) He has .........................

5. (Sarah is married. She’s been married for two years.) She got .................

6. (You’ve got a camera. You bought it ten years ago.) I’ve ...................

7. (Sue has been in France for the last three weeks.) She went ................

8. (You’re working in a hotel. You started in June.) I’ve ............................

11.2 Put in for or since.

1. It’s been raining ...since ........lunchtime.

2. Tom’s father has been doing the same job....... for...... 20 years.

3. Have you been learning English -........-a long time?

4. Sarah has lived in London ........ 1985.

5. .......Christmas, the weather has been quite good.

6. Please hurry up! We’ve been waiting........... an hour.

7. Kevin has been looking for a job ......... he left school.

8. The house is very dirty. We haven’t cleaned it...... ages.

9. I haven’t had a good meal ...... last Tuesday.

10 My grandmother has stopped running............ she became ill last year.

11 We have had a cottage in the Dordogne ......... 3 years.

12 Lloyds bank has been here ......... five years.

13 It was a shock as I hadn’t seen her........ quite a long time.

14 She has been rehearsing........ the course started.

15 She has been waiting for you to contact her........ last week.

16 I haven’t made any mistake about ‘since’ and ‘for’......... I read the lesson and made this test.

17 Robby hasn’t seen some of his friends........ 45 years.

18 I love English............. I joined the club.

19 My best friends have been very generous with me........ my eleventh birthday.


UNIT 12 Present perfect and past tense(I have done and I did)

The Chinese invented printing. (not ‘have invented’) Shakespeare wrote many plays.


PRESENT PERFECT PAST

I have lost my key (I can’t find it now)Ben has gone home (he isn’t here now)Have you seen Kate? (where is she now)

I lost my key last weekBen went home ten minutes agoDid you see Kate on Sunday?

We normally use the Present Perfect when we want to talk about about something which happened in the past but is relevant now.

Have you ever been to Spain? My friend is a writer. He has written many books

Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. This means that he doesn’t have his key now.

Has he lost his key? No, he hasn’t. Now Tom has found his key. He has it now.

My sister is a writer. She has written many books. (She still writes books)

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished

Jack grew a beard but now he has shaved it off. (so he doesn’t have a beard now)

They went out after lunch and they’ve just come back. (so they are back now)

How many plays did Shakespeare write? (not ‘has Shakespeare written’)

Beethoven was a great composer. (not ‘has been’)

Did you go to Spain last year? The letter didn’t arrive yesterday

The present perfect or past simple”

I have read a lot this week, but I have to get the book completely finished by this week end.

It was so hot today that I wore shorts and a T-shirt at work.

We have spent £200 on food this month and there’s another week to go before I get paid.

I’ ve never heard Ken criticise anyone since I have known him.

A soon as I started the car I realised that something was wrong with the engine.

My mother phoned me three times this morning and then this afternoon she came round to my house.

I have marked twenty essays today, but I’ve still got five more before I go to bed.

Compare present perfect and past:

I’ve done a lot of work today. We’ve been waiting for an hour. (we are still waiting now)

I have never played golf. (In my life)

I did a lot of work yesterday. (Yesterday, last week, from 1985 to 1991)

Did you see Ann this morning? (It is now afternoon or evening) I don’t think so. I didn’t see her.

We waited (or were waiting) for an hour. (We are no longer waiting)

Exercise “Present perfect or past tense”

I haven’t finished my homework yet. John bought a new car three weeks ago.

They have built a great house for their family. I haven’t gone to the shop; what a shame!

When have you opened the window? It’s cold here! I always wanted a new car, thus I bought one.

Why have you destroyed your old table? I broke my leg in 2005.

I haven’t seen Mary this week. Have you heard anything?

John has bought a book about cars. Has she sung a song recently?

Mary started studying Spanish in January. They’ve never come to our house.

John hasn’t finished his work yet. He has just come back from London.

I played rugby last Saturday for my school. My mother has made some tea.

Dick hasn’t read any books from our reading list yet. Have you heard the news?

He has been too busy with his new girl-friend. We have been friends for over ten years now.

When I was at primary school I used to have a friend. In fact I haven’t seen her since then.

12.1 What has happened in these situations?

1. Jack had a beard. Now he hasn’t got a beard. He has shaved off his beard.

2. Linda was here five minutes ago. Now she’s in bed. She ....................................

3. The temperature was 25 degrees. Now it is only 17. The temperature ....................................

4. The light was off. Now it is on. Somebody ....................................

5. The tree was only three metres high. Now it is four. The tree ....................................

6. The plane was on the runway a few minutes ago. Now it is in the air. The plane ....................................

12.2 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form, present perfect or past simple.

1. ‘Where’s your key?’ ‘I don’t know. I’ve lost it.’ (lose)

2. I was very tired, so I lay down on the bed and went to sleep. (be)

3. Mary.......... to Australia for a while but she’s back again now. (go)

4. ‘Where’s Ken?’ ‘He.............out. He’ll be back in about an hour.’ (go)

5. I did German at school but I............ most of it. (forget)

6. I meant to phone Diane last night but I........ (forget)

7. I ....... a headache earlier but I feel fine now. (have)

8. Look! There’s an ambulance over there. There...... an accident. (be)

9. They’re still building the new road. They..........it. (not / finish)


10. ‘Is Helen still here?’ ‘No, she.............. out.’ (Just / go)

11. The police .............. three people but later they let them go. (arrest)

12. Ann.............. me her address but I’m afraid I........it. (give, lose)

13. Where’s my bike? It ...... outside the house. It ....... (be, disappear)

14. What do you think of my English? Do you think I...........? (improve)

12.3 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.

1. I’ve lost my key. I can’t find it anywhere. RIGHT

2. Have you seen the news on television last night? WRONG: Did you see?

3. I’ve bought a new car. Do you want to see it? ..........

4. I’ve bought a new car last week. ............. .............

5. Where have you been yesterday evening? ....... .............

6. Jenny has left school in 1991. ............ .........

7. I’m looking for Mike. Have you seen him? ..........

8. I’m very hungry I haven’t eaten anything today.........

9. Diane hasn’t been at work yesterday. ........... ..........

10. When has this book been published? .............. .................


When I arrived at the cinema the film had already started.

( I was late when arriving at the cinema)

Past Perfect SimpleAffirmative Negative Interrogative


I had played I had not played I hadn’t played Had I played?

You had played You had not played You hadn’t played Had you played?

He / she / it had played He had not played He hadn’t played Had he played?

We had played We had not played We hadn’t played Had we played?

You had played You had not played You hadn’t played Had you played?

They had played They had not played They hadn’t played Had they played?

You had studied English before you moved to New York.

Had you studied English before you moved to New York?

You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

We use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

Before the dog came into the house, she had finished the housework.

She had thrown the letter away when she noticed it was important.

When he saw her he knew he had met her before.

When he phoned her she had gone out.

He rushed to the baker’s when he saw his wife had forgotten to buy some bread.

The driver had not stopped at the traffic lights, so the police car chased him.

The budgie flew away because Jim had not closed the window.

When we came home, Frank had not painted the ceiling yet.

Eric had not invited his friends, so he was alone on Saturday evening.

I had not seen Olivia for three years before I met her in Spain.

He told me that he had not spoken his brother the other day.


PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT

The bike is new. I’ve bought it. The bike was new. I had bought it.

Past Perfect - Simple Past Simple Past - Simple Past

The match had started before he arrived. The match started when he arrived.

I arrived at the station The train left

When I arrived at the station the train had left

After the train had left, I arrived at the station

Before I arrived at the station, the train had left

PAST PERFECT WITH AFTER , BEFORE

After they had packed their rucksacks, they rode away on their bikes.

After she had closed the door, she started to tell us the truth.

Susan turned on the radio after she had washed the dishes.

After the man had come home he fed the cat

She watched a video after the children had gone to bed.

After Eric had made breakfast he phoned his friend.

Before he took a shower, he had run 2 kilometres.

WHEN+ SIMPLE PAST, PAST PERFECT

First the patient died. Then the doctor arrived.

The patient had died when the doctor arrived

When his mother arrived, Paul had finished the game

When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.

When I arrived home, Linda had left

When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.

I hadn’t known the bad news when I spoke to him.


I checked with the supplier and they still hadn’t received the contract.

Karen didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.

The cat hid under the chair because the children had been so loud.

After Max had finished his breakfast, he left the flat.

Laura repaired her glasses because her brother had broken them.

By the time the show began, all friends had arrived.

The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we had built

He had not been to Cape Town before 1997.

My brother ate all of the cake that our mum had made

The doctor took off the plaster that he had put on six weeks before

The waiter brought a drink that I had not ordered

I could not remember the poem we had learned the week before.

The children collected the chestnuts that had fallen from the tree.

I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.

She only understood the movie because she had read the book.

We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.

They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years

She had already told him before I got a chance to give him my version.

When I got home yesterday, my mother had already cooked the dinner.

Compare the past perfect (I had done) and past simple (I did):

‘Was Tom at the party when you arrived?’ ‘No, he had already gone home.’

Ann wasn’t at home when I phoned. She was in London.

but Ann had just got home when I phoned. She had been in London.

Exercise “Past perfect tense”

Before we arrived at school the classes had started.

I felt exhausted because I had run ten miles.

He had studied that book before he arrived in Pakistan.

He had sold all the copies of the thesaurus before we got there.

We went to his place for dinner but to our great surprise he had had his dinner.

When I got up, rather late, the sun had risen

Before we got there they had begun the show.

He had finished his work before I began mine.

It had begun to rain when I stepped out of the house.

Soon after they had completed their homework they ran out to play with the dog.

Peter told me he had already paid the bill.

Brian believed that John had moved to London.

When Ron arrived, the party had already begun.

The children had already gone to bed when their mother came from work.

It was my first flight; I had never travelled -or- had never travelled by plane before.

My wife didn’t watch the film with me because she had already seen it.

You didn’t tell me that you had decided to travel abroad.

When he returned home, he saw that the postman had delivered a small parcel.


13.1 Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets.

1. You went to Jill’s house but she wasn’t there. (She / go / out) She had gone out.

2. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn’t the same as before.

(it / change / a lot).............................

3. I invited Rachel to the party but she couldn’t come.

(she / arrange / to do something else) .............................

4. You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late.

(the film / already / begin) .............................

5. I was very pleased to see Tim again after such a long time.

(I / not / see / him for five years) .............................

6. I offered Sue something to eat but she wasn’t hungry.

(she / just / have / breakfast) .............................

13.2 Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.

I _________ the parcel. (to open) I had opened the parcel.

They ________ to the opera. (to be) They had been to the opera.

1. She ________________ a sweater. (to buy)

2. He _______________ to work. (to start)

3. You _________________ the message. (to understand)

4. We ________________ the appointment. (to forget)

5. They ________________ us. (to convince)

6. She ________________ the book. (to find)

7. He ________________ the envelope. (to tear)

8. You ________________ your breakfast. (to finish)

9. We ______________ to school. (to go)

10. They ________________ the beds. (to make)

13.3 Using the Past Perfect tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.

He _____________ hard. (to practise) He had practised hard.

___ they ____ a good job? (to do) Had they done a good job?

I ___ not _____ the news. (to hear) I had not heard the news.

1. You ........................... it carefully. (to consider)

2. She ..................... her way in the woods. (to lose)

3. .................. he not.................. his hands? (to wash)

4. ...............they................. the letter? (to read)

5. I .......... not .................. the words. (to forget)

6. We ..................to come even before we received the letter. (to decide)

7. .................. he not ......................... everything well? (to organize)

8. They ......... not............... a holiday in a long time. (to have)

9. She ...................... to talk to us. (to stop)

10. He ........................not yet ................ (to arrive)

11. ....... you ..................... to meet him? (to plan)

12. I ........... not ....................... her for a long time. (to see)

UNIT 14 Past perfect continuous(I had been doing)

Paul had been playing tennis with a friend. Before his mother arrived

Past Perfect Continuous Affirmative Negative Interrogative


I had been playing I had not been playing I hadn’t been playing Had I been playing?

You had been playing You had not been playing You hadn’t playing Had you been playing?

He had been playing He had not been playing He hadn’t been playing Had he been playing?

We had been playing We had not been playing We hadn’t been playing Had we been playing?

You had been playing You had not been playing You hadn’t been playing Had you been playing?

They had been playing They had not been playing They hadn’t been playing Had they been playing?

You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?

You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

We use the past perfect continuous to refer to an action in the past which continued until another action took place. For five minutes and for two weeks are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous.

The children had already gone to bed when their mother came from work.

(Action happened before a point in the past .)

Sarah was exhausted. She had been washing the dishes for more than three hours.

(Something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past.)

I left without him last night, but I told him to meet me early because the film started at 8:00.

I had been trying to get tickets for that movie for months, and I didn’t want to miss it.

She was very upset because he had been waiting for more than half an hour.

They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.


She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.

We had been sleeping for 12 hours when he woke up.

They had been waiting at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived

We had been looking for her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom.

A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.

I had been waiting there for two hours before she finally arrived.

She had only been studying English for two years before she got the job.

I had been running for an hour when it started raining.

Mary said she had never been swimming so much in one day.

Kathy put on weight because she had been eating too much sugar.

Everything had been going well in my life until my world fell apart several months ago.

COMPARE PAST PERFECT / PRESENT PERFECT

When I went to the car park, I found that my car had been stolen.

John had been living in Paris for 4 years before he could speak French fluently.

I have been learning English for 5 years now.

The locals were amazed because they had never seen a horse before.

They wouldn’t let him in because he had forgotten his membership card.

They said: ‘You can’t come in because you have forgotten your membership card.’

Have you seen the new film by Spike Lee?

Exercise “Past perfect continuous”

He had been driving his car for 10 minutes when he realized it had a flat tyre.

He had been swimming for 15 minutes when he understood he had lost his swimsuit.

It had been raining for one hour when the wind started to blow.

We had been staying there since 1980, you know.

I had not been walking for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain

How long had she been learning English before she went to London?

Frank Sinatra caught the flu because he had been singing in the rain too long.

He had been driving less than an hour when he ran out of petrol.

They were very tired in the evening because they had been helping on the farm all day.

I had not been working all day; so I wasn’t tired and went to the disco at night

They had been cycling all day so their legs were sore in the evening.

14.1 Using the Past Perfect Continuous tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.

We _______________. (to argue) We had been arguing.

___ he ___________ well? (to feel) Had he been feeling well ?

I ___ not __________ much walking. (to do) I had not been doing much walking.

1. You _______________________ the stove. (to clean)

2. She _____ not ___________________ regularly. (to come)

3. _____ they not ___________________ on you? (to count)

4. We ________________________ for shoes. (to look)

5. _____ it not ________________ that day? (to snow)

6. I ________________________ for groceries. (to shop)

7. _____ he not ___________________ to the news? (to listen)

8. They _____ not ___________________ to drive far. (to intend)

9. _____ we ___________________ on time? (to leave)

10. _____ you ____________________ that? (to expect)

11. They ________________________ television. (to watch)

12. He _____ not _________________ long when the bus arrived. (to wait)

14.2 Using the Past Perfect Continuous tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.

We __________________ for an apartment. (to search)

We had been searching for an apartment.

She _______________ extra courses. (to take)

She had been taking extra courses.

1. We ......................................... the grass. (to cut)

2. You ......................................... at the photographs. (to look)

3. They ......................................... you the letters. (to give)

4. He ......................................... for us. (to wait)

5. She ......................................... a business. (to run)

6. It ......................................... all night. (to rain)

7. We .................................... them. (to encourage)

8. You ........................................on the beach. (to lie)

9. They ........................................ the sauce. (to taste)

10. He ........................................behind. (to lag)

14.3 Rewrite the following as shown in example

She had been keeping a diary.

Had she been keeping a diary? She had not been keeping a diary.

Had she not been keeping a diary? Hadn’t she been keeping a diary?

She had been keeping a diary, hadn’t she?

1. We had been raking the leaves.

2. You had been visiting your cousins.

3. They had been swimming in the lake.



It is very hot today, would you like to have a swim?

‘Have’ and ‘Have got’ are used for possession.

I have got six brothers and one sister . He has a wart on the end of his nose !

When I was little, I had a red tricycle. Michael has a fast car .

Johnny and Tony Have ten years of experience in this field. Have you ever had plastic surgery done ?

Have you ever had a nightmare about spiders ? She has had a terrible day !

She looked as if she had just seen a ghost walk by !

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

I have a brother. I have got a brother. I’ve got a brother.

You have a sister. You have got a sister. You’ve got a sister.

He has a cat. He has got a cat. He’s got a cat.

She has a dog. She has got a dog. She’s got a dog.

It has Bluetooth. It has got Bluetooth. It’s got Bluetooth.

We have books. We have got books. We’ve got books.

You have a nice room. You have got a nice room. You’ve got a nice room.

They have pets. They have got pets. They’ve got pets.

I have got a motorbike, but I haven’t got a car We’ve got a new car. or we have a new car.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

I don’t have a brother. I haven’t got a brother.

You don’t have a sister. You haven’t got a sister.

He does not have a cat. He has not got a cat.

She doesn’t have a dog. She hasn’t got a dog.

It doesn’t have Bluetooth. It hasn’t got Bluetooth.

We don’t have books. We haven’t got books.

You don’t have a nice room. You haven’t got a nice room.

They don’t have pets. They haven’t got pets.

Bob doesn’t have breakfast on Saturdays because he gets up early to go fishing

QUESTIONS SENTENCES

Do / does Have / has

Do I have time? Have I got time?

Do you have pets? Have you got pets?

Does he have a computer? Has he got a computer?

Does she have a mobile phone? Has she got a mobile phone?

Does it have mudguards? Has it got mudguards?

Do we have ketchup? Have we got ketchup?

Do you have a yellow car? Have you got a yellow car?

Do they have nice teachers? Have they got nice teachers?

Have you got a favorite singer? Has he got a pen in his pencil case?

Have your parents got a stamp collection? Has Ben got a green felt tip?

Has your teacher got a computer in his room? Have we got milk at home?

Where have you got your headphones? Has Anne got a budgie?

In questions and negative sentences there are three possible forms:

Have you got any money? I haven’t got any money.Do you have any money? I don’t have any money.Have you any money? (less usual) I haven’t any money. (less usual)

Has she got a car? She hasn’t got a car.Does she have a car? She doesn’t have a car.Has she a car? (less usual) She hasn’t a car. (less usual)

IN PAST questions and negative sentences we normally use did / didn’t:

My aunt Sarah had a fantastic holiday in Kenya last year.

Did they have a car when they were living in London? I didn’t have a watch, so I didn’t know the time.


IN FUTURE

Have you got tickets for the match on Saturday? No, I haven’t. Not yet.

Will you have them by tomorrow? I hope so.

Exercise “Using have / has”

Have they got three apples? Yes, they have. Do they have four apples? No they don’t

Have they got four apples? No they haven’t Do they have three apples? Yes they do

She has got two cats. We have got to do this exercise.

It is late, I have to go and see my friends. I am tired I have got to go to bed.

Excuse me Mr. Smith; do you have time to check that? They haven’t got any free time.

He doesn’t have to tell us everything. She is going to have a bath.

He has got brown hair. I had a strange dream last night.

Sarah starts work at 8 o’clock and has a break at 10.30.

We had a party last week. It was great - we invited lots of people.

John is away on holiday at the moment. I hope he is having a nice time.

Excuse me; can I have a look at your newspaper, please?

15.1 Write negative sentences with have. Some are present (can’t) and some are past (couldn’t).

1. I can’t make a phone call. (any change) I haven’t got any change.

2. I couldn’t read the notice. (my glasses) I didn’t have my glasses.

3. I can’t climb up onto the roof. (a ladder) I ......................

4. We couldn’t visit the museum. (enough time) We ........................

5. He couldn’t find his way to our house. (a map) ..................

6. She can’t pay her bills. (any money) ........................

7. They can’t get into the house. (a key) ........................

8. I couldn’t take any photographs. (a camera) ........................

15.2 Complete these with “have. –has –had”

1. Why are you holding your face like that? .....................a toothache?

2................. a bicycle when you were a child?

3. I don’t eat much during the day. I never ..............lunch.

4. When you did the exam, .............. time to answer all the questions?

5. I met Ann in the supermarket yesterday. We stopped and ................a chat.

6 ............... you got a pet?

7 How many books .......... you got?

8 My father....... got a new red car.

9 They ....... got any CD by Madonna.

10 She ......... got any computer in her bedroom.

11 He......... got a dog.

12 I........... got new friends in my city.

13 I.......... got any children.

UNIT 16 Used to

When I was a child, I used to go fishing

HABIT IN THE PAST

“Used to” expresses the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past

I used to work in the Twin Towers Did you use to leave the classroom at 4 : 00 pm?

I used to forgive him He used to beat me

The teacher used to speak English in the classroom He used to write a lot

Sheused to spend time in the supermarket He didn’t use to write five stories a day

Mary used to work in a factory =She worked in a factory before, but she doesn’t work there now

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I used to smoke I used to drive to work

I didn’t use to smoke I didn’t use to play with my dolls.

Did you use to smoke? Did you use to go out with my sister?

We use used to ......only for past. You can’t use to.....for the present

My brother used to smoke when he was young When I was a child, I didn’t use to like tomatoes

I used to play football when I was at high school. I didn’t use to be a waiter at this restaurant last year

I used to share my computer with my brother but now I have my own.

I used to write a lot of letters but now I only send e-mails.

I used to play on the play station but now I play games on the computer.

I didn’t use to travel a lot but now I do.

I used to phone my friends all the time but now I talk to them on MSN.

I used to have a laptop but I broke it.

I used to work at the office but now I work from home.

I used to be a postman but now I am a doctor.

THE PAST THE PRESENT

She used to work in a shop. Now she works in a bank.

He used to watch a lot of TV. Now he doesn’t watch much TV.

They used to be married. Now they are divorced.

There used to be a cinema here. Now there is a supermarket here.

I didn’t use to go swimming. Now I go swimming.

Did you use to smoke?



Dennis stopped smoking two years ago. He doesn’t smoke any more.

He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day.

‘Something used to happen’ = something happened regularly in the past but no longer happens:

I used to play tennis a lot but I don’t play very often now.

Diane used to travel a lot. These days she doesn’t go away so often.

‘Do you go to the cinema very often?’ ‘Not now, but I used to.’ (= I used to go ...)

This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema.

I used to think he was unfriendly but now I realise he’s a very nice person.

I’ve started drinking coffee recently. I never used to like it before.

Janet used to have very long hair when she was a child.

Exercise “Used to”

Did you use to leave the classroom at 4: 00 pm? Did the hippies use to walk barefoot?

I used to forgive him He used to beat me

He used to write a lot She used to spend time in the supermarket

We didn’t use to play outside He didn’t use to write five stories a day

Did she use to eat three times a day? I used to have eggs for breakfast.

My brother used to work in a bank. There used to be a bakery in this street.

You are used to studying English. Hippies used to wear leather sandals

16.1 Rewrite the following sentences, changing the underlined verbs from the Simple Past to the form with used followed by the infinitive.

They took the bus. They used to take the bus.

She travelled every year. She used to travel every year.

1. It snowed heavily. ....................................................................

2. I came often. ....................................................................

3. We were neighbours. ....................................................................

4. He wrote many letters. ....................................................................

5. They walked to work. ....................................................................

6. He teased us. ....................................................................

7. She told us stories. ....................................................................

8. You rode a bicycle. ....................................................................

UNIT 17 Future Actions in the PresentI am doing / do / going to do..etc.

They haven’t got anywhere to live at the moment, they are staying with friends until they find somewhere.

We use the present simple when we talk about time tables and programmes.

The train leaves at 12.00.What time does the film begin?

We use the present continuous when we talk about things we have already arranged to do.

I’m going to the cinema this evening.I’m not working tomorrow.

In many situations when we talk about future plans we can use either the ‘going to’ future.

I am going to cut down these trees.They are going to make a cake.

THE PRESENT SIMPLE

What time does the film begin? I start my new job on Monday.

What time do you finish work tomorrow? The sun rises a minute earlier tomorrow.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

A: What time is Cathy arriving tomorrow? B At 10.30. I’m meeting her at the station.

I am meeting some friends after work. I am not going to the party tonight.

Is he visiting his parents next weekend? Isn’t he coming with us tonight?

The shop is closing at 7.00. My plane is leaving at 8.30.

‘Are you working hard today?’ ‘Yes! I’ve got a lot to do.’ I’m looking for Reagan,do you know where he is?

I’m seeing Julie at 5 and then I’m having dinner with Simon. The sun is rising at 6.32 tomorrow.

GOING TO’ FUTURE.

A: What are you doing on Saturday evening? B: I’m going to the theatre. (not ‘I go’)

What are you going to do on Saturday evening?

What are you doing this evening? (not ‘what will you do’)

Alex is getting married next month. (not ‘will get’)

My plane leaves at 6 in the morning.

The train leaves Plymouth at 11.30 and arrives in London at 14.45.


We are going to have dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday.

They are flying to London on Friday evening.

Has George decided on what to do when he leaves school ?

Oh yes. Everything is planned. He is going to have a holiday for a few weeks.

Why are you filling that bucket with water ? I am going to wash the car.

I’ve decided to re-paint this room. Oh, have you ? What colour are you going to paint it ?

Where are you going ? Are you going shopping ? Yes, I am going to buy something for dinner.

I can’t work out how to use this camera. It’s quite easy. I will show you.

Did you post that letter for me ? Oh, I’m sorry. I completely forgot. I will do it now !

Those clouds are very black, aren’t they ? I think it is going to rain

Exercise “Express the future”

We are going to open a factory in Hungary next week I hope he will agree with you

I think it is going to rain, I can see black clouds I am visiting my parents at the week-end.

They are coming for a meal tonight. The English lesson starts at 8:45.

Their new house is going to be very beautiful. I’ve got an umbrella! It’s starting to rain.

Look at the clouds - it is going to rain in a few minutes

Have you heard the news? Vivendi is going to buy Seagram

I am meeting Andre at nine next Thursday morning outside the station

Next year, it will be the company’s centenary year

17.1 A friend of yours is planning to go on holiday soon. You ask her about her plans. Use the words in

brackets to make your questions.

1. (where / go?) Where are you going? Scotland.

2. (How long / stay?) ........................? Ten days.

3. (when / go?) ...........................? Next Friday.

4. (go / alone?) ...........................? No, with a friend of mine.

5. (travel / by car?) .....................? No, by train.

6. (where / stay?) ........................? In a hotel.

17.2 Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb given in brackets.

Right now, he ________ ridiculous. (to be) Right now, he is being ridiculous.

She ______ to Sydney every weekend. (to drive) She drives to Sydney every weekend.

1. At the moment, I ................................... supper. (to cook)

2. He ................................... the paper every weekday. (to read)

3. We .................................. right tomorrow (to study)

4. She.................................. every day. (to study)

5. Now it ............................. (to rain)

6. They ............................... to Mexico every year. (to travel)

7. We.................................. the shopping afternoon. (to do)

8. She always.................... correctly. ( to answer)

9. You ................................ never late. (to be)

10. I .................................. to the radio at seven o’clock (to listen)

11. Each Sunday, we................................... the flea market. (to visit)

12. I ................................... for work next week (to look)

17.3 Put the verb into the more suitable form, present continuous or present simple.

1. I’m going (go) to the theatre this evening.

2. Does the film begin (the film / begin) at 3.30 or 4.30?

3. We ............ (have) a party next Saturday. Would you like to come?

4. The art exhibition............. (open) on 3 May and ......... (finish) on 15 July.

5. I ......... (not / go) out this evening. I............ (stay) at home.

6........... (you / do) anything tomorrow morning?’ ‘No, I’m free. Why?’

7. We......... (go) to a concert tonight. It ...... (begin) at 7.30.

8. You are on the train to London and you ask another passenger:

Excuse me. What time ................ (this train / get) to London?

9. You are talking to Ann:

Ann, I .........(go) to town. ........... (you / come) with me

10. Sue........... (come) to see us tomorrow. She............ (travel) by train and her train .................. (arrive) at 10.15.

I ............... (meet) her at the station.

11. I ............ (not / use) the car this evening, so you can have it.

12. You and a friend are watching television. You say:

I’m bored with this programme. When............. (it / finish)?


UNIT 18 going to future

A: There’s a film on television tonight. Are you going to watch it?

B: No, I’m tired. I’m going to have an early night.

I am going to do something = I have decided to do it, my intention is to do it

Going to future expresses a conclusion regarding the immediate future or an action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared.

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I I am going to speak. I am not going to speak. Am I going to speak?

you / we / they You are going to speak. You are not going to speak. Are you going to speak?

he / she / it He is going to speak. He is not going to speak. Is he going to speak?

I heard your sister had won some money ;what is she going to do with it?

she’s going to buy a new house in central London.

I am not going to school today = I’ve decided not to go to school today

Have you opened the window ? Not yet I am going to open it in two minutes.

Have you added some salt in the soup? Not yet I am going to add some now

Have you told your teacher that John isn’t feeling well? Not yet I am going to tell her after this lesson

Have you ever met your new manager? Not yet I am going to meet her next week

Have you ever bought winter clothes? Not yet I am going to buy some in three weeks’ time

Have you cleaned the car? Not yet I am going to clean it tomorrow

Have you done your homework? Not yet I am going to do it after dinner

Have you read the newspaper? No, I am not going to read it I am busy.

Have you phoned your dad? Not yet I am going to phone him later

A: I hear Ruth has won some money. What is she going to do with it?

B: She’s going to buy a new car.

A: Have you made the coffee yet?

B: I’m just going to make it. (just = right at this moment)

A: This food looks horrible. I’m not going to eat it.

B. I am doing and I am going to do

Compare “going to –will”

This box is very heavy . Don’t worry I will carry it for you.

Why do you want to sell your flat? I am going to move to the countryside.

Do you want to borrow my car? Thanks, I will bring it back tonight.

Stop worrying about the exam. You will pass it easily.

If you don’t understand the exercise, I will explain it to you.

Whether you like it or not, you are going to help with the house chores.

Their new house is going to be very beautiful.

I will be back home before dark.

I think summer will be extremely hot this year.

Exercise “ going to”

Look out! We are going to crash. This evening I am going to stay at home and watch TV.

We are going to buy a new car. He is going to study abroad next year.

What time are you leaving tomorrow? Look at those clouds, it is going to rain.

If you need this medicine, I will get it for you. We are going to spend the weekend in the mountains..

What do you want to do when you leave school? I am going to be a writer.

Do you want to go to the pop concert this afternoon? I can’t; I am going to visit my grandparents

18.1 Answer the questions. You are going to do all these things but you haven’t done them yet.

Use going to and the word(s) in brackets.

1. Have you cleaned the car? (tomorrow) Not yet. I’m going to clean it tomorrow.

2. Have you phoned Sally? (later) Not yet...........................

3. Have you done the shopping? (this afternoon) Not yet.. ................

4. Have you read the paper? (after dinner) Not . ..................

5. Have you had dinner? (just) . ...........................

18.2 Write a question with going to for each situation.

1. Your friend has won some money. You ask:

(what / do with it?) What are you going to do with it?

2. Your friend is going to a party tonight. You ask:

(what / wear?) . ..........................

3. Your friend has just bought a new table. You ask:

(Where / put it?) . ..........................

4. Your friend has decided to have a party. You ask:

(Who / invite?) . ..........................

18.3. The following sentences refer to future events. Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the correct form of the Present Continuous tense of to go, followed by the infinitive of the verb shown in brackets.

She......................... swimming. (to teach) She is going to teach swimming.

.... We..................... home? (to walk) Are we going to walk home?

He ..... not.................. us. (to find) He is not going to find us.


1. ........... he ........ horseback riding? (to learn) 2. I ......................... the windows. (to wash)

3. ............you .......................with us? (to come) 4. It .............. not .................. cold tonight. (to be)

5. ........... he not .....................he letter? (to answer) 6. We ................................... to the library. (to go)

7. ............... she ........................ a sweater? (to buy) 8................ you not ................... us? (to call)

9. I ..............not ................... late. (to stay) 10. They .............................. supper. (to cook)

UNIT 19 The Future Tense

He will not prepare breakfast tomorrow morning.

Future Simple



I will go I will not go I won’t go Will I go?

You will go You will not go You won’t go Will you go?

He / she / it will go He / she / it will not go He / she / it won’t go Will he / she / it go?

We will go We will not go We won’t go Will we go?

You will go You will not go You won’t go Will you go?

They will go They will not go They won’t go Will they go?

You will help him later. Will you help him later? You will not help him later.

We use will when there is no prior plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision at the time of speaking:

Henry won’t call us! He is too busy! I won’t clean the windows! I don’t like it!

They will buy a pony next week! It’s so great! Next week-end, I will go to the swimming pool

I will play football with my friend next week. I won’t listen to music on my mp3 after school.

Where will you go tomorrow? My friend will be 12 next Monday.

Next month, I will go to the seaside. She will contact her boss next week.

Tomorrow it will rain in the north-west. I will not swim in this lake

A: I’m really hungry. B: I’ll make some sandwiches.

A: I’m so tired. I’m about to fall asleep. B: I’ll get you some coffee.

Simple Future has two different forms in English: “will” and “be going to. . Both “will” and “be going to”refer to a specific time in the future.

The teacher will explain this exercise He will drop the bottle of water.


Lots of accidents will happen in that weather. She will scream if you show her the spider

Tim will not tell the teacher. I hope I will not miss the train to Manchester.

She will not dye her hair green. Melissa will not wear jeans at her party.

We will not worry about the bad weather. You will not reach the vase on the shelf

We often use I think I’ll ... and I don’t think I’ll ...:

I feel a bit hungry. I think I’ll have something to cat. I don’t think I’ll go out tonight. I’m too tired.

Offering to do something That bag looks heavy. I’ll help you with it. (not ‘I help’)

Asking somebody to do something (Will you ...?)Will you please be quiet? I’m trying to concentrate.Will you shut the door, please?

Shall I...? Shall we ...?SUGGESTION

Shall I open the window? (= do you want me to open the window?)Shall we see a film tonight?

Future after when

We will go when you are ready

It is very late. I don’t know when they will arrive

We will have dinner when you have set the table.

You will need to wash your hands before you eat your dinner

I won’t be able to drive alone until I have a license.

When will your cousins come? I’d like to meet them.

Let us know when the gardener will come and plant the trees

Exercise “Future simple”

I’ll drive to the airport as soon as I leave my office. When the plane lands, it will be seven o’clock.

We will go for a walk as soon as it stops raining. As soon as he finishes, we will go to the cinema.

When your father has a shower, I’ll write you a post-card. Tonight I will go shopping.

I’ll buy a cake to eat when we arrive at grandmothers. Tomorrow morning I will get up early.

What will you do after school? He will do the dishwashing after the meal.

She will be a good girl. The cat will eat the mouse if it can.

The motor will not start if it is too cold. We will not sleep in our bed tonight.

Shall we come back after the rain? I’ll ask her when I meet her.

It’s really a serious problem! What shall I do? Shall I bring my book with me tomorrow?

I will phone you as soon as possible. Stop disturbing me or I will call the police.

Shall I open the door for you? What shall we do to succeed in life?

We will go when you are ready Tomorrow’s meeting will be very interesting.

‘Did you phone Ruth?’ ‘Oh no, I forgot I’ll phone her now. They will arrive at about 6 pm.

19.1 Complete the sentences with I’ll + a suitable verb.

1. I’m too tired to walk home. I think I’ll get a taxi.

2. ‘It’s a bit cold in this room.’ ‘Isn’t It? I will turn on the heating then.’

3. ‘We haven’t got any milk.’ ‘Oh, haven’t we? I.............. and get some.’

4. ‘Do you want me to do the washing-up?’ ‘No, it’s all right I............. it.’

5. ‘I don’t know how to use this computer.’ ‘OK I,............ you.’

6. ‘Would you like tea or coffee? ‘I............. coffee, please.’

7. ‘Goodbye! Have a nice holiday.’ ‘Thanks I............... you a postcard.’

8. Thank you for lending me your camera I............. it back to you on Monday, OK?

9. ‘Are you coming with us?’ ‘No, I think I.................. here.’

19.2 Which is correct?

1. ‘Did you phone Ruth?’ ‘Oh no, I forgot. I phone / I’ll phone her now.’

2. I can’t meet you tomorrow afternoon. I’m playing / I’ll play tennis. I’m playing is correct

3. ‘I meet / I’ll meet you outside the hotel in half an hour, OK?’ ‘Yes, that’s fine.’.............

4. ‘I need some money.’ ‘OK, I’m lending / I’ll lend you some. How much do you need?’.......

5. I’m having / I’ll have a party next Saturday. I hope you can come................

6. ‘Remember to buy a newspaper when you go out.’ ‘OK. I don’t forget / I won’t forget.’........

7. What time does your train leave / will your train leave tomorrow?.................................................

8. I asked Sue what happened but she doesn’t tell / won’t tell me..............

9. ‘Are you doing / will you do anything tomorrow evening?’ ‘No, I’m free. Why?’...........

10. I don’t want to go out alone. Do you come / will you come with me?..........................

11. it’s a secret between us. I promise I don’t tell / I won’t tell anybody.........

19.3 Using either the auxiliary shall or the auxiliary will for the first person, fill in the blanks with the Simple Future of the verbs shown in brackets

I ________ out soon. (to go) I shall go out soon. or I will go out soon.

_____ we _____ now? (to leave) Shall we leave now?

____ they _____ France? (to visit) Will they visit France?

It ____ not ____ long. (to take) It will not take long.

1. We ......................you at the museum. (to meet) 2. ....... you ........... me a pen? (to lend)

3........ they not............ the competition? (to win) 4. She .......... not................ to come. (to forget)

5............ he not .......... the boat? (to sail) 6. You.................... the expedition. (to enjoy)

7. ........ I............. this? (to order) 8........... you not .......... for me? (to wait)

9. We .......... not.......... late. (to be) 10. He ...................... us the news. (to send)

11. I .............. not ............ my way. (to lose) 12. ............they ................... the program?

(to watch)

19.4 Fill in the blanks with the verbs shown in brackets.

We _________ the exam. (to pass) We will pass the exam.

You ____________ the work on time. (to finish) You shall finish the work on time.


1. They ............................ the tickets. (to buy) 2. I ........................home. (to go)

3. He ........................ our guide. (to be) 4. You ........................ with me. (to come)

5. I .............................. it. (to remember) 6. She .........................us. (to call)

7. We ...................... the money. (to earn) 8. They ........................... us. (to respect)

9. I ...........................you. (to help) 10. It ............... not ...................... us. (to hinder)

11. We ...................................... it. (to find) 12. You .............. not...................... it. (to regret)


I will have finished reading your book by the time you arrive.

I will have finished my work by next Monday

The Future Perfect tense is used to refer to a non-continuous action which will be completed by a certain time in the future.

The Future perfect

SUBJECTAUXILIARY

VERBAUXILIARY

VERBMAIN VERB

V3

I will have finished by 10am.

You will have forgotten me by then.

She will not have gone to school.

We will not have left. by the end of next week

Will you have arrived?

Will they have received it?

She will have finished the work by Wednesday.

I will have cleaned the room before the guests

They will have eaten breakfast by the time he gets up.

ADVERBIALS USED WITH THE FUTURE PERFECT

This time next week / Wednesday ... by 2015 / five o’clock / this evening...

Before Monday / June / 2015... In ten years’ time / in two months’ time...

I will have read this magazine by the end of the next month.

I will have finished this book by five o’clock.

We will have settled our debts by the end of the year.

She will have watered all the flowers by tea-time

I will have sold all my books by the end of the month.

The meeting will have finished by the time she comes.

Eric will have cooked dinner by three o’clock.


My father will have finished building our house before summer.

They will have completed the new bridge by April.

The mouse will have escaped from the kitchen before the cat comes.

I will have spent all my money by the end of the month.

He will have solved his problem by the end of the week.

Compare will have (done) with other perfect forms:

Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years, (present perfect)

Next year they will have been married for 25 years.

When their first child was born, they had been married for three years. (Past perfect)

WILL BE

Sue travels a lot. Today she is in Madrid. Tomorrow she will be in Rome. Next week she‘ll be in Tokyo

At 11 o’clock tomorrow, he will be at work You can call me this evening .I’ll be at home.

Do you think the exam will be difficult? I shall be late tomorrow or I will be late tomorrow

‘Where will you be this time next year)’ ‘I’ll be in Japan.’ Will you be at home this evening?

I shall be tired this evening. (or I will be ...) Would you please be quiet?

We will probably go out this evening. I won’t be here tomorrow

Don’t phone Ann now. She’ll be busy. (= I know she’ll be busy now)

Exercise “Future perfect”

Wake me up by nine o’clock – I will have slept long enough by then.

It’s strange that when we get to Sydney, we will have flown half way round the world.

Phone me after 8 o’clock. We will have finished dinner by then.

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.

Mark will have repaired his computer by next week.

Anne will have repaired her bike next week. We shall have done the washing by 8 o’clock.

She will have visited Paris by the end of next year. I shall have finished this by 6 o’clock.

Sam will have left by next week. The police will have arrested the driver.

Paolo will have managed the teams. I will have painted my room before you come.

I will have written a letter to my father by Sunday. We will have learnt English by June.

Tina will have come here by five o’clock.

You can call me at work at 8 am. I will have arrived at the office by 8.

They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.

“Mary won’t be at home when you arrive.” Really? Where will she have gone?”

Let’s wait for Liz to arrive and then we’ll have dinner.

If you call me after February 10, I will have gone to Europe.

She will have discussed this with her mother tonight.

20.1 Where will you be...? Write sentences about yourself. Use;

I’ll be........... / I’ll probably be............. / I don’t know where I’ll be....

1 (at 10 o’clock tomorrow) ...I’ll probably be on the beach............................

2 (one hour from now )......................................

3 (at midnight tonight).................................

4 (at 3 o’clock tomorrow afternoon)...........................

5 (two years from now).................................

20.2 Fill in the blanks with the Future Perfect of the verbs shown in brackets.

She _________________ by then. (to arrive) She will have arrived by then.

We ______________ everyone. (to meet) We shall have met everyone or We will have met everyone.

1. You .............................................. the advertisement. (to study)

2. He ................................................. the newspapers. (to scan)

3. I ..................................................... here for five years. (to be)

4. They .............................................. the proposal. (to consider)

5. It .................................................. raining by tomorrow. (to stop)

6. You ............................................ your plans. (to make)

7. I ...................................................the flowers. (to pick)

8. They .......................................... their minds. (to change)

20.3 Using either the auxiliary shall or the auxiliary will for the first person, fill in the blanks with the Future Perfect of the verbs shown in brackets

He __________________ it soon. (to finish)

He will have finished it soon.

You _ not _ time to read the book. (to have)

You will not have had time to read the book.

1. I ................................ for a walk. (to go)

2. They ......................... not yet .......... (to arrive)

3. .................she not ..............the apples? (to eat)

4. ....................... you........... the letter? (to send)

5. They ......................... an apartment by then. (to find)

6. He................not ........... soundly. (to sleep)

7. ............................. I not......... you before then? (to see)

8. ......................... he ................the puzzle? (to solve)

9. We ..................the parcel by Monday. (to receive)

10. ..................................... she not .................................the chairs? (to sell)

11. .................we .................. the bus schedules? (to study)

12. You.............. not............................... the rabbits. (to feed)



By this time tomorrow, I will be lying on the beach.

I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow. They won’t be watching TV at 9pm tonight.

We can use Future continuous to talk about something that will be in progress at a particular moment in the future.

Future continuous

Affirmative Negative Form Question Form

I will be reading I will not be reading Will I be reading?

You will be reading You will not be reading Will you be reading?

He will be reading He will not be reading Will he be reading?

She will be reading She will not be reading Will she be reading?

It will be reading It will not be reading Will it be reading?

We will be reading We will not be reading Will we be reading?

You will be reading You will not be reading Will you be reading?

They will be reading They will not be reading Will they be reading?

You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?

You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

In two weeks I will be sitting in the sun.

This time next week I’ll be on holiday. I’ll be lying on the beach or swimming in the sea.

You have no chance of getting the job. You’ll be wasting your time if you apply for it.

If we call her now, she will be watching the news

This time next week, I’ll be sitting on the beach in Barbados.

I’ll be thinking about you all back in the office – and I’ll be laughing.

We will be waiting for you at Alfred’s house, tomorrow evening

(The action will start tomorrow evening and it will continue until you arrive.)

We can use ‘will be doing’ to predict what is happening now.

Try phoning his hotel. He’ll probably still be having breakfast.

They’ll be deciding who gets the contract at this very moment. I’m very nervous.

She’s not in her office. She’ll be having lunch in the canteen.

I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.

He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives

The match begins at 7.30 and will have finished at 9.15

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

The football match begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.15. So during this time, for example at 8.30, Kevin will be watching the match.

FUTURE PERFECT.

Kevin’s football match ends at 9.15. So after this time, for example at 9.30, the match will have finished. (something will already be complete)

PAUL: Is it all right if I come at about 8.30? KEVIN: No, I’ll be watching the football then.

PAUL: Well, what about 9.30? KEVIN: Fine. The match will have finished by then.

Wake me up by nine o’clock – I will have slept long enough by then.

Look, I can give you a lift to the station - I will be driving that way anyway.

It’s strange that when we get to Sydney, we will have flown half way round the world.

Don’t phone me between 7 and 8. We will be having dinner then.

Phone me after 8 o’clock. We will have finished dinner by then.

Tomorrow afternoon we’re going to play tennis from 3 o’clock until 4.30.

Do you think you will still be doing the same job in ten years’ time?

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.

Exercise “Future continuous”

Will you be eating with us this evening? Will you be needing anything else?

In two weeks I will be sitting in the sun. When you arrive, I will be waiting at the station.

I will be watching TV tomorrow at 7. Tom will be travelling to Warsaw all day tomorrow.

She will be listening to the radio at five. I will not be writing a letter on Monday.

I will be preparing dinner tomorrow at 2. She will not be cooking in the afternoon.

We will be staying at home all day. I wonder what we will be doing at this time tomorrow.

Where do you think we will be living in ten years from now?

At ten o’clock tomorrow morning I will be flying to Japan.

This time tomorrow, Maria will be sunbathing on a beach in Majorca.


21.1 Fill in the blanks with the Future Continuous of the verbs shown in brackets. For example:

I ________________ soon. (to leave) I shall be leaving soon. or I will be leaving soon.

____ you _________ coffee? (to make) Will you be making coffee?

He ____ not ________ the bus. (to use) He will not be using the bus.

1. He _____________________ a new language. (to learn)

2. ______ she ___________________ help? (to need)

3. ______ you not __________________ your jacket? (to mend)

4. He ______ not ___________________ here. (to stay)

5. ______ we not ___________________ them a card? (to mail)

6. They __________________________ the telephone. (to answer)

7. ______ you ___________________ downtown? (to go)

8. I _____ not __________________ at the school. (to stop)

9. ______ she not ___________________ a trip? (to plan)

10. I ___________________________ the arrangements. (to make)

11. They ______ not __________________ tired. (to feel)

12. ______ we ___________________ at the library? (to meet)

21.2 Fill in the blanks with the Future Continuous of the verbs shown in brackets.:

We _______________ you tomorrow. (to see

We shall be seeing you tomorrow. or We will be seeing you tomorrow.

He _________________ school next year. (to attend)

He will be attending school next year.

1. You ................................... with us. (to come)

2. It .................................. warmer. (to grow)

3. They.................................. new furniture. (to buy)

4. She .................................. the clock. (to watch)

5. I ........................................ downtown. (to go)

6. You .................................. the cake. (to cut)

7. They .................................. the newspaper. (to read)

8. We..................................... the museum. (to visit)

21.3 Fill in the blanks with the Future Continuous of the verbs shown in brackets. For example:

......... you........ coffee? (to make) Will you be making coffee?

He........ not.......... the bus. (to use) He will not be using the bus.

1. He........................... a new language. (to learn)

2. ........... she............................. help? (to need)

3. ................ you not ........................... your jacket? (to mend)

4. He .................. not...................... here. (to stay)

5................. we not.................... them a card? (to mail)

6. They ...................................... the telephone. (to answer)

7.................... you....................... downtown? (to go)

8. I ............. not..................... at the school. (to stop)

9. .....................she not................................ a trip? (to plan)

10. I ................................................. the arrangements. (to make)

11. They.................. not.............................. tired. (to feel)

12. ..........we ........................ at the library? (to meet)


UNIT 22 Conjunctions of timeWhen -while

When she goes to London, she will visit the British Museum.

When and while can both be used when two things happen at the same time.

When is used when two short events happen at the same time.

While is used when two continuous actions happen at the same time.

I heard you when you opened the door. ‘While you were studying I went out shopping.’

When it rains, I wear my raincoat. While you are here, could you help me with the car?

Come when you can, I need you. While I was waiting for him, he was at the cinema

When the weather gets better, I’ll run out. It began to snow while I was walking home.

WHEN

When I was a child, I didn’t use to study hard because I was too lazy.

When I’ve phoned Kate, we can have dinner. = First I’ll phone Kate and after that we can have dinner.

We were complaining about the weather when the sun broke through the clouds.

When they discovered that the books were lost, they immediately looked for them.

(1st: they discovered, and then they looked for the books.)

He was cancelling his flight when we called him. When she called, he had already eaten lunch.

I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep. My sister was born when I was ten.

When I arrived, his bus had already left. Don’t drive when you’re out

When you come to visit, we’ll go to lunch. The street becomes noisy when the cars pass.

When the attacks strike, I will definitely be very far. ‘I’ll phone you when I get home from work’

I hate when people smoke in my house.

I’ll wash my brother’s car when I’m back from school.

So, you shouldn’t smoke when you visit me next week.

When you go to Kielce, you should visit the museum.

I don’t know when she’ll be coming.

I was shocked when I saw my picture in the newspaper.

Open your umbrella when you feel a drop of rain.

That was the day when you were here.

When SARS virus arises again, the health department will have found a cure.

When a lady bumped me I was walking across the street

We’ll go out when it stops raining. (not ‘when it will stop’)

What do you want to be when you grow up? (not ‘will grow’)

WHILE

While he was talking on the phone, I was watching tv

While I was playing with my dog, my sister was doing her homework.

While we are playing cards, the radio was playing. (at the same time.)

My mother doesn’t like the T. V. on while we are eating dinner.

It began to snow while I was walking home.

While they were talking about the exam results, the manager came in.

While we were getting ready for the picnic, it started to rain.

I’m going to read a lot of books while I’m on holiday. (not ‘while I will be’)

I’ll come as soon as I finish. or I’ll come as soon as I’ve finished.

Exercise “When, while as”

Good bye Sonia! Please phone me when you get home.

Why don’t you go shopping while you are waiting for your car to be repaired?

The doorbell rang just as I was getting into the bath.

Why does he steal things when he could easily afford to buy them?

Mary washed up and made coffee when the meal was finished.

John fell asleep while driving along the motorway. He is lucky to be alive.

Would you look after the children while I do the shopping?

I met Ryan while I was waiting for the bus.


While we were in Paris, we stayed at a very comfortable hotel.

The phone rang three times while we were having dinner last time.

What did she say about me while I was out of the room?

Pierre read a lot of books and magazines while he was ill.

Many interesting suggestions were made during the meeting.

Please don’t interrupt me while I’m speaking.

Can you lay the table while I get the dinner ready?

I’m going to Paris next week. I hope to see Ryan while I’m there.

Sabrina suddenly began to feel sick while she was doing the examination.

I’m going to visit Tunisia next week; I hope to see Amy while I’ll be there.

I fell asleep during the examination.

When I got to work, I noticed my computer was unplugged.

22.1 For each sentence, choose the best word “ When, While, As, During”

1 Please phone me .......... you get home tonight

2 It rained...... a lot the night

3 I me a lot of people ...... I was at university.

4 The phone rang just ..... I was getting into the bath.

5 ........... I’ve been busy working on the project, he’s just been sitting around eating pizza.

6 I don’t like it ..... people waste my time. It makes me really angry.

7 Why don’t you go and see a film ....... you’re waiting for the car to be repaired.

8 I’ve never heard such a stupid story....... all my years in the job.

9 We’ll let you know...... we find something suitable for you.

10 I watched....... the doctors tried desperately to save the injured man.

11 The phones were very busy..... the morning. I haven’t had a moment to do anything else.

12 He fell asleep .... driving along the motorway. That’s why he’s lucky to be alive.

22.2 Make one sentence from two.

1. You will be in London again. You must come and see us then.

You must come and see us when you are in London again.

2. I’ll find somewhere to live. Then I’ll give you my address.

I .............. when.........................

3. I’ll do the shopping. Then I’ll come straight back home.

................. after.....................

4. it’s going to start raining. Let’s go home before that.

............... before .....................

5. She must apologise to me first. I won’t speak to her until then.

.......... .......Until............................

Unit 23 Can / could / be able to

I can play the piano. I am able to play the piano

CAN-COULD

• We can see the lake from our bedroom window. (Ability)

• I can come and see you tomorrow if you like (possibility)

• Can you speak any foreign languages? (Sometimes use can to ask in a question)

1-ABILITY subject + can + main verb

The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without “to”).

PRESENT PAST

subject auxiliary verb main verb

I can play tennis.

Hecannot

play tennis.can’t

Can you play tennis?

subject auxiliary verb main verb

My grandmother could swim.

Shecould not

walk.couldn’t

Could your grandmother swim?

Sarah can speak Italian, but she can’t speak Sanish They can play hockey very well.

Can you swim? Yes, but I am not a very good swimmer. Speak up! I can’t hear what you are saying.

Can you help me with my homework? (present) I couldn’t understand what was happening.

Do you think we can park over here? He could help me if I had a ladder.

Can you taste the garlic in this stew? Look at that sign! You can’t walk on the grass.


My grandmother could speak seven languages, when she was young,

My grandmother was able to speak seven languages, when she was young,

2-TALK ABOUT POSSIBILITY

At this hour, the library could be closed. If you try hard, you can pass your examinations.

Luke has passed his driving test, now he can drive a car.

Sorry. I’m busy today. But I can help you tomorrow. (future)

3-WE OFTEN USE CAN İN A QUESTİON TO ASK SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHİNG.

This is not a real question

Can

Could you tell me your name please? Can you put the children to bed?’ ‘Yes, all right.’

Could you lend me five pounds until tomorrow?’ ‘Yes, of course.’

Do you think you could help me for a few minutes?’ ‘Sorry, I’m afraid I’m busy.

Could you please pass me that book over there?

We use could to talk about what was possible in the past

When we arrived home, we could not open the door. (...couldn’t open the door.)

I was tired last night, but I couldn’t sleep

I had a party last week, but Paul and Rachel couldn’t -come

When we went into the house, we could smell burning.

She spoke in a very low voice, but I could understand what she said.

We tried hard but we couldn’t persuade them to come with us.

BE ABLE

We use be able to: to talk about ability We often use to be able to instead of “can”.


Tense Modal Form

Simple Present I can play football.I’m able to play football.

I’m allowed to play football.

Simple Past I could play football.I was able to play football.

I was allowed to play football.

will-future Do not use can in the will-future.I’ll be able to play football.

I’ll be allowed to play football.

NEGATIVE

Tense Modal Form

Simple Present I can’t play football.I’m not able to play football.

I’m not allowed to play football.

Simple Past I couldn’t play football.I wasn’t able to play football.

I wasn’t allowed to play football.

will-future Do not use cannot in the will-future.I won’t be able to play football.

I won’t be allowed to play football.

Notice that be able to is possible in all tenses.

I was able to drive... I will be able to drive... I have been able to drive.

When he was young he could dance all night long

I don’t think he will be able to win the next competition.

We went to the concert, but we weren’t able to meet the musicians.

The bicycle chain broke but luckily I was able to repair it.

The fire was spreading but he was able to get out of the burning building.

Peter had flu all week but on Saturday he was able to play in the match,

QUESTIONS

Tense Modal Form

Simple Present Can he play football?Is he able to play football?

Is he allowed to play football?

Simple Past Could he play football?Was he able to play football?

Was he allowed to play football?

will-future Do not use can in the will-future.Will he be able to play football?

Will he be allowed to play football?

İs she able to drive the bus to go to work? Was she able to drive the bus to go to work?

Will she be able to drive the bus to go to work?

Exercise “Can, could and be able to.”etc..

Ask him, he should be able to help you. I can hardly believe it.

I’m sorry I won’t be able to come. She has everything money can buy.

I’ve not been able to sleep very well recently. Don’t shout, I can hear you very well.

How can you possibly imagine that? Will he be able to continue his journey?

I’m locked in! I can’t get out! Once I’ve passed my test I’ll be able to hire a car.

My mother could play the piano very well.


George has travelled a lot. He can speak four languages.

I haven’t been able to sleep very well recently.

My grandfather was a very clever man. He could speak five languages.

I looked carefully and I could see a figure in the distance.

When we went into the house we could smell the cake burning.

I am very hungry. I could eat a horse.

Allan can speak five languages, but he can write only two.

Last year, the boat sank in the ocean, but he was able to swim and reach the shore.

The United Nation Organization hasn’t been able to make peace all over the world yet.

Last summer, Nina couldn’t play the guitar at all.

The son has promised his parents that he will be able to pass his exam.

After several tries, the prisoner was able to escape from prison.

Ten years ago, he escaped from his house, but his parents were able to find him.

Please, can you give me a lift?

23.1 Complete the sentences using can or (be) able to.

1. George has travelled a lot. He .....can... speak four languages.

2. I haven’t been able to sleep very well recently.

3. Sandra ................. drive but she hasn’t got a car.

4. I can’t understand Martin. I’ve never .......... understand him.

5. I used to............. stand on my head but I can’t do it now.

6. I can’t see you on Friday but I .......... meet you on Saturday morning.

7. Ask Catherine about your problem. She might.......... help you.

23.2 Complete the answers to the questions with was / were able to.

1 A: Did everybody escape from the fire?

B: Yes. Although the fire spread quickly, everybody ..was able to escape.

2 A: Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house?

B: Not really. Ann had given us good directions and we............

3. A: Did you finish your work this afternoon?

B: Yes. There was nobody to disturb me, so.......................

4. A: Did the thief get away?

B: Yes. No one realised what was happening and the thief .............

23.3 Complete the sentences using could, couldn’t or was / were able to.

1. My grandfather was a very clever man. He ...could.. speak five languages.

2. I looked everywhere for the book but I couldn’t’ find it

3. They didn’t want to come with us at first but we were able to persuade them.

4. Laura had hurt her leg and ............ walk very well.

5. Sue wasn’t at home when I phoned but I............ contact her at her office.

6. I looked very carefully and I.......... see a figure in the distance.

7. I wanted to buy some tomatoes. The first shop I went to didn’t have any but I...... get some in the next shop.

8. My grandmother loved music. She ............. play the piano very well.

9. A girl fell into the river but fortunately we................. rescue her.

10. I had forgotten to bring my camera so I............ take any photographs.


UNIT 24 Modal Verbs

Julie can swim May I help you? Shall I come with you?

Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb which expresses the mood of another verb.

They are used to express ideas such as possibility, prediction, speculation, deduction and necessity.

CAN

Use Examples

ability I can speak English.

permission Can I go to the cinema?

request Can you wait a moment, please?

offer I can lend you my car till tomorrow.

suggestion Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?

possibility It can get very hot in Arizona.

COULD (ability to do sth. in the past)

Use Examples

permission to do sth. in the past I could go to the cinema.

polite question Could I go to the cinema, please?

polite request Could you wait a moment, please?

polite offer I could lend you my car till tomorrow.

polite suggestion Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?

possibility It could get very hot in Montana.

Use Examples

possibility It may rain today.

MAY / MIGHT permission to do sth. in the present May I go to the cinema?

polite suggestion May I help you?

possibility (less possible than may) It might rain today.

offer Might I help you?

Use Examples

MUST force, necessity I must go to the supermarket today.

possibility You must be tired.

advice, recommendation You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.

NEED-NEEDN’t necessary My mother needs to go to the supermarket tomorrow.

not necessary I needn’t go to the supermarket

OUGHT TO advice You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.

obligation You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room.

Use Examples

SHOULD advice You should drive carefully in bad weather

obligation You should switch off the light when you leave the room.

Use Examples

WILL / WOULD wish, request Would you shut the door, please?Will you open that door for me please?

habits in the past Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.

Excuse me sir, would you please tell me where the railway station is ?

MIXED EXAMPLES ON MODEL VERBS QUESTION

Might I bring a friend to the wedding? Will you give me a hand?

Will you, close the window please? Would you please clean the table?

Would you mind helping me ? Could I borrow your pen ?

Could I invite you to drink tea ? Shall we dance ?

Shall we stop for a drink ? Might I offer some advice?

Could you please tell me how to get to Almond Street?

Exercise on Modal Verbs and their Substitutes

We ought to win the race. We are supposed to win the race.

I can swim. I am able to swim.

You must meet my best friend. You have to meet my best friend.

He should be in bed by now. He is supposed to be in bed by now.

I must get up early. I have to get up early.


They may stay up late. They are allowed to stay up late.

She needs to see the doctor. She has to see the doctor.

We need not walk. We do not have to walk.

You must not sleep you are not allowed to sleep.

Should I go to the cinema with them? Am I supposed to go to the cinema with them?

Exercise “Modal verbs”

We mustn’t drink and drive. Must she visit her uncle? Is it compulsory?

You mustn’t smoke in public places. Pupils mustn’t shout in the corridors.

She must work harder to improve her results. You must listen to your teachers!

May I ask you a question? She may be right, she may be wrong. God knows! I don’t!

May I drive your car? It may snow; look at the sky.

The wind may not blow. He may have left already.

It is impossible, you can’t run that distance! Can I help you?

She can describe it to you. Can they buy the tickets in advance?

She can finish the work on time. He can follow the instructions

I might buy a new dress next week. The teacher knew we might visit her.

May they stay overnight? He may come again.

Sally may be learning. Guests may not smoke in their rooms

Shall I come back later? Shall we drink something?

He should drive more carefully. I should answer his letter as soon as possible

There isn’t water in the pool, so we can’t swim today.

You can’t cross the street here, there are too many cars.

I never go to the swimming pool, so I can’t swim.

What’s the matter with Helen? She didn’t say a word tonight; are you sure she can speak English?

When she is older she will be able to drive her father’s car.

The teacher says we mustn’t leave the class before we finish this work.

She has worked for many years in a restaurant. She must cook wonderful meals.

Look at the camera he has got ! He may be a professional reporter.

He may arrive late tonight, we’ll wait for him.

I need to work harder if I want to pass the exam.

You don’t need to come to the meeting, I’ll be there.

The grass needs cutting because it’s very high.

This bedroom hasn’t been cleaned for months, it needs cleaning today.

Your hair is too dirty, it needs washing immediately.

Your dress is too long, it needs taking up

My son needs change his suitcase because his was broken.

All the soldiers must report back to their commanding officer at least once day.

If two ride on a horse, one must ride behind.

To get your passport, you needn’t to go to the government office.

You should take an umbrella with you, in case it starts to rain..

You could try a different shampoo if your hair is too dry. She could play the piano at the age of four

When she was young, she could swim across the lake.

A tall steel tower in the center of Paris? Ah, that would be the Eiffel Tower.

24.1 Answer the questions with a suggestion. Use could

1. Where shall we go for our holidays? (to Scotland) We could go to Scotland.

2. What shall we have for dinner tonight? (fish) We.................

3. What shall I give Ann for her birthday? (a book) You ...............

4. When shall I phone Angela? (now) ..........................

5. When shall we go and see Tom? (on Friday) .....................

6. Where shall we hang this picture? (in the kitchen) ...................

24.2 Put in can or could. Sometimes either word is possible.

1. ‘The phone is ringing. Who do you think it is?’ ‘ It could be Tim.’

2. I’m really hungry. I................ eat a horse!

3. If you’re very hungry, we................ have dinner now.

4. it’s so nice here. I................ stay here all day but unfortunately I have to go.

5. ‘I can’t find my bag. Have you seen it?’ ‘No, but it ................ be in the car.’

6. Peter is a keen musician. He plays the flute and he ................ also play the piano.

7. ‘What shall we do?’ ‘There’s a film on television. We ................ watch that.’

8. The weather is nice now but it................ change later.

24.3 Complete each of the following sentences with the auxiliary may, might or must.

You ___ be right; we shall have to wait and see.

You may be right; we shall have to wait and see. or You might be right; we shall have to wait and see.

That ____ be our landlord; I would recognize him anywhere.

That must be our landlord; I would recognize him anywhere.

1. Although it ..................................... be true, it seems unlikely.

2. That ............................... have been the number 10 bus, because no other bus runs on this street.

3. We ................................ have to wait a long time for a bus, because they do not run very frequently.

4. That ........................be the right answer; there is no other possibility.

5. Tell me your problem; I................... be able to help you.

6. It ..................... have been he who answered the phone, because no one else was at home.

7. Since we have never been to this store before, we .................... have difficulty finding what we want.

8. You ..............be pleased that you are doing so well in your new job.

9. I ....................go downtown tomorrow; it depends on the weather.

10. Although he is a very careful worker, it is possible that he ....................have made a mistake.


24.4 Change the following affirmative statements into negative questions. Do not use contractions in this exercise.

He must be at work now. Must he not be at work now?

They might call us later. Might they not call us later?

1. You should be wearing a warm hat........................................................................................

2. He could have decided to stay at home. ..................................................................................

3. They might have forgotten the message. ..................................................................................

4. She will see you again next week. ............................................................................................

5. They would enjoy riding on the ferry. ........................................................................................

6. He may decide to go camping. .................................................................................................

7. They could have been playing football yesterday. ....................................................................

8. We shall visit our friends..........................................................................................................

9. She must have wanted to join us. ...........................................................................................

10. He should be getting more sleep. .........................................................................................


I may go. May I go?

We could have found it. Could we have found it?

1. I must leave at four o’clock. ......................................................................................

2. He might be leaving for work now. ......................................................................................

3. We can solve the puzzle. ......................................................................................

4. You should have called him. ......................................................................................

5. They could have been waiting for the bus. ......................................................................................

6. I shall go out now. ......................................................................................

7. You will have finished the book. ......................................................................................

8. We should be making the arrangements. ......................................................................................

9. She would like to know the answer......................................................................................

10. They can explain what happened. ......................................................................................

24.6 Change the following affirmative statements into negative statements. For example:

I can answer the question. I cannot answer the question.

He shall be sorry. He shall not be sorry.

1. You must come with us. ......................................................................................

2. It may be sunny tomorrow. ......................................................................................

3. She could have won the race. ......................................................................................

4. We might be right. ......................................................................................

5. You would have liked that movie. ......................................................................................

6. They can swim very well. ......................................................................................

7. She might be finishing school now. ......................................................................................

8. He should have been walking to work. ......................................................................................

9. I shall be happy to see him.......................................................................................

10. You will have been working all night. ......................................................................................

UNIT 25 May and might

Mum ! My friends are having a party tonight; may I go please?

‘MAY’ is used to express: Permission, Probability, Suggestion

May I go out Mum? You may eat some cake Jim. He may come late. He may be on holidays.

He doesn’t know what to do; he might ask Wendy. He is still at work! He may come late I am afraid.

Philip may come to stay with us I may not have time to do it straightaway.

It may snow later today. Buy a lottery ticket.you might be lucky

Are you going out tonight? Yes, I might I am playing tennis tomorrow (sure)

Tense statement questions

Simple PresentI may play football.I’m allowed to play football.

May he play football?

Simple Past I was allowed to play football. Was he allowed to play football?

will-future I will be allowed to play football. Will he be allowed to play football?

NEGATIVE

I may not play football. I am not allowed to play football.

Teacher: You may leave the classroom after you complete the test.

Admit: May I leave the classroom now? I want to complete the test later.

Teacher: No, you may not. You may only leave after the test.

I might not go to work tomorrow (it is possible that I will not go)

Sue might not come to the party Sue may not come to the party

MIGHT

There is in fact little difference and ‘might is more usual than ‘may’ in spoken English.

It might rain this afternoon. She might be at home by now but it’s not sure at all.

I might not have time to go to the shops for you.

Where’s Bob?

A- He may be in his office. (= perhaps he is in his office)

B- He might be having lunch. (= perhaps he is having lunch)

C- Ask Ann. She might know. (= perhaps she knows)

FOR THE PAST WE USE MAY HAVE (DONE) OR MIGHT HAVE (DONE):


Sweetheart! As you were at home you might have done the ironing, don’t you think?

Yes darling, but I was afraid I might have burnt your marvellous shirt!

John couldn’t repair his washing-machine; he might have asked his neighbour.

As you were at home you might have done the ironing, don’t you think?

Yes darling, but I was afraid I might have burnt your marvellous shirt!

They talked too loudly; They might have woken the baby!

A: I wonder why Kay didn’t answer the phone.

B: She may have been asleep. (= perhaps she was asleep)

A: I can’t find my bag anywhere.

B: You might have left it in the shop. (= perhaps you left it in the shop)

A: I was surprised that Sarah wasn’t at the meeting.

B: She might not have known about it. (= perhaps she didn’t know)

A: I wonder why Colin was in such a bad mood yesterday.

B: He may not have been feeling well. (= perhaps he wasn’t feeling well)

He might have tried to call you while you were out. I might have left it in the taxi.

You might have done the washing-up!

Example “may / might”

May I ask you a question?..

She may be right, she may be wrong. God knows! I don’t!

May I drive your car? It may snow; look at the sky. The wind may not blow.

He may have left already. Please may I turn on my radio?

Chloe may leave tomorrow, but I’m not sure she will. It may be cloudy tomorrow if the wind stops blowing.

Look at the camera he has got! He may be a professional reporter.

He may arrive late tonight, we’ll wait for him.

You might at least come with us and meet our new neighbour, don’t you think?

Nowadays, people may travel very easily all over Europe

I don’t know yet, but I might come with you after all!

Children may bring their teddy bears to school

It may be true. or it might be true. (= perhaps it is true)

She might know. or she may know.

25.1 Write these sentences in a different way using may or might.

1. Perhaps Margaret is in her office. She might be in her office.

2. Perhaps Margaret is busy. ................

3. Perhaps she is working. ...............

4. Perhaps she wants to be alone. ...............

5. Perhaps she was ill yesterday. ...............

6. Perhaps she went home early. ...............

7. Perhaps she had to go home early. ...............

8. Perhaps she was working yesterday. ...............

In sentences 9-11 use may not or might not.

9. Perhaps she doesn’t want to see me. ...............

10. Perhaps she isn’t working today. ...............

11. Perhaps she wasn’t feeling well yesterday ...............

25.2 Complete the sentences with a verb in the correct form.

1. ‘Where’s Bob?’ ‘I’m not sure. He might be having lunch.’

2. ‘Who is that man with Ann?’ ‘I’m not sure. It might ...... her brother.’

3. ‘Who was the man we saw with Ann yesterday?’ ‘I’m not sure. It might ... her brother.’

4. ‘Why are those people waiting in the street?’ ‘I don’t know. They might ...... for a bus.’

5. ‘Shall I buy this book for Tim?’ ‘You’d better not. He might already ........ It.’

25.3 Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets. Use may or might.

1. I can’t find George anywhere. I wonder where he is.

a (he / go / shopping) He may have gone shopping.

b (he / play / tennis) He might be playing tennis.

2. I’m looking for Helen. Do you know where she is?

a (she / watch / TV / in her room)..............................

b (she / go / out) ................................

3. I can’t find my umbrella. Have you seen it?

a (it / be / in the car) .........................

b (you / leave / in the restaurant last night) .................

4. Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was in the house at the time.

a (he / be / in the bath) ...........................

b (he / not / hear / the bell) ............................

25.4 Complete the sentences using might not or couldn’t.

1. A: Do you think she saw you?

B: No, she was too far away. She couldn’t have seen me.

2. A: I wonder why she didn’t say hello. Perhaps she didn’t see me.

B: That’s possible. She might not have seen you.

3. A: I wonder why Ann didn’t come to the party. Perhaps she wasn’t invited.

B: Yes, it’s possible. She........................

4. A: Tom loves parties. I’m sure he would have come to the party if he’d been invited.

B: I agree. He ...........................

5. A: I wonder how the fire started. Do you think it was an accident?


B: No, the police say it....................

6. A: How did the fire start? I suppose it was an accident.

B: Well, the police aren’t sure. They say it ............................-

25.5 Write sentences with may or might.

1. Where are you going for your holidays? (to Ireland?)

I haven’t decided yet. I may go to Ireland.

2. What sort of car are you going to buy? (a Mercedes?)

I’m not sure yet. I ........................

3. What are you doing this weekend? (go to London?)

I haven’t decided yet. . ........................

4. Where are you going to hang that picture? (In the dining room?)

I haven’t made up my mind yet. ........................

5. When is Tom coming to see us? (on Saturday?)

I don’t know yet. ........................

6. What is Julia going to do when she leaves school? (go to university?)

She hasn’t decided yet. ........................-

UNIT 26 Must and have to

You mustn’t drive without wearing a seatbelt

Wear a seatbelt is compulsory for the passengers too

Must and have to are used to express obligation or the need to do something

MUST: (subjective obligation) in general expresses what the speaker thinks is necessary

I must stop smoking / We must go it’s already midnight / They must work harder

Oh, it’s later than I thought. I must go. or I have to go. You mustn’t smoke in the plane.

You must be quiet at the cinema. Must children obey their parents?

Laura must take a taxi at the airport. They must be careful with the prices.

They must buy a guide of the USA. You mustn’t play with knives. It’s dangerous.

They mustn’t break expensive objects. Everybody in a family must work


Tense Modal

SIMPLE PRESENT I must play football.

SIMPLE PAST I had to play football.

WILL-FUTURE I will have to play football.

Must is personal. We use must when we give our personal feelings.

‘Jim is a hard worker.’ ‘Jim? A hard worker? You must be joking. He’s very lazy.’

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Tense Modal

SIMPLE PRESENT

I must not play football. I mustn’t play football.

I need not play football. I needn’t play football.

I do not need to play football. I don’t need to play football.

SIMPLE PAST I did not need to play football. I didn’t need to play football.

WILL-FUTURE I will not need to play football. I won’t need to play football.


I must not play football. I am not allowed to play football.

I mustn’t play football. I’m not allowed to play football

You must keep it a secret. You mustn’t tell anybody else. (= don’t tell anybody else)

Tim and Alex must not open the window. or Tim and Alex mustn’t open the window

You mustn’t cross the street; the traffic light is still green. This letter is not for you. You mustn’t read it.

QUESTION SENTENCES

Tense Modal

SIMPLE PRESENT Must he play football?

SIMPLE PASTDid he need to play football?

WILL-FUTURE Will he need to play football?

Will he need to play football? = Will he have to play football?

Did he need to play football? = Did he have to play football?

Must he play football? = Does he have to play football?

Must she get up early? The Windows are very dirty. Must we clean them?

MUST HAVE (PAST)

They must have gone out. (otherwise they would have answered)

The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. I must have been asleep.

I’ve lost one of my gloves. I must have dropped it somewhere.

HAVE TO / HAS TO

When the lights are red ...........

you have to stop you mustn’t go on

HAVE TO: (strong obligation) in general suggests that somebody else has imposed the decision

In France you have to drive on the right / Tom has to wear a uniform at school

Tom had to wear a uniform last year / Tom will have to wear a uniform next year

I have to be home by ten. (My parents told me so.)

I must be home by ten. I have a very difficult day tomorrow. (It is my own decision.)

All men have to do military service in that country.

SUBJECT MODAL VERB EXAMPLES

AFFIRMATIVESENTENCES

Iyouwethey

have tocleangetpick uphaveeatgowork

I have to clean my room.You have to get a new book.We have to pick up the laundry.They have to have a notebook.

hesheit

has toHe has to eat dinner now.She has to go to work now.It has to work.

They have to write a test. She has to clean her desk.

Ken and Liz have to learn English words. Andy has to help his brother.

We have to do our homework He has to write with a pencil.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

SUBJECT MODAL VERB EXAMPLES

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Iyouwethey

don’t have toworkdocleaneatworkgobe

I don’t have to work on Saturday.You don’t have to do that.We don’t have to clean the car.They don’t have to eat pizza.

hesheit

doesn’t have to

He doesn’t have to work tomorrow.She doesn’t have to go today.It doesn’t have to be that way.

I don’t have to (do something) = it is not necessary to do it.

I am not working tomorrow, so I don’t have to get up early

Peter doesn’t have to work very hard. He’s got an easy job

QUESTIONS DO SUBJECT MODAL VERB EXAMPLES

QUESTIONS

Do

Iyouwethey

have to

cleangetpick uphaveeatgowork

Do I have to clean my room?Do you have to get a new book?Do we have to pick up the laundry?Do they have to have a notebook?

Doeshesheit

Does he have to eat dinner now?Does she have to go to work now?Does it have to work?

Do I have to brush my teeth? Do they have to march this Saturday?

Does she have to bring her books? Does he have to salute him?

Do we have to speak English in class? What time do you have to go to the dentist tomorrow?


In questions and negative sentences with have to, we normally use do / does / did:

What do I have to do to get a driving licence? (not ‘what have I to do?’)

Why did you have to go to hospital? Karen doesn’t have to work on Saturdays.

THE PAST (YESTERDAY / THE LAST WEEK ETC) IS HAD TO

We had to wait half an hour for a taxi yesterday.

I was late for work yesterday. I had to go to the dentist

We had to walk home last night. There were no buses

Why did they have to leave the party early?

We didn’t have to wait very long for the bus- It came in a few minutes

Compare:

I must get up early tomorrow. There are a lot of things I want to do.

‘You have to do something’ because of a rule or the situation:

You can’t turn right here. You have to turn left. (because of the traffic system)

My eyesight isn’t very good. I have to wear glasses for reading.

George can’t come out with us this evening. He has to work.

I have to get up early tomorrow. I’m going away and my train leaves at 7.30.

Exercise “’ Have to’ or ‘must ‘”

You have to do such a thing even if you don’t want to.

I don’t have to get up early on Sundays because I don’t go to work.

You have to have a visa if you want to come into my country. Customs employees will ask for it.

Customs employees have to wear a uniform: they must wear a blue uniform.

You don’t have to come with me. Stay at home

You don’t have to pay in advance. You can pay me next month.

If you want to earn a lot of money you have to work hard.

She has a big problem. We must help her.

You mustn’t sign a document before reading it carefully.

The meeting is at 9:00. You mustn’t be late

He didn’t know how to use the camera. I had to show him.

You must get some exercise if you want to keep fit.

He says he must finish his homework by tomorrow.

26.1 Complete these sentences with must or have to (in the correct form). Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only have to is possible.

1. it’s later than I thought. I must or have to go now.

2. Jack left before the end of the meeting. He had to go home early.

3. In Britain many children. ................. wear uniform when they go to school.

4. When you come to London again, you................. come and see us.

5. Last night Don became ill suddenly. We............ call a doctor.

6. You really .............work harder if you want to pass the examination.

7. I’m afraid I can’t come tomorrow. I........... work late.

8. I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I................. work late.

9. Paul doesn’t like his new job. Sometimes he............... work at weekends.

10. Caroline may ............... go away next week.

11. We couldn’t repair the car ourselves. We ........... take it to a garage.

12. Julia wears glasses. She.............. wear glasses since she was very young.

26.2 Make questions with have to.

1. I had to go to hospital last week. Why did you have to go to hospital?

2. I have to get up early tomorrow. Why .................. early?

3. Ann has to go somewhere now. Where......... she ................?

4. George had to pay a parking fine yesterday. How much .............?

5. I had to wait a long time for the bus. How long...................?

6. I have to phone my sister now. Why ......................?

7. Paul has to leave soon. What time ..................?

26.3 Complete these sentences with mustn’t or don’t / doesn’t have to.

1. I don’t want anyone to know. You mustn’t tell anyone.

2 He doesn’t have to wear a suit to work but he usually does.

3. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I............ go to work.

4. Whatever you do, you ................ touch that switch. It’s very dangerous.

5. There’s a lift in the building, so we................. climb the stairs.

6. You .................... forget what I told you. It’s very important.

7. Sue................ get up early. She gets up early because she wants to,

8. Don’t make so much noise. We....................... wake the baby.

9. I .................... eat too much. I’m supposed to be on a diet.

10. You ....................... be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis.

26.4 Write I must or I had to

1. ......I had to...walk home last night. There were no buses

2. Its late.............go now

3. I don’t usually work on Saturdays, but last Sunday................work

4. ................get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do

5. I went to London by train last week. The train was full and .........stand all the way

6. I was nearly late for my appointment this morning .............run to get there on time

7. I forget to phone David yesterday............phone him later today


26.5 Read the situations and use the words in brackets to write sentences with must have and can’t have.

1. The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (I / asleep)

I must have been asleep.

2. Jane walked past me without speaking. (she / see / me)

She can’t have seen me

3. The jacket you bought is very good quality. (it / very expensive)

.................................

4. I haven’t seen the people next door for ages. (They / go away)

.................................

5. I can’t find my umbrella. (I / leave / it in the restaurant last night)

.................................

6. Don passed the exam without studying for it. (the exam / very difficult)

.................................

7. She knew everything about our plans. (She / listen / to our conversation)

.................................

8. Fiona did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (She / understand / what I said)

.................................

9. When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I / forget / to turn it off)

.................................

10. The lights were red but the car didn’t stop. (the driver I see / the red light)

.................................

11. I was woken up in the middle of the night by the noise next door. (the neighbours / have / a party)

.................................

UNIT 27 Need / Needn’t

Don’t worry Paul, you’ve got plenty of time, you needn’t hurry.

The grass needs cutting because it’s very high (IT IS NECESSARY)

‘You needn’t do something’ IT IS NOT NECESSARY THAT YOU DO IT

You can come with me if you like but you needn’t come if you don’t want to. = it is not necessary

We’ve got plenty of time. We needn’t hurry. = it is not necessary to hurry

He needs some money to buy clothes. Oh, no! My bicycle needs repairing,

I can’t go with you. I love this car but do I need to pay it cash?

What he needs is a good meal and a little rest. They need to be told the truth.

NEEDN’T

Didn’t need to (do) and needn’t have (done)


Why did you wash that shirt? It wasn’t dirty. You needn’t have washed it.

That shirt isn’t dirty. You needn’t wash it.

Do you want me to wait for you? No it’s OK, YOU NEEDN’T WAIT.

Let’s stop. We don’t need to finish today.

You needn’t phone me when you arrive at home but I hope you will.

I have enough meat in my fridge so I NEEDN’T go to the butcher’s today.

Needn’t or don’t need In Britain we use both forms in the same way in the present.

‘I don’t need to go’, or ‘I needn’t go’. We needn’t hurry. or We don’t need to hurry.

You can come with me if you like but you needn’t come if you don’t want to


I had enough meat in my fridge so I needn’t have gone to the butcher’s today.

‘I needn’t have sent her the information because she knew it already’.

(You sent her the information but it wasn’t necessary.)

‘I didn’t need to send her the information.’ (You didn’t send anything.) By the way, I hate tea!!

I didn’t need to ... = it was not necessary for me to... (and I knew this at the time):

I didn’t need to get up early, so I didn’t.

I needn’t have prepared all that food. They phoned to say they wouldn’t be coming.

You needn’t have washed the dishes. I would’ve put them in the dishwasher.

Example “Need”

Stop it now! You don’t need to buy all these candies.

He needn’t have looked at me like that! It was no fair!

This member needs to find an English pen pal.

My blouse needs ironing before I go to the appointment with my boss.

Do you need to take your boots when you want to walk near swamps? Yes, I do.

You do not need to lend me your car anymore. In fact, mine got repaired yesterday. But thanks for asking.

What does he need to visit when he is in Paris?

I need to work harder if I want to pass the exam.

You don’t need to come to the meeting, I’ll be there.

This bedroom hasn’t been cleaned for months, it needs today

Your hair is too dirty, it needs washing immediately.

Your dress is too long, it needs taking up

My son needs to change his suitcase because his was broken.

27.1 Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t or needn’t.

1. We haven’t got much time. We must hurry.

2. We’ve got plenty of time. We needn’t hurry.

3. We have enough food at home so we ............. go shopping today.

4. Jim gave me a letter to post. I......... remember to post it.

5. Jim gave me a letter to post. I ........... Forget to post it.

6. There’s plenty of time for you to make up your mind. You........... decide now.

7. You....... wash those tomatoes. They’ve already been washed.

8. This is a valuable book. You...........look after it carefully and you ---lose it.

9. ‘What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?’

‘Well, it .......... be big--that’s not important. But it..........have a nice garden--that’s essential.’

27.2 Read the situations and make sentences with needn’t have.

1. George went out. He took an umbrella because he thought it was going to rain. But it didn’t rain.

He needn’t have taken an umbrella.

2. Ann bought some eggs when she went shopping. When she got home, she found that she already had plenty of eggs. She ................................

3. A friend got angry with you and shouted at you. You think this was unnecessary. Later you say to

him / her: You .............................................

4. Brian had no money, so he sold his car. A few days later he won some money in a lottery.

He ..........................................

5. When we went on holiday, we took the camera with us but we didn’t use it in the end.

We ........................................

6. I thought I was going to miss my train so I rushed to the station. But the train was late and in the end I had to wait 20 minutes

I ....................................... .


UNIT 28 Should

You shouldn’t smoke. It is dangerous for your health.

Should is used to give advice, to make recommendations or to talk about what we think is right or wrong.

Structure: should + infinitive

You should apply for that job. You should visit your parents.

You should take care of your children. You should be at work now.

You should eat lots of vegetables. You should sleep eight hours a night.

You should often eat fish. You shouldn’t drink a lot of soda.

We use ‘should’ to give an opinion or a recommendation

They should do something about this terrible train service

You should apologise. (= it would be a good thing to do)

You must apologise. (= you have no alternative) You should wash your hands before eating.

You shouldn’t eat a lot of candy. You shouldn’t skip meals.

You shouldn’t take a shower only once a week. You should eat breakfast.

We also use should when something is not right or what we expect.

I wonder where Liz is. She should be here by now. (= she isn’t here yet, and this is not normal)

Those boys shouldn’t be playing football at this time. They should be at school.

She’s been studying hard for the exam, so she should pass. (= I expect her to pass)

There are plenty of hotels in the town. It shouldn’t be difficult to find somewhere to stay.

‘Shall I leave now?’ ‘No, I should wait a bit longer.’

Here, ‘I should wait’= ‘I would wait if I were you, I advise you to wait’.

WE USE SHOULD HAVE TO SAY THAT SOMEONE DIDN’T DO SOMETHING

You should have told them the truth. You shouldn’t have gone there - it was a mistake.

I don’t think you should have done it. I should have bought more milk. I am almost out.

I didn’t set my alarm clock and I overslept yesterday morning, so I was late for work

I should have set my alarm clock.

He didn’t study hard enough, so he failed the test He should have studied harder to pass it

I don’t have anything to wear today. I should have done the laundry.

Jack lost his wallet on the way to work. He must have lost it on the bus.

You did very well on the exam. You must have studied a lot.

It’s hot in here today. I shouldn’t have worn a heavy sweater today.

We often use should with i think / i don’t think / do you think...?:

I think the government should do more to help homeless people.

I don’t think you should work so hard.

I think......should I don’t think......should Do you think......should

I think Lisa should buy some new clothesIt’s late I think I should go home nowShall I buy this coat?Yes, I think you should

I don’t think you should work so hardI don’t think we should go yet. It’s too early

Do you think I should buy this hat?What time do you think we should go home?

Should: in Conditionals

If I lost my job I should have no money. (If he lost his job he would have no money.)

We should be grateful if you could send us your latest catalogue.

If it rains, the children should not go for a walk.

“If I were you I should...” to give advice.

If I were you I would phone him. If I was you I would phone him. -

Exercise “Should or should have

They should have cut these trees before. He shouldn’t have married so young.

You should go and see a doctor. His friend shouldn’t have smoked so much.

Children shouldn’t eat too many sweets. Paige should have worked. She has a bad mark.

People should eat five fruit every day. Should I wait for her or not?

They should do more exercise. I don’t think they should get married.

In the forest you shouldn’t light a fire for barbecue. Today you should take warm clothes, it’s cold.

I should take some exercise if I want to feel fine. I think they should replace him


I don’t think they should keep the contract You should have called her.

Do you think we should tell her? He should come fast.

Tom doesn’t study enough. He should study harder I should go to Ankara for the application

It’s a good film. You should go and see it Mr. Green should work.

I should tell him everything. I should phone Mr. Smith.

You shouldn’t call him tonight. He is very angry

They shouldn’t work very hard. They can have some health problems

You shouldn’t do something’ = it isn’t a good thing to do:

You went to bed very late last night. You should have gone to bed earlier.

I’m feeling sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much chocolate. (= I ate too much chocolate)

28.1 For each situation write a sentence with should or shouldn’t + one of the following.

go away, for a few days, go to bed, so late, look for another job, put some pictures on the walls, take a

photograph, use her car so much

1. (Liz needs a change.) She should go away for a few days.

2. (My salary is very low.) You should ................................-.

3. (Jack always has difficulty getting up.) He...........................

4. (What a beautiful view!) You-....................................

5. (Sue drives everywhere. She never walks.) She -.......................

6. (Bill’s room isn’t very interesting.) He.............................

28.2 Read the situations and write sentences with I think / I don’t think ... should...

1. Peter and Judy are planning to get married. You think it’s a bad idea. (get married)

I don’t think they should get married.

2. You don’t like smoking, especially in restaurants. (be banned)

I think ................................................

3. I have a very bad cold but I plan to go out this evening. You don’t think this is a good idea. You say to me: (go out) I ......................................

4. You are fed up with the government. You think they have made too many mistakes. (resign)

I....................................................

28.3 Complete the sentences with should (have) + the verb in brackets.

1. Margaret should pass the exam. She’s been studying very hard. (pass)

2. You missed a great party last night. You should have come. (come)

3. We don’t see you enough. You............... and see us more often. (come)

4. I’m in a difficult position. What do you think I ..................? (do)

5. I’m sorry that I didn’t take your advice. I ............... what you said. (do)

6. I’m playing tennis with Jill tomorrow. She............. she’s much better than me. (win)

7. We lost the match but we .............. We were the better team. (win)

8. ‘Is John here yet?’ ‘Not yet, but he ................ here soon.’ (be)

9. I posted the letter three days ago, so it............... by now. (arrive)

28.4 Read the situations and write sentences with should / shouldn’t. Some of the sentences are past and some are present.

1. I’m feeling sick. I ate too much.

I shouldn’t have eaten so much

2. That man on the motorbike isn’t wearing a helmet. That’s dangerous.

He should be wearing a helmet

3. When we got to the restaurant, there were no free tables. We hadn’t reserved one.

We..................................................

4. The notice says that the shop is open every day from 8.30. It is 9 o’clock now but the shop isn’t open yet. The........................................

5. The speed limit is 30 miles an hour, but Catherine is doing 50.

She .........................

6. I went to Paris. A friend of mine lives in Paris but I didn’t go to see him while I was there.

When I saw him later, he said: You ..................................

7. I was driving behind another car. Suddenly, the driver in front stopped without warning and I drove into the back of his car. It wasn’t my fault .........................................................................

28.5 Write a sentence (beginning in the way shown) that means the same as the first sentence.

1. ‘I think it would be a good idea to see a specialist,’ the doctor said to me.

The doctor recommended that I should see a specialist.

2. ‘You really must stay a little longer,’ she said to me.

She insisted that ....................................

3. ‘Why don’t you visit the museum after lunch?’ I said to them.

I suggested that...............................

4. ‘You must pay the rent by Friday,’ the landlord said to us

The landlord demanded that -...........................................

5. ‘Why don’t you go away for a few days?’Jack said to me.

Jack suggested that .............................


UNIT 29 Had better

Mark had better stop smoking. Look at him!

I have to meet Ann in ten minutes. I’d better go now or I’ll be late

Shall I take an umbrella? Yes, you’d better. It might rain.

We use “had better” plus the infinitive without “to” to give advice. Although “had” is the past form of “have”, we use “had better” to give advice about the present or future.

You had better take your umbrella with you today. İt’s going to rain ADVICE

That bus had better get here soon! desperate hope

Good morning, dear! You’d better get up. You will be late!’ warning

He had better tell the truth. We’d better go now or We’ll be late.

We’d better get some cash, they don’t take cheques. I’d better wait for him, he won’t be long.

We’d better book the tickets now, there won’t be any left tomorrow.

You’d better tidy up before your mother comes back.

She’d better get started, otherwise She won’t get it finished.

You’d better hand in your homework or you’ll get a punishment.

We’d better find a babysitter or We can’t go out.

I have to meet Ann in ten minutes. I’d better go now or I’ll be late.

Had better (I’d better / you’d better etc.)

You’d better tell her everything. I’d better get back to work.

We’d better stop for petrol soon. The tank is almost empty.

The negative form is “had better not”

Nobody likes you so you had better not come to our party.

I’d better not spend any more money, or I won’t have any left.

You’d better not throw that, it might be useful.

You’d better not say anything. I’d better not come.

You’d better be on time. / you’d better not be late. (or I’ll be very angry)

Are you going out tonight?’ ‘I’d better not. I’ve got a lot to do.’

It is a very important secret. You had better not tell anybody.

You had better not drink more beer. You’ll be sick.

Emma doesn’t like when someone smokes in her room. You had better not smoke over there.

It’s time

Here we use the past (went), but the meaning is present, not past:

It’s 10 o’clock and he’s still in bed. It’s time he got up. (not It’s time he gets up)

It’s time the children were in bed. It’s long after their bedtime. (complain)

It’s time to go home. / it’s time for us to go home. You can also say: It’s late. It’s time we went home.

Exercise “Had better”

You had better warn them. She had better send for the doctor.

We had better leave early or we won’t catch our train. He had better listen to her.

You had better work more if you want to pass your exam. You had better drive more carefully.

‘You’d better go to the bathroom’ Oh, dear, it’s raining, you’d better walk’.

Sara : ‘Good morning, dear ! You’d better get up. You will be late!’

Peter: ‘Good morning! I’d rather stay in my bed.’

Sara: ‘You’d better go to the bathroom’.

Peter: ‘ Today, at breakfast, I d rather eat bread, butter and honey’.

Sara: ‘No, dear, you are too fat; you’d better eat two rusks and an apple’.

Peter: ‘I’d rather drink coffee with some cream’.

Sara: ‘No, dear, you’d better drink only green tea’.

Sara: ‘Oh, dear, it’s raining, you’d better walk’.

Sara: ‘ You’d better give me a kiss and leave’.

Peter: ‘I’d rather go on holiday far away without my wife! It would be great!’

29.1 Read the situations and write sentences with had better. Use the words in brackets.

1. You’re going out for a walk with Tom. It might rain. You say to Tom:

(an umbrella) We’d better take an umbrella.

2. Jack has just cut himself. It’s quite a bad cut. You say to him:

(put a plaster) .............................

3. You and Ann plan to go to a restaurant this evening. It’s a very popular restaurant. You say to Ann:

(reserve) We............................

4. Jill doesn’t look very well - not well enough to go to work. You say to her:

(work) ...........................

5. You received your phone bill four weeks ago but you haven’t paid it yet. If you don’t pay very soon, you could be in trouble.

You say to yourself: (pay)...............................................

6. You want to go out but you’re expecting an important phone call. You say to your friend: (go out)

I .........................................................................................

7. You and Fiona are going to the theatre. You’ve missed the bus and you don’t want to be late.

You say to Fiona: (a taxi) .......................................................-


29.2 Put in had better or should. Sometimes either is possible.

1. I have an appointment in ten minutes. I’d better go now or I’ll be late.

2. it’s a great film. You should go and see it. You’ll really like it.

3. I.......... get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do.

4. When people are driving, they.......... keep their eyes on the road.

5. Thank you for coming to see us. You........... come more often.

6. She’ll be upset if we don’t invite her to the wedding, so we ..............invite her.

7. These biscuits are delicious. You .............. try one.

8. I think everybody .............. learn a foreign language.

29.3 Read the situations and write sentences with It’s time (somebody did something).

1. You think the children should be in bed. It’s already 11 o’clock.

It’s time the children were in bed.

2. You haven’t had a holiday for a very long time. You need one now.

It’s time I ..................................-

3. You’re waiting for Mary. She is late. Why isn’t she here yet?

It’s time she ..............................--

4. You’re sitting on a train waiting for it to leave the station. It’s already five minutes late.

It’s time.................................

5. You enjoy having parties. You haven’t had one for a long time.

It’s time................................

6. The company you work for is badly run. You think there should be some changes.

It’s time...................................

UNIT 30 Requests, offers, permission and invitations. Etc..

Do you think you could help me for a few minutes?’ ‘Sorry, I’m afraid I’m busy.’

Modal Example Uses

CAN

They can control their own budgets. ability / possibility

We can’t fix it. inability / impossibility

Can / Could I smoke here? asking for permission

Can you help me? request

COULD

Could I borrow your dictionary? asking for permission.

Could you say it again more slowly? request

We could try to fix it ourselves. suggestion

I think we could have another Gulf War. future possibility

He gave up his old job so he could work for us. ability in the past

MAYMay I have another cup of coffee?China may become a major economic power.

asking for permissionfuture possibility

MIGHTWe’d better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now.They might give us a 10% discount.

present possibilityfuture possibility

SHALL Shall I help you with your luggage? offer

WOULD

Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me?Would / will you pass the salt please?Would you mind waiting a moment?Would you like to play golf this Friday?“Would you prefer tea or coffee?” - “I’d like tea please.”

asking for permissionrequestrequestinvitationpreferences


TO ASK FOR SOMETHING WE USE

Can I have...? or Could I have...?:

‘Can I have some petrol?’ Yes, of course.’

Can I have these postcards, please? (in a shop) Hello, can I speak to Tom, please? (on the phone)

Could I have the salt, please? (during a meal) You look tired. I’ll get you a cup of coffee.

Can I ask you something?’ ‘Yes, of course you can. Can I read a book?

Can I phone a friend? Can I ask you something?’

Can I carry your bag?’ ‘Oh, thanks. ‘Yes, of course you can

WE OFTEN USE CAN OR COULD TO ASK PEOPLE TO DO THINGS:

Can you . . . ? or Could you . . . ? (more polite); or Do you think you could . . . ?

Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the Eiffel tower?

Can you wait a moment, please? or Could you wait a moment, please?

Could you lend me five pounds until tomorrow?’ ‘Yes, of course.’

Do you think you could lend me some money until next week?

Can you put the children to bed?’ ‘Yes, all right.’

Do you think you could help me for a few minutes?’ ‘Sorry, I’m afraid I’m busy.’

WE ALSO USE WILL AND WOULD TO ASK PEOPLE TO DO THİNGS

Liz, will you do me a favour? Would you please be quiet? I’m trying to concentrate.

POLITE REQUESTS

You would like to go to the post-office. Could you please tell me the way to the post-office?

You want to buy that nice blue dress you saw in the shop-window.

Could I try that dress on please?

You would like some more sugar in your tea.

Can I have some more sugar please?

You want the children to be quiet.

Please be quiet children!

You would like to go to the cinema with Jane.

Would you mind coming with me to the cinema?

You would like your husband to do the washing up.

Could you please do the washing up for me?

You ask your boss, a friend of you now, to give you a day off.

Would you be so kind to give me a day off please?

You need some pocket money and ask your mother.

Mum, could I have some money please?

You need your exercise to be corrected.

Could you help me and correct my exercise please?

You have to invite Mary, your mother-in-law, for your husband’s birthday.

I would be really delighted if you could come to John’s birthday party.

INVITATIONS

Would you like a cup of coffee?’ Yes, please. No, thank you.

‘Would you like to come to dinner tomorrow evening?’ ‘Yes, I’d love to.’

A: Would you like some tea? B: No, thank you.

A: Would you like coffee? B: Oh, no.

A: Then, what would you like to drink? B: Coke, please

Example “Requests, offers, permission and invitations”

Can I listen to music? Can I play computer games?

Can I go out? Can I play cards?

Can I look that up in my dictionary? Can you write that down for me please?

Are you free for dinner on Friday? What about going to the Japanese restaurant?

What’s wrong with you? Do you need any help? Can you put the children to bed?’ ‘Yes, all right.’

Can / May I have some more tea? You can / may go now if you want to.

“Ask Permission”

Can I use the restroom? Could I listen to the radio?

Would it be OK to work on the computer? May I use the restroom?

Do you mind if I work on my math? Is it OK if I leave class early?

Can we watch a movie? Could I print something out?

Do you mind if I turn on the fan? Would it be OK if I go and see Mr. Solver?

30.1 Read the situations and write questions beginning Can ... or Could ...

1. You’re carrying a lot of things. You can’t open the door yourself. There’s a man standing near the door.

You say to him: Could you open the door, please?

2. You phone Ann but somebody else answers. Ann isn’t there. You want to leave a message for her.

You say: Can / Could.....................................?

3. You are a tourist. You want to go to the station but you don’t know where it is. You ask at your hotel. You say: Can / Could .....................................?

4. You are in a clothes shop. You see some trousers you like and you want to try them on. You say to the shop assistant:


Can / Could .............................?

5. You have a car. You have to go to the same place as John, who hasn’t got a car. You want to give him a lift. You say to John: Can .............................?

30.2 Read the situations and write questions beginning Do you think...

1. You want to borrow your friend’s camera. What do you say to him?

Do you think I could borrow your camera?

2. You are at a friend’s house and you want to use her phone. What do you say?

Do you think ..........................................?

3. You’ve written a letter in English. Before you send it, you want an English friend to check it. What do you ask him? Do you think ...............................?

4. You want to leave work early because you have some things to do. What do you ask your boss?

Do you think .....................................?

5. The woman in the next room is playing music. It’s very loud. You want her to turn it down. What do you say to her? Do you think .............................?

6. You are phoning the owner of a flat which was advertised in a newspaper.

Do you think ................................?


Liz has lost her watch so she is looking for it If I find it, I’ll tell you.

In this example, Liz feels there is a real possibility that she will find the watch.

Conditional 1 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma will verb (base form) in the result clause.

FIRST CONDITIONAL: REAL POSSIBILITY

If+ Present Simple, will + bare infinitive If it rains, we will stay at home.

If+ Present Simple modal verb If you behave yourself, you can come.

If+ Present Simple be going to (future) if you don’t work, you’re going to fail.

If+ Present Simple” imperative If you need anything, ask.

If+ Present Continuous will + bare infinitive If we’re leaving soon, I’ll get my coat

If+ Present Perfect will + bare infinitive. If I’ve finished, I’ll be able to come.

If+ Present Perfect modal verb If you’ve finished, you can go out.

I am not busy / come and pick you up. If I’m not busy, I’ll come and pick you up.

You fall / break your leg. If you fall, you’ll break your leg

You get the job / you have more freedom. If you get the job, you’ll have more freedom.

The questions are easy enough / everyone pass the test.

If the questions are easy enough, everyone will pass the test

If he finishes on time, we will go to the movies. OR We will go to the movies if he finishes on time.

If I buy a lottery ticket, I might win a lot. If I can get a train ticket, I will come next week,

If she has time, she will call them. Whenever there is a problem, he phones me.

If it costs too much, I will buy a smaller one. If I have to, I will complain to the manager.

If we tell a lie, mother will punish us. If she has enough flour, my mom will bake a cake.

If I study, I will pass the exams.

If you see John tonight, tell him to e-mail me.

If Ben gets up late, he can’t catch the bus.

If it rains tomorrow Will you stay at home?

If it rains tomorrow What will you do?


The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

If Caroline and Sue prepare the salad, Phil will decorate the house.

If Sue cuts the onions for the salad, Caroline will peel the mushrooms.

Jane will hover the sitting room if Aaron and Tim move the furniture.

If Bob tidies up the kitchen, Anita will clean the toilet.

Shall we go by bus or by taxi?

If we go by bus, it will be cheaper We’ll get there more quickly if we go by taxi

The policeman will tell you the way if you ask him.

If I ask my father for some money, he usually lends it to me.

I will lend you my laptop if you promise to be careful with it.

If you add some tomatoes, the sauce will taste much better.

UNLESS

The club is for members only. The club is for doctors only

You can’t go in unless you are a member (If you aren’t a member)

UNLESS

It is used instead of if + not in conditional sentences of all types:

You won’t get the job unless you prepare for the interview.They can’t pass the exam if they don’t studyThey can’t pass the exam unless they study.

Unless you study hard, you won’t get a scholarship

Unless you use high quality material, you can’t build a good house.

Unless I’m mistaken, that’s certainly Mr Jones.

Unless it’s very cold, we will probably not have snow.

Unless you use high quality material, you can’t build a good house.

Exercise “Conditional with “(type-one)”

If it snows in the Alps, it will rain in Munich. If Tom pulls this string, he will open the box.

If I don’t go to the gym, I will get fat. If it rains you’ll stay at home.

If we take the bus, we will not arrive in time If you eat less sugar, you will lose weight.

If I don’t have so much free time, I won’t be able to go to the gym.

If I do not argue with my father, he will lend me his motorbike.

If you eat too much junk food, you will not lose weight.

If I find Simon’s mobile, I will take it to the office. We will get lost if we forget the town map.

If I do not make breakfast tomorrow morning, my girlfriend will not love me anymore

If they do not hurry, they will not catch the train

If you don’t get enough sleep, you will not be able to stay awake in class.

If you own a pet, you may feel more relaxed.

If you don’t get married, you will have more money to spend on yourself.

If my clothes don’t fit, I will have to buy new clothes.

If you get a part-time job, you may be able to save some money.

John might buy a new monitor if his mother gives him 100 Euros

31.1 Put the verb into the correct form.

1. They would be rather offended if I didn’t go to see them. (not / go)

2. If you took more exercise, you would feel better. (feel)

3. If I was offered the job, I think I .............. it. (take)

4. I’m sure Amy will lend you the money. I’d be very surprised if she ............. (refuse)

5. If I sold my car, I............ much money for it. (not / get)

6. A lot of people would be out of work if the factory -........... (close down)

7. What would happen if I ............. that red button? (press)

8. Liz gave me this ring. She .............. very upset if I lost it. (be)

9. Mark and Carol are expecting us. They would be disappointed if we............ (not / come)

10. Would Tim mind if I.............. his bicycle without asking him? (borrow)

11. If somebody.............. in here with a gun, I’d be very frightened. (walk)

12. I’m sure Sue .......... if you explained the situation to her. (understand)

31.2 You ask a friend questions. Use what would you do if...?

1. (Maybe one day your friend will win a lot of money.)

What would you do if you won a lot of money?

2. (Your car has never been stolen but perhaps one day it will be.)

What.................................?-

3. (Perhaps one day your friend will lose his / her passport.)

What ....................................?

4. (There has never been a fire in the building.)

What ....................................?

31.3 Change each of the following sentences as shown in Example

If she is angry, she will scold us. If she were angry, she would scold us.

If he wins, we will congratulate him. If he won, we would congratulate him.

1. If they want to see you, they will come to the party.....................................................................

2. If he is curious, he will ask what we are doing. ..........................................................................

3. She will help us, if she has time. ...............................................................................................

4. If they work hard, they will succeed. ...........................................................................................

5. If I find the culprits, I will teach them a lesson. .............................................................................


6. If she recognizes us, she will wave..............................................................................................

7. They will treat you well, if you are honest with them. ....................................................................

8. If she likes you, she will tell you. ...................................................................................................

9. If he is ready, we will invite him to come. ....................................................................................

10. If they see me, they will want to speak to me. .............................................................................

31.4 Write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless in your sentence.

1. You must work much harder or you won’t pass the exam.

You won’t pass, the exam unless you work much harder

2. Listen carefully or you won’t know what to do.

You won’t know what to do ..........................

3. She must apologize to me or I’ll never speak to her again.

I’ll......................................

4. You have to speak very slowly or he won’t be able to understand you.

He won’t..................................

5. The company must offer me more money or I’m going to look for another job.

I mgoing ....................................


Sue wants to phone Paul but she can’t do this because she doesn’t know his number.

She says: If I knew his number, I would phone him.

Sue says: If I knew his number... . This tells us that she doesn’t know his number.

She is imagining the situation. The real situation is that she doesn’t know his number.

SECOND CONDITIONAL: UNREAL” conditional because it is used for unreal – impossible

if clause main clause

Simple Past would + infinitive could + infinitive might + infinitive

Tom would read more if he had more time. (but he doesn’t have much time)

I am sporty so I’ll run the marathon

If I were sporty I would run the marathon.

I am in Australia, I’ll visit the Sydney opera house.

If I were in Australia, I would visit the Sydney Opera House.

I am in New York; I’ll eat a hot dog.

If I were in New York, I would eat a hot dog..

She is going to see Muse in concert, she’ll buy a T-shirt.

If she were going to see Muse in concert, she would buy a T-shirt.

I am going to Dublin next summer; I’ll have to speak in English.

If I were going to Dublin next summer, I would have to speak in English..

He is intelligent; he always gets good marks in English.

If he were intelligent, he would always get good marks in English..

They are in Paris today; maybe they will visit the Eiffel Tower.

If they were in Paris today, maybe

If I studied, I would pass the exams.

If I studied, I could pass the exams.

If I studied, I might pass the exams.

If it snowed next July what would you do?

If snowed next July would you be surprised?

What would you do if you won a million pounds? (We don’t really expect this to happen)


If he did not print the document, I would not correct it. If you helped your grandma, I would do the shopping

Andrew would water the flowers if he stayed at home.

If I came home earlier, I would prepare dinner.

If we lived in Rome, Francesco would visit us.

If Tim and Tom were older, they would play in our hockey team.

If I studied I would pass the exams or I would pass the exams if I studied.

İF (I) WAS / WERE.....

It isn’t a very nice place. I wouldn’t go there if I were you. It would be nice if the weather was better

What would Tom do if he were here? If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that coat. or if I was you...

I’d go out if it weren’t raining. or if it wasn’t raining. If you were in my position, what would you do?

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, TYPE 2, NEGATIVE

If Oliver found money, he would not keep it.

If they did not wear pullovers in the mountains, it would be too cold during the night.

If Tony knew her phone number, he would not give it to Frank.

If we did not visit this museum, you would not write a good report.

If it was not so late, we would play a game of chess.

If Jeff did not like Jessica, he would not buy her an ice-cream.

If you dropped this bottle, it would not break.

If she did not bully her classmates, she would have more friends.

Exercise “Conditional clause (type-two)

If I were rich, I would buy a big house. I would give you a big ring if I could.

If you knew his phone number, you could phone him. If you took the train, you would arrive faster

if you had a key, you would open the door. If you were less tired, you would clean the house

if we had the choice, we would go to America. If you used a pencil, the drawing would be perfect.

If he met a woman, he would be happy. They would buy a new car if they had more money.

Would you be surprised if it snowed next summer? If I were him, I would start having driving lessons.

If I were you, I would certainly do the same. You would be surprised if you met her.

If I had the money, I would buy a new car. If they offered me the job, I would take it.

If people were more generous, they would help the poor ones

You would have summer holidays from June till August if you lived in the USA.

We would sell the bike for 20 Euros if Ron repaired it.

The children would be happy if he taught them English

If there were more children, they would build a school

We would pass the exam if we studied harder.

If Pat repaired his bike, he could go on a bicycle tour with us

She would get 100 pounds if she sold this old shelf.

If I was / were you, I would invite Jack to the party.


1. If I knew his number, I would phone him. (know)

2. I wouldn’t buy that coat if I were you. (not / buy)

3. I............. you if I could, but I’m afraid I can’t. (help)

4. We would need a car if we .................. in the country. (live)

5. If we had the choice, we.................. in the country. (live)

6. This soup isn’t very good. It................. better if it wasn’t so salty. (taste)

7. I wouldn’t mind living in England if the weather............... better. (be)

8. If I were you,................ (not / wait). I............. now. (go)

9. You’re always tired. If you...to bed so late every night, you wouldn’t be tired all the time. (not / go)

10. I think there are too many cars. If there........ so many cars (not / be), there.......... so much pollution. (not / be)

32.2 Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Simple conjugation with would.

We __________ if we were ready. (to come) We would come if we were ready.

_____ you _____ more if you had time? (to travel) Would you travel more if you had time?

1. If we were hitchhiking............ you ...................to pick us up? (to stop)

2. If we waited for him, we .............. not ...............on time. (to be)

3. ................he .................us know if we made a mistake? (to let)

4. I .......... not .............. to have a party if you were not there. (to want)

5. If you knew more about her, you ..................... your opinion. (to change)

6. ................ you ............... pizza if you did not like it? (to order)

7. .................. they not............... to come if we asked them? (to agree)

8. We ............... not .................... a car unless we were insured. (to drive)

32.3 Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the appropriate conjugations with would.

If you came with us now, you _________ everything. (to see)

If you came with us now, you would see everything.

_____ he __________ us yesterday if we had slept in? (to wake)

Would he have woken us yesterday if we had slept in?

1. If he were here now he _______ not ___________ to help us. (to hesitate)

2. I ___________________ the book last week if I had known you wanted it. (to finish)

3. ______ you ______________ to him last night if you had seen him? (to speak)

4. If they were old enough, they __________________ the contest next week. (to enter)

5. ______ she not ____________ a vacation now if she had more time? (to take)

6. If he had sent a message, we ______________________ it two days ago. (to receive)

7. I ____________________ it if you came with me now. (to appreciate)

8. ______ she not ________ grateful if we offered to help her tomorrow? (to be)

9. ______ he _____________ yesterday if he had entered the race? (to win)

10. _______ they not __________________ more books last month if they had noticed the stock was low? (to order)

11. _______ she not ___________ us now if she knew where we lived? (to visit)

12. _______ you _________________ cucumbers yesterday if they had been on sale? (to buy)


32.4 for each of the following sentences, complete the subordinate clause with the Simple Past Subjunctive of the verb shown in brackets.

If he ____ in town, he would call us. (to be)

If he were in town, he would call us.

Would you go to the party if you ________ an invitation? (to receive)

Would you go to the party if you received an invitation?

If he ___ not ____ his work, he would find another job. (to like)

If he did not like his work, he would find another job.

1. If he ________ rich, he would travel. (to be)

2. _________ I not anxious to meet him, I would stay at home. (to be)

3. He would have more free time if he ______ not _________ so hard. (to work)

4. If I _________ a car, I would visit Cape Breton. (to have)

5. We would take the bus if it _________ to snow. (to begin)

6. If you _________ him, you would surely recognize him. (to see)

7. I would not confide in him if I _______ not _________ him. (to trust)

8. If we _______ not _________ time, we would let you know. (to have)

9. If he _____________ an expedition, I would certainly join it. (to organize)

10. I would not worry about it if I _________ you. (to be)


If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you.

The real situation was that she didn’t know he was in hospital

If I’d seen you, of course I would have said hello. (but I didn’t see you)

If Alex had asked me, I would have emailed the documents.

If he had spoken more slowly, Peggy would have understood him

THIRD CONDITIONAL: NO POSSIBILITY

if clause main clause

Past Perfectwould + have + past participle could + have + past participle might + have + past participle

If I had studied, I would have passed the exams.

If I had studied, I could have passed the exams.

If I had studied, I might have passed the exams.

it had rained yesterday would you have stayed at home?

it had rained yesterday what would you have done?

The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

If I had studied, I would have passed the exams. Or I would have passed the exams if I had studied

If Mary had left early, she would have arrived at the station in time.

If I had earned a lot of money, I would have become very rich.

If Helen had run fast, she would have won the race.

If he had gone to school, he would have learnt a lot of things.

If they had played well, they would have won.

If you had tried hard, you would have passed your exams.

Conditional sentences, type III, Negative

If you had checked the car, it would not have broken down in the middle of the desert.

If it had not rained, the children would have played outside.


If my parents had not been so tired, they would have watched the film on TV.

Exercise “Conditional with “type-three”

If they had waited for another 10 minutes, they would have seen the pop star

If the police had come earlier, they would have arrested the burglar.

If you had bought fresh green vegetable, your salad would have tasted better

If the police had not stopped me, I would have reached you in time.

If his older brother had not driven so fast, he would not have crashed into the other car

If Fred had not cheated at the test, his teacher would not have phoned his father.

If I had not switched off the radio, I would have known about the second goal

If the car had turned left, the old lady would have crossed the street

If she had realized the red traffic light, she would have stopped

The boys would have won the match if they had trained regularly

If you had brought your guitar, we would have sung at the party.

If we had gone to a good restaurant, we would have had a better dinner.

If John had learned more words, he would have written a good report.

If the boys had taken the bus to school, they would have arrived on time.

If the teacher had explained the homework, I would have done it.

If she had bought a new hard disk, she would not have lost all data.

If I had seen you, I would have talked to you.


1. I didn’t know you were in hospital. If I’d known (I / know), I would have gone (I / go) to visit you.

2. Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If,.................... (he / miss) it.............. ........ (he / be) late for his interview.

3. It’s good that you reminded me about Ann’s birthday...................... (I / forget)if........................ (you / not / remind) me.

4. Unfortunately, I didn’t have my address book with me when I was in New York. If..................... (I / have) your address,...................................... (I / send) you a postcard.

5. A: How was your holiday? Did you have a nice time?

B: It was OK, but............................... (we / enjoy) it more if................... (the weather / be) better.

6. I took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was very bad. ............ (it / be) quicker if....................................... (I / walk).

7. I’m not tired. If................................ (I / be) tired, I’d go home now.

8. I wasn’t tired last night. If ................................. (I / be) tired, I would have gone home earlier.

33.2 Write a sentence with if for each situation.

1. I wasn’t hungry, so I didn’t eat anything.

If I’d been hungry, I would have eaten something

2. The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly.

If the driver in front ..................................

3. I didn’t know that George had to get up early, so I didn’t wake him up.

if I ................................................

4. I was able to buy the car only because Jim lent me the money.

If Jim................................................

5. Margaret wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.

If Margaret......

6. You didn’t have any breakfast - that’s why you’re hungry now.

If you..............................................

7. I didn’t get a taxi because I didn’t have any money on me.

If I had..............................................

33.3 Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Perfect conjugation with would.

f it had rained, I ________________ at home. (to stay)

If it had rained, I would have stayed at home.

_____ you _________ with us if we had asked you? (to come)

Would you have come with us if we had asked you?

If he had hurried, he _____ not ___________ the bus. (to miss)

If he had hurried, he would not have missed the bus.

_____ she not __________ if she had seen us? (to wave)

Would she not have waved if she had seen us?

1. If he had arrived late, ... we.... without him? (to begin)

2. If they had felt thirsty, ......... they not.......the lemonade? (to drink)

3. If we had been here, we ..... not.... the fireworks. (to miss)

4. If his office had called,.... he not..... to work? (to return)

5. She.....not........ early if she had not had a good reason. (to leave)

6. If they had searched more carefully, they.........the watch sooner. (to find)

7. If you had visited Rome, .........you .... to the opera? (to go)

8. She...............down if she had been tired. (to lie)

33.4 For each of the following sentences, complete the subordinate clause with the Past Perfect Subjunctive of the verb shown in brackets.

If I __________ him to do it, he would have obeyed me. (to order)

If I had ordered him to do it, he would have obeyed me.

Had it not ______ yesterday, we would have raked the leaves. (to snow)

Had it not snowed yesterday, we would have raked the leaves.

1. I would not have got lost if I ........ the map. (to study)

2. ...... he ..........at home, we would have visited him. (to be)

3. We would have invited him if we .......... he would come. (to think)

4. He would have applied for the job if he ....... the advertisement. (to see)

5. We would not have ordered tea, ........... we ....... how late it was. (to know)


6......... it not ......., they would have held the party in the park. (to rain)

7. We would have agreed with you if we ............. what you meant. (to understand)

8. If you ..........salt on the steps, they would not have been so slippery. (to put)

9....... he ...... to us, e would have known when to expect him. (to write)

10. If he ............ to take the course, he would have had to work hard. (to choose)

UNIT 34 I wish, if only.

My parents are sorry that I’m not good at maths My parents wish I were good at maths

We use wish with past Tense forms (simple and continuous) to express regret about present situations:

I wish I was taller = (I’m not very tall) I wish I was going with you = (but I’m not)

I wish you were more help. = (you are not) I wish I were can replace I wish I was.

Present I wish I could use a computer well.

Past Simple I wish I knew the answer. (= I don’t know)

Past Simple I wish I was / were better at sports. (= I’m not)

Past Continuous I wish I was / were going with you. (= I’m not)

Past Perfect I wish I had known you

Future I wish you would stop talking.

Ability I wish I could speak English

I wish I spoke Italian. (I don’t speak Italian.) I wish I could tell her about it.

I wish I had a big car. (I don’t have a big car.) I wish (that) I didn’t have to ask my parents for everything

I WISH ...........TO BE

To be in England. (You) : I wish I were in England.

To be a movie star. (John): John wishes he were a movie star

To be older. (you) : I wish I were older.

To be rich. (your mother) : My mother wishes she were rich.

Not to be so busy. (your dad) : My dad wishes he weren’t so busy


Jim is sorry that he doesn’t know Jenny’s phone number : Jim wishes he knew Jenny’s phone number.

My dad is sorry that my mother doesn’t speak English My dad wishes My mother spoke English

I’m sorry that it’s raining : I wish it weren’t raining -or- I wish it were not raining.

I’m sorry that you are ill If only you weren’t ill -or- If only you were not ill.

I’m sorry that I can’t play the violin If only I could play the violin.

I’m sorry that I’m so late If only I weren’t so late -or- If only I were not so late.

I’m sorry that I can’t help you If only I could help you.

I’m sorry that I don’t know my English verbs If only I knew my English verbs.

If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam. I wish I had studied harder.

My friends invited me to a party, but I didn’t go. I wish I had gone to the party with them.


My car is old but I can’t afford a new one. If only I could afford a new car.

My sister phoned me but I wasn’t at home. I wish I had been in.

My dog needs to go for a walk, but I haven’t got time right now. If only I had more free time.

If I’d had more children, I wouldn’t be so lonely. If only I had had more children.

If I want to go to the cinema, I would need some money. If only I had some money.

If he had gone out earlier, he wouldn’t have missed the flight. He wishes he had gone out earlier.


I am soaked to the skin. If only I had brought an umbrella!

This pullover was really cheap. I wish I had bought two of them!

I like your school. I wish I went there too.

I must get in touch with Rose. If only I knew her phone number.

This bus is really slow! I wish we had taken the train instead.

I’m disappointed in this camera. I wish I hadn’t bought it.

I answered three questions well. If only I had finished the whole test.

I can’t understand anything Jane says! I wish I spoke French..

I’m hungry. If only I had a sandwich in my pocket.

This is a lovely place. I wish we had come here before.

It’s a pity you live so far away. If only you live in my street!

IF ONLY

If only can be more emphatic than I wish. The verb forms after if only are the same as the patterns with wish:

‘Only if’ means “I wish”

If only I could talk to her! = wish I could talk to her!

I wish it would be more useful. If only it was more useful!

I wish she had met you. If only she had met you!

I wish they would catch them. If only they caught them!

I wish they hadn’t killed them . If only they hadn’t killed them!

I wish she would succeed. If only she succeeded!

I wish she hadn’t failed. If only she hadn’t failed!

I wish you would arrive early. If only you arrived early!

I wish you had lent me that car. If only you had lent me that car!

I wish I had learnt Spanish. If only I had learnt Spanish!

I wish I could stay in bed later. If only I could stay in bed later!

I wish he had studied Drama. If only he had studied Drama!

I wish he wouldn’t sell the house. If only he didn’t sell the house!

If only I could talk to her! = I wish I could talk to her!

If only you were here. (= but you are not) If only the sun would come out!

If only you could be here! (= but you’re not) If only I’d listened to you! (=but I didn’t)

Exercise “I wish, if only”

I wish I hadn’t argued with my mom yesterday. I wish you had not told all those lies.

I wish he hadn’t been so drunk in the party I wish I hadn’t taken your advice. (= but I did)

I wish I was / were going with you. (= I’m not) If only you were here. (= but you are not)

I wish I had known you then. (= but I didn’t) If only you could be here! (= but you’re not)

If only I’d listened to you! (=but I didn’t) If only I was going on holiday with you!

I wish they’d come on holiday with us. (They didn’t come on holiday with us.)

I wish I had studied harder at school. (I was lazy at school.)

34.1 What do you say in these situations? Write sentences with I wish ... would...

1. Its raining. You want to go out, but not in the rain.

You say: I wish it would stop raining.

2. You’re waiting for John. He’s late and you’re getting impatient.

You say (to yourself): I wish..................................

3. You can hear a baby crying and you’re trying to study.

You say: I wish.....................................

4. You’re looking for a job - so far without success. Nobody will give you a job.

You say I wish............................

5. Brian has been wearing the same clothes for years. You think he needs some new clothes.

You say (to Brian): I wish................................

For the following situations, write sentences with I wish ... wouldn’t....

6. Your friend drives very fast. You don’t like this.

You say (to your friend): I wish you ........................

7. Jack always leaves the door open. This annoys you.

You say (to Jack): I wish..............................

8. A lot of people drop litter in the street. You don’t like this.

You say: I wish people ................................

34.2 Complete each of the following sentences with the Past Perfect Subjunctive of the verb shown in brackets.

They wished they ___ not ____. (to come)

They wished they had not come.

I wish I ________ ready on time. (to be)

I wish I had been ready on time.

Will she wish she __________ her bicycle? (to ride)


Will she wish she had ridden her bicycle?

1. I wish I .................not ................the answers. (to lose)

2. They wished they ...................not ................... the appointment. (to forget)

3. He will wish he ...................... us the book. (to show)

4. Will they wish we ............................... them some food? (to give)

5. We wish it .............................yesterday. (to snow)

6. She wished she ................. not ...................the window. (to open)

7. I wished I ....................... the news. (to hear)

8. You wish you ........................ what to do. (to know)

34.3 Complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of the verb shown in brackets

We wished they....... us earlier. (to call) We wished they had called us earlier.

She wishes she ....... in Rome now. She wishes she were in Rome now.

I wish you ........ with us tomorrow. (to come) I wish you would come with us tomorrow.

1. I wish he .................. here now. (to be)

2. I wish that you .................. here yesterday. (to be)

3. We wish you ................... tomorrow. (to come)

4. You will wish you ............ earlier. (to leave)

5. They wished he ................. with them the next day. (to come)

6. We wish you ............... yesterday. (to arrive)

7. I wish that he ............... us next year. (to visit)

8. She wishes that she ................ at home now. (to be)

9. You wish that he .................. you last week. (to help)

10. He will always wish he....................rich. (to be)

11. The boy wished that he ...................... the competition the next day. (to win)

12. She will wish she ................... the arrangements earlier. (to make)

13. I wish the weather ..........................warmer now. (to be)

14. We always wished we ........................ fluent in other languages. (to be)

15. They wish he.......................... them next week. (to telephone)

34.4. Imagine that you are in these situations. For each situation, write a sentence with I wish ...

1. You’ve eaten too much and now you feel sick.

You say: I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.

2. There was a job advertised in the newspaper. You decided not to apply for it. Now you think that your decision was wrong.

You say: I wish .....................................

3. When you were younger, you didn’t learn to play a musical instrument. Now you regret this.

You say: I wish ...................................

4. You’ve painted the gate red. Now you think that it doesn’t look very nice.

You say: I wish -...............................

5. You are walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs but you didn’t bring your

camera.

You say: I wish ...............................

6. You have some unexpectd guests. They didn’t tell you they were coming. You are very busy and you are not prepared for them.

You say (to yourself): I wish ...............................


UNIT 35 Passive VoiceAffirmative

Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492.

America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492.

We use a passive verb to say what happens to the subject:.

We can form the passive in any tense. The main verb is always in past participle form and the auxiliary verb is always be.

She can help me. I can be helped by her. We shall see them. They will be seen by us.

Ali took the pen. The pen was taken by Ali. I must see the doctor. The doctor must be seen by me

We write the letter. The letter is written by us. Mike is reading a book. A book is being read by Mike.

When we use the passive, who or what causes the action is oten unknown or unimportant:

A lot of money was stolen in the robbery. (somebody stole it but we don’t know who)

Is this room cleaned every day? (does somebody clean it?--it’s not important who)

Tom does the housework.

The homework is done. or The homeork is done by Tom

If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by...

This house was built by my grandfather. Two hundred people are employed by the company.

President Kennedy was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald. The telephone was invited by Alexander Bell in 1876

I was bitten by a dog a few days ago. Do you like these paintings? They were painted by a friend of mine

The pupils have bought the books. The books have been bought by The pupils.

I offered them a new house. A new house was offered to them by me.

She will repair the roof. The roof will be repaired by her.

She is singing a beautiful song A beautiful song is being sung by her.

The cat killed the mice. The mice were killed by The cat.

Here are some examples with most of the possible tenses:

VERB ACTIVE PASSIVE

Infinitive to cook To be cooked

Present Simple: I cook food in the kitchen. Food is cooked in the kitchen.

Present Continuous: I am cooking food in the kitchen. Food is being cooked in the kitchen.

Present Perfect: I have cooked food in the kitchen. Food has been cooked in the kitchen.

Past Simple: I cooked food in the kitchen yesterday. Food was cooked in the kitchen yesterday.

Past Continuous: I was cooking food in the kitchen. Food was being cooked in the kitchen.

Past Perfect: I had cooked food in the kitchen. Food had been cooked in the kitchen.

Future Simple: I will cook food in the kitchen. Food will be cooked in the kitchen.

Future Perfect: I will have cooked food in the kitchen. Food will have been cooked in the kitchen.

The dog bites my mother My mother is bitten by the dog.

The chef will cook a nice meal A nice meal will be cooked.

Someone is painting the front door The front door is being painted.

John saw this girl This girl was seen by John.

She didn’t notice John’s remarks John’s remarks weren’t noticed.

He hasn’t given any information Any information hasn’t been given.

We eat a lot of chocolate A lot of chocolates are eaten by us.

I will have turned this sentence into the passive form This sentence will have been turned into the pas She bought this house in 2008. This house was bought in 2008.

We’ll switch off the lights at 10 p.m. . . . The lights will be switched off at 10 p.m. . . .

They had cleaned the car by 10. The car had been cleaned by 10.

I removed the books before you came in. The books were removed before you came in.

My father ate a big pizza. A big pizza was eaten by my father.

The police arrested the thieves The thieves were arrested by The police.

They will accept my offer My offer will be accepted.

They are building a new bridge A new bridge is being built.

They gave Frank a new job Frank was given a new job.

They gave a car to Mary Mary was given a car -or- A car was given to Mary.

They didn’t send me a parcel I wasn’t sent a parcel.

Mark was watching TV TV was being watched by Mark.

We’ll name this baby after his father. This baby will be named after his father.


The dog tore the cat to pieces. The cat was torn to pieces.

The wind blew all the leaves away. All the leaves were blown away.

They left the kids behind. The kids were left behind.

They speak English in India. English is spoken in India.

Mrs Jones had cleared the table The table had been cleared by Mrs Jones.

They have just arrested the thief. The thief has just been arrested.

They will ask you to open your cases. You will be asked to open your cases.

Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.

Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

MODAL VERBS

Somebody will clean the office tomorrow The office will be cleaned

Somebody must clean the office The office must be cleaned tomorrow

I think they’ll invite you to the party I think you’ll be invited to the party

They can’t repair my watch My watch can’t be repaired

You should wash this sweater by hand This sweater should be washed by hand

They are going to build a new airport A new airport is going to be built

Somebody has to wash these clothes These clothes have to be washed

They had to take the injured man to hospital The injured man had to be taken to hospital

Active: My mother might wash my clothes Passive: My clothes might be washed by my mother.

Active: My mother can wash my clothes Passive: My clothes can be washed by my mother.

Active: My mother must wash my clothes Passive: My clothes must be washed by my mother.

Exercise on Passive Voice - Present Progressive

Sheila is drinking a cup of tea. A cup of tea is being drunk by Sheila

Farmer Joe is milking the cows. The cows are being milked by farmer Joe.

She is taking a picture of him. A picture of him is being taken by her

I am writing a poem. A poem is being written by me

We are not playing football. Football is not being played by us

Exercise on Passive Voice - Simple Past

We stopped the bus. The bus was stopped by us

She didn’t win the prize. The prize was not won by her

They didn’t make their beds. Their beds were not made by them

I did not tell them. They were not told by me

Did you tell them? Were they told by you?

Did he send the letter? Was the letter sent by him?

Exercise on Passive Voice - Past Progressive

We were talking about Francis. Francis was being talked about by us

I was repairing their bikes. Their bikes were being repaired by me

We were not painting the gate. The gate was not being painted by us

He was not feeding the dogs. The dogs were not being fed by him

Was she reading these lines? Were these lines being read by her?

Were they carrying bags? Were bags being carried by them?

Exercise on Passive Voice – Present Perfect

Kerrie has paid the bill. The bill has been paid by Kerrie

I have opened the present. The present has been opened by me

They have not read the book. The book has not been read by them

They have not caught the thieves. The thieves have not been caught by them.

Has she phoned him? Has he been phoned by her?

Have they noticed us? Have we been noticed by them?

Exercise on Passive Voice - Past Perfect

I had worn blue shoes. Blue shoes had been worn by me

I had been reading an article. An article had been read by me.

I had not closed the window. The window had not been closed by me

She had not noticed me. I had not been noticed by her

Had she solved the problem? Had the problem been solved by her?

Had he recorded that song? Had that song been recorded by him?

Exercise on Passive Voice - Future

Frank will have ordered the drinks. The drinks will have been ordered by Frank

She will not have read the book. The book will not have been read by her

They will not have trusted him. He will not have been trusted by them

He won’t have rung Barbara. Barbara will not have been rung by him

Will they have paid the bill? Will the bill have been paid by them?

Will you have washed my socks? Will my socks have been washed by you?

Exercise on Passive Voice - Conditional I

Jenny would congratulate you. You would be congratulated by Jenny


We would pick you up. You would be picked up by us

He would build a new house. A new house would be built by him

They would take the opportunity. The opportunity would be taken by them

You would not recognize Jim. Jim would not be recognized by you

Would they decorate the room? Would the room be decorated by them?

Passive Voice - Exercise with Auxiliary Verbs

I can answer the question. The question can be answered by me

She would carry the box. The box would be carried by her

You should open the window. The window should be opened by you

You ought to wash the car. The car ought to be washed by you

He must fill in the form. The form must be filled in by him

They need not buy bread. Bread need not be bought by them

He could not read the sentence. The sentence could not be read by him

Will the teacher test our English? Will our English be tested by the teacher?

Could Jenny lock the door? Could the door be locked by Jenny?

35.1 Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the Passive Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Active Voice.

The news was heard by everyone. Everyone heard the news.

The orders were followed by the officials. The officials followed the orders.

The money is being counted by the cashier. The cashier is counting the money.

The ducks have been fed by the tourists. The tourists have fed the ducks.

The flowers will be photographed by the naturalist. The naturalist will photograph the flowers.

1. The bill was paid by the manager...................................................................................................

2. The bread was made by the baker.................................................................................................

3. The wiring must be checked by the electrician. ............................................................................................

4. The crow was being scolded by the squirrel. ............................................................................................

5. The book was written by a doctor. ............................................................................................

6. The house was painted by a student. ............................................................................................

7. The seeds were taken by the chickadee. ............................................................................................

8. The cider has been drunk by the guest. ............................................................................................

9. The mail is opened by the secretary. ............................................................................................

10. The ingredients have been measured by the cooks. ...............................................................................

11. The bird was seen by the photographers. ............................................................................................

12. His work will be published by the magazine. .........................................................................................

35.2. Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the Active Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Passive Voice.

The teenager rowed the boat. The boat was rowed by the teenager.

The girl is riding the horse. The horse is being ridden by the girl.

The student has prepared the lunch. The lunch has been prepared by the student.

The president will thank the members. The members will be thanked by the president.

The children can understand the poem. The poem can be understood by the children.

1. The woman founded the club. ..........................................................................................

2. This entry took the prize................................................................................................................

3. The girl is playing the guitar. .......................................................................................................

4. The mailman has delivered the letter............................................................................................

5. The chauffeur can drive the car.......................................................................................................

6. The child chose the hat....................................................................................................................

7. The cat chased the mouse.............................................................................................................

8. The workers will weave the carpet................................................................................................

9. The stranger could have bought the hiking boots..............................................................................

10. The dealer has sold the car.............................................................................................................

11. The dog splashed the water.

12. The man has watered the garden.

35.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or past simple, active or passive.

1. it’s a big factory. Five hundred people are employed (employ) there.

2. Water.................. (cover) most of the Earth’s surface.

3. Most of the Earth’s surface ................. (cover) by water.

4. The park Gates................ (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.

5. The letter................. (post) a week ago and it --- (arrive) yesterday.

6. The boat ............. (sink) quickly but fortunately everybody --- (rescue).

7. Ron’s parents.............. (die) when he was very young. He and his sister....... (bring) up by their grandparents.

8. I was born in London but I.............. (grow) up in the north of England.

9. While I was on holiday, my camera ............ (steal) from my hotel room.

10. While I was on holiday, my camera ........... (disappear) from my hotel room.

11. Why ................. (Sue / resign) from her job? Didn’t she enjoy it?

12. Why ............ (Bill / sack) from his job? What did he do wrong?

13. The company is not independent. It.......... (own) by a much larger company.

14. I saw an accident last night. Somebody....... (call) an ambulance but nobody.... (injure) so the ambulance-........ (not / need).

15. Where........... (these photographs / take)? In London?

35.4 Write sentences from words. Some of the sentences are questions

Sentences 1-7 are present

1 (the Office / clean / everyday) The Office is cleaned everyday

2 (these rooms / clean / everyday) These rooms are cleaned everyday

3 (glass / make / from sand) ..................................


4 (stamps / sell / in a post Office) ..................................

5 (this room / not / use / very often) ..................................

6 (we allow / park / here?) ..................................

7 (how / this / word / pronounce?) ..................................

Sentences 8-15 are past

8 (the office / clean / yesterday) The Office was cleaned yesterday

9 (the house / paint / last month) ..................................

10 (my phone / steal / a few days ago) ..................................

11 (there people / injure / in the kitchen) ..................................

12 (when / this bridge / build?) ..................................

13 (I / not / wake up / by the noise) ..................................

14 (how / these Windows / break?) ..................................

15 (you / invite / to Jon’s party last week) ..................................

UNIT 36 Passive Voicenegative -question

What kinds of things are sold in that supermarket?

To form a question, the first auxiliary is placed before the subject

Negative statements the word” not” is placed after the first auxiliary.

NEGATIVE STATEMENT QUESTION

You were not shown the sights. Were you shown the sights?

She is not being shown the sights Is she being shown the sights?

He will not have been shown the sights. Will he have been shown the sights?

We should not be shown the sights. Should we be shown the sights?

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

SIM

PLE

present It is washed. It isn’t washed. is It washed?

past It was washed. It wasn’t washed. Was It washed?

future It will be washed. It won’t be washed. Will It be washed?

conditional It would be washed. It wouldn’t be washed. Would It be washed?

CONT

INUO

US

present It is being washed. It isn’t being washed. İs It being washed?

past It was being washed. It wasn’t being washed. Was It being washed?

future It will be being washed. It won’t be being washed. Will It be being washed?

conditional It would be being washed. It wouldn’t be being washed. Would It be being washed?

PERF

ECT

SIM

PLE

present It has been washed. It hasn’t been washed. Has It been washed?

past It had been washed. It hadn’t been washed. Had It been washed?

future It will have been washed. It won’t have been washed. Will It have been washed?

conditional It would have been washed. It wouldn’t have been washed. Would It have been washed?


PERF

ECT

CONT

INUO

US

present It has been being washed. It hasn’t been being washed. Has It been being washed?

past It had been being washed. It hadn’t been being washed. Had It been being washed?

future It will have been being washed.

It won’t have been being washed.

Will It have been being washed?

conditional It would have been being washed.

It wouldn’t have been being washed.

Would It have been being washed?

The whole cake was eaten. The whole cake wasn’t eaten. Was The whole cake eaten?

He was killed by a car. He wasn’t killed by a car. Was he killed by a car?

The notice was taken down. The notice wasn’t taken down. Was The notice taken down?

Money was found in the garden. Money wasn’t found in the garden. Was Money found in the garden?

The words aren’t explained by the teacher today. Are the words explained by the teacher today? Were we sent a letter the day before yesterday? We weren’t sent a letter the day before yesterday.

This car will not be stolen. It’s too old. This car won’t not be stolen. It’s too old.

Exercise “Active and passive form”

Dinner isn’t served at 8:30pm. In this hotel. His travel expenses aren’t paid by his company.

The rubbish isn’t taken away three times a week. The building isn’t used -or- is not used anymore.

Are these computers made in Taiwan? İs he found in the garden?

İs she told a story? Are these cars repaired by the mechanics?

Are people allowed to walk on the grass? Is wine produced all over the world?.

İs money collected to help this family? The eggs aren’t eaten with some bread.

The bottles aren’t sold to the wine dealers. İs my car being repaired by my father?

Is the wedding party being prepared by her parents? Ann isn’t being waited for by me.

The wall isn’t being painted by English workers. Are passengers being flown from the airport?

İs my homework being done? İs a new church being built next to my house.


You are required to attend the meeting. Are you required to attend the meeting?

She is being ignored. Is she being ignored?

1. They should be notified. .............................................................

2. He might have been allowed to come. .............................................................

3. You had been told about it. .............................................................

4. They will be needed. .............................................................

5. It has been adjourned. .............................................................

6. They were being prepared. .............................................................

36. 2 Change the following affirmative statements into negative statements.

They would have been instructed to join us.

Hey would not have been instructed to join us.

It was sent on time.

It was not sent on time.

1. We could have been seen from the island.....................................................

2. It is being dealt with satisfactorily..................................................................

3. They were being kept under observation...................................................................

4. You will be held responsible.....................................................................................

5. They were expected at six o’clock...........................................................................

6. He will be asked to participate................................................................................

36.3 Change the following affirmative statements into negative questions.

He is respected by everyone. Is he not respected by everyone?

She should be consulted. Should she not be consulted?

1. They were recognized immediately..........................................................

2. We were being assisted by volunteers...........................................................

3. It had been delivered......................................................................................

4. They should have been guarded more carefully.............................................................

5. We will be given financial assistance..................................................................................

6. It had been organized by the club members.........................................................................

36.4 Write questions using the passive. Some are present and some are past.

1. Ask about the telephone. (when / invent?)

When was the telephone invented?

2. Ask about glass. (how / make?)

How .................................?

3. Ask about Australia. (when / discover?)

When.................................?

4. Ask about silver. (what / use for?)

What....................................?

5. Ask about television. (when / invent?)

When..............................?


UNIT 37 Passive Voice begins with the person

When we use these verbs in the passive, most often we begin with the person:

I was born... We say: I was born ... (not ‘I am born’): Where were you born? I was born in Chicago.

Some verbs can have two objects. So it is possible to make two passive sentences:

We gave the information to the police.

The information was given to the police. The police were given the information

Tim gave Lisa some flowers.

Some flowers were given to Lisa by Tim. Lisa was given some flowers by Tim.

They asked me some difficult questions at the interview.

I was asked some difficult questions at the interview. Or Some difficult questions were asked me

Janet’s colleagues gave her a present when she retired.

Janet was given a present by her colleagues when she retired. Or A present was given Janet

We will give you plenty of time You will be given plenty of time to decide.

She is told a story. I was taught English by Mr.Kapon a few years ago.

Has anybody shown you ...? Have you been shown the new machine?

Somebody paid the men L200 The men were paid L200 to do the work.

They offered me the job I was offered the job but I refused

Passive sentences with two objects

Kevin asked Dennis a question. Dennis was asked a question by Kevin

She gives him a box. He is given a box.

Max will look after him. He will be looked after by Max.

Somebody gave us some money We were given some money.

The teacher told us a joke. We were told a joke by the teacher.

They will meet Doris at the station. Doris will be met at the station.

Michael has not sent me a text message. I have not been sent a text message.

I don’t like being...

The passive of doing / seeing etc. is being done / being seen etc. Compare:

Active: I don’t like people telling me what to do.

Passive: I don’t like being told what to do.

I remember being given a toy drum on my fifth birthday.

Mr. Miller hates being kept waiting. (= he hates people keeping him waiting)

We managed to climb over the wall without being seen.

Exercise “Active and passive form with the person

They took her to hospital as soon as possible.

She was taken to hospital as soon as possible.

They have invited me to the ceremony.

I have been invited to the ceremony.

They have invited me to the ceremony.

I have been invited to the ceremony.

They teach her Chinese at school

She is taught Chinese at school.

Her aunt is bringing her up now

She is being brought up by her aunt now.

The sound of breaking glass woke Edward up

Edward was woken up by the sound of breaking glass.

The King himself pardoned them

They were pardoned by the King himself.

His wife is teaching him English at the moment.

He is being taught English by his wife at the moment.

A strange man followed me

I was followed by a strange man.

37.1 Write these sentences in another way, beginning in the way shown.

1. They didn’t give me the money. I _wasn’t given the money._

They didn’t give me the money. I wasn’t given the money

2. They asked me some difficult questions at the interview.

I ....................................................

3. Janet’s colleagues gave her a present when she retired.

Janet ..............................................

4. Nobody told me that George was ill.

I wasn’t.............................................

5. How much will they pay you?

How much will you..............................

6. I think they should have offered Tom the job.

I think Tom.............................. .........

7. Has anybody shown you what to do?

Have you .........................................


37.2 Complete the sentences using being + one of these verbs:

ask attack give invite keep pay

1. Mr Miller doesn’t like _being kept_ waiting.

Mr Miller doesn’t like being kept waiting.

2. They went to the party without being......................-.

3. Most people like being..................... presents.

4. it’s a dangerous city. People won’t go out after dark because they are afraid of being.............

5. I don’t like being.................... stupid questions.

6. Few people are prepared to work witout being.......................

UNIT 38 It is said that..... (be) supposed to...


Henry is very old. Nobody knows exactly how old he is, but:

It is said that he is 108 years old. or He is said to be 108 years old.

Both these sentences mean: ‘People say that he is 108 years old.’

Compare the two structures:

Cathy works very hard.

It is said that she works 16 hours a day. or she is said to work 16 hours a day.

The police are looking for a missing boy.

It is believed that the boy is wearing a or white pullover and blue jeans. The boy is believed to be wearing a white pullover and blue jeans.

The strike started three weeks ago.

It is expected that it will end soon. or the strike is expected to end soon

A friend of mine has been arrested.

It is alleged that he kicked a policeman. or He is alleged to have kicked a policeman.

Those two houses belong to the same family.

It is said that there is a secret tunnel between them. There is said to be a secret tunnel between them.

These structures are often used in news reports. For example, in a report about an accident:

It is reported that two people were injured in the explosion. or two people are reported to have been

Injured in the explosion.

(BE) SUPPOSED TO

Let’s go and see that film. It’s supposed to be very good. (= it is said to be very good)

‘Why was he arrested?’ ‘He’s supposed to have kicked a policeman.’

The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late. (= the train was

expected to arrive at 11.30 according to the timetable)

You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn’t you do it?


‘You’re not supposed to do something’ = it is not allowed or advisable for you to do it:

You’re not supposed to park your car here. It’s private parking only.

Mr. Bond is much better after his illness but he’s still not supposed to do any heavy work. (= his doctors have advised him not to ...)

38.1 Write these sentences in another way, beginning as shown. Use the underlined word in your sentence.

1. It is _expected_ that the strike will end soon. The strike _is expected to end soon._

It is expected that the strike will end soon.

2. It is _expected_ that the weather will be good tomorrow.

The weather is...................................

3. It is _believed_ that the thieves got in through the kitchen window.

The thieves ........................................

4. It is _reported_ that many people are homeless after the floods.

Many people......................................

5. It is _thought_ that the prisoner escaped by climbing over a wall.

The prisoner ...................................

6. It is _alleged_ that the man drove through the town at 90 miles an hour.

The man is .........................................

7. It is _reported_ that the building has been badly damaged by fire.

The building ...................................

8. a: It is _said_ that the company is losing a lot of money.

The company......................................

b: It is _believed_ that the company lost a lot of money last year.

The company.......................................

c: It is _expected_ that the company will lose money this year.

The company...................................


The roof of Tom’s house was damaged in a storm, so she arranged for somebody to repair it

Tom had the roof repaired yesterday

Yesterday a workman came and did the job. This means: Tom arranged for somebody else to repair the roof. She didn’t repair it herself. He arranged for somebody else to repair it

In a causative sentence, the subject does not perform the action.

Example Meaning Type of sentence

I had my car repaired I asked a mechanic to do the repairs Causative

If you ‘have something done’, you get somebody else to do something for you.

THE VERB “TO HAVE” + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE.

I had my jacket cleaned yesterday. - Did you have your computer fixed?

He has had his car repaired. They had their clothes cleaned.

She has her hair done every Saturday. I will have the carpets cleaned by a professional.

I am going to have the house redecorated. He is having his garage rebuilt.

She has had all her curtains made. John has had the garden fence repainted.

TENSE HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE

PRESENT SIMPLE I have / get my hair cut.

PAST SIMPLE I had / got my hair cut.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS I’m having / getting my hair cut.

PAST CONTINUOUS I was having / getting my hair cut.

PRESENT PERFECT I have had my hair cut.

PAST PERFECT I had had my hair cut.

WILL I will have my hair cut.

MUST I must have my hair cut.

BE GOING TO I’m going to have my hair cut.

We are having the house painted at the moment. I lost my key. I will have to have another key made

When was the last time you had your hair cut? This coat is dirty. I must have it cleaned

She has her mom cooked dinner for her Tom is having Bill written the report at the moment

Jonny has his car parked by the parking man. Bob has his packages delivered by the postman


How often do you have your car serviced? She’s having her house redecorated.

I’m having a copy of the report sent to you Last week, she had her leg broken.

If you want to wear earrings, why don’t you have your ears pierced?

Why did you go to the cleaner’s? ...I needed to have my jacket cleaned

HAVE / HAD IN QUESTION..?

Did Ann make the dress herself or did she have it made?

‘Are you going to repair the car yourself?’ ‘No, I’m going to have it repaired

Your hair looks nice. Have you had it cut?

Have you ever had your passport stolen?

HAVE / HAD IN NEGATIVE

I am having a house built I am not having a house built

I have a house built I haven’t a house built

I will have a house built I won’t have a house built

I must have a house built I mustn’t have a house built

I haven’t had my watch repaired yet. I don’t like having my photograph taken.

MAKE

‘Make’ as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person requires another person to do something.

SUBJECT + MAKE + PERSON + BASE FORM OF VERB

Peter made her do her homework. The teacher made the students stay after class.

His friends made him drink too much. The teacher makes his pupils work too much.

Exercise “Make “

His jokes made me laugh. You will make me miss my plane.

They made the burglar run away. I’ll make him give you a present.

My parents always make me learn ten English words every day.

I made him visit his mother and buy her some flowers.

Please make the children stop watching this film. It is not for them.

Exercise “To make someone do something”

He doesn’t want to listen. : don’t worry I’ll make him listen!

She didn’t want to speak in public. : don’t worry, He made her speak in public!

They didn’t want to help Tom! : don’t worry, A nurse has made them help Tom!

I don’t want to tell Peter! : don’t worry, Your mother will make you tell Peter!

They didn’t want to sign the petition. : don’t worry We made them sign the petition!

He doesn’t want to give the money back. : don’t worry, We’ll make him give the money back!

They didn’t want to invite Sarah! : don’t worry I made them invite Sarah!

She drove to the station. Her mother made Her drive to the station.

He will feel very angry. Your remarks will make him feel very angry.

We have modified our plans. Your suggestion has made us modify our plans.

First he didn’t want to say who was guilty but We made him say who was guilty.

I won’t take sleeping pills ! The nurse will make me take sleeping pills.

We hate going to evening classes, but Our parents will make us go to evening classes.

39.1 Write sentences in the way shown.

1. Jill didn’t repair the roof herself. She had it repaired.

2. I didn’t cut my hair myself. I .................

3. They didn’t paint the house themselves. They....................

4. Sue didn’t make the curtains herself.....................

39.2 Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences. Use the structure ‘have something done’.

1. We _are having the house painted_ (the house / paint) at the moment.

We are having the house painted at the moment.

2. I lost my key. I’ll have to............ (another key / make).

3. When was the last time you........... (your hair / cut)?

4. You look different ................ (you / your hair / cut)?

5................... (you / a newspaper / deliver) to your house?

6. A: What are those workmen doing in your garden?

B: Oh, we ............ (a swimming pool / build).

7. A: Can I see the photographs you took when you were on holiday?

B: I’m afraid I.......... (not / the film / develop) yet.

8. This coat is dirty. I must ............ (it / clean).

9. If you want to wear earrings, why don’t you ............ (your ears / pierce)?

39.3 Now you have to use ‘have something done’ with its second meaning

1. George’s nose was broken in a fight.

What happened to George? He had his nose broken in a fight.

2. Sarah’s bag was stolen on a train.

What happened to Sarah? She...............................

3. Fred’s hat was blown off in the wind

What happened to Fred?........................................................................................

4. Diane’s passport was taken away from her by the police.

What happened to Diane? ..............................


UNIT 40 Reported speech Statements- imperative

Statements

“I am enjoying my new job”

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct, or indirect or reported speech.

You want to tell somebody else what Helen said.

There are two ways of doing this:

1-She said that he was enjoying her new job 2-She says he is enjoying his new job

I speak English

1-reported speech He says that he speaks English.

2-reported speech He said that he spoke English

Direct: Tom said: ‘I woke up feeling ill, so I didn’t go to work.’

Reported: Tom said (that) he had woken up feeling ill, so he hadn’t gone to work.

We move the reported clauses “one tense” back. A useful general rule is;”present becomes past and past becomes past perfect.

Sarah and Tim said “We are going to buy a present” They said that they were going to buy a present

She said” My sister has gone to Australia” She said that his sister had gone to Australia

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST

He said, “I go to school every day.” He said (that) he went to school every day.

SIMPLE PAST PAST PERFECT

He said, “I went to school every day.” He said (that) he had gone to school every day.

PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT

He said, “I have gone to school every day.” He said (that) he had gone to school every day.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PAST PROGRESSIVE

He said, “I am going to school every day.” He said (that) he was going to school every day.

PAST PROGRESSIVE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

He said, “I was going to school every day.” He said (that) he had been going to school every day,

FUTURE (WILL) WOULD + VERB NAME

He said, “I will go to school every day.” He said (that) he would go to school every day.

FUTURE (GOING TO) PAST PROGRESSIVE

He said, “I am going to school every day He said (that) he was going to school every day


auxiliary + verb name simple past

He said, “Do you go to school every day?”He said, “Where do you go to school?”

He asked me if I went to school every day.*He asked me where I went to school.

imperative infinitive

He said, “Go to school every day.” He said to go to school every day.

You met Judy. Here are some of the things she said to you in direct speech:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech I’m a teacher He said that he was a teacher.

It’s windy He said that it was windy.

I’m working He said that he was working.

We have finished They said that they had finished.

I go to concerts with my friend He said that he went to concerts with his friend.

The book over there is mine She said that the book over there was hers.

I don’t like my job. He said that she didn’t like her job

My son doesn’t like school. She said that her son didn’t like school.

She said, “I am reading.” She said that she was reading

They said, “We are busy.” They said that they were busy

He said, “I know a better restaurant.” He said that he knew a better restaurant

She said, “I woke up early.” She said that she had woken up early

He said, “I will ring her.” He said that he would ring her

They said, “We have just arrived.” They said that they had just arrived

He said, “I will clean the car.” He said that he would clean the car

She said, “I did not say that.” She said that she had not said that.

He said: “I won’t tell anyone.” He said that he would not tell anyone

She said, “I don’t know where my shoes are.” She said that she did not know where her shoes were

MODAL VERBS


will She said, “I’ll teach English online tomorrow.”

›would

She said she would teach English online tomorrow.

can She said, “I can teach English online.”

›could

She said she could teach English online.


must She said, “I must have a computer to teach

English online.”›

had to She said she had to have a computer to teach

English online.

shall She said, “What shall we learn today?”

›should

She asked what we should learn today.

may She said, “May I open a new browser?”

›might

She asked if she might open a new browser.

Jordan said, “I have cooked rice.” Jordan said that she had cooked rice

Jordan said, “I will cook rice.” Jordan said that she would cook rice.

Jordan said, “I am going to cook rice.” Jordan said that she was going to cook rice

Jordan said, “I can cook rice.” Jordan said that she could cook rice

Jordan said, “I may cook rice.” Jordan said that she might cook rice

Jordan said, “I must cook rice.” Jordan said that she had to cook rice

Jordan said, “I have to cook rice.” Jordan said that she had to cook rice.

Jordan said, “I should cook rice.” Jordan said that she should cook rice.

Jordan said, “I ought to cook rice.” Jordan said that she ought to cook rice.

Jordan said, “I might cook rice.” Jordan said that she might cook rice.

“I’ll see you later” She said she would see me later.

“I would help, but..” She said she would help but...

“I can speak perfect English” She said she could speak perfect English.

“I could swim when I was four” She said she could swim when she was four.

“I shall come later” She said she would come later

“I should call my mother” She said she should call her mother

“I might be late” She said she might be late

TIME AND PLACE REFERENCES OFTEN HAVE TO CHANGE:

DIRECT INDIRECT DIRECT INDIRECT

now then this that

tonight that night that that

yesterday the day before / the previous day these these

tomorrow the next day / the following day those those

last (year, month...) the last / previous (year, month...) here there

next (month, week...) the next / following (month, week...)

I went to the theatre last night. He said he had gone to the theatre the night before.

I’m having a party next weekend. He said he was having a party the next weekend.

I’m staying here until next week. He said he was staying there until the following week.

I came over from London 3 years ago. He said he had come over from London 3 years before.

IMPERATIVE OR REQUEST

Shut up! He told me to shut up.

Don’t do that again! He told me not to do it again.

Please give me some money. He asked me to give him some money.

Teacher:”Do your homework!” -”Don’t forget your homework!”

The teacher told me to do my homework

The teacher reminded me not to forget my homework

POSITIVE IMPERATIVE

Andrew:”Clean the blue bike!” Andrew told me to clean the blue bike

Jessica:”Write a text message!” Jessica told me to write a text message.

Nelly:”Help Peter’s sister!” Nelly told me to help Peter’s sister

Fred:”Wash your hands!” Fred told me to wash my hands.

Anna:”Open the window!” Anna told me to open the window.

Tom:”Come at 8 Tom told me to come at 8.

NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE

Karen:”Don’t play football in the garden! Karen told me not to play football in the garden.

Mike:”Don’t shout at Peter!” Mike told me not to shout at Peter.

Yvonne:”Don’t talk to your neighbor!” Yvonne told me not to talk to my neighbor.

Denise:”Don’t open the door!” Denise told me not to open the door.

IMPERATIVES AS REQUESTS

“Buy me a newspaper, please” I told him to buy me a newspaper.

“Turn off the lights, please.” I asked Helen to turn off the lights.

Exercise on Reported Speech

Max:”Frank often reads a book.”

Max told me that Frank often read a book

Susan:”I’m watching TV.”

Susan said to me that she was watching TV.

Simon:”David was ill.”

Simon said that David had been ill.

Peggy:”The girls helped in the house


Peggy told me that the girls had helped in the house

Richard:”I am going to ride a skateboard.”

Richard said to me that he was going to ride a skateboard

Stephen and Claire:”We have cleaned the windows.”

Stephen and Claire told me that they had cleaned the windows.

Charles:”I didn’t have time to do my homework.”

Charles remarked that he hadn’t had time to do his homework

Mrs. Jones:”My mother will be 50 years old.”

Mrs. Jones told me that her mother would be 50 years old

Jean:”The boss must sign the letter.”

Jean said that the boss had to sign the letter

Emily:”Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow.”

Emily said that their teacher would go to Leipzig the next day.

Helen:”I was writing a letter yesterday.”

Helen told me that she had been writing a letter the day before.

Robert:”My father flew to Dallas last year.”

Robert told me that his father had flown to Dallas the year before

Lisa:”Tim went to the stadium an hour ago.”

Lisa said that Tim had gone to the stadium an hour before.

Patricia:”My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend.”

Patricia said that her mother would celebrate her birthday the following weekend

Michael:”I am going to read a book this week.”

Michael said to me that he was going to read a book that week.

Jason and Victoria:”We will do our best in the exams tomorrow.”

Jason and Victoria told me that they would do their best in the exams the next day

Andrew:”We didn’t eat fish two days ago.”

Andrew remarked that they hadn’t eaten fish two days before.

Alice:”I spent all my pocket money on Monday.”

Alice complained that she had spent all her pocket money on Monday.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

He said, ‘I had a wonderful dream last night’.

He said (that) he had had a wonderful dream the previous night

She said to him ‘I can lend you my book’.

She told him (that) she could lend him her book

He said, ‘the sun rises in the East’.

He said (that) the sun rises in the East

He said, ‘I am glad to be here this evening’.

He said (that) he was glad to be there that evening

He said, ‘I went to Dublin last week’.

He said (that) he had gone to Dublin the week before

40.1 Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Tom. Here are some of the things Tom said to you:

1. I’m living in London now.

2. My father isn’t very well.

3. Sharon and Paul are getting married next month.

4. Margaret has had a baby.

5. I don’t know what Fred is doing.

6. I saw Helen at a party in June and she seemed fine.

7. I haven’t seen Diane recently.

8. I’m not enjoying my job very much.

9. You can come and stay at my flat if you are ever in London.

10. My car was stolen a few weeks ago.

11. I want to go on holiday but I can’t afford it.

12. I’ll tell Ann I saw you.

Later that day you tell another friend what Charlie said? Use reported speech.

1. Tom said that he was living in London now.

2. He said that ............................

3. He said that ............................

4 He said that .............................

5. He said that ............................

6. He said that ............................

7. He said that ............................

8. He said that ............................

9 He said that .............................

10. He said that ...........................

11. He said that ...........................

12. He said that ............................

40.2 Somebody says something to you which is the opposite of what they said before. Write a suitable

answer beginning I thought you said ....

1. A: That restaurant is expensive.

B: is it? I thought you said it was cheap.

2. A: Ann is coming to the party tonight.

B: Is she? I thought you said she.........................

3. A: Ann likes Paul.

B: Does she? I thought ............................

4. A: I know lots of people.

B: Do you? I thought you said you ..................

5. A: I’ll be here next week.

B: Will you? I thought .............................


6. A: I’m going out this evening.

B: Are you? I thought.............................

7. A: I can speak a little French.

B: Can you? I thought................................

8. A: I haven’t been to the cinema for ages.

B: Haven’t you? I thought ...........................-

40.3 Put the following sentences in to “Direct Speech”

1. She told her mother that she was going to the market.

she said :...............................................................................................

2. His friends told me that they would go home the following Sunday.

His friends Said : ...............................................................................................

3. The teacher told Mark he had been very regular in his work

The teacher said : ...............................................................................................

4. Marc told me that he had finished his work .

Marc said : ...............................................................................................

5. The teacher said the earth moves around the sun.

The teacher said : ...............................................................................................

6. He said that she was not going home that day.

He said :.............................................................................................................

7. He asked me if I had brought the pens.

He asked : :.............................................................................................................

8. The boy asked me if that was the place we had visited before .

The boy asked: :.............................................................................................................

9. The judge told the witness to tell the truth.

The judge said: :.............................................................................................................

10. The prisoner begged the judge to forgive him.

The prisoner said : :.............................................................................................................

40.4 Put the following sentences in to “Indirect Speech”

1. Sara: I’m cooking some pasta for dinner. :. Sara said she was cooking some pasta for dinner.

2. Nour: There is a nice movie on TV. :.........................................................................

3. Leila: I bought a magnificent dress from the new shop. :.........................................................................

4. Karim: I worked very hard to earn my living:

5. Laurent::I will plan a picnic for my friends this weekend:.........................................................................

6. John: I’m reading a very interesting adventure story:..........................................................................

7. Merry: I may leave the office at 4.00:.........................................................................

8. Lynda: I will stay at home all afternoon. :.........................................................................

9. Chantal: I may take the children to the park. :.........................................................................

10. The president: We will do our best to improve the economic situation:................................................

UNIT 41 Reported speech tell-told

Direct: Tom said to me ‘I want to go to New York next year.’

Tom told me that she wanted to go to New York next year.

Say can refer to any type of speech. Say is never followed directly by a person as an object: you must use ‘say something to someone’ for this.

He said he’d call me before he left the office. Mum! The teacher said a rude word in class today.

What did you say to him? She said goodbye to all her friends and left.

Tell is used to report that someone has given information or an order. The verb tells is always followed by the person that the information or order is given to.

Tom said ‘New York is more lively than London.’

Reported: Tom said that New York is more lively than London. never followed directly by a person

Reported: Tom told his friend that New York is more lively than London. followed by the person

Sonia told me that you were ill. (not ‘Sonia said me’) What did you tell the police? (not ‘say the police’)

He told me I wasn’t invited to the party. She told me all about her holiday in Spain.

I am going to the market. She told her mother that she was going to the market

We will go home next Sunday. His friends told me that they would go home the following Sunday

You have been very regular in your work. The teacher told Mark he had been very regular in his work

I have finished my work. Marc told me that he had finished his work

FOR ORDERS AND REQUESTS

‘Stay in bed for a few days,’ the doctor said to me. The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days.

‘Don’t shout,’ I said to Jim. I told Jim not to shout.

YOU SAY SOMETHİNG YOU TELL SOMEONE SOMETHİNG

Ram said that he was tired. Ram told Jane that he was tired.

Anthony says you have a new job. Anthony tells me you have a new job.

Tara said: “I love you.” Tara told John that she loved him.

He said that he had to leave. He told everybody that he had to leave.


What did you tell the police? (not ‘say the police’) Sonia told me that you were ill. (not ‘Sonia said me’)

Tell / ask somebody to do something

‘Stay in bed for a few days,’ the doctor said to me. The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days.

‘Please don’t tell anybody what happened,’ Ann said to me.

Ann asked me not to tell anybody what (had) happened.

Exercise “The reported speech”

‘They should go to the police’. He told me that they should go to the police.

My friend: She doesn’t like this film. My friend told me she didn’t like that film.

You have bought yourself a lovely new dress! He told her she had bought herself a lovely new dress

You play the piano very well. He told her she played the piano very well

He is sitting right behind me. I told her that he was sitting right behind me

41.1 Complete the sentences with say or tell (in the correct form). Use only one word each time.

1. Ann said goodbye to me and left.

2. ............. us about your holiday. Did you have a nice time?

3. Don’t just stand there! .....................- something!

4. I wonder where Sue is. She .......... she would be here at 8 o’clock.

5. Jack ............. me that he was fed up with his job.

6. The doctor ............. that I should rest for at least a week.

7. Don’t ............ anybody what I......... It’s a secret just between us.

8. ‘Did she ........you what happened?’ ‘No, she didn’t ......... anything to me.’

9. George couldn’t help me. He ........... me to ask Kate.

10. George couldn’t help me. He .............. to ask Kate.UNIT42 Reported speech -Questions

Do you want to ride a bike? Mike asked me if I wanted to ride a bike

Where can you ride a bike? Mike asked me where I could ride a bike

We also use reported speech when we are saying what other people asked or wanted to know. We do not use do or question marks in indirect questions.

Type Example

WITH INTERROGATIVE

direct speech“Why don’t you speak English?”Where has Tom gone?

reported speechHe asked me why I didn’t speak EnglishHe asked me where Tom had gone

“What time is it?” = He asked me what time it was.

“Why hasn’t he come? = She wondered why he hadn’t come.

“When will you be arriving?” = He wanted to know when we would be arriving.

“What were you doing?” = They questioned him about what he had been doing.

Type Example

WITHOUT INTERROGATIVE

direct speech“Do you speak English?”Has Tom gone?

reported speechHe asked me whether / if I spoke EnglishHe asked me if (or whether) Tom had gone

Are you coming?

He wanted to know if I was coming.

He asked if I was coming.

He wondered if I was coming.

WITHOUT INTERROGATIVE

Will you be here later? She asked me whether I would be here later.

Are you French? He asked me if I was French.

Have you meat Jean? He asked her if (or whether) she had meat Jean

İs there a man in that car? He asked me if (or whether) there was a man in that car

Mandy:”Are the boys reading the book?” Mandy asked me if the boys were reading the book.

Robert:”Is Tim leaving on Friday?” Robert asked me if Tim was leaving on Friday.


Daniel:”Will it rain tomorrow?” Daniel asked me if it would rain today.

WITH INTERROGATIVE

Why don’t you speak English?” He asked me why I didn’t speak English

Where did you go last weekend?” Fred asked me where I had gone the previous weekend

Why are you studying English?” She asked me why I was studying English

Where is my umbrella?” she asked. She asked where her umbrella was.

What are they doing?” she asked. She wanted to know what they were doing

Are you going to the cinema?” he asked me. He wanted to know if I was going to the cinema.

“Where did they live?” he asked. He wanted to know where they had lived

Jason:”Who gave you the laptop?” Jason wanted to know who had given me the laptop.

Where do you come from? He asked us where we came from

PRESENT TENSEHow are you? “

PASTShe asked how I was.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE“Where are you going?”

PAST PROGRESSIVEShe asked where I was going.

PAST“ Whom did you call?”

PAST PERFECTShe asked whom I called / had called.

PAST PROGRESSIVE“ Whom were you calling?”

PAST PROGRESSIVEShe asked whom I was calling.

PRESENT PERFECT“ Where have you been?”

PAST PERFECTShe asked where I was / had been

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE“ How have you been doing?”

PAST PROGRESSIVE OR PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVEShe asked how I was doing / had been doing.

“When will we meet again?” she asked me. She asked me when we would meet again

“Are you crazy?” she asked him. She asked him if he was crazy

“Will you be at the party?” he asked her. He asked her if she would be at the party

Exercise “The reported speech”

Where does Mr Simpson live?

He wants to know where Mr Simpson lives.

Where did Maud work?

We wondered where Maud had worked.

Where are Tommy’s toys?

She had to know where Tommy’s toys were.

Where have they gone?

The Police Inspector asked us where they had gone.

Why don’t they know the neighbour?

He then asked us why they didn’t know the neighbour.

Whose books are they?

He thought he knew whose books they were.

How does she feel now?

Her son wonders how she feels now.

Did you have a nice time?

I would like to be sure that you had a nice time.

Whose racket will you borrow?

He asked you whose racket you would borrow.

“Can you meet me at the station?” she asked me.

She asked me if I could meet her at the station

“Who knows the answer?” the teacher asked.

The teacher wanted to know who knew the answer

Why don’t you help me?” she asked him.

She wanted to know why he didn’t help her

“Did you see that car?” he asked me.

He asked me if I had seen that car

Have you tidied up your room?”

He asked the twins if they had tidied up their room

42.1 Make a new sentence from the question in brackets.

1. ‘Where do you live?’ She asked me where I lived.

2. ‘Who is your favourite singer?’ He asked Mary.......................................................................................

3. ‘Are you married? He asked Susan .......................................................................................

4. ‘Has your father retired yet?’ She asked James.......................................................................................

5. ‘Why didn’t you finish your studies?’ She asked Marie..........................................................................

6. ‘What about going to the beach?’ She suggested.......................................................................................

7. He said to me, ‘ Do you love English?’.......................................................................................

8. He said to her,’ Do you believe in God?’........................................................................................

9. I asked him,’ Is your father at home?’. .......................................................................................

10. She asked me,’ Are your exams over?’........................................................................................

11. The doctor asked his patient,’ Are you ok now ?’.............................................................................

12. I said to the little girl,’ Do you love sweets?’........................................................................................

13. He said to her,’ Am I boring you?’. .......................................................................................

14. I said ,’ Is this the end of the road for you?’. .......................................................................................

15. He said, ‘Is this your final word?’. .......................................................................................

16. She asked her,’ Are you sick of life?’.......................................................................................

42.2 Make a new sentence from the question

1 “Where is my umbrella?” she asked. where her umbrella was.

2 “How are you?” Martin asked us..............................................................................

3 “Do I have to do it?” He asked..............................................................................

4 “Where have you been?”. The mother asked her daughter...................................................................


5 “Which dress do you like best?” she asked her boyfriend.....................................................................

6 “What are they doing?” She wanted to know.......................................................................................

7 “Are you going to the cinema?” He wanted to know............................................................................

8 “Who speaks English?”The teacher wanted to know............................................................................

“9 How do you know that?” she asked me................................................................................................

“10 Has Caron talked to Kevin?” my friend asked me.............................................................................

42.3 Make a new sentence from the question

1) Christopher:”Do you want to dance?” Christopher asked me if I wanted to dance.

2 Betty:”When did you come?” .............................................................................................

3 Mark:”Has John arrived?” ....................................................................................

4 Ronald:”Where does Maria park her car?” ....................................................................................

5 Elisabeth:”Did you watch the latest film?” ....................................................................................

6 Mandy:”Can I help you?” ....................................................................................

7 Andrew:”Will Mandy have lunch with Sue?” ....................................................................................

8 Justin:” What are you doing?” ....................................................................................

9 Frank:”How much pocket money does Lisa get?” .............................................................................

10) Anne:”Must I do the shopping?” ....................................................................................

UNIT 43 Tag Questions Do you? isn’t it? etc.

Karen plays the piano, doesn’t she?

A tag question is a question which we add to the end of a statement because we would like to get an answer to our statement.

WITH AUXILIARIES WITHOUT AUXILIARIES (USE: DON’T, DOESN’T, DIDN’T)

You’ve got a car, haven’t you?It’s beautiful, isn’t it?It must be, mustn’t it?

They play football on Sundays, don’t they? She plays football on Sundays, doesn’t she?They played football on Sundays, didn’t they?

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT WITH TAG QUESTION

She can work. She can work, can’t she?

He would be working. He would be working, wouldn’t he?

They should have worked. They should have worked, shouldn’t they?

I could have been working. I could have been working, couldn’t I?

Mary will be here soon, won’t she? There was a lot of traffic, wasn’t there?

The trip is very expensive, isn’t it? You are John, aren’t you?

She went to the library yesterday, didn’t she? Jim should pass the exam, shouldn’t he?

IF THE STATEMENT IS POSITIVETHE TAG IS NEGATIVE.

IF THE STATEMENT IS NEGATIVETHE TAG IS POSITIVE.

It’s very nice weather today, isn’t it? It isn’t very nice weather today, is it?

She can speak English, can’t she? She can’t speak English, can she?

You have finished the work, haven’t you? You haven’t finished the work, have you?

He will arrive on time, won’t he? He won’t arrive on time, will he?

You know him, don’t you? You don’t know him, do you?

He earned a lot of money, didn’t he? He didn’t earned much money, did he?

There is enough time, isn’t there? There isn’t enough time, is there?


Less common tag questions

IMPERATIVEBe careful, won’t you?

Don’t be late, will you?

AFTER LET’SLet’s go for a walk, shall we?Let’s go to the cinema, shall we?

Give me some water, will you ? She doesn’t want to go to school, does she ?

Let’s work ! Shall we? That’s cheap, isn’t it?

He has never been to Dublin, has he? In 2050, everyone will own this car, won’t they?

She’s pregnant, isn’t she? Paul used to live here, didn’t he?

You were waiting for Mary, weren’t you? Those trousers are ugly, aren’t they?

They can’t speak Irish, can they? I shouldn’t wear such a skirt, should I?

Exercise “Question tags”

You’re going to the restaurant, aren’t you? You like wine, don’t you?

Mary is here, isn’t she? They are not leaving, are they?

She knows the waiter, doesn’t she? We aren’t getting dessert, are we?

It is not raining, is it? You are preparing the meal, aren’t you?

She likes to watch television, doesn’t she? You know about the specials, don’t you?

We’d better work hard hadn’t we? Nobody answered his letters did they?

He cannot play the piano can he? This will be your last chance won’t it?

43.1 . Add negative tag questions to the following affirmative statements

They are lucky. They are lucky, aren’t they?

You know what I mean. You know what I mean, don’t you?

We will tell him the truth. We will tell him the truth, won’t we?

She could try harder. She could try harder, couldn’t she?

1. You are cold....................................................................................................

2. They passed the test. ...................................................................................................

3. I can do this well. ...................................................................................................

4. You live near the school. ...................................................................................................

5. He went downtown. ...................................................................................................

6. We should call them. ...................................................................................................

7. She likes toffee. ...................................................................................................

8. They could help us. ...................................................................................................

9. I won the race. ...................................................................................................

10. You were reading. ...................................................................................................

11. He rides a bicycle. ...................................................................................................

12. We would need more time. ...................................................................................................

43.2 Add affirmative tag questions to the following negative statements

She isn’t well. She isn’t well, is she?

You don’t eat fish. You don’t eat fish, do you?

He hadn’t found it. He hadn’t found it, had he?

They won’t mind. They won’t mind, will they?

1. They won’t reach their destination before five o’clock. ..........................................................................

2. He doesn’t want to come with us. ...................................................................................................

3. She hasn’t eaten breakfast yet. ...................................................................................................

4. They aren’t very clever. ...................................................................................................

5. I couldn’t have persuaded you. ...................................................................................................

6. You won’t forget to come. ...................................................................................................

7. We weren’t expecting company. ...................................................................................................

8. They wouldn’t like that. ...................................................................................................


UNIT 44 Subject and Object pronouns I / me / he / him .etc.

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Pronouns can be in one of three cases: Subject, Object, or Possessive.

We have some books. The books are for us

SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS

Singular

I I kicked the ball me John kicked the ball to me.

you You like to study. you John wants to talk to you.

he He eats green cheese. him Mary doesn’t like him.

she She likes ice cream. her John kissed her.

it It bit John. it John smashed it.

Plural

we We enjoy going to the movies. us The politician lied to us.

you You are the best students. you I wouldn’t lie to you.

they They are not happy. them Mary didn’t invite them.

Object forms of personal pronouns – Exercise

The teacher always gives the students homework. Them The boys are riding their bikes. them

I am reading the book to my little sister. Her My father is writing a letter to John. Him

I don’t know the answer. It Sally is going to Anne. Her

Open the window, please. it The books are for Peter. Him

Can you tell the people the way to the airport, please? Them

Can you help my sister and me, please? Us

A: I saw Sheila yesterday, but she didn’t see me.

B: Are you going to see her tomorrow?

A: No, I ‘m meeting Steve. We are playing golf.

B: I would like to play with you both tomorrow, but my brother is leaving in the afternoon. He is catching the two o’clock train, and we’re taking him to the station. He’s spending a month with our aunt and uncle.

We us me / her / them etc. (object) after a prepositions (for / to / with etc.)

Who is that woman? Why are you looking at her? Where is the newspaper? You are sitting on it

I want that book. Please give it to me Robert needs these books. Can you give them to him please?

PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT OR OBJECT”

He and I are going to New York. Yesterday he talked to me and you.

He gave it to both me and you. The teacher did it for us and them.

We and they are going to see the next home game. She and I are teaching you and them.

It is important that he and I be on time for class. Please give half of your candy bar to me and him.

He and she are having a great time. You and I can do this as well as him and her..

Exercise “Object pronouns”

Do you like cats? I love them.

Dan likes Peter but Vicky hates him.

Jimmy is bad at physics. I’m very good at it.

Mary likes this book very much. Could you give it to her?

Don’t ask me. I don’t know.

John! Where are you? I can’t see you.

My mum loves my brother and me. She loves us.

Paul is my best friend. He always helps me with my homework.

Although Tony is my brother, I never play football with him.

We go to the club every Saturday. Do you want to join us?

Anna and Meg are my sisters. I always take them to the zoo on Sundays.

44.1 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the personal pronoun which agrees with the underlined word.

I am looking for the post office. Can you help __?

I am looking for the post office. Can you help me?

Since you are new here, I will show ___ the way

Since you are new here, I will show you the way.

If my father is at home, I will ask ___ what to do.

If my father is at home, I will ask him what to do.

My aunt and uncle invited me to visit ___.

My aunt and uncle invited me to visit them.

1. Because she is your friend, I offered to help .....................

2. I wish someone would tell ..................... the answer.

3. They look familiar. I am sure we have met..................... before.

4. If you are ready, we will drive..................... home.

5. We would like you to call .....................

6. He is our neighbour. We have known.....................for years.

7. This is the book I need. May I borrow ..................... ?

8. If you like, I will call..................... when we arrive.

9. We were surprised they remembered ......................

10. That man waved to us, but I do not recognize .....................

11. I think they expect..................... to come.

12. The piano is out of tune, but I am having ..................... tuned tomorrow.

13. Will she mind if I ask..................... a question?

14. The beans will grow faster if you water.....................


44.2 Fill in the blank with the personal pronoun which agrees with the underlined word.

They looked at me, but __ did not recognize them.

They looked at me, but I did not recognize them.

We told you what would happen, but ___ did not listen.

We told you what would happen, but you did not listen.

We saw them, but they did not see __.

We saw them, but they did not see us.

They asked us a question, but we could not tell ____ the answer.

They asked us a question, but we could not tell them the answer.

1. His father works hard................. is a doctor.

2. Because the woman seemed friendly, we asked ................ for directions.

3. The cupboards are so full, we cannot put anything else into ...............

4. You will be surprised if we beat ................ in the race.

5. Have you been looking for me? ............... had to run an errand.

6. My niece wants us to send the photographs to ...............

7. We have invited them to visit ................

8. The store was open, but we did not have time to go into................

9. She will be angry if we make fun of ...............

10. You and I are good friends, ................ hardly ever argue.

11. Your son-in-law asked us to describe it to ................

12. The windows are very stiff. We open................ only in the summer.

13. The basket is heavy. ................ is full of oranges.

14. Your husband does not like anyone to contradict

15. I hope you were not anxious about................

16. Would you like me to mail the information to ................

17. The leaves rustled in the breeze, ................ were already starting to change colour.

18. The road was long, but we followed ................ to the end.

19. I asked him to tell .............. the time.

20. You will enjoy yourself if ................ come to the concert.

21. We want you to wait for................

UNIT 45 Possessive Adjectives –my / his / their. etc.

The house belongs to us. It’s our house

We use possessive adjectives to show who owns or “possesses” something. The possessive adjectives are: my, your, his, her, its, our, their

whose (interrogative)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE EXAMPLE SENTENCE

singular

my This is my book.

your I like your hair.

his His name is “John”.

her Her name is “Mary”.

its The dog is licking its paw.

plural

our We have sold our house.

your Your children are lovely.

their The students thanked their teacher.

That’s Jane. What’s her job? That’s Mr Smith. I think he is a teacher.

That’s Peter. What’s his job? That’s Helen. I think she is a nurse.

That’s Mrs Jones. What’s her job? Tim and Tom? I think they are detectives.

That’s Bob and Tom. What’s their job? Julie and I? I think we are doctors.

Joe and Pam Joe and Pam’s rooms The Smiths’ car is black.

John This umbrella is his. Cathy That umbrella is hers.

She Hers is dark blue. He His house has six rooms.

We Ours has four rooms. I This is my pencil.

You That one is yours. We Our car is a Mercedes.

They Their car is a Porsche. We Ours gets 17 miles to the gallon.

They Theirs gets 30 miles to the gallon. William Those are his

Mary These shoes are hers. .

‘s - apostrophe, genitive -s

When you are using the possessive form of a plural noun, the apostrophe comes at the end of the word.

This is Peter’s book. Let’s go to the Smiths’.

The children’s room is upstairs. John’s sister is twelve years old.


Susan and Steve’s bags have blue stickers. Men’s shoes are on the second floor.

My parents’ car was not expensive Charles’s CD player is new.

To a singular noun, we can add an apostrophe ‘ and an “s”:

cat the cat’s food Tom Tom’s book

father my father’s office family The Battista family’s house

To a plural noun, add ‘s. But if the plural noun ends in “s”, just add ‘:

children the children’s jackets people the people’s republic

men the men’s bathroom boys the boys’ bicycles

animals the animals’ masters Smiths the Smiths’ children

Men’s clothes are on the third floor. Peter’s motorcycle

Peter and John’s mother is a teacher. That’s my dog in the picture.

The cat’s favorite food is tuna. (one cat)

The cats’ favorite food is tuna. (more than one cat) Do you know who this belongs to? - It’s hers.

Exercise “Possessive adjectives”

Those shoes belong to the children. They’re their shoes. The dog belongs to Mr. Grant. It’s his dog.

The book belongs to Mary. It’s her book. The suits belong to the boys. They’re their suits.

The eraser belongs to Fred. It’s his eraser. The hat belongs to you. It’s your hat.

This pen belongs to Mrs. Williams. It’s her pen. This is Tom. Look at his dog

I am Maria. Meet my family That is Ann. This is her cat.

We are sisters. This is our dog. They are friends. Look at their balloons.

45.1 Fill in the blank with the possessive adjective

___ arriving on time was fortunate. (we)

Our arriving on time was fortunate.

_____ swooping and darting was a sign that it would rain. (the swallows)

Their swooping and darting was a sign that it would rain.

1. .............. following the guidelines was a good idea. (you)

2. ............ agreeing to forward the mail was helpful. (the students)

3. .............. answering the questions so easily was unexpected. (he)

4. .............. driving the car saved a great deal of time. (I)

5. .............. speaking so forcefully impressed the audience. (the woman)

6. ............... entering the race was intended as a gesture of goodwill. (we)

7. .............. chiming told us the time. (the clock)

45.2 Fill in each blank with either the possessive adjective or the possessive pronoun which agrees with the underlined antecedent.

Last night I wrote to __ sister.

Last night I wrote to my sister.

I thought the book was yours, but in fact, it was ____.

I thought the book was yours, but in fact, it was mine.

She has ordered ___ tickets in advance.

She has ordered her tickets in advance.

Although they do not know it yet, the prize is ______.

Although they do not know it yet, the prize is theirs.

The rain continued ___ pattering on the roof.

The rain continued its pattering on the roof.

1. I always enjoy.............. vacation.

2. I mailed my letter. Did you mail ..............?

3. He is eager to try out ..............skis.

4. I am sure.............. handling of the situation was correct.

5. I rarely use a car, but they drive.............. everywhere.

6. My aunt visits..............cousins once a year.

7. We are proud of..............record.

8. I have never met your children. Have you met .............?

9. The gate swung noiselessly on .............. Hinges.

10. I have received my diploma, but she has not yet received ............

11. Have you filled out ..............application?

12. The bird continued .............. twittering long after dusk.

13. They are going to sublet ........... apartment.

14. I got my driver’s license last month, but he got ...........a year ago.

15. Most businesses try to expand, but we have kept .......... small.

16. They saw ..............friend on television.

17. I finished my assignment yesterday. Have you finished.............?


UNIT 46 Possessive pronouns and whose

Have you seen her book? It’s her book. It’s hers.

I have lost my key, where is yours? Her house is smaller than mine.

My car is faster than his. My country is more populated than hers.

I have no pen, can you lend me yours please? Their garden is bigger than ours.

The possessive can be used independently and in the place of a noun.

He did not bring his coat, but I brought mine. Our mail has been delivered, but theirs has not.

In the above examples, mine stands for my coat, and theirs stands for their mail.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN EXAMPLE SENTENCE

mine This is my car, it’s mine

yours This is your car, it’s yours

his This is his car, it’s his

hers This is her car, it’s hers

[its] This is it’s cottage

ours This is our car, it’s ours

theirs This is their car, it’s theirs

It is Jane’s car. It’s hers. It isn’t my book. mine is in my bedroom.

I like my job but Lucy doesn’t like hers. Whose pen is it? David, is it yours?

No, it isn’t mine; it must be Jenny’s. We visited a museum with ours.

The Biggs haven’t got an old car. theirs is new. Mark’s car is not red. his is blue.

Mary went to the cinema with her children last Sunday.

This house isn’t the Smiths’. theirs is in Market Street.

It isn’t Mary’s birthday today. hers is on February 10th.

Oh no! I have forgotten my book. Can you lend me yours?

I met Ken yesterday. My bicycle is more beautiful than his.

We use mine / yours etc. without a noun

Is this book mine or yours? I didn’t have an umbrella, so Helen gave me hers.

It’s their problem, not ours We went in our car, and they went theirs

İs this his camera or hers? I went out to meet a friend of mine

Tom was in the restaurant with a friend of his Are those people friends of yours?

TO ASK A QUESTİON ABOUT POSSESSİON, WE USE: “WHOSE”

Whose shoes are these? Whose wife was Olympians?

Whose is this computer? It’s Maria’s computer. It’s Maria’s. It’s her computer. It’s hers.

This is Lynne’s web site. It’s my website!. It’s mine!

It’s not Zozanga’s web site. It’s not his website. It’s not his.

GENİTİVE CASE

You should still use the genetive case when talking about things that belong to other things.

Exercise “Possessive pronouns”

That is my pen. It is mine These CDs belong to me. They are mine

Is this your hat? Is it yours? That is my cat. That is mine

This is your pencil. This is yours This is her present. This is hers

this is our house. This house is ours That book belongs to me. It is mine

This chair belongs to my mum. This chair is hers It isn’t my book. mine is in my bedroom.

I like my job but Lucy doesn’t like hers Whose pen is it? David, is it yours?

No, it isn’t mine; it must be Jenny’s. Betty’s bikes are in front of the door.

Where are your parents, now? They are at home.

Exercise “Genitive case”

This is my friends ‘ cottage. This is my bedroom and Mary’s.

I borrowed my mother-in-law’s umbrella. We are talking about America’s future. I don’t know where the young lady’s little dog is.

Oh no! I have forgotten my book. Can you lend me yours?

46.1 Fill in each blank with the possessive pronoun which agrees with the underlined antecedent.

If you cannot find your pen, I will lend you ____.

If you cannot find your pen, I will lend you mine.

I failed my exams, but my brother passed ___.

I failed my exams, but my brother passed his.

Their umbrellas are rather tattered, but we have mended ____.

Their umbrellas are rather tattered, but we have mended ours.

1. Your coat may be warm, but I think................ is more elegant.

2. Because I had no gloves, my niece offered me ..............

3. I forgot to bring my camera. Did you bring ............

4. When I lost my map, your son lent me ...........

5. They discarded their old telephone directories, but we kept...........

6. We have not planted our peas yet, but the farmers have planted ............ already.

7. I never cut my hair, but my sister cuts ............ once a month.

8. The neighbours’ children are very independent, but we have to help..............

9. We store our bicycles in the shed, but they leave ........... outside.

10. I water my plants every day, but you never water..................


11. Although she likes her school, I prefer....................

12. My niece studies for all her tests, but my nephew refuses to study for...........

46.2 Fill in each blank with either the possessive adjective or the possessive pronoun

Last night I wrote to __ sister.

Last night I wrote to my sister.

I thought the book was yours, but in fact, it was ___

I thought the book was yours, but in fact, it was mine.

She has ordered ___ tickets in advance.

She has ordered her tickets in advance.

Although they do not know it yet, the prize is ______.

Although they do not know it yet, the prize is theirs.

I always enjoy ................... vacation.

2. I mailed my letter. Did you mail...................?

3. He is eager to try out ...................skis.

4. I am sure...................handling of the situation was correct.

5. I rarely use a car, but they drive................ everywhere.

6. My aunt visits...................cousins once a year.

7. We are proud of .............. record.

8. I have never met your children. Have you met ................?

9. The gate swung noiselessly on ..................hinges.

10. I have received my diploma, but she has not yet received................

11. Have you filled out ................. application?

12. The bird continued .................twittering long after dusk.

13. They are going to sublet............... apartment.

14. I got my driver’s license last month, but he got ............. a year ago.

15. Most businesses try to expand, but we have kept ................. small.

16. They saw ................ friend on television.

17. I finished my assignment yesterday. Have you finished.................?


He neither finished her homework nor studied for the test.

A conjunction may be used to indicate the relationship between the ideas expressed in a clause and the ideas expressed in the rest of a sentence.

We could go to the library, or we could go to the park. I went out because the sun was shining.

1. COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

and She tried and succeeded.

but They tried but did not succeed.

or Did you go out or stay at home?

nor I did not see it, nor did they.

yet The sun is warm, yet the air is cool.

Use your credit cards frequently and you’ll soon find yourself deep in debt.”

You can study hard for this exam or you can fail.” I love you, but I can not marry you.

2. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

both ... and He is both intelligent and good-natured.

either ... or I will either go for a walk or read a book.

neither ... nor He is neither rich nor famous.

hardly ... when He had hardly begun to work, when he was interrupted.

if ... then If that is true, then what happened is not surprising.

no sooner ... than No sooner had I reached the corner, than the bus came.

not only ... but also She is not only clever, but also hard-working.

rather ... than I would rather go swimming than go to the library.

scarcely ... when Scarcely had we left home, when it started to rain.

whether ... or Have you decided whether you will come or not?

Either John or George must have done this mischief.

Either the teacher or the students have made a mistake.


Neither peter nor Andrew has passed the test.

I do not know whether my father is arriving by the 8o’clock flight or 9o’clock flight.

Both my parents and my sister are coming tomorrow.

Both Ali and Ayşe were absent from class yesterday.

Not only my parents but also my sister is coming tomorrow.

3. SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

As 1. because: 2. when:As he is my friend, I will help him.We watched as the plane took off.

After later in time: After the train left, we went home.

Although or throughin spite of the fact that: Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired.

Before earlier than I arrived before the stores were open.

Because for the reason that We had to wait, because we arrived early.

For for, because: He is happy, for he enjoys his work.

If on condition that If she is here, we will see her.

Providing or provided on condition that All will be well, providing you are careful.

Since 1. from a past time: 2. as, because: I have been here since the sun rose.

So or so that 1. consequently: 2. in order that:

It was raining, so we did not go out.I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle.

Then : used in comparisons He is taller than you are.

Unless except when, if not: Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.

Until or till up to the time when I will wait until I hear from you.

Whether : if: I do not know whether she was invited.

While

While it was snowing, we played cards.He is rich, while his friend is poor.While I am not an expert, I will do my best.

1. at the time when:2. on the other hand:3. although:

As if . in a similar way: She talks as if she knows everything.

As long as 1. if: 2. while:As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily.He has lived there as long as I have known him.

As soon as when: Write to me as soon as you can.

As though in a similar way: It looks as though there will be a storm.

Even if in spite of a possibility: I am going out even if it rains.

In case because of a possibility Take a sweater in case it gets cold.

Or else otherwise: Please be careful, or else you may have an accident.

Exercise “Coordinating conjunctions”

I have been saving my money this year and next year I plan to take a long holiday in Europe.

Secretary to Boss: Do you want anything else or can I go home now?

I love to travel but I hate travelling by bus

I’m bored! Let’s go out to dinner and see a movie

I like living in the city but my brother prefers living in the country

Betty’s just got a promotion at work so she’s very happy

Father to Son: You’re thirty now. Don’t you think it’s time that you settled down and got married?

It’s late. You should go to bed now or you’ll be tired tomorrow

The taxi stopped at the train station and two men got out of it.

I was in the area so I thought I’d drop in and say hello

I’ll leave earlier than planned since you aren’t coming with me.

As you are a foreigner you can’t express your opinions on the situation in the area.

Owing to the snow, the planes couldn’t take off.

I haven’t read the news today because I have broken my glasses.

They thanked us for letting them stay in our house for their holidays.

I’ m desperate because I have lost my job.

Since you don’t believe me, I won’t give evidence.

The car turned back because the street was closed.

On account of the weather we didn’t go for a walk.

Paul was punished for lying to his teacher.

Seeing that you aren’t interested I’ll do it by myself.

I am going to the doctor’s because I have a sore throat.

When all the guests arrive we will serve tea.

What will you do when you finish your studies?

47.1 Fill in the blanks with the correct coordinate conjunctions chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example:

1 I would like to come, ___ I do not have time. (but, nor)

I would like to come, but I do not have time.

2 He has not written, ___ has he called me. (but, nor)

He has not written, nor has he called me.

3. I opened the door .................. looked out. (and, yet)

4. She was not in the back yard................ was she upstairs. (or, nor)

5. The sun had set, ............... it was still light outside. (or, yet)


6. Do you know his address ............. telephone number? (but, or)

7. He has not arrived yet, ..................have they. (and, nor)

8. I read the book, ..............did not understand it. (but, or)

9. We searched diligently, ............... found nothing. (or, yet)

10 . I invited him ..................his friends. (and, but)

47. 2 Fill in the blanks with the words and, but also, nor, or, than, then and when, as appropriate

1 We should either walk quickly __ take the bus.

We should either walk quickly or take the bus.

2 I had scarcely sat down ____ the telephone rang.

I had scarcely sat down when the telephone rang.

3. I have both respects ............. admiration for them.

4. Hardly had I finished reading over the problem................ the answer leapt to my mind.

5. It will rain either today ................... tomorrow.

6. He could not decide whether to tell the truth ..............keep silent.

7. It was not only a beautiful day, ............... the first day of Spring.

8. If you follow the instructions, you should have no difficulty.

9. He is neither proud .................. condescending.

10. What with one thing .................. another, it was very late by the time we left the house.

11 No sooner had I opened my eyes, .................... I remembered where I was.

12 Scarcely had I heard the news, ..................my friend arrived.

13 I do not know whether he has seen the movie before ...............not.

14. I would rather wait here ..................risk missing the bus.

15. She could find the book neither at the Library, .............at the bookstore.

16. No sooner had I opened the window, .................. a butterfly flew into the room.

17. The crowd was both large ..................... enthusiastic.

47.3 Fill in the blanks with the correct subordinate conjunctions or similar expressions chosen from the pairs given in brackets.

1 I went for a walk _______ the sun was shining. (because, otherwise)

I went for a walk because the sun was shining.

2 Do you know _______ the stores are open today? (as if, whether)

Do you know whether the stores are open today?

3. We recognized her at once, ...................we had not seen her for years. (although, in case)

4. He kept reading ...................he fell asleep. (for, until)

5. The moon will rise .................... the sun sets. (as soon as, than)

6. It looks ........................ the train will be late. (while, as though)

7. ...................she got her degree, she became a teacher. (After, Than)

8. We will not go skiing .......................the weather is good. (as if, unless)

9. ....................... he left, he made sure he had his keys with him. (Before, For)

10. .................... I told the truth, you would not believe me. (Even if, So that)

11 They have known her ....................she was a child. (until, since)

12 I must leave now, .................. I have a great deal of work to do. (as, than)

13 . What shall we do ..................... it rains? (or else, supposing)

14 ....................... you read this book, you would be sure to enjoy it. (If, Until)

15 The door was open, ................... we could hear everything. (in case, so)

16 I studied more .................he did. (than, whereas)

17 We packed a lunch, ..............we knew we would soon be hungry. (lest, for)

18 I will join you, .................... the weather is fine. (providing, than)

19 ..................... he is very busy, he is seldom at home. (Or else, Because)

20 We must hurry, ................. we will be late. (so that, or else)

47.4 Fill in the blanks with the conjunctions or connecting adverbs given in brackets. Make sure that the sentences conform to the rules of correct formal English.

1 It was very hot. ____________, we decided to go swimming. (Consequently, So)

It was very hot. Consequently, we decided to go swimming.

2 It was very hot, __ we decided to go swimming. (Consequently, So)

It was very hot, so we decided to go swimming.

3. I have invited him. ........................ I have invited his sister. (Also, And)

4. He walked up to the door ........................knocked. (and, likewise)

5. The bus fare is expensive; ......................., I prefer to walk. (so, therefore)

6. She is well-educated......................... she has very good manners. (And, Besides)

7. I would rather travel by train, ..................... the bus leaves earlier. (but, however)

8. We were born in this village........................ we know everyone here. (hence, so that)

9. Put less wood on the fire, .......................t will be too smoky. (or, otherwise)

10. They got off the train. ....................... they began to search for a hotel. (And, Then)

11 She studied for many months; ..............., she knew the material thoroughly. (consequently, so that)

12. The weather was hot; ................... the air was humid. (and, moreover)

13. Please come with us, ...................... I can introduce you to my friends. (thus, so that)

14. The sun was warm, .......................... a cool breeze blew in from the sea. (but, however)

15. I have read this book before; ..................., I do not remember the plot. (but, however)

16. They were hot .................... tired. (also, and)

17. The door was locked................. we would have waited inside. (or, otherwise)

18. I have known her for many years; ..................., I understand her character well. (so that, thus)

19. We opened the window ....................fresh air would blow into the room. (consequently, so that)

20. He is ignorant; ....................., he is lazy. (and, furthermore)


UNIT 48 QuestionsHave you? Do they...?

Why / Do you want to sleep in my bedroom?

A statement is a sentence that gives information. A question is a sentence that asks for information.

1-YES / NO QUESTIONS - BE

Subject and verb change their position in statement and question.

statement You are from Germany.

question Are you from Germany?

2- QUESTION TAGS

positive statement ->question tag negative - You are Tom, aren’t you?

negative statement->question tag positive - He isn’t Joe, is he?

3-QUESTIONS WITHOUT QUESTION WORDS

Auxiliary Subject Verb Rest

Will you lend him the book?

Can you speak English?

Can you climb a tree?

Have you got a cat?

Have you got a new car?

Do you read books?

Were you reading books?

Are you going to watch

4-SUBJECT QUESTION -OBJECT QUESTION

Who runs to the shop?

Who do you like?

Exercise ‘Questions’

Did you close the door? Did Claire finish the housework?

Did he have a bath yesterday? Did the boy jump into the lake?

Did Ronald visit the Tower of London? Did Peggy and Olivia look after the baby?

Are you French? Yes, I am. Was Molière an actor or a writer? Both.

Had he understood? I think he had. Was Stendhal French or Italian? French.

Can she swim? No, she can’t. Is Barcelona in Italy or in Portugal? Neither.

Do you like tea? No, I don’t. Do you work a lot ?

Do you swim once a week ? Does your brother live in England ?

Are you eating some fish or drinking tea? Do you often watch television?

Who are you playing with ? Can you lend me your book, please?

Do you like apples? Yes, I do.

Do you get up at ten? No, I get up at nine.

Are they writing a letter? No, they are sleeping.

Does he work at night? No, he works in the afternoon.

Are you watching TV? No, I am having dinner.

Are you coming to the party? No, I have other plans.

Are they flying home? No, they’re taking the bus.

48.1 Change the following affirmative statements into questions. For example:

I may go.

May I go?

We could have found it.

Could we have found it?

1. I must leave at four o’clock. .......................................................................

2. He might be leaving for work now. .......................................................................

3. We can solve the puzzle. .......................................................................

4. You should have called him. .......................................................................

5. They could have been waiting for the bus. .......................................................................

6. I shall go out now. .......................................................................

7. You will have finished the book. .......................................................................

8. We should be making the arrangements. .......................................................................

9. She would like to know the answer. .......................................................................

10. They can explain what happened. .......................................................................


UNIT 49 Wh Questions

Which is bigger- Canada or Australia?

We use question words to ask certain types of questions

A written question in English always ends with a question mark: ?

Question Word Function Example

what asking for information about something What is your name?

what...for asking for a reason, asking why What did you do that for?

when asking about time When did he leave?

where asking in or at what place or position Where do they live?

which asking about choice Which colour do you want?

who asking what or which person or people (subject) Who opened the door?

whom asking what or which person or people (object) Whom did you see?

whose asking about ownership Whose are these keys?Whose key is it?

why asking for reason, asking what...for Why do you say that?

why don’t making a suggestion Why don’t I help you?

how asking about manner How does this work?

how asking about condition or quality How was your exam?

how + adj / adv asking about extent or degree see examples below

how far distance How far is Pattaya from Bangkok?

how long length (time or space) How long will it take?

how many quantity (countable) How many cars are there?

how much quantity (uncountable) How much money do you have?

how old age How old are you?

Which blouse do you like? Which of these dresses will you put on tonight?

How did she feel? What kind of book is that?

When did your sister call her boyfriend? What does he study at the university?

How long did the party last? How much was the check for?

What is she doing? How many cars do your parents have?

When are they coming to visit? Where is he going right now?

Who is the man with the white hat? Why don’t you get up early?

How often do you have an English class? What do they like to do on weekends?

How do you know Mr. Amos? He’s my teacher.

How do you spell your name? S-I-M-O-N.

How do you say that in English? I don’t know.

Where do you live? I live in Arizona.

Where are you from? I’m from California

What do you do on the weekends? I usually stay home and watch television

What do you do (as an occupation)? I’m a computer programmer.

Where does your sister work? She works at home.

What are you doing? I am going home

When does Joe go home? At half past four.

Where is Jane going? She is going home.

How long have you been waiting? How far did you swim?

How old is your grandfather? How fast can you type?

How much did you pay for this car? How much money do you want?

How many brothers have you got? How many books are there on the table?

How many cars are there in the garage? Which car is yours?

How

tall are you? I’m 1 metre 70big is the house? Not very bigold is your mother? She’s 45far is it from here to the airport? Five kilometresoften do you use your car? Every daylong have they been married? Ten yearsmuch was the meal? Thirty pounds

What without a noun

What’s your favourite colour? What do you want to do tonight?

What kind of job do you want? or what type of job.......? / what short of job.........?

Exercise “WH Questions”

Who is running? The boy. Why is he running? Because he’s in a hurry.

Where is she walking? In the garden. Where is the book? On the desk.

When is he going to arrive? At six o’clock. Why is he studying? Because the lesson is hard.

Who is the inventor of penicillin? What’s her name? - Her name is Deb.

How old are you? - I’m 15. Who are they? - They are Bob and Tim.

Why can she fly? - She can fly because she has got magic powers.

How often do you play rugby? - I practise twice a week.

How long do you sleep? - I sleep 10 hours every night.


How old is your youngest son? he is 10.

Whose book did Jenny borrow? she borrowed Jane’s.

How did they find the solution to the exercise? they asked John

49.1 Write what / which / who

1 ...What ....is that man’s name?

2 ........which...way shall we go? Left to right

3 You can have tea or coffee................do you prefer?

4................day is it today? Friday

5 This is a nice office..........desk is yours?

6 .............is your favourite sport?

7 .............is more expensive, meat or fish?

8.............is older, Liz or Steve?

9 ............kind of camera have you got?

10 A: I’ve got three cameras

B: ............camera do you use most?

11.........nationality are you?

49.2. Write questions with How...?

1 Are you 1 metre 70? 1.75? 1.80? How tall are you?

2 İs this box one kilogram? Two? Three?......................................................................

3 Are you 20 years old? 22? 25?.....................................................................................

4 Did you spend £ 20? £30? £ 50?..................................................................................

5 Do you watch TV every day? Once a week? Never?..................................................

6 İs it 1000 miles from Paris to Moscow? 1500? 2000?.................................................

49.3 Complete the questions

1 I want to go out Where........do you want to go?

2 Kate and Paul aren’t going to the party Why.....aren’t they going?

3 I am reading What....................?

4 Sue went to bed early What time..................?

5 My parents are going on holiday When..................?

6 I saw Tom a few days ago Where......................?

7 I can’t come to the party Why.....................?

8 Tina has gone away Where..................?

9 I need some money How much..................?

10 Angela doesn’t like me Why.....................? _

11 It rains sometimes How often...................?

12 I did the shopping When...................?

49.4 Complete the sentences

1 (How do aeroplanes fly?) Do you know how aeroplanes fly?

2(Where does Susan work?) I don’t know..........................

3 (what did Peter say?) Do you remember......................?

4 (Why did he go home early?) I don’t know...........................

5(what time does the meeting begin?) Do you know.........................?

6(How did the accident happen?) I don’t remember...........................



You use a purpose clause when you want to state the purpose of the action in the independent clause. The most common type of purpose clause is a to-infinitive clause.

They’re learning English; so that they can stay in England

to stay in EnglandIn order to stay in England

so as to stay in EnglandTo, in order to, so as to, so that.

These structures express purpose and answer the question why something is done

I’m going to Ireland to visit my family.

she left work early in order to be at home with the children.

I went to the post office to buy some stamps.

He is looking for a part time job to save some pocket money.

She wakes early in order to be on time to work.

They visited him so as to offer their condolences for the death of his wife.

A: Why did you call him? B: I called him in order to / so as to / to invite him.

I called him not to congratulate him , but to invite him.

He’s getting some money to buy the tickets for the concert

He’s getting some money so as to buy the tickets for the concert

He’s getting some money in order to buy the tickets for the concert

PURPOSE IN THE NEGATIVE FORM.

Before a negative infinitive, we normally use ‘so as’ or ‘in order’.

I am leaving now so as not to be late.

She exercises regularly so as not to get fat.

He helped the new policewoman so as not to fail in her first mission.

You have to dress now in order not to be late for the party.

I drank a lot of coffee in order not to fall asleep.

I drank a lot of coffee so as not to fall asleep.

He shut the window in order not to hear the noise of the street

SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT

You can also express purpose with so that or in order that. In this case you generally need to use a modal.

She told him to play quiet so that he wouldn’t disturb the neighbours.

He got a visa so that he can travel to the USA.

He decided to stay in England for a while so that he could practice his English.

PRESENT We want to arrive early in order that / so that we CAN / WILL / MAY see the sunset.

PAST We arrived early in order that / so that we COULD / WOULD / MIGHT see the sunset.

I have come here in order that you can see my new hairstyle.

I have come here so that you can see my new hairstyle.

ACTION PURPOSE

I will give you this English book In order that you can pass your exam.

We brought some blankets so that we could keep warm.

I went to bed early last night so that I could get up on time this morning

I go to bed early everyday so that I can get up on time.

I left the door open so that she could come in.

I’m taking this book with myself, so that I’ll have something to read on the train.

We moved to London so that we could visit our friends more often.

I gave her my address so that she could contact me.

Did you give up your job so that you could take of your mother?

When the purpose is negative (SO THAT ... WON’T / WOULDN’T):

He wore glasses and a false beard so that nobody would recognize him.

I hurried so that I wouldn’t be late. (= because I didn’t want to be late)

Leave early so that you won’t (or don’t) miss the bus.

I hurried so that I wouldn’t be late. (= because I didn’t want to be late)

He spoke quietly so that nobody could hear him.

He switched TV off so that the children couldn’t see violent images.

I’ve come here so that we can’t talk.

For future meaning

I studied hard so that I would pass my test. I am studying hard so that I will pass my test.


I am studying hard so that I don’t fail my test.

to + verb (to learn).

for + a noun (for a holiday)

I’m just coming to help you.

I went there to see the demonstration.

A friend of mine phoned to invite me to a party

We shouted to warn everybody of the danger.

I went to the bookstore to buy a book. I went to the bookstore for a book.

I am writing to congratulate you for your success.

Compare:

I’m going to Spain for a holiday but I’m going to Spain to learn Spanish.

(not ‘for learn Spanish’, not ‘for learning Spanish’)

What would you like for dinner? but what would you like to eat? (not ‘for eat’)

Let’s go to the pool for a swim. But let’s go to the pool to have a swim.

Note that you can say ... for (somebody) to (do something):

There weren’t any chairs for us to sit on, so we had to sit on the floor.

This knife is only for cutting bread. (or ... to cut bread.)

Exercise “Adverbial Clauses of purpose”

in order- so that- So as- to

I put my son on my shoulders in order that he could see better

She left the keys out so that she wouldn’t forget them

Terry gave me a spare key in order that I could get in when he wasn’t at home

During the winter, chains are put on car tyres in order that they grip the road better in the ice and snow

She cuts the cake into small pieces so that there would be enough for

We keep our meat in the fridge so that it doesn’t go bad.

Yvonne is borrowing some English books in order to learn more of this language.

I have to leave early so that I won’t miss my plane.

He should come here as soon as possible in order to repair our car.

He spoke so loudly in order to wake Mary. He is a naughty boy.

Yvonne is learning English so that she can read English books.

He went to school in order to practise his English.

I’m studying very hard at the moment to pass my exams next month.

I bought a dictionary to help with my vocabulary.

I went to bed early so that I wouldn’t be tired in the morning.

I have to get up early. I set the alarm for five o’clock in order not to oversleep.

I waited for an hour so that I could meet her.

Some people do not eat before exercises in order not to feel nauseated.

Do exercise regularly in order to have excellent health and well-being.

My sister gave English lessons in order to earn some pin money.

Jenny is a very nice person. She is always prompt to help her friends.

They took the taxi so as not to waste time.

I’m going to Australia so as not to forget my English.

Make sure your bags are tagged so that you can identify them later.

50.1 Complete these sentences using a suitable verb.

1. The President has a team of bodyguards to protect him.

2. I didn’t have enough time........... the newspaper today.

3. I came home by taxi. I didn’t have the energy..........

4. ‘Would you like something ..............?’ ‘Yes, please. A cup of coffee.’

5. We need a bag............. these things in.

6. There will be a meeting next week ........... the problem.

7. I wish we had enough money .......... a new car.

8. I saw Helen at the party but we didn’t have a chance.......... to each other.

9. I need some new clothes. I haven’t got anything nice ..........

10. They’ve just passed their exams. They’re having a party .............

11. I can’t do all this work alone. I need somebody ......... me.

50.2 Put in to or for.

1. I’m going to Spain _for a holiday.

2. You need a lot of experience ......... this job.

3. You need a lot of experience .......... do this job.

4. We’ll need more time ........... make a decision.

5. I went to the dentist ........... a check-up.

6. I had to put on my glasses ........... read the letter.

7. Do you wear glasses ......... reading?

8. I wish we had a garden ....... the children ....play in.



We use “The imperative “in nglish. When we tell somebody to do something

Shh ! The baby is sleeping. Take off your shoes and don’t make any noise.

Close the door. Sit down and open your book page 26. You, listen to me.

Let’s not say a word. Matt, open the door, please. Write the date on the board!

Stand up and start again Sit down and open your books ! Always use your fork !

Don’t leave me! Don’t walk on the grass! Please don’t eat the daisies!

give orders, commands, warnings, advice, suggestion

Don’t leave your valuables in the car. suggestion

Bring me another fork please. request

Take us to Taksim Square. order

Be careful in the traffic. warning

Don’t drink alcohol advice

Take the first left onto Pine street and continue for three blocks. Direction

Don’t touch that electric wire again! Warning

You can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite word before the verb:

Please take a seat. Please wait here.

AFFİRMATİVE SENTENCES NEGATİVE SENTENCES

Come here. Don’t come now.

Clean the bathroom. Don’t clean the living room.

The imperative with let’s:

AFFİRMATİVE SENTENCES NEGATİVE SENTENCES

Let’s ask the teacher. Let’s not ask the teacher.

Let’s stop now. Let’s have some lunch. Let’s not tell her about it.

It’s cold. Let’s not go out. Let’s stay at home. Come on. Let’s dance

Are you ready? Let’s go It’s cold. Don’t let’s go out. Let’s stay at home

Exercise “Imperative”

Let her go to the party tonight. Don’t drive too fast.

Don’t be silly and be quiet! Do your homework!

Don’t eat all the cakes! Listen to this song!

Don’t sit on the grass! Help me do my work!

Don’t buy it! It’s too expensive! Wait for the bus here!

Don’t drink and drive! Wash your hands before dinner!

Don’t hurry! you aren’t late! Catch this ball!

never say never ! Keep the door open to the elderly lady !

Don’t let the camera get wet let’s not go to the cinema.

Never forget to brush up your English before leaving to England !

How can I lose weight, Doctor? Don’t eat candy, and get more exercise.

Please bring me a glass of water. Ok! Is that all?

What did you say? I can’t hear you. Please turn the radio off for a minute.

Where’s Dad? He’s taking a nap. Please don’t wake him up.

It’s a nice day. Let’s not take the bus. Let’s walk to the theatre.

51.1 Put the words in the positive and the negative imperative forms.

1 (Take) that Take that, please Don’t take that, please

2 (Stand) up .......................................................... .......................................................

3 (Give) me the details ................................................ ........................................................

4 (Use) the new pen ................................................ ........................................................

5 (Open) your book.................................................... .......................................................

51.2 Put the words in the positive or the negative imperative forms.

1 Answer (it) Answer it please.

2 upstairs. (to go) .......................................................

3 in this lake. (not / to swim)...................................................

4 your homework. (to do)........................................................

5 football in the yard. (not / to play)............................................

6 your teeth. (to brush).............................................................

7 during the lesson. (not / to talk)................................................

8 the animals in the zoo. (not / to feed)........................................

9 late for school. (not / to be)......................................................

10 your mobiles. (to switch off).................................................



Have they read the book? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.

YES, I DO. / NO, I DON’t’

Saying ‘Yes, I do. / No, I don’t’ in English is more polite than just saying ‘Yes. / No.’ That’s why short answers are very commonly used. To form the short answer, you use the first word from the question.

Are they sad? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t / No, they are not.

Do you fancy going to the theatre? Yes, I do. No, I don’t / No, I do not.

Does it rain a lot in your country? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t / No, it does not.

Did you teach Italian? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t / No, I did not.

Was he in yesterday morning? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t / No, he was not.

Have you ever been to York? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t / No, we have not.

QUESTION AFFIRMATIVE SHORT ANSWER NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWER

Is he ready? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.

Were you finished? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.

Do you know them? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.

Did we win? Yes, we did. No, we didn’t.

Has he left? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.

Will they need help? Yes, they will. No, they won’t.

Could you help me? Yes, I could. No, I couldn’t.

Is he from London? - Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.

Are the boys at your school? - Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.

Can you play ice-hockey? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.

Have we got ketchup? - Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.

Can you speak Catalan? Yes, I can. No, I can’t / No, I cannot

Have you got a match? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t / No, I have not.

Haven’t you already been to England ? No, I haven’t, but I’ve been to the USA

Exercise “ Short Answers “

She looks very pretty. Doesn’t she? He doesn’t smoke. Does he?

They are very fond of each other. Aren’t they? George can’t speak German. Can he?

We mustn’t keep them waiting. Must we? She’s worked too much. Hasn’t she?

We shan’t have to wait. Shall we? They won’t understand. Will they?

You had a very busy day yesterday. Didn’t you? Let’s go shopping, shall we?

Stop giving me advice, will you? Pass me the salt, will you?

52.1 Complete the short answers with the correct form.

1 Are you from Germany?.........Yes, I am- - No, I am not.

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends?........................................

3 Has your sister got a car?..................................................

4 Do you speak English?......................................................

5 Can he play football?.........................................................

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester?........................................

7 Is she going by bus?..........................................................

8 Did you talk to him?............................................................

9 Have you been waiting for long?........................................

10 Will she send us a mail?...................................................

52.2 Write affirmative short answers to the following questions.

Is he thirsty? Yes, he is.

Haven’t they read the book? Yes, they have.

Can they finish the work by themselves? Yes, they can.

1. Do we need any butter? .......................................................

2. May they send for you? .......................................................

3. Is she sure she is right? .......................................................

4. Does he enjoy studying? .......................................................

5. Had they been meaning to call us? .......................................................

6. Couldn’t he send us the information? .......................................................

7. Would she like to listen to the radio? .......................................................

8. Had he been wanting to travel? .......................................................


52.3 Write negative short answers to the following questions.

Wasn’t he thirsty? No, he wasn’t.

Were they watching television? No, they weren’t.

1. Isn’t she driving her own car? .......................................................

2. Will he be visiting Denmark? .......................................................

3. Would she mind? .......................................................

4. Could they understand everything? .......................................................

5. Will she have to get up early? .......................................................

6. Should he warn them? .......................................................

7. Didn’t we sell all the chocolate bars? .......................................................

8. Couldn’t they find any evidence? .......................................................

UNIT 53 Countable and uncountable nouns

English nouns are often described as “countable” or “uncountable” In this lesson we look at:

In English, you can count some nouns but you can’t count others!

You can say: Five apples, Three tables, Six bags of sugar

These nouns are ‘countable’

But you can’t say : Six Sugar, Four snow, Seven water

These nouns are ‘uncountable’ !

Countable Nouns -- It is a noun which is for things we can count.

A student three apples

Here are some more countable nouns: dog, cat, animal, man, person bottle, box, litre coin, note, dollar cup, plate, fork table, chair,

COUNTABLE NOUNS

We have seen some good plays recently.

What’s wrong with you? Have you got a precise problem at work?

Would she like to be an English teacher? I know a lot of actors. Most of them are famous.

I have been working on the computer for hours. I have got sore eyes. What an interesting game!

COUNTABLE NOUNS MAY BE SINGULAR OR PLURAL:

a cat a man the morning this bus an armchair

cats men the mornings these buses two armchairs

BEFORE A SINGULAR COUNTABLE NOUN WE CAN USE A / AN

Have a nice day! Can I have an ice-cream?

My dog is playing. My dogs are hungry.

There’s been an accident. (not ‘There’s been accident’) A dog is an animal.

There is one person here. There are three people here.

There were a few friends at the party. He is a liar so he has a few friends.

She hates reading so she has a few books. The dog has a few bones.

I eat an apple every day. Apples are good for you. Some dogs can be dangerous.

I don’t use any computers at work. My dog is playing.


UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

a bottle of water a piece of cheese a carton of

milk chocolale

a cup of coffee

We cannot “count” them. For example, we cannot count “milk”. We can count “bottles of milk” or “litres of milk”, but we cannot count “milk” itself.

Here are some more uncountable nouns: music, art, love, happiness advice, information, news furniture, luggage rice, sugar, butter, water electricity, gas, power money, currency

We can’t say one water, two salt, one money

I have some money / a bottle of water / a bowl of rice / a bottle of perfume / a cup of coffee

a piece of music / a game of tennis

We can use some -a little- much any with uncountable nouns:

I have a little money. It rains a little here in winter.

It drinks a little milk. There is a little jam in the bowl.

I usually drink some wine with my meal. I don’t usually drink any water with my wine.

Drinks (coffee, water, orange juice) are usually uncountable.

We cannot use a / an with these nouns.

a piece of news a bottle of water a grain of rice

Linda drinks a bottle of water every morning He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview.

When you learn a new word, it’s a good idea to learn whether it’s countable or uncountable

Countable and Uncountable

Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns:

There are two lights in our bedroom. Close the curtain. There’s too much light!

Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a change of meaning.

Hair There are two hairs in my coffee! I don’t have much hair.

Room Our house has seven rooms. Is there room for me to sit here?

Time We had a great time at the party. Have you got time for a coffee?

Noise Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise It’s difficult to work when there is too much noise.

Paper Have you got a paper to read ? I want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper?

Noise Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise It’s difficult to work when there is too much noise.

Paper Have you got a paper to read ? I want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper?

Work Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s greatest works.

QUANTIFIERS

Quantifier Example

Countablea few There were a few friends at the party. She hates reading so she has a few books.

many He has many friends. There are many cars in the park.

Uncountablea little It drinks a little milk. There is a little jam in the bowl.

much She has much money. I think you put much milk.

Countable and Uncountable

a lot of There are a lot of people at the concert. I’ve a lot of work to do.

Any-some She doesn’t have any pets. There isn’t any sugar at home.

Examples on countable -Uncountable

The children are playing in the garden. There are a lot of windows in our classroom.

The waiters in this restaurant are very professional. Drivers must be careful; the road is slippery.

I bought three bottles of mineral water for our picnic The exercises on this website are interesting.

I don’t like milk. I prefer tea. My mother uses butter to prepare cakes.

We need some glue to fix this vase. The bread my mother prepares is delicious.

Would you like some wine? Would you like some rice?

I’d like some cheese for lunch. Would you like an apple?

How much ....? = uncountable nouns

How much coffee do you drink?

How many ....? = countable nouns

How many cups of coffee do you drink?

WE USE “HOW MANY” FOR QUESTIONS USING COUNTABLE OR PLURAL OBJECTS

How many rounds of cheese are there? There are three rounds of cheese

How many bottles of wine are there? There’s only one bottle of wine.

How many cups of coffee do you drink? There are two pieces of furniture.

How many bags of money are there? There are four bags of money.

A: How many pencils do you have on your desk? B: I have three pencils.

A: How many shirts have you got? B: I have got four shirts

WE USE “HOW MUCH” FOR QUESTIONS USING A NON-COUNTABLE OR SINGULAR OBJECT

How much sugar is there? There’s a lot of sugar.

How much jeweler is there? There’s some jeweler.

.Exercise “Countable / uncountable nouns with a / an and some”

Do you want some milk? Can you give him some tea?

Do you want an orange? I give him a present

Father buys me some cars. Do you see an elephant?

Could you buy some stamps? Do you like some butter and jam?


Mum, please give me a melon Does the monkey eat an apple?

Tom gives me a nice present. This news is very important.

She has much money This is an excellent test.

Please buy me a little hamster! Dave and Peter send us some letters

When I was a child, I used to be very shy. Would you like to be an actor?

Do you collect stamps? What a beautiful garden!

Some birds, for example the penguin, cannot fly.

Sandra has got a big nose.

I’ve been walking for three hours. I’ve got - sore feet.

I don’t feel very well this morning. I’ve got a sore throat.

Those are - nice shoes. Where did you get them?

Do you enjoy going to concerts?

53.1 Complete the sentences using one of the following words. Use a / an where necessary.

accident- biscuit- blood- coat- decision- electricity- key- letter- moment –question- sugar

1. It wasn’t your fault. It was an accident.

2. Listen! Can you hear music?

3. I couldn’t get into the house because I didn’t have ....................

4. it’s very warm today. Why are you wearing .......................?

5. Do you take .................. in your coffee?

6. Are you hungry? Would you like ............. with your coffee?

7. Our lives would be very difficult without ................

8. I didn’t phone them. I wrote ............ instead.

9. The heart pumps................ through the body.

10. Excuse me, but can I ask you .............?

11. I’m not ready yet. Can you wait................. please?

12. We can’t delay much longer. We have to make ............... soon.

53.2 Complete the sentences using one of the following words. Sometimes the word needs to be plural

(-s).

air –country- day- friend- meat- language- letter- patience- people- photograph- queue- space

1. I had my camera but I didn’t take many photographs.

2. There are seven .............. in a week.

3. A vegetarian is a person who doesn’t eat..............

4. Outside the cinema there was.............. of people waiting to see the film.

5. I’m not very good at writing .............

6. Last night I went out with some ......... of mine.

7. There were very few ......... in the shops today. They were almost empty.

8. I’m going out for a walk. I need some fresh .................

9. George always wants things quickly. He’s got no................

10. Do you speak any foreign ............?

11. Jane travels a lot. She has been to many .............

12. Our flat is very small. We haven’t got much.........

53.3 Rewrite each of the following sentences, changing the subject of the verb to the singular,

Violins are difficult to play. A violin is difficult to play.

Unions have been formed. A union has been formed.

Answers are always provided. An answer is always provided.

Heirs have many friends. An heir has many friends.

1. Avocados are expensive. ......................................................................................

2. Windows are an important feature of an artist’s studio. ..................................................................

3. Umbrellas should not be used during a thunderstorm. ..................................................................

4. Horses can be useful in the mountains. ......................................................................................

5. Cashews are a type of nut. ......................................................................................

6. Onions can be used for flavouring soup. ......................................................................................

7. Trucks have many uses. ......................................................................................

8. Hours passed. ......................................................................................

9. Sentences should have proper punctuation. ......................................................................................

10. Escalators are very convenient. ......................................................................................

11. Uniforms must be worn.......................................................................................

12. Boxes were found on the floor.......................................................................................

13. Marshes lie beyond the city boundary. ......................................................................................

14. Ideas can be valuable. ......................................................................................

15. Eggs are a good source of protein. .....................................................................................



The house we’ve just visited is the most expensive one.

We use ‘the’ before a thing or a person when our listeners know what or who we are talking about or because the thing or person has already been mentioned.

Here’s the book I bought. The cat is on the roof.

He said he would bring the money. I’ve just seen the latest movie by Spielberg.

Freedom is the best thing on Earth. Prince Charles will be a good King.

The boy sitting there is called John. I really like Queen Elizabeth II.

I don’t like vegetables. On Sundays, I sleep all day long.

I love the flowers in your garden the English girl

the book the blue book

the school the old school

We have listed some examples in the following table. There you can see when we use the definite article and when we don’t..

NO ARTICLE IS USED IN THE FOLLOWING CASES: THE DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE” DESIGNATES A SPECIFIC PERSON, PLACE OR EVENT AS SHOWN BELOW :

Life is too short.I like flowers.

I’ve read a book on the life of Bill Clinton.I like the flowers in your garden.

names of persons on the singular, relatives family names in the plural

Peter and John live in London.Aunt Mary lives in Los Angeles.

The Smiths live in Chicago.

public buildings, institutions, means of transport (indefinite)

public buildings, institutions, means of transport (definite)

Mandy doesn’t like school.We go to school by bus.Some people go to church on Sundays.

The school that Mandy goes to is old.The bus to Dresden leaves at 7.40.The round church in Klingenthal is famous.

names of countries in the singular; summits of mountains; continents; towns

names of countries in the plural; mountain ranges; regions

Germany, France;Mount Whitney, Mount McKinley;Africa, Europe; Cairo, New York

the United States of America, the Netherlands; the Highlands, the Rocky Mountains, the Alps; the Middle East, the west of Australia

single islands groups of islands

Corfu, Bermuda, Sicily the Bahamas, the British Isles, the Canaries

parks; lakes; streets name with of-phrase; oceans; seas; rivers

Central Park, Hyde Park;Lake Michigan, Loch Ness; 42nd Street, Oxford Street

the Statue of Liberty, the Tower (of London), the Isle of Wight; the Atlantic (Ocean); the Mediterranean (Sea); the Nile, the Rhine, the Suez Canal

months, days of the week (indefinite) months, days of the week (definite)

The weekend is over on Monday morning.July and August are the most popular months for holidays.

I always remember the Monday when I had an accident. The August of 2001 was hot and dry.

Exercise “ definite articles”

We have a cat and a dog ; the cat is old, But the dog is just a puppy.

I’m going to the supermarket. Do you want anything? This is the book I was telling you about

Listen to the teacher! I like the dress you bought

I always listen to the radio in the morning She has never been to the Alps before.

The United States The United Kingdom

The Daltons The Atlantic

The fish I bought at the market was a big trout. What do you think of the humour of this novel?

54.1 Fill in each blank with a, an or the. Be prepared to justify your choice.

___ Moon is full tonight. The moon is full tonight.

He is ___ singer. He is a singer.

Please sit in ___ centre of the boat. Please sit in the centre of the boat.

The room costs twenty dollars ___ day. The room costs twenty dollars a day.

1. His aunt is .................teacher.

2............architect is trained in design, drafting, and economics.

3. ..................ostrich is the world’s largest bird.

4. Buses pass this point two or three times........... hour.

5. Plants gain energy from the light of ..............sun.

6. I woke up in ........middle of the night.

7. She is ........doctor.

8. .........seal is an excellent swimmer.

9. Our eyes usually blink several times.......... minute.

10. At .......... equator, sunrise occurs at the same time each day.

11. He is ............ author.


12. They wanted to hear......... end of the story.

13. Such a severe storm occurs only once....... decade.

14. Mount Everest is tallest mountain in .............. world.

15. There is an index at .......... back of the book.

54.2 Fill in the blanks with the or leave them empty, as appropriate.

___ Rick is one of ___ Smiths who live on our street.

Rick is one of the Smiths who live on our street.

___ Channel Islands lie south of ___ England.

The Channel Islands lie south of England.

___ Rhine River flows through ___ Lake Constance.

The Rhine River flows through Lake Constance.

____ Isle of Man lies in ____ Irish Sea.

The Isle of Man lies in the Irish Sea.

Part of ___ New York City is situated on ___ Long Island.

Part of New York City is situated on Long Island.

1. ____ Hawaiian Islands are in the middle of ____ Pacific Ocean.

2. ____ Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah.

3. ____ London lies on ____ Thames River.

4. ____ Suez Canal connects ____ Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea.

5. ____ Lake Huron and ____ Lake Erie are two of ____ Great Lakes.

6. ____ Calcutta lies north of ____ Bay of Bengal.

7. ____ North Sea separates British Isles from ____ Norway and ____ Denmark.

8. ____ Bay of Biscay lies to the west of ____ France.

9. ____ Orkney Islands are in the north of ____ Scotland.

10. ____ Anticosti Island lies in ____ Gulf of St. Lawrence.

11. Part of ____ Sahara Desert lies in ____ Algeria.

12. ____ Gerry, one of ____ Johnsons, lives on ____ Belleview Street.

13. ____ Mount Kilimanjaro is south-east of ____ Lake Victoria.

14. ____ Vancouver Island lies off the west coast of ____ Canada.

15. ____ Serengeti National Park lies in ____ Tanzania.

54.3 Fill in the blanks with “the” or “a-an”

1. We are very surprised by ............. words he knows.

2. Will you take .......... picture of the church?

3. They have .............loveliest garden I have ever seen.

4. Its really......... interesting piece of news, don’t you think so?

5. That’s ............incredible story!

6. They were hidden in this village till ........... end of the war.

7. He gave me.......... excellent piece of advice.

8. I have emptied the content of the bottle in ............. sink.

9. We have ............ theatre and several cinemas in the town.

10. His father, ............ bank clerk, will be retired at the end of the year.

11. Mum was very happy because we put............. end to this scandal.

12. Have you got ........... book about the Greek myths? Anyone will be all right.

13. All ............ sick passengers were well looked after.

14. Sorry, I can’t give an objective opinion, I am not........... musician.

15. We all believe in.......... freedom of the press in the country.


UNIT 55 The indefinite article: a, an

Jane doesn’t feel very well this morning. He has got a headache.

We use ‘a’ or ‘an’ when we wish to refer to anything or not anything particular. The indefinte article has no plural form. a boy - boys

Exercise “Indefinite articles”

Would you like to join me for a cup of tea at my humble bungalow?

An elephant is a mammoth animal. He is planning to go to a university.

The other day I met a one-eyed man. This house is very nice. Has it got a garden?

the following word starts with a consonant the following word starts with a vowel

a boy an aunt

a school an old school

a girl an American girl

They finished a unit. The speed of this car was 160 miles an hour

There is a new English book on the desk She’s reading an old comic.

He is drinking a cup of coffee they’ve got an idea. .

The girl is a pilot. My friend likes to be an astronaut

There’s a bird flying. This is an expensive bike Look!

What’s wrong with you? Have you got a precise problem at work?

I know a lot of actors. Most of them are - famous.

“Articles a / an / the

One of the boys is wearing a jacket. One girl is wearing a black sweatshirt.

Another boy is wearing a blue duvet coat. The girl with glasses is wearing a restaurant hat.

Another girl is wearing a blue dress. He is in the Army and he is wearing a uniform

This girl is wearing an awful hat. No one has got an umbrella.

One of the girls is carrying an Army bag. Have you seen the photo I talked about yesterday?

A man is wearing a pink jumper. Ben has a terrible headache.

55.1 Put in a / an or the.

1. a. This house is very nice. Has it got --a- garden?

b. It’s a beautiful day. Let’s sit in -the-- garden.

c. I like living in this house but it’s a pity that --- garden is so small.

2. a. Can you recommend --- good restaurant?

b.We had dinner in --- very nice restaurant.

c. We had dinner in --- most expensive restaurant in town.

3. a. She has --- French name but in fact she’s English, not French.

b. What’s --- name of that man we met yesterday?

c. We stayed at a very nice hotel - I can’t remember --- name now.

4. a. There isn’t --- airport near where I live --- nearest airport is 70 miles away.

b. Our plane was delayed. We had to wait at --- airport for three hours.

c. Excuse me, please. Can you tell me how to get to --- airport?

5 . a. ‘Are you going away next week?’ ‘No, --- week after next.’

b. I’m going away for --- week in September.

c. George has a part-time job. He works three mornings --- week.

55.2 Put in a / an or the in these sentences where necessary.

1. Would you like apple? _an apple._

2. How often do you go to dentist?...................................

3. Could you close door, please? .................................

4. I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to do that. It was mistake .......................

5. Excuse me, where is bus station, please? .............................

6. I’ve got problem. Can you help me? ......................

7. I’m just going to post office. I won’t be long ..................................

8. There were no chairs, so we had to sit on floor. ....................

9. Have you finished with book I lent you? ...........................

10. My sister has just got job in bank in Manchester. ................

11. We live in small flat near city centre.........................

12. There’s small supermarket at end of street I live in...............


UNIT 56 do and make

What are you doing today? Let’s go to the health club together.

It is not always easy to choose between “do” and “make”.

DO

Do can be an auxiliary verb (Do you like coffee?) or a main verb (I did my homework yesterday.).

As an auxiliary verb, Do is general word for actions;

Do your work do homework do housework do your job

If you don’t do your homework, you’ll stay here the whole afternoon.

Can you do me a favor, please?’ �Sure!’ I always have to do the shopping and the cooking.

We can’t do anything about it. What should we do? Shall I open the the window? No, it’s OK. I’ll do it.

Have you done your homework? John has just done a training course

do good-do harm -do well-do badly-do a favour-do business-do the shopping-do the washing -do the washing up- do the ironing- do the cooking etc

I want to do something. What are you doing this evening?

What can we do? I like doing the cooking.

What do you do? (= What is your job?) I’m doing my driving test next week

MAKE

Make is not an auxiliary verb. It is always a main verb (I made a cake yesterday.).Make =produce / create.

make a change / changes make a complaint make a decision make a demand

make an effort make an exception make an excuse make a loss

make love make a mistake make money make a noise

make an offer make peace make a phone call make a profit

Can I make a suggestion? I am going to do the shopping today

You are making a fool of yourself How do you make your living?

Do as I say but not as I do That idea doesn’t make any sense

What can we do about it? It isn’t to make fun the others

Will you please stop making so much noise? I haven’t made any plans yet.

But I’ve got a lot to do. I’ve got to do the housework and the ironing.

Compare do and make

I did a lot yesterday. I cleaned my room, I wrote some letters and I made a cake

A: What do you do in your free time? Sport? Reading? Hobbies?

B: I make clothes. I make dress and jackets. I also make toys for my children.

Exercise “Do / Make”

Go and see what the children are doing. My mother usually does the housework on Saturdays.

Have you ever done any sport? I don’t know what to do next year.

Could you make your bed please! I have no vinegar, we’ll have to make do with lemon.

Yesterday, I made a mistake in the exercise. I have to do my homework.

I have to take an exam next week. When I get up I make my bed.

I want to make an appointment with the doctor. I’d like to take a photo of you.

After dinner I’ll help you do the dishes. Could you do me a favour please?

We do a lot of business with China. I should do more exercises.

His watch is made of gold. I often make cakes.

Yesterday, I did a lot of hard work. Does it make a difference?

Do nothing until I call you. I have to do my English tonight.

56.1 Write make or do in the correct form

1. What are you ................. today? Let’s go to the health club together.

2. I haven’t............. any plans yet.

3. But I’ve got a lot to................

4. I’ve got to .............. the housework and the ironing.

5. Then I have to............ the beds.

6. And I really should ............... Sam’s dinner before he gets back.

7. At least I don’t need to............ any exercise to lose weight !

8. May I ...............a suggestion ?

9. Why not.............. a salad and leave it in the fridge?

10. Then you can...............your hair, get changed and come with me.

11. You know I’m not good at.............decisions. What about Sam?

12. He can...............with ham salad and a beer for dinner, can’t he?

13. All right, but I’d better..................... a quick phone call first.

14. Oh Betty, you’re.................. a lot of fuss about nothing.

15. May I.................... a favour?

16.The teacher congratulated the pupils who ............. yesterday’s exercises.

17.The country ....... large profits in the cotton sale last year.

18. I know it is difficult but you must ......... an effort.

19. Several young Africans go to the United States to ....... business.

20. Elisa does not like.............. housework.

21. Jeff ............. some shopping after the class.

22. The thunder .......... a big noise that frightened everyone in the house.

23. The director of this factory......... his best to increase the yield.

24. Dave invited some friends home without ......... his room.


25. What are you going to ......... after the party?

26. The contractor forgot the stadium when ..........the plan of the town.

27. The soldiers want to ........peace after five years of war.

28. The hunters.......... a fire in the forest at night.

29. The engineer........ a great mistake in the computer programme.

UNIT 57 Singular and Plural

What’s the matter?! is there bad news?

English nouns can be classified as count (singular and plural) and non-count.

I have one watch. It is quite accurate. I have two watches. They are quite accurate.

This is my sister. She is younger than I am. These are my sisters. They are younger than I am.

To eat a potato is healthy To eat potatoes is healthy.

The lady is holding the knife The ladies are holding the knives

His feet hurt terribly His foot hurts terribly.

The information is correct The information is correct.

There is a match tonight There are matches tonight.

His hypothesis was true. His hypotheses were true

He is a hero They are heroes.

He is receiving his wage. They are receiving their wages

That mouse never plays with the other one. Those mice never play with the other ones

MOST NOUNS FORM THE PLURAL BY ADDING -S OR -ES.

After -ch, -sh, -s, -ss, -x, -z and -zz, we add -es.

Substitute y after consonant with -ies:

singular plural singular plural

a car two cars a box two boxes

a cassette two cassettes a sandwich two sandwiches

a lamp two lamps a suitcase two suitcases

a city two cities a boy two boys

a lady two ladies a day two days

IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS:

singular plural singular plural

a man two men a tooth two teeth


a woman two women a goose two geese

a child two children a foot two feet

a mouse two mice an ox two oxen

a person two people a mouse four mice a foot two feet an ox two oxen

clock : clocks avocado : avocados baby : babies day : days

shelf : shelves wolf : wolves roof : roofs sheep : sheep

fish : fish / fishes mouse : mice fox : foxes toy : toys

coat : coats table : tables journey : journeys kiss : kisses

thief : thieves brush : brushes deer : deer path : paths

This man is carrying a parcel These men are carrying parcels.

SOME NOUNS HAVE THE SAME FORM IN THE SINGULAR AND THE PLURAL.

Singular Plural

sheep sheep

fish fish

species species

aircraft aircraft

Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb.

The news is on at 6.30 p.m. Athletics is good for young people.

Linguistics is the study of language. Darts is a popular game in England.

Sometimes we use a plural noun for one thing that has two parts

Do you wear glasses? Where are the scissors? I need them

Police is plural The police want to talk to anybody who saw the accident.

scissors glasses jeans / tights shorts pyjamas

These words are plural, so they take a plural verb:

My trousers are too long. (not ‘is too long’)

Those are nice jeans. or that’s a nice pair of jeans. (not ‘a nice jeans’)

I need some new glasses. or I need a new pair of glasses.

Gymnastics is my favourite sport.

The trousers you bought for me don’t fit me.

Can I borrow your scissors? Mine aren’t sharp enough.

Fortunately the news wasn’t as bad as we expected.

Three days isn’t long enough for a good holiday

I can’t find my binoculars. Do you know where they are?

Do you think the people are happy with the government?

+SINGULAR + PLURAL

there is There is a spider on the wall. there are There are two spiders on the wall.

there was There was a party last Saturday. there were There were ghosts in the castle.

this Look! This avocado is enormous. these Everybody does it these days.

That Do you remember that day? Those Nobody did it in those days.

little He’s got little money. Few Few people own a castle.

a little There is a little wine left. a few I know a few words in Spanish.

much There is not much time left. many Have you got many books?

how much How much flour do you want? how many How many poems did he write?

every John works every day.

each Each pupil must bring his book.

Exercise “Plural “ singular”

The children aren’t in the park. The child isn’t in The park.

Look at the men : they’re playing football. Look at the man : he’s playing football.

His shoes are all black. His shoe is all black.

Are the women watching T.V. ? Is the woman watching T.V.?

The knives are on the table. The knife is on The table

Exercise “Singular or plural”

The dog is sitting on my bed. There are five pencils on my desk.

I have got two brothers. They are riding their bikes.

We have got a cat. How many books have you got in your bag?

My father has got a new computer. There are three windows in this room.

Susan has got four posters. What time is the news on?

Disasters are tragic, politics is boring. And the information is misleading.

My shorts are very dirty. Statistics is a very precise science.

My luggage is still in New York. Where are my black tights?

57.1 Complete the sentences using a word. Sometimes you need a or some.

1. My eyes aren’t very good. I need glasses._


2. This plant is _a_ very rare species.

3. Footballers don’t wear trousers when they play. They wear ...............

4. The bicycle is ...........of transport.

5. The bicycle and the car are ............ of transport.

6. I want to cut this piece of material. I need ...............

7. Ann is going to write .......... of articles for her local newspaper.

8. There are a lot of American TV ............. shown on British television.

9. While we were out walking, we saw 25 different...............of bird.

57.2 Rewrite the following sentences, changing the subjects and verbs from the singular to the plural.

Is this ready? Are these ready?

This towel is fluffy. These towels are fluffy.

That measures the temperature. Those measure the temperature.

That pail is made of aluminium. Those pails are made of aluminium.

1. This was finished last week..............................................................................

2. Is that radiator working? .............................................................................

3. This picture is ours. .............................................................................

4. That has been completed. .............................................................................

5. This was designed by his aunt..............................................................................

6. That does not need to be altered..............................................................................

7. This table is made of wood. .............................................................................

8. Has that student seen the play? .............................................................................

9. This umbrella is new. .............................................................................

10. That river flows through the mountains. .............................................................................

57.3 For each of the following sentences, change the subject of the verb to the plural,

The beach is supervised by lifeguards. The beaches are supervised by lifeguards.

The singer performs twice a week. The singers perform twice a week.

The class was visiting the museum. The classes were visiting the museum.

The vase has been filled with flowers. The vases have been filled with flowers.

1. The box was empty.............................................................................................

2. The river flows to the sea..................................................................................

3. The bush has grown in the last two months...............................................................................

4. The hat was on sale..............................................................................................

5. The bench is made of stone. .............................................................................................

6. The plant has been watered. .............................................................................................

7. The hedge is being trimmed.............................................................................................

8. The process was invented last year. .............................................................................................

9. The sketch is nearly finished. ...........................................................................................

10. The breeze was warm. .............................................................................................

11. The wall is being painted. .............................................................................................

12. The church is two hundred years old. .............................................................................................

13. The bridge will soon be completed. .............................................................................................

14. The carpet has been cleaned. .............................................................................................

15. The branch is covered with ice. .............................................................................................

57.4 Rewrite the following sentences, changing the subjects and verbs from the plural to the singular.

These were on sale. This was on sale.

Are these books interesting? Is this book interesting?

Those have been useful. That has been useful.

Those plays were popular. That play was popular.

1. These were necessary..................................................................................................

2. Those colours are beautiful. .................................................................................................

3. Are these bells too loud? .................................................................................................

4. Have those been polished? .................................................................................................

5. These shirts are clean. .................................................................................................

6. Those windows are on the west side of the house. ..........................................................................

7. Are these correct? .................................................................................................

8. These boys like to play soccer..................................................................................................

9. Those are sufficient. .................................................................................................

10. Those curtains are crimson. .................................................................................................


UNIT 58 Apostrophe’s- genitive’s

The name of........

After a hard day’s work he is exhausted.

The genitive apostrophe indicates that certain relationships exist between a noun and another noun

We normally use -’s for people or animals (the girl’s... / the horse’s... etc.):

the girls’ problem: A problem is described as the problem of several girls.

the women’s decision: A decision is described as the decision of several women

the jacket / that man. That man’s jacket.

the top / the page. The top of The page .

the daughter / Charles. Charles’s daughter.

the cause / the problem. The cause of The problem. .

the newspaper / yesterday. Yesterday’s newspaper.

the birthday / my father. My father’s birthday.

the name / this street. The name of this street. .

Genitive case

Ken and Jean’s dog ONE dog belonging to Ken AND Jean

Ann’s and Tom’s dogs TWO dogs: one belonging to Ann AND one belonging to Tom

Emy and Mike’s car was stolen this morning this is my friends ‘ cottage.

Where is the manager’s office? (not ‘the office of the manager’)

What colour are Sarah’s eyes? (not ‘the eyes of Sarah’)

Ken and Jean’s dog Ann’s and Tom’s dogs

Asking questions Whose car is it? It’s Anne’s car. It’s her car. It’s hers.

This is Peter’s book. The children’s room is upstairs

John’s sister is twelve years old. Susan and Steve’s bags have blue stickers

Men’s shoes are on the second floor My parents’ car was not expensive

Charles’s CD player is new Let’s go to the Smiths’.

This isn’t my book. It’s my brother’s. (= my brother’s book)

When we want to show that something belongs to somebody or something, we usually add ‘s to a singular noun and an apostrophe ‘ to a plural noun.

the boy’s ball (one boy) the boys’ ball (two or more boys)

one ball more than one ball

one boy

the boy’s ball the boy’s balls

more than one boy

the boys’ ball the boys’ balls

This is Mary’s car. Where is Ram’s telephone? Who took Anthony’s pen?

the girl’s name the horse’s tai Mr Evans’s daughter

a woman’s hat the manager’s office

Mandy’s brother John plays football. My teacher’s name is

Where is the manager’s office? (not ‘the office of the manager’)

What colour are Sarah’s eyes? (not ‘the eyes of Sarah’)

Add ‘s to irregular plural forms:

singular noun plural noun

my child’s dog my children’s dog

the man’s work the men’s work

the mouse’s cage the mice’s cage

a person’s clothes people’s cloth

The children’s books are over there. Men’s clothes are on the third floor.

Peter and John’s mother is a teacher. I sayed at my sister’s house (not the house of my sister)

FOR THINGS, IDEAS ETC. WE NORMALLY USE OF (. OF THE BOOK / ... OF THE RESTAURANT ETC.):

The keys of the door

The car of John = John’s car.The room of the girls = The girls’ room.


Clothes for men = Men’s jobs.The sister of Charles = Charles’s sister.

The boat of the sailors = The sailors’ boat. We didn’t see the beginning of the film

Do you know the cause of the problem? You can sit in the back of the car

Madrid is the capital of Spain Look at the roof of that built

(Britain) economy - the economy of Britain These are the boys’ pencils.

(a glass) milk - a glass of milk (my friend) bike - my friend’s bike

(the window) room - the window of the room (Mr. Smith) car - Mr. Smith’s car

Exercise “Possessive case”

Mary looks so beautiful! Do you know the price of her dress? It must be very expensive!

The actors’ names were written at the beginning of the film

Whose dog is on the roof of the house? It’s our neighbors’.

Suzan, I can’t find John’s address Look! It’s at the top of the page

Caroline! Have you seen Mum’s shoes? She can’t find them.

This is my grandparents’ house it’s very nice and comfortable.

This afternoon. I have to study Archimedes’ principle for tomorrow.

The bank is only a few minutes’ walk from here.

58.1 Join the two (or three) nouns. Sometimes you have to use -’s or -s’; and sometimes you have to use ...

of ...

1. the owner / that car the owner of that car_

2. the mother / Ann Ann’s mother_

3. the jacket / that man ...........................................

4. the top / the page ..................................................

5. the daughter / Charles..................................................

6. the cause / the problem ..................................................

7. the newspaper / yesterday ..................................................

8. the birthday / my father..................................................

9. the name / this street..................................................

10. the toys / the children ..................................................

11. the new manager / the company ..................................................

12. the result / the football match ..................................................

13. the garden / our neighbours..................................................

14. the ground floor / the building..................................................

15. the children / Don and Mary ..................................................

16. the economic policy / the government ..................................................

17. the husband / Catherine ..................................................

18. the husband / the woman-talking to Mary ..................................................

19. the car / the parents / Mike .................................................

20. the wedding / the friend I Helen ..................................................

58.2 For each of the following phrases, change the noun indicating possession from the singular to the plural.

the man’s experiences

the men’s experiences

the doctor’s office

the doctors’ office

1. the musician’s instruments...................................................................

2. the child’s adventures...................................................................

3. the animal’s habitat...................................................................

4. the workman’s instructions...................................................................

5. the ship’s passengers...................................................................

6. the pilot’s vacation...................................................................

7. the officer’s friends...................................................................

58.3 Are these sentences OK? Change them where necessary.

1 I stayed at the house of my sister my sister’s house

2 What is the name of this village? .........OK.........

3 Do you like the colour of this coat? ......................

4 Do you know the phone number of Simon? ......................

5 The job of my brother is very interesting ......................

6 Write your name at the top of the page,

7 For me, the morning is the best part of the day ......................

8 The favourite colour of Paula is blue ......................

9 When is the birthday of your mother? ......................

10 The house of my parents isn’t very big ......................

11 The walls of this house are very thin ......................

12 The car stopped at the end of the street ......................

13 Are you going to the party of Silvia next week? ......................

14 The manager of the hotel isn’ here at the moment. ...................


UNIT 59 Reflexive pronouns(myself / yourself / themselves) etc.

They help each other. He carries the buckets himself

A reflexive pronoun is a special kind of pronoun. It is usually used when the object of a sentence is the same as the subject. Reflexive pronouns end in “-self” (SİNGULAR) or “-selves” (PLURAL).

He speaks English to himself.. Hey children! are you going by yourselves?

Is she driving by herself.? This radio has broken down by itself.

There are eight reflexive pronouns:

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

SINGULAR Myself , yourself , himself, herself, itself

PLURAL Ourselves, yourselves ,themselves

I must finish all the work......................................... myself

You have to introduce............................................. yourself Tom!

She is looking at...................................................... herself in the mirror.

Tom and John have to clean the car....................... themselves

My friend and I enjoyed........................................... ourselves a lot at the concert.

The parrot is talking to............................................ Itself

Tom likes and admires............................................. himself a lot.

You will do the activity.............................................. yourselves’

He cut....................................................................... himself

She describes......................................................... herself

I am glad they are enjoying themselves. Gladys has burnt herself

Peter, don’t use that knife or you will hurt yourself! My mother can repair plenty of things herself.

Don’t tell me you can’t do it yourself, Jack! Steve and Andrew can look after themselves now.

Dad has made that table himself. Polly and I are going to write the letter ourselves.

I didn’t enjoy myself at the party. You are always looking at yourself in the mirror.

He is always feeling sorry for himself. She helped herself to a piece of chocolate cake.

Look at these examples:

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

John saw me. I saw myself in the mirror.

Why does he blame you? Why do you blame yourself?

David sent him a copy. John sent himself a copy.

David sent her a copy. Mary sent herself a copy.

My dog hurt the cat. My dog hurt itself.

We blame you. We blame ourselves.

Can you help my children? Can you help yourselves?

They cannot look after the babies. They cannot look after themselves.

Little Susie can already dress herself. He washes his clothes himself.

It’s a pity people can’t see themselves as others see them. I must get myself some new shoes.

Can you see yourself in the photo? ‘Give me the bread’. ‘Get it yourself. ‘

I often talk about myself. She looks at herself for hours.

Study the difference between -selves and each other:

Tom and Ann stood in front of the mirror and looked at themselves.

Tom looked at Ann; Ann looked at Tom. They looked at each other.

John and his girlfriend are still angry. They’re not talking to each other

You can use one another instead of each other:

How long have you and Bill known one another? (or ... known each other)

Sue and Ann don’t like each other. (or ... don’t like one another)

Exercise “Reflexive Pronouns”

Tommy and Muggy are old enough to go by themselves.

Helen and I always enjoy ourselves during the holidays.

I don’t want you to pay for me. I’ll pay for myself.

Julia had a great holiday. She enjoyed herself very much.

We helped ourselves to the free drinks at the launch party.

They injured themselves during the rugby match.

He accidentally cut himself while he was chopping the vegetables.

My friends enjoyed themselves very much at the concert.

Peggy and Jane made this delicious cake themselves.

Ron and Tom often write e-mails to each other because they’re good friends

Mike and Bill know each other quite well.

Sandra and Angela haven’t met each other for a long time.

People often give each other presents at Christmas.

Laura and Betty are helping each other with their homework

Never mind. We’ll do it ourselves.


59.1 Complete each sentence using myself / yourself etc. with one of these verbs (in the correct form):

blame- burn- cut- enjoy- express- hurt- put

1. George cut himself while he was shaving this morning.

2. Bill fell down some steps but fortunately he didn’t ............. badly.

3. It isn’t her fault. She really shouldn’t ...............

4. Please try and understand how I feel.............. In my position.

5. They had a great time. They really .................

6. be careful! That pan is very hot. Don’t .................

7. Sometimes I can’t say exactly what I mean. I wish I could............ better.

59.2 Put in myself / yourself / ourselves etc. or me / you / us etc.

1. Julia had a great holiday. She enjoyed herself.

2. it’s not my fault. You can’t blame me

3. What I did was very wrong. I’m ashamed of .................

4. We’ve got a problem. I hope you can help .............

5. ‘Can I take another biscuit?’ ‘Of course. Help...................

6. Take some money with......... in case you need it...................

7. Don’t worry about Tom and me. We can look after ............

8. I gave them a key to our house so that they could let ............ in.

9. When they come to visit us, they always bring their dog with ..................

59.3 Complete the answers to the questions using myself / yourself / itself etc.

1. Who repaired the bicycle for you? Nobody. I repaired it myself.

2. Did Brian have his hair cut by a hairdresser? No, he cut ...............

3. Do you want me to post that letter for you? No, I’ll .................

4. Who told you that Linda was getting married? Linda.................................

5. Can you phone John for me? Why can’t you ..................?

59.4 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the reflexive pronoun which agrees with the underlined word

I found ______ in a difficult situation.

I found myself in a difficult situation.

The children warmed __________ in front of the fire.

The children warmed themselves in front of the fire.

1. He should take better care of ..............................

2. You may help ............................

3. I saw it..............................

4. She likes to involve ................... in community affairs.

5. We could see ............................ reflected in the mirror.

6. The bird perched ....................... on the window sill.

7. The students found the solution...................

8. You ............................. must decide what to do.

9. The teenagers amused ............................. by telephoning their friends.

10. We ..............................were surprised at the news.

11. He likes to hear .......................... talk.

12. She prides .............................. on her ability to speak French.

13. I told ..............................no to lose hope.

14. The fox hid.......................under a bush.


I spent some of the money you gave me. Please don’t be mad!

SOME: a pen, some pens (countable)some water (uncountable)I have some books. She wants some apples.is used with the plural form of nouns, and with

uncountable nouns

is used in positive sentencesThere is some milk in the fridge.I did some exercises.

ANY: a pen, any pens any water I don’t have any money.There aren’t any taxis near here.

is used with the plural form of nouns, and with uncountable nouns

is used in questions -negative sentencesIs there any milk in the fridge?There isn’t any milk in the fridge.

We also use any / anything / anybody etc. (without ‘not’) to

‘What do you want to eat?’ ‘Nothing. I’m not hungry.’

I’m so hungry. I could eat anything. (= it doesn’t matter what)

The exam was extremely difficult. Nobody passed. (= everybody failed)

The exam was very easy. Anybody could have passed. (= it doesn’t matter who)


Fred is very busy: he doesn’t have any time. Let’s listen to some music and watch the stars in the sky!

We need some butter and bread for dinner. I have some very old books! do you want to see them?

Rachel meets some friends at the weekend. Do you have any orange juice? I don’t see it in the fridge.

No, I don’t! But I have some grapefruit if you want! Do you want some? ...Oh yes please.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

There are some apples.I need some butter.

There aren’t any apples. There isn’t any milk left.

Are there any apples? Is there any cheese left?Could I have some water, please?

SOME: AFFİRMATİVE STATEMENTS,

He needs some stamps. I must go. I have some homework to do.

I’m thirsty. I want something to drink. I can see somebody coming.

We saw some dolphins in the sea You should eat some fresh fruit.

There are some cars in the street. I have got some sugar in my tea.

ANY: NEGATIVE STATEMENTS, QUESTIONS

Have you got any bananas? No, we haven’t got any. But we’ve got some oranges.

I’m not thirsty. I don’t want anything to drink. I can stay. I don’t have any homework to do.

I can’t see anybody coming. Do you want anything to drink?

Does he need any stamps? He doesn’t need any stamps.

Have you got any sugar in your tea? I haven’t got any sugar in my tea.

Are there any cars in the street? There aren’t any cars in the street?

Exercise “Some / Any / No”

Are there any people on the bus? You have no reason to be rude all the time.

Could I have some more tea please? Take any bus that comes along.

Some of the computers in the school were broken. Have we got any coffee?

Only a little. Shall I buy some? Did you buy any vegetables?

Only a few. There wasn’t a very good choice. Would you like some wine?

Yes, but just a little .I have to drive later. Have some chocolates. They’re delicious.

He never does any work. You can take any bus to the city centre

We need some bananas. You can’t buy any posters in this shop.

We haven’t got any oranges at the moment. Peter has bought some new books.

She always takes some sugar with her coffee. I have some magazines for you.

Pam does not have any pencils on her desk I’m not going to buy any clothes

There’s some ice in the fridge There isn’t any milk in the fridge

We made some mistakes We didn’t make any mistakes

60.1 Make the sentences with some or any.

1. We didn’t buy any flowers.

2. This evening I’m going out with .......... friends of mine.

3. ‘Have you seen ......... good films recently?’ ‘No, I haven’t been to the cinema for ages.’

4. I didn’t have......... money, so I had to borrow ........................................

5. Can I have.......... milk in my coffee, please?

6. I was too tired to do.......... work.

7. You can cash these traveller’s cheques at...... bank.

8. Can you give me........- information about places of interest in the town?

9. With the special tourist train ticket, you can travel on.......... train you like.

10. If there are.......... words you don’t understand, use a dictionary.

11 Would you like........... bread and marmalade for breakfast?

12. Can I have............. more milk, please ?

13. Are there .................. sausages for breakfast?

14. There is................... ham, isn’t there ?

15. There weren’t.................... pears in the market.

16................... more dessert, Rob? Yes, please !

17. Are there..................... strawberries in the fruit salad?

18. I don’t want................... chocolate, thank you !

19. There is........................ jam in the cupboard, isn’t there ?

20. Sorry, I can’t see..................


UNIT 61 Indefinite Pronounso / thing / one / body / where

We had to walk home because there was no bus There wasn’t a bus

Indefinite pronouns refer to things or people without mentioning what or who they are.

Singular: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something

PERSON PLACE THİNG

SOME someone somebody somewhere something

ANY anyone anybody anywhere anything

NO no one nobody nowhere nothing

EVERY everyone everybody everywhere everything

The room is empty. Where is everyone?

You are alone in your house and hear a noise. Is Anyone there ?

You don’t speak English. I can’t say anything

You offer to help your mother carry her shopping. I’ll carry Something for you.

You can see a person in the house. There’s Someone there.

You can’t find your keys in any of your pockets . I looked Everywhere

The fridge is empty. There’s Nothing there.

You didn’t know about the test. No one told me.

SOME

thing / one / body / where

I have something to tell you. There is something to drink in the fridge.

He knows somebody in New York Susie has somebody staying with her.

They want to go somewhere hot for their holidays Keith is looking for somewhere to live.

No, I didn’t take your glasses, someone else must have taken them.

What’s that smell ? Can you smell something burning ?

ANY


Is there anything to eat? There isn’t any car in the car park.

There is no car in the car park Does anyone mind if I open the window?

Does anybody want a game of tennis ? I asked if anyone wanted an ice-cream.

Did anybody phone me while I was out ? She left the room without saying anything

NO


He is nowhere in the school. Where can he be? It’s a nice house , but there’s no garden

No cars are allowed in the city centre. ‘Where are you going?’ ‘Nowhere. I’m staying here.’

There is nobody in the house at the moment When I arrived there was nobody to meet me.

I have learnt nothing since I began the course. There is nothing to eat.

There is nowhere as beautiful as Paris in the Spring. Homeless people have nowhere to go at night.

EVERY


Everything is perfect! Everybody is coming tonight, aren’t they?

It was a good party. everybody enjoyed it. Everybody has got their faults. Nobody is perfect.

Nothing has changed. everything is the same as it was.

We have completely different opinions. I disagree with everything she says.

We all did well in the examination. everybody in our class passed.

Why are you so lazy? Why do you expect me to do everything for you?

We haven’t got any money. We’ve got no money.

I didn’t say anything. I said nothing.

She didn’t tell anybody about her plans. She told nobody about her plans.

The station isn’t anywhere near here. The station is nowhere near here


Peter has a bad memory. He can’t remember anything.

Be quiet! Don’t say anything to anybody

Exercise “ No / thing / one / body / where”

I was too surprised to say anything .

There’s somebody at the door. Can you go and see who it is?

Does anybody mind if I open the window?

I wasn’t feeling hungry, so I didn’t eat anything .

You must be hungry. Would you like something to eat?

Somebody isn’t telling the truth.

This machine is very easy to use.Anybody can learn to life it in a very short time.

There was hardly anybody on the beach. It was almost deserted.

Do you live anywhere near Jim?’ No, he lives in another part of town.’

Where shall we go on holiday?’ Let’s go somewhere warm and sunny.

We slept in a pall because we didn’t have anywhere to stay.

I’m going out now. If anybody phones while I’m out, can you tell them I’ll be back?

They stay at home all the time. They never seem to go anywhere .

Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost something ?

Anybody who saw the accident should contact the police.

61.1 Complete these sentences with no, none or any.

1. It was a public holiday, so there were ...........no.......shops open.

2. I haven’t got ...any..... money. Can you lend me some?

3. I couldn’t make an omelette because there were............. eggs.

4. I couldn’t make an omelette because there weren’t ........ eggs.

5. ‘How many eggs have we got? I’ll go and buy some from the shop if you like.’................

6. We took a few photographs but .......... of them were very good.

7. What a stupid thing to do! ............. intelligent person would do such a thing.

8. I’ll try and answer......... questions you ask me.

9. I couldn’t answer........ of the questions they asked me.

10. We cancelled the party because ............ of the people we invited were able to come.

61.2 Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with no, none or not,

There is __ danger. There is no danger.

____ of the trees are evergreens. None of the trees are evergreens.

It was .................raining when I left home. It was not raining when I left home.

1. There is ................. wind this morning.

2. I have ................ finished reading the book.

3. ...........of the children were late for school.

4. We did ................. tell anyone the secret.

5. I have ...........idea what time it is.

6. .............. of the streets have been washed.

7. .................. bicycles are allowed on the grass.

8. He is ....................... ready.

9. .............. harm was done.

10. There is.................... time to lose.

11. She is .................. expected to arrive until tomorrow.

12. ..............of the stores are open.

61.3 Write no or any

1 There is.....no....sugar in your coffee

2 My brother is married, but he hasn’t got..........children

3 Sue doesn’t speak.............foreign languages

4 I’m afraid there’s ........coffee. Would you like some tea?

5 Look at those birds! Birds? Where? I can’t see...birds.

6 Do you know where Jessica is? No, I’ve got..........idea

Write no, an or none

7 There aren’t..........pictures on the wall

8 The weather was cold, but there was..........wind

9 I wanted to buy some oranges, but they didn’t have........in the shop

10 Everything was correct. There were ........mistakes.

11 How much luggage have you got?..........................................

12 How much luggage have you got? I haven’t got.........

61.4 Complete these sentences with all, everything or everybody / everyone.

1. It was a good party. Everybody enjoyed it.

2. All I’ve eaten today is a sandwich.

3....... has got their faults. Nobody is perfect.

4. Nothing has changed .......... is the same as it was.

5. Margaret told me ........... about her new job. It sounds quite interesting.

6. Can..............write their names on a piece of paper please?

7. Why are you always thinking about money? Money isn’t ..............

8. I didn’t have much money with me. .............I had ten pounds.

9. When the fire alarm rang, left the building immediately.

10. She didn’t say where she was going................. She said was that she was going away.

11. We have completely different opinions. I disagree with.......... she says.

12. We all did well in the examination........... In our class passed.

13. We all did well in the examination .............. of us passed.


61.5. Rewrite each of the following sentences to express a negative meaning

I have some paper. I do not have any paper.

I saw your glasses somewhere. I did not see your glasses anywhere.

1. He has some relatives in the city. .............................................................................................

2. I know someone here. .............................................................................................

3. Some of us were surprised by the announcement. ............................................................................

4. I plan to go somewhere on my vacation. .............................................................................................

5. Some tickets were sold this morning. .............................................................................................

6. I heard someone playing the bagpipes. .............................................................................................

7. I gave her some advice. .............................................................................................

8. Something is wrong. .............................................................................................

9. We bought something at the flea market. .............................................................................................

10. They had some exciting adventures. .............................................................................................

11. Someone offered to help me ..............................................................................................

12. She knows someone working at the Library. ....................................................................................

13. He lives somewhere near here. .............................................................................................

14. Somebody left early. .............................................................................................

61.6 Rewrite the following sentences as negative statements

He has sold some apples He has not sold any apples.

I need to buy some shoes. I do not need to buy any shoes.

1. I will make some salad. ....................................................................

2. We need some onions. ....................................................................

3. I have met some of your friends.....................................................................

4. He has photographed some of the most beautiful parts of the city. ..................................................

5. She wants to take some courses in Archaeology. ....................................................................

6. I recognized some of the students. ....................................................................

7. We have visited some of the offshore islands.....................................................................

8. I have read some books by that author. ....................................................................

9. There is some danger involved.....................................................................

10. I have some reservations about your plan. ....................................................................

11. They have interviewed some of the contestants.....................................................................

12. She bought some of the books second-hand. ....................................................................

61.7 Fill in the gaps with somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, nothing, somewhere, anywhere or nowhere.

1. I know something about this issue that you may find interesting, but if I tell you, you must promise to keep it (a) secret.

2. Nobody (Nothing lives here. There is no water.

3. I spent the night ................... near the beach.

4. .................. could have jumped over this wall, and stole your rake. It’s very low.

5. ................... scares him. He’s very brave.

6. There is ................. to park here. Let’s go .................. else to park.

7. Would you like ............... to wash your hands?.

8. May I have ................ for dessert, please?

9. They took him ................... in London, and he never returned.

10. Please don’t leave .................... behind at home. We’ll be away for a fortnight.

11. She needs ...................... to love. She’s very lonely.

12. They will not sing ................ in this city. They said that they would never come back.

13. There isn’t .................... you can do to help them. .................. can help them.

14. We do not need .................. else to run this department. We can do it ourselves.

15. ................. is ringing the bell. Go and see who it is.

16.................... phoned while we were out, but they did not leave a message.

17............... tells me that there is ................. Fishy going on .

18. They are looking for ............... to settle down and have children. They want to find a quiet place to lead a quiet life.

19. “Where would you like to stay?” “................. will do provided it i a clean place.”

20. “Is there ........................at home?”


UNIT 62 QuantifiersMuch, many, a lot, plenty

Did you take many photographs when you were on holidays?

MUCH OR MANY AND LITTLE

Much meat. (Uncountable noun) Many children (plural noun)

We use much and little with uncountable nouns:

much time / much luck / little energy / little money /

We use many and few with plural nouns:

many friends / many people / few cars / few countries

We use much / many especially in negative sentences and questions. A lot (of) is also possible:

We didn’t spend much money, (or We didn’t spend a lot of money.)

Do you know many people? (or Do you know a lot of people?)

I don’t go out much, (or I don’t go out a lot.)

He isn’t very popular. He has few friends

Ann is very bus these days. She has little free time.

I’m not very busy today. I haven’t got much to do.

How much does this jacket cost?

“A LOT OF” AND “LOTS OF”

“A lot of” and “lots of” Both forms are used in singular and in plural sentences.

A lot of water is wasted.Lots of water is wasted.

SINGULAR

A lot of computers are needed at schools.Lots of computers are needed at schools.

PLURAL

There are a lot of pens in my bag. There is a lot of milk in the bucket.

My mother bought a lot of apples at the market yesterday. Is there a lot of sugar in your glass?

Your bag is very large. Do you have a lot of books in it? I bought quite a lot of books last month.

PLENTY OF- PLENTY

“Plenty of” modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

Plenty of water is wasted.Much water is wasted.

SINGULAR

Plenty computers are needed at schools.Many computers are needed at schools.

PLURAL

“They have plenty of money in the bank.” “There are plenty of millionaires in Switzerland.”

There’s no need to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time. I’ve had plenty to eat. I don’t want any more.

Exercise “A few, a little, few, and little”

They live in a very small flat because they have little money.

I really need to see him. I’ve got a few questions to ask him.

Could we have a little champagne, please?

‘Were you surprised?’ ‘a little.’

They’ve already been to Spain a few times.

These plants require little water and it’s very handy.

At home, the kitchen was a pleasant place. There were always a few flowers in a vase.

‘How’s your father?’ ‘ a little better, thanks.’

This boy isn’t very popular at school. He’s got very few friends.

Exercise “Much or many”

There were so many people at Catherine’s party.

I was busy the whole day; I did not get a chance to talk to many of my friends.

There are lots of food in the fridge, take as much as you want.

Bob spends much of his time playing Video games.

There wasn’t much discussion during our last meeting.

Many questions needed to be answered in this examination.

Are there many computers in this factory?

Much remains to be done before the test can be ready for use.

I need much time to answer all your questions.

Sara has many friends in this web site.

She wants a lot of money but her husband doesn’t have any

We spent a lot of money. (not ‘We spent much money’)

I haven’t written much information about this flower in my book.

Much time has passed since the government abolished this law.

Camels drink so much water


“Many Americans travel to Europe.”

62.1 In some of these sentences much is incorrect or unnatural. Change much too many or a lot (of) where necessary.

1. We didn’t spend much money. RIGHT

2. Sue drinks much tea. _a lot of tea

3. Jim always puts much salt on his food...........

4. We’ll have to hurry. We haven’t got much time. ........

5. Did it cost much to repair the car? ......

6. It cost much to repair the car..........

7. I don’t know much people in this town........

8. I use the phone much at work..........

9. They’ve got so much money they don’t know what to do with it. ..........

62.2 Complete the sentences using plenty (of) + one of the following:

Hotels money room time to learn things to see

1. There’s no need to hurry. We’ve got of time.

2. He’s got no financial problems. He’s got

3. Come and sit with us. There’s ................

4. She knows a lot but she still has ..........

5. it’s an interesting town to visit. There .............

6. I’m sure we’ll find somewhere to stay............

62.3 Complete each of the following sentences by filling in the blank with the correct adjective chosen from the pair given in brackets.

____ schools were closed because of the snowstorm. (Many, much)

Many schools were closed because of the snowstorm.

____ time could have been saved. (many, much)

Much time could have been saved.

There are ___ buildings as beautiful as the Taj Mahal. (few, little)

There are few buildings as beautiful as the Taj Mahal.

There was ______ furniture in the room. (few, little)

There was little furniture in the room.

The storm caused ____ damage than had been expected. (fewer, less)

The storm caused less damage than had been expected.

1. There are ....... ducks in the park. (many, much)

2. .................... water is left in the pond. (few, little)

3. .................... authors are as famous as Shakespeare. (few, little)

4. How ................... rice do you have? (many, much)

5. There are ........... books on the subject which she has not read. (few, little)

6. .................... attention has been paid to the importance of the mass media. (many, much)

7. .................... people prefer soccer to football. (many, much)

8. There are.................. stores downtown than there are in the suburbs. (fewer, less)

9. .................... information was available. (few, little)

10. .................... sports are as fast-paced as hockey. (few, little)

11. She made the ................... mistakes of all the children in the class. (fewest, least)

12. .................... work remains to be done. (few, little)

13. There is often................ wind in the evening than there is at midday. (fewer, less)

14. He does not have.......... money. (many, much)

15. He did the.................. work of all the boys in the class. (fewest, least)

16. She told .................... stories to amuse the children. (many, much)


UNIT 63 All of -most / most of / none of .etc...

All, any and none may be used when referring to roupswith more than two members

How many of these people do you know?’ ‘None of them.’

I have three brothers. All of them are engineers. I had four maps of the city, but I cannot find any of them.

There are six textbooks for the course. None of them is expensive.

ALL (OF) THE

• All flowers are beautiful. (= all flowers in general)

• All (of) the flowers in this bucket are beautiful. (= a particular group of flowers)

we use all (of) to express the total number or amount of something.

all (of) my friends, all (of) the time All (of) my friends visited me in the hospital.

We usually use all (of) with uncountable nouns

all (of) the money, all (of) the oil She has spent all (of) the money on cosmetics

all of them, all of it Have you invited all of them?

They told us all about their holiday. She read the whole book / all the book

All of the children love pineapples. All the children have got hepatitis.

All children need to play. All of them love their mother country.

The boys all looked forward to seeing the circus She spent the whl day / all day cleaning

My neighbours argue all the time. They spend the whole time arguing.

all or the whole can be used with time expressions.

all day / the whole day all morning / the whole morning

I was there all day. I was there the whole day

Use whole milk to make your chocolate cream. On the whole, we’ve had a very fine weather.

Help yourself, there is still a whole left ! John is very greedy, he ate the whole pie last night !

These items are to be sold as a whole, not separately. The whole world watched the royal wedding on TV.

This year has been a very interesting one on the whole. Don’t cut the chicken into parts, cook it whole.

SOME OF... / MOST OF... / NONE OF... ETC.

We use some of, most of (etc.) + the / this / that / these / those / my / his / Ann’s... etc.

Some of the people, some of those people (but not ‘some of people’)

most of my friends, most of Ann’s friends (but not ‘most of friends’)

None of this money, none of their money (but not ‘none of money’)

Some of the people I work with are very friendly. None of this money is mine.

I wasn’t well yesterday. I spent most of the day in bed. Most of my friends live in London.

Have you read any of these books? None of the students passed the exam

He has a lot of books, but he hasn’t read any of them. None of those farmers had ever driven a tractor.

None of them came to the party. None of these sentences was difficult

How much of that book did you read? (some) Some of it.

Are your friends going to the party? (most) Yes, most of them.

How many of those books have you read? (all) I read all of them..

How much of this money do you want? (all) I want all of them

Were the questions on the test easy? (most) most of them.

Are the stores open tomorrow? (some) yes, some of them

How many of those people do you know? (none) none of it.

Did you understand the conversation? (most) most of them.

Have you seen these photographs? (some) yes, some of them.

Exercise “No, none, or nothing most of “

There was no end to our troubles. They had no food.

None of them has come back yet. How many tickets have you got? none ......

Words can describe the scene. We have no kids.

Most people knew this was not true. Most of my friends believed it.

Most of these people have not slept for days. He had cigarettes but he smoked most of mine.

Most pilots had had very little training. Most Londoners love their pubs.

Most of the English children drink tea at breakfast.. Most of the London parks are wonderful in May.

Most teenagers live on hamburgers and sodas. None of the managers are available this week.

‘Do we need to take some money?’ ‘No, none at all.’ No one but you can do it, so help me please!

Neither of the two teams has played a good game. No country is as beautiful as Nepal!.

She speaks very good English and she’s no fool. Is there any tea left? No, none at all.


63.1 Fill in the blank with the correct word chosen from the pair given in brackets.

There are two trees on the lawn. ____ of them are spruce trees. (All, Both)

There are two trees on the lawn. Both of them are spruce trees.

I had three pencils. Have you seen ___ of them? (any, either)

I had three pencils. Have you seen any of them? (any, either)

There are four bushes in the garden, but ____ of them are rhododendrons. (neither, none)

There are four bushes in the garden, but none of them are rhododendrons.

1. I have three winter coats, but .................. of them are new. (neither, none)

2. There are two umbrellas here, but ...................... of them is mine. (neither, none)

3. He owns twelve cows. ...............of them are Jerseys. (All, Both)

4. She has painted dozens of pictures. Have you seen ............ of them? (any, either)

5. Amy and Beth are twins. They ............play the guitar. (all, both)

6. Two people said “Hello” to me, but I did not recognize ............. of them. (any, either)

7. My wife and I .......... enjoy classical music. (all, both)

8. I found all of the questions difficult. Did you answer .............. of them correctly? (any, either)

9. I asked six different people, but.............. of them knew where Walnut Street was. (neither, none)

10. My friends and I would like to thank you for your hospitality. We ............. enjoyed ourselves very much. (all, both)

11. There are two public libraries in the city, but............ of them is located close to where I live. (neither, none)

12. Two wrist watches were left here. Is ........... of them yours? (any, either)

13. He has three nephews. ............. of them have graduated from university. (All, Both)

14. I have two violins. You are welcome to use ............. of them. (any, either)

15. My aunt and uncle are............. _______ coming for a visit. (all, both)

16. George and Tom like playing chess together, but ............. of them likes to lose a game. (neither, none)

17. The bush is covered with blueberries. Are ............of them ripe yet? (any, either)

18. I have read five books on the subject, but............. of them were very helpful. (neither, none)

63.2 Complete the sentences using the words in brackets. Sometimes no other words are necessary.

Sometimes you need the or of the.

1. I wasn’t well yesterday. I spent most of the day in bed. (most / day)

2. Some cars can go faster than others. (Some / cars)

3.......................... drive too fast. (many / people)

4....................... you took on holiday were very good. (some / photographs)

5.................... learn more quickly than others. (some / people)

6. We’ve eaten ...................we bought. There’s very little left. (most / food)

7. Have you spent ...................... you borrowed? (all) money)

8. Peter can’t stop talking. He talks................... (all / time)

9. We had a lazy holiday. We spent ........................ on the beach. (most / time)

10. George is easy to get on with ...................... like him. (Most / people)

11. The exam was difficult. I could only answer...................... (half / questions)

63.3 Complete the sentences. Use all / some / none + it / them / us (all of it / some of them etc.).

1. These books are all Jane’s. None of them belong to me.

2. ‘How many of these books have you read? .................... Every one.’

3. We all got wet in the rain because ....................had an umbrella

4. Some of this money is yours and....................... is mine.

5. I asked some people for directions but .............................. was able to help me.

6. She made up the whole story from beginning to end ................................ was true.

7. Not all the tourists in the group were Spanish .......................... were French.

8. I watched most of the film but not .......................................


UNIT 64 too / either / so I am / neither do I..etcBoth / both of -neither / nor / either / either or.

We use both / neither / either for two things. You can use these words with a noun (both books, neither book etc.)

A-TOO / EITHER

We use too after a positive verb We use either after a negative verb

I am hungry I am hungry too

I am not happy I am not happy, either

I enjoyed the film I enjoyed it too

I can’t cook I can’t either

Jane doesn’t like cats. I don’t like cats either.

‘I don’t like beans.’ ‘I don’t like beans either’

I’m tired!’ ‘I’m tired too ‘

‘Mike can’t drive a car. He can’t ride a bicycle either’

‘Tom and his wife are doctors! Their neighbour is a doctor too’

She doesn’t go to the cinema, neither does Tom.

I won’t tell you what happened, Betty won’t either.

Mike doesn’t like playing football, Brian doesn’t either. .

My boss doesn’t want to take a plane, I don’t either.

B-SO I AM / NEITHER AM I

I was late for work today. So was John I didn’t see anything. Nor did Helen

SO is used to show agreement with positive statements. SO + Auxiliary + Subject (pronoun)

SO.. NOR...

He flew to Geneva last summer. So did she. Elif isn’t at home. Nor is Matthew.

I’d love to visit Poland some day. - So would I. I don’t like horrow films. Nor do I.

I’m meeting a colleague tomorrow. - So am I. David can’t drive. Nor can Nancy.

‘I went to bed late last night.’ ‘ so did I’ ‘I was surprised at the news.’ ‘So was I

‘I’ll be late for the tennis party.’ ‘ so will I ‘

Person A Person B

You look nice today. So do you. you look nice too.

Stephanie has a new boyfriend. So does Mary. Mary has a new one too.

We went to the concert last night. So did I. I went to the concert too.

I would love a coffee right now. So would I. I would love a coffee too.

He will win a prize. So will I. I will win one too.

They have finished their homework. So have I. I have finished too.

I can speak two languages. So can I. I can speak two too.

He should study more. So should I. I should study more too.

We could see the mountains. So could we. We could see them too.

My brother had eaten too much. So had I. I had eaten too much too.

Neither is used to show agreement with negative statements

C- NEITHER + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT (PRONOUN)

I don’t understand the problem. Neither do I.

Person A Person B

I am not hungry. Neither am I. I’m not hungry either


I’m not going to quit. Neither am I. I’m not going to quit either

They don’t speak French. Neither do I. I don’t speak French either.

Stephanie doesn’t eat meat. Neither does Mary. Mary doesn’t eat meat either.

Mary didn’t go to the party. Neither did I. I didn’t go either.

I wouldn’t like to do his job. Neither would I. I wouldn’t like to do it either.

He won’t stop talking. Neither will you. You won’t stop either.

You haven’t finished your meal. Neither have you. You haven’t finished either.

Mike can’t reach the top shelf. Neither can I. I can’t reach it either.

You shouldn’t talk in the movie. Neither should you. You shouldn’t talk either.

We couldn’t hear him. Neither could we. We couldn’t hear him either.

I hadn’t seen her before. Neither had I. I hadn’t seen her before either.

Jane won’t buy a new dress, neither will Meg. She isn’t sleeping yet, neither is John.

They didn’t eat any cake, neither did Jim. Jim doesn’t drink tea in the morning, neither do I.

D- BOTH OF .....BOTH.....

Their dogs are awful! They both made the kitchen dirty.

Subjects connected by ‘both ... and’ take the a plural conjugation.

I like both cats and dogs. Both Ann and Tom were late.

I was both tired and hungry when I arrived home He is both intelligent and good-natured

Both... and...:Both Ann and Tom were late.I was both tired and hungry when I arrived home.

You are talking about going out to eat this evening. There are two restaurants where you can go.

You say: Both restaurants are very good.

I couldn’t decide which of the two shirts to buy.

I liked both. (or I liked both of them.)

Both my parents are from London. or both of my parents are from London

Both Mike and Jim have a car or Mike and Jim both have a car

Mr. Smith is dancing with his wife. Mr. John is dancing with his wife.

Both Mr. Smith and Mr. John are dancing with their wives. Both of them are dancing with their wives.

Alex went to cinema. Peter went to cinema .

Both Alex and Peter went to cinema. Both of them went to cinema.

Tom is an excellent student. Helen is an excellent student .

Tom and Helen are both excellent students. Both Tom and Helen are excellent students.

Helen comes from Istanbul. Tom comes from Istanbul .

Both Helen and Tom are from Istanbul. I like both football and basketball.

Both of us were very tired. (not ‘both us were ...’) She is both intelligent and pretty.

The houses are both too expensive. My children both went to London last year.

Where are the children?.. They are here, I can see both of them.

She has eaten both of my apples She has eaten both my apples

Both of them were arrested Both them They were both arrested

E- EITHER ... OR

‘Either ... or’ is used in sentences in a positive sense meaning “one or the other, this or that, he or she, etc.

I like doing homework I like studying lesson.

I like either doing homework or studying lesson

Either... or...:I’m not sure where he’s from. He’s either Spanish or Italian. Either you apologize or I’ll never speak to you again.

I’m not sure where he’s from. He’s either Spanish or Italian I will either go for a walk or read a book.

Either you apologize or I’ll never speak to you again Jane either has a cat or a dog

Either my nephew or my neighbors have made up the story. It’s nice with Either yellow or red.

Either you clean up your office or he will move you into the closet. I can Either stay or leave

Either you learn hard or you’ll fail in your exam.

F-’NEITHER ... NOR’

‘Neither ... nor’ is used in sentences in a negative sense meaning “not this one nor the other, not this nor that, not he nor she, etc.”.

Jane doesn’t like cats. Neither do I. / Nor do I. I like neither cats nor dogs.


Neither Liz nor Robin went to Holiday.

Neither... nor...:Neither Liz nor Robin came to the party.She said she would contact me but she neither wrote nor phoned.

She said she would contact me but she neither wrote nor phoned.

Neither Peter nor Mary could go to the party.

He is neither guilty nor suspected.

Neither my parents nor my brother take advantage of my leaving.

I was so shocked that I could neither laugh nor cry.

Neither Frank nor his neighbour has the key of the letterbox. We don’t know where it is.

He is neither rich nor famous.

G- NOT ONLY ----BUT ALSO

not only ----but also I have watched that film I have cleaned the house

I have watched that film

I have cleaned the house

I have not only watched that film but also cleaned the house

She is not only clever, but also hard-working.

I like not only football, but also basketball

Not only the students but also the teacher has agreed on the issue

Not only does the teacher want the best result, but the students do also.”

Not only Tom but also Peter will come with us

Example “Either / Neither, both either of them”etc.

‘What day is it today - the 18th or the 19th?’ neither , It’s the 20th,’

There are two sandwiches here; which one shall I take? ‘oh, take either.’

‘When shall I phone you, morning or afternoon?’ either , I’ll be in all day.’

‘Where’s Kate? Is she at work or at home?’ neither, she’s away on holiday.’

I tried twice to phone George but both times he was out.

Neither of Tom’s parents is English. His father is Polish and his mother is Italian.

They’re either very intelligent or very imaginative. Both these books are too expensive.

Both solutions are wrong. I’ve never met either her or her sister.

We both said we would come. There’s tea or coffee. You can have either.

My children both have green eyes. Do both of you know where he is?

Neither of the restaurants we went to was (or were) expensive.

Neither of the children wants (or want) to go to bed.

I asked two people the way to the station but neither of them knew

We tried two hotels. Neither of them had any rooms. / Both of them were full.

We tried a lot of hotels. None of them had any rooms. / All of them were full.

‘Is your friend British or American?’ ‘Neither. She’s Australian.’

I haven’t been to either of those restaurants. (= I haven’t been to one or the other)

(talking to two people) Can either of you speak Spanish?

There are two good hotels in the town. You can stay at either of them.

There are many good hotels in the town. You can stay at any of them.

‘Do you want tea or coffee?’ ‘Either. I don’t mind.

They have two brothers, but I don’t know either of them.

They are both very good, so either of them can win the tournament.

You can park your car on either side of the road.

64.1 Fill in the blank with the correct word chosen from the pair given in brackets.

There are two trees on the lawn. ____ of them are spruce trees. (All, Both)

There are two trees on the lawn. Both of them are spruce trees.

I had three pencils. Have you seen ___ of them? (any, either)

I had three pencils. Have you seen any of them? (any, either)

There are four bushes in the garden, but ____ of them are rhododendrons. (neither, none)

There are four bushes in the garden, but none of them are rhododendrons.

1. I have three winter coats, but .......................... of them are new. (neither, none)

2. There are two umbrellas here, but .......................... of them is mine. (neither, none)

3. He owns twelve cows. .................. of them are Jerseys. (All, Both)

4. She has painted dozens of pictures. Have you seen .................. of them? (any, either)

5. Amy and Beth are twins. They .................. play the guitar. (all, both)

6. Two people said “Hello” to me, but I did not recognize .................. of them. (any, either)

7. My wife and I ..................enjoy classical music. (all, both)

8. I found all of the questions difficult. Did you answer ..................of them correctly? (any, either)

9. I asked six different people, but ................. of them knew where Walnut Street was. (neither, none)

10. My friends and I would like to thank you for your hospitality. We ..................enjoyed ourselves very much. (all, both)

11. There are two public libraries in the city, but .............. of them is located close to where I live. (neither, none)

12. Two wrist watches were left here. Is ................. of them yours? (any, either)

13. He has three nephews. .................of them have graduated from university. (All, Both)

14. I have two violins. You are welcome to use .................of them. (any, either)

15. My aunt and uncle are .................coming for a visit. (all, both)


16. George and Tom like playing chess together, but .................of them likes to lose a game. (neither, none)

17. The bush is covered with blueberries. Are .................of them ripe yet? (any, either)

18. I have read five books on the subject, but ..................of them were very helpful. (neither, none)

64.2 Complete the sentences with both / neither / either of us / them.

1. I asked two people the way to the station but neither of them could help me.

2. I was invited to two parties last week but I didn’t go to ....................

3. There were two windows in the room. It was very warm, so I opened ....................

4. Sarah and I play tennis together regularly but .................... can play very well.

5. I tried two bookshops for the book I wanted but .................... had it.

64.3 Write sentences with both ... and ... / neither ... nor ... / either ... or ...

1. Tom was late. So was Ann. Both Tom and Ann were later.

2. She didn’t write and she didn’t phone. She neither wrote nor phoned.

3. Jim is on holiday and so is Carol. Both ....................-

4. George doesn’t smoke and he doesn’t drink ....................

5. Jim hasn’t got a car. Carol hasn’t got a car either ....................

6. It was a very boring film. It was very long too. The film....................

7. Is that man’s name Richard? Or is it Robert? It’s one of the two.

That man’s name ............................................

8. I haven’t got time to go on holiday. And I haven’t got the money.

I’ve got ..............................................................

9. We can leave today or we can leave tomorrow - whichever you prefer.

We ............................................

64.4 write too or either

1 I’m happy I’m happy, too

2 I ‘m not hungry I am not hungry..............

3 I am going out I am going out...............

4 It rained on Saturday It rained on Saturday............

5 Jenny can’t drive a car She can’t ride a bicycle.............

6 I don’t like shopping I don’t like shopping.............

7 Emma’s mother is a teacher Her father is a teacher.........

64.5 Answer with so....I (So am I / So do I / So can I etc.)

1 I went to bed last night So did I

2 I’m thirsty ...................

3 I’ve just had diner ...............

4 I need a holiday ...............

5 I’ll be late tomorrow ..............

6 I was very tired this morning ..............

Answer with Neither ......I.

7 I can’t go to the party .................

8 I didn’t phone Alex last night ................

9 I haven’t got any Money ..................

10 I’m not going out tomorrow ..................

11 I don’t know what to do ................


UNIT 65 Relative clauses-1WHO / WHICH / THAT

A relative clause tells us which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means:

Alexander Bell was the man who invented the telephone.

who for peopleI told you about the woman who lives next door.The man who robbed the bank had two pistols. The woman who gave him the money was young.

which for animals and thingsDo you see the cat which is lying on the roof?This is the bank which was robbed yesterday. This is the book about which I was telling you.

thatfor people, animals and things in defining relative clauses

I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchenDid you like the present that I gave you for your birthday?I will show you the photograph that I took at the party.

We use WHO in a relative clause when we are talking about people (not things). we use who instead of “ he / she / they:”

The woman who lives next door ... (‘who lives next door’ tells us which woman)

Do you know the woman who lives next door?

People who live in London ... (‘who live in London’ tells us what kind of people)

The milkman, who is always on time, is late this morning.

Our neighbours, who live next door, are very friendly.

we use WHİCH in a relative clause when we are talking about animals and things

The dress which you wore at the party last night fitted you very well.

My car is broken. / I crashed my car in a roundabout. My car, which I crashed in a roundabout, is broken.

That is my bus. / I usually take that bus. That is the bus which I usually take.

I live in a house / its 200 years old. I live in a house which is 200 years old.

My book has been stained. / I put my book into the trash bag.

My book, which I put into the trash bag, has been stained.

The woman sleeps in hospital The woman is Mary The woman who sleeps in hospital is Mary

The man spoke to the driver He was a policeman

The man who spoke to the driver was a policeman


The woman is running The woman is Linda The woman who is running is Linda

I met a woman. She can speak six languages I met a woman who can speak six languages

Jack was wearing a hat. It was too big for him Jack was wearing a hat that was too big for him

Do you know the girl? She is talking to Tom Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

The man drives the car. The man is my brother. The man who drives the car is my brother.

A teetotaller is someone who doesn’t drink alcohol. He is the man who wants to marry my sister. The girl who is standing there is Fatuous. A baker is a person who makes bread.

I liked the man who brought me this present. The people who are over there are Spanish.

She is wearing a dress which doesn’t suit her. He told me the truth, which was not surprising.

The vase which he broke was expensive Bill wants to go to a university which is in California

Do you know a man who is living in that house? Who lives in that house? Who has lived in that house?

CLAUSE AFTER THE OBJECT

She loves the chocolate which / that I bought.

John met a woman who / that I had been to school with.

The police arrested a man who / that Jill worked with.

Have you found the keys that you lost?

I’m looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.

She has a son who / that is a doctor.

CLAUSE AFTER THE SUBJECT

The bike which / that I loved was stolen.

The university which / that she likes is famous.

The woman who / that my brother loves is from Mexico.

The doctor who / that my grandmother liked lives in New York.

The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.

The man who / that phoned is my brother.

The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.

The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.

The bed that / which I slept in last night wasn’t very comfortable.

Are these the keys that / which you were looking for?

Exercise “Relative pronouns Who / which / that”

The boy who bought my car is very rich. The only thing that matters is your exam.

This idea, which changed the world, was great Everything that moves is scaring here.

Did you take the chair which was in the room? Give me the book which is on the table.

That’s the dog which barks all the time. I prefer to buy the car which is cheaper.

I know the man who told you to do it. A vegetarian is someone who doesn’t eat meat.. Brian, who painted the house for us, lives next door. A salesman is a man who works in a shop.

The girl who lives next door is very boring. He is the only American who has swum...

The people who work in the house are very friendly.

My wife, who lives in New York, has just written me a letter.

The book which is on the table is not for sale.

He’s the boy who delivers the newspaper on Sundays.

Peter works for a company which makes computers

The car which the bank robbers escaped in was orange.

He didn’t wait at the traffic lights which were red.

Mr. Richards, who is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.

We often visit our aunt in Norwich which is in East Anglia.

This is the girl who comes from Spain

That’s Peter, the boy who has just arrived at the airport.

He wore a mask which made him look like Mickey Mouse.

The blond girl, who I danced with, was a journalist.

She showed me the photograph of her son, who is a policeman.

65.1 Make one sentence from two. Use who / that / which.

1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.

The girl who was injured in the accident is now in. hospital.

2. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away.

The man ......................................

3. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient.

The .....................................

4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.

-......................................

5. Some people were arrested. They have now been released.

The ......................................

6. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.

......................................

65.2 Fill in the blank with who, whom or which.

The woman ___ borrowed the books is a librarian.

The woman who borrowed the books is a librarian.

The key _____ opens this door is difficult to turn.

The key which opens this door is difficult to turn.

The children ____ we met are well-behaved.

The children whom we met are well-behaved.

The story _____ you heard is true.


The story which you heard is true.

The man to ____ you told the news is my brother.

The man to whom you told the news is my brother.

I have not yet received the letter to _____ you refer.

I have not yet received the letter to which you refer.

1. The window ................... is open is the kitchen window.

2. The girl ............... recited the poem is my niece.

3. The woman to ................ we were introduced was quite helpful.

4. The opportunity to ............... she owed her success came unexpectedly.

5. The man ................. they trusted was unreliable.

6. The book ............... you read is the best book by that author.

7. The Pacific Ocean, ................. may have been crossed by raft during the Stone Age, is the world’s largest ocean.

8. His mother, ................... he visited frequently, ran her own business.

9. The boy, was friendly and intelligent, soon found work.

10. Her husband, to ................ she told the story, was just as surprised as I was.

11. The pictures, were taken in Algeria, were very striking.

12. The newspaper to ................... we subscribe is delivered regularly.

65.3 In some of these sentences you don’t need who or that. If you don’t need these words, put them in brackets like this: (who) (that).

1. The woman who lives next door is a pilot. (‘who’ is necessary in this sentence?)

2. Have you found the keys (that) you lost? (In this sentence you don’t need ‘that’)

3. The people who we met at the party were very friendly.............................................................

4. The people who work in the office are very friendly.....................................................................

5. The people who I talked to were very friendly.............................................................................

6. What have you done with the money that I gave you?................................................................

7. What happened to the money that was on the table? Did you take it?.......................................

8. It was an awful film. It was the worst film that I’ve ever seen.......................................................

9. It was an awful experience. It was the worst thing that has ever happened to me......................

65.4 Complete these sentences using a relative clause with a preposition.

we went to a party last night you can rely on George

we were invited to a wedding I work with a number of people

I applied for a job you told me about a hotel

you were looking for some keys I saw you with a man

1. Are these the keys (which) you were looking for?

2. Unfortunately we couldn’t go to the wedding which we were invited to

3. I enjoy my job. I like the people........................

4. What’s the name of that hotel........................?

5. The party ............. wasn’t very enjoyable.

6. I didn’t get the job ..........................

7. George is a good person to know. He’s somebody.................

8. Who was that man ............... in the restaurant?

65.5 Put in that or what.

1. I gave her all the money that I had.

2. They give their children everything .......... they want.

3. Tell me .................. you want and I’ll try to get it for you.

4. Why do you blame me for everything .................. goes wrong?

5. I won’t be able to do much but I’ll do the best.............. I can.

6. I can only lend you ten pounds. It’s all............... I’ve got.

7. I don’t agree with .................you’ve just sad.

8. I don’t trust him. I don’t believe anything ......... he says.


UNIT 66 Relative clauses-2WHEN / WHERE / WHY

This is the station where Emily met James

relative adverb use example

When refers to a time expressionThis is the station where Emily met James. July and August are the months when most people go on holiday.

Where refers to a placeThis is the shop where I bought my bikeI liked the hotel where we spent our holiday last summer.Edinburgh is the town where Graham Bell was born

Why refers to a reasonDo you know the reason why so many people in the world learn English?

That is the village. I was born there.

That is the village where I was born.

We stayed at a hotel. The service was good.

We stayed at a hotel where the service was good

They visited the house. George Washington lived in that house.

They visited the house where George Washington lived

The summer was hot We were in San Francisco (during that summer)

The summer when we were in San Francisco was hot.

The day when I arrived was very nice.

A horror film was the reason why I couldn’t sleep last night.

The restaurant where we went last night is always crowded.

They destroyed the house where I was born.

This is the market where I used to buy food.

I don’t like the town where you work.

I don’t know the day when he came. = I don’t know the day on which he came.

I know the house where he lives. = I know the house in which he lives.

Do you know a shop where I can buy used laptops? = Do you know a shop at which I can buy used

Do you know the reason why she cried? = Do you know the reason for which she cried?

Exercise “Relative pronouns When / Where / Why “

I look forward to weekends when I can stay at home.

Be careful, this is where the accident happened.

I don’t like mornings when I have to get up early.

This is the place where I hid the key. Oh, it has gone!

In this district there are many bakeries where you can buy French pastries.

I’ll talk to you again when you apologise to me.

I’m fond of castles where we can find antique furniture.

Yesterday I went to Paris where I spent the day shopping.

I grabbed my camera and took a photo when the dolphin jumped out of the water.

This is the village where his parents were a close call in a car crash.

This is a quiet place where every student would like to stay and learn their lessons.

A hotel is a place where people stay when they are on holiday.

That’s probably the reason why he refused.

66.1 Complete each sentence using / when / where.

1. I’ll never forget the day.................. I met you.

2. I look forward to weekends.............. I can stay at home.

3. be careful, this is................ the accident happened.

4. I don’t like mornings.......... I have to get up early.

5. This is the place................ I hid the key. Oh, it has gone!

6. It was in Plymouth, they lived, and they haunt the village since then.

7. I’ll always curse the day............. I met her!

8. This is the place............... the thieves hid the treasure...

9. A swimming pool is a place.............. You can bathe.

10. A bakery is a shop .............bread is sold.

11. The country............... I am from is bigger than yours.

12. A dancing is a place........... You dance, meet some people and drink.

13. I hear some noise in the park.......... children are playing

66.2 Complete the sentences. Use the sentences in the box to make relative clauses with where.

I can buy some postcards there Ann bought a dress there

John is staying there we had the car repaired there

I was born there We can have a really good meal there

1. I recently went back to the town where I was born.

2. Do you know a restaurant ..............................?

3. Is there a shop near here ..............................?

4. I can’t remember the name of the garage......................

5. Do you know the name of the hotel .....................?


6. Ann bought a dress which didn’t fit her, so she took it back to the shop

........................................................................................

66.3 Make one sentence from two. Use the sentence in brackets to make a relative clause

Who (m) / whose / which / where.

1. Ann is very friendly. (She lives next door.)

Ann, who lives next door, is very friendly.

2. We stayed at the Grand Hotel. (Ann recommended it to us.) _

We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann recommended to us.

3. We went to Sandra’s party. (We enjoyed it very much.)

We went to Sandra’s party which we enjoyed very much

4. I went to see the doctor. (He told me to rest for a few days.)

I went to see the doctor. ...............................

5. John is one of my closest friends. (I have known him for a very long time.)

John ............................................

6. Sheila is away from home a lot. (Her job involves a lot of travelling.)

Sheila ........................................

7. The new stadium will be opened next month. (It can hold 90,000 people.)

The..........................................

8. We often go to visit our friends in Bristol. (It is only 30 miles away.)

We often........................................

9. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. (My broter lives there.)

Glasgow........................................

UNIT 67 Relative clauses -3WHOSE / WHOM

We saw some people, their car had broken down

We saw some people whose car had broken down

relative pronoun

USE EXAMPLE

whosepossession for people animals and things

Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?The man whose son is a doctor will come to us tomorrow. The car, whose driver is a young man, is from Ireland.

whom object pronoun for peopleI was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.Come and meet people with whom I work.

Whose ........We use whose in relative clauses instead of his / her / their:

Whose sister Whose car Whose husband

We saw some people - [their] car had broken down

We saw some people [whose] car had broken down.

The dog is over there. The dog’s / its owner lives next door

The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.

The little girl is sad. The little girl’s / her doll was lost

The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.

The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW

The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.

The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old

The house whose roof is old belongs to me.


I know a woman. Her husband speaks 6 languages.

I know a woman whose husband speaks Languages

That man was drunk; his car crashed.

That man whose car crashed was drunk

That boy is stupid; his parents are living in London.

That boy whose parents are living in London is stupid.

We use whose mostly for people:

A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (her husband is dead)

What’s the name of the man whose car you borrowed? (you borrowed his car)

The student whose uncle is in America received a letter from his uncle.

The teacher whose students are very clever is very happy.

A man whose mobile was ringing did not know what to do.

A woman whose daughter was crying tried to calm her.

The robber whose mask was obviously too big didn’t drive.

A boy whose sister is in my class was in the bank at that time.

The book whose cover I accidentally tore was my friend’s.

I talked to the girl whose car had broken down in front of the shop.

whom object pronoun for people

She is the girl whom I saw at the party last night.

The man is a postman. My father is talking to the man.

The man who(m) my father is talking to is a postman.

The girl is my friend’s sister. You like the girl very much.

The girl whom you like very much is my friend’s sister.

The postman is our neighbor. A dog is running after the postman.

The postman whom a dog is running after is our neighbor.

Peter is sick. / I met Peter yesterday.

Peter, whom I met yesterday, is sick.

The people with whom I was sitting were very noisy

The woman whom I wanted to see was away on holiday. (I wanted to see her)

The person whom you call is our export manager.

That is the man whom you have received an offer.

The person to whom I spoke yesterday He’s the man whom I met yesterday.

Exercise “Whose, Whom”

Anna is the woman whose son has just passed his exam.

The girls whom we met are Chinese.

My sister, whose husband is inside the car, can’t drive.

Who is this man whose wife is looking so sad ?

Do you see the dog, which is over there?

He reminds me of someone Whom I used to know.

He is the doctor whom I will see this afternoon.

The boy to whom you spoke is my cousin.

Marco Polo was a young traveller whose father was a rich man.

I know a man whose restaurant is highly recommended.

She was a girl whom it was difficult to get to know well.

She married a doctor whom she had met at university.

I have many friends most of whom are students.

This book is for students whose English is good.

They’re the people whose shop burned down last week.

I’m the one whose flat was broken into.

I’m the person whose flat you stayed in.

Athena, whose name was changed into Minerva by the Romans, was the goddess of Athens.

The writer, whose most recent book has had great success, will go down to posterity.

67.1 You met these people at a party:

My mother writes detective stories. My wife is an English teacher.

I won a restaurant. My ambition is to climb Everest.

We’ve just I got married. My parents used to work in a circus.

Later you tell a friend about the people you met. Complete the sentences using who ... or whose ...

1. I met somebody whose mother writes detective stories.

2. I met a man ..................................

3. I met a woman..................................

4. I met somebody.................................

5. I met a couple..................................

6. I met somebody.................................

67.2 Complete each sentence using who / whom / whose / where.

1. What’s the name of the man whose car you borrowed?

2. A cemetery is a place ............people are buried.

3. A pacifist is a person............ believes that all wars are wrong.


4. An orphan is a child ............ parents are dead.

5. The place ............ -we spent our holidays was really beautiful.

6. This school is only for children............ first language is not English.

7. 1 don’t know the name of the woman to............ I spoke on the phone.

67.3 Fill in the blank with who, whom or whose.

The person ___ owns the bookstore is my friend.

The person who owns the bookstore is my friend.

The singer to ____ we gave the bouquet will be performing again tonight.

The singer to whom we gave the bouquet will be performing again tonight.

The contestants _____ names were announced should prepare to start.

The contestants whose names were announced should prepare to start.

1. My best friend, ..................I see every day, always has something new to tell me.

2. Most students ................... live in residence find it easy to make friends.

3. Our neighbours, we lent our lawnmower, are conscientious and considerate.

4. The volunteers, enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly.

5. The musicians ....................we heard yesterday have played together for many years.

6. Parents...................... children do well in school usually consider themselves fortunate.

7. Children ..................like music are often good at mathematics.

8. The student to ................the prize was awarded had an impressive record.

9. My friend, ........... I visited last week, is taking a holiday soon.

10. The class treasurer, we gave the money, announced the balance of the account.

11. The engineers ...............designed the building received an award.


Tom is a careful driver and he drives the car carefully

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

The driver of the car was seriously injured in the accident.

Quickly and seriously are adverbs. Many adverbs are made from an adjective + -ly:

Adjective quick serious careful quiet bad

Adverb quickly seriously carefully quietly badly

We use adjectives (quick / careful etc.) before nouns and after some verbs, especially be:

Susan and Sara are pretty girls. You work too hard

You sing the song well . My neighbour is a careful driver.

That new building is rather ugly adjective.

I’d like to arrive early if I can. adverb

I haven’t seen you for a long time. adjective

why are you wearing that silly hat? adjective

Very young children travel free. adverb

The temperature is quite high today. adjective

Adverbs (quickly / carefully etc.) tell us about a verb. An adverb tells us how somebody does something or how something happens:

Tom drove carefully along the narrow road. We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily

Please speak quietly, I was disappointed that I did so badly on the exam

Why do you never take me seriously? She speaks English perfectly.

She fell and hurt herself quite badly. I tried on the shoes and they fitted me perfectly.

Jenny sang the song beautifully, didn’t she? I really enjoyed it.

I had breakfast quickly because I was late for work

Oh, I’m terribly sorry. I didn’t mean to push you. (not ‘terrible sorry’)

Adjective ending do this adjective adverb

most adjectives add -lyquick --nice Quickly, nicely

sole- careful solely -carefully


-able or -ible change -e to -yregrettablehorrible

regrettablyhorribly

-y change -y to -ily happy happily

-ic change -ic to -ically economic economically

Adjective or adverb

We nearly adverb missed the bus this morning.

Do you have to play that music so loud? adverb

He reads the tale fast She speaks perfect English

She behaved rather stupidly. He ate his diner very quickly

He speaks very slowly . How are you ? Very well, thanks.

He’s a very good tennis player That book is really interesting.

I speak Spanish quite well. Don’t drive so fast !

This cake tastes good . You look nice this evening.

Bob sings well. He is a good singer

The car is fast. The dog is red. It’s a hot day today Tom is a bad boy.

ADJECTIVE ADVERB EXAMPLE

beautiful beautifully Ann is beautiful Ann sings beautifully..

warm warmly The room is warm. Joe smiles warmly

slow slowly The car is slow. Ann drives slowly

careful carefully Sue is a careful girl She climbed up the ladder carefully

angry angrily The dog is angry It barks angrily

Example

Be careful with this glass of juice. It’s cold. Nizare looks sad.What’s the matter with him?

Myriam is terribly upset about losing her keys. She writes the letter quickly

Ines slowly opened her present. Tom is a careful driver, (not ‘a carefully driver’)

I cooked this meal specially for you, so I hope you like it.

I would like to buy a car but it’s financially impossible for me at the moment.

Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb

bad badly agile agilely specific specifically

complete completely sole solely favorable favorably

normal normally whole wholly humble humbly

surprising surprisingly dull dully simple simply

dramatic dramatically full fully happy happily

scientific scientifically shrill shrilly shy shyly

true truly due duly sly slyly

busy busily easy easily easy easily

coy coyly grey greyly gay gaily

IRREGULAR ADVERBS

Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective (e.g. slow - slowly). However, there are some irregular adverbs.

good -well fast- fast hard -hard late late early early daily daily

He is a good player. He plays well. She is fast. She runs fast. I am late. I arrived late.

The following adjectives and adverbs have the same form:

Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb

close Close high high

daily Daily late late

early Early lively lively

fair Fair long long

far Far lovely lovely

fast Fast low low

free Free right right

hard Hard wide wide

wrong Wrong

Your English is good. But you speak English well. Mark is a good singer. He sings well

He has got a fast car. He drives fast. She works hard. It is hard work.

SOME ADJECTIVES AND THEIR OPPOSITES

asleep / awake black / white forward / backward happy / sad high / low large / small light / heavy long / short

man / woman new / old on / off open / closed pushing / pulling sitting / standing strong / weak tall / short thick / thin

top / bottom up / down wet / dry young / old


Adjectives Opposites Adjectives Opposites Adjectives Opposites

Alive Dead modern traditional Early Late

beautiful Ugly new old Fat thin

Big Small nice nasty Full empty

Bitter Sweet intelligent stupid Hot cold

cheap expensive interesting boring happy sad / unhappy

Clean Dirty light heavy hardworking lazy

Curly straight polite rude / impolite true false

difficult Easy poor rich well ill

Good Bad quiet noisy right wrong

small big right wrong safe dangerous

soft hard safe dangerous short long

white black short long single married

Exercise “Adverb or Adjective”

The music at the concert was terribly loud. You can easily complete this test in twenty minutes.

He rides the horse well, doesn’t he? Isn’t that a pretty dress she is wearing?

The door closed very loudly as he left. John strategically climbed the tree in order not to fall.

Julie smiled prettily at the young man. Justin always drives carefully.

Please speak slowly, I cannot understand you. We all passed easily the English test today.

The children played happily in the garden. Your children are always very happy.

I cannot hear you, you are speaking too quietly. Do your homework very carefully.

Maria learns languages incredibly quickly. The examination was surprisingly easy.

The meeting was very badly organised. I opened the door slowly

This steak smells good. He quickly reads a book.

Our basketball team played badly last Friday. The class is terribly loud today

68.1 Put in the right word.

1. The driver of the car was seriously injured. (serious / seriously)

2. The driver of the car had serious injuries. (serious / seriously)

3. I think you behaved very...................... (selfish / selfishly)

4. Rose is ...................... I upset about losing her job. (terrible / terribly)

5. There was a....................change in the weather. (sudden / suddenly)

6. Everybody at the party was.................... dressed. (colourful / colourfully)

7. Linda likes wearing.................... clothes. (colourful / colourfully)

8. She fell and hurt herself quite ...................... (bad / badly)

9. He says he didn’t do well at school because he was ................. taught. (bad / badly)

10. Don’t go up that ladder. It doesn’t look ................. (safe / safely)

11. He looked at me ..................... when I interrupted him. (angry / angrily)

68.2 Complete each sentence using a word from the list. Sometimes you need the adjective

(careful etc.) and sometimes the adverb (carefully etc.).careful(ly) complete(ly) continuous(ly) financial(ly) fluent(ly) happy / happily nervous(ly) perfect(ly) quick(ly) special(ly)

1. Our holiday was too short. The time passed very quickly.

2. Tom doesn’t take risks when he’s driving. He’s always.....................................

3. Sue works............................. She never seems to stop.

4. Alice and Stan are very ...................... married.

5. Monica’s English is very .............................. although she makes quite a lot of mistakes.

6. I cooked this meal ........................ for you, so I hope you like it.

7. Everything was very quiet. There was ......................... silence.

8. I tried on the shoes and they fitted me .............................

9. Do you usually feel ........................ before examinations?

10. I’d like to buy a car but it’s ......................... impossible for me at the moment.

68.3 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the adverb which corresponds to the adjective given in brackets.

He hit the ball ____. (hard) He hit the ball hard.

The newspaper is delivered _____. (daily) The newspaper is delivered daily.

She did ____ in the competition. (good) She did well in the competition.

Please close the door _______. (quiet) Please close the door quietly.

1. I drove ........................ home. (straight)

2. We came to work........................ (early)

3. She ........................ filled in the answers. (quick)

4. He likes to drive ........................ (fast)

5. We proceeded ........................ (cautious)

6. He threw the ball ........................ into the air. (high)

7. How ........................ do you know her? (good)

8. We arrived........................ (late)

9. They did the work........................ (bad)

10. He spoke........................ (little)

11 The gathering is held. (annual)

12. They replied........................ (Immediate)

13. The workers met ........................ (weekly)


14. I will deal with that problem........................ (first)

15. They were ........................ dressed for the occasion. (suitable)

68.4 For each of the following sentences fill in the blank with the adverb which corresponds to the adjective given in brackets.

The letter was ________ legible. (scarce) The letter was scarcely legible.

He did the work as _________ as possible. (careful) He did the work as carefully as possible.

They won the game ______. (easy) They won the game easily.

She handled the situation very _______. (capable) She handled the situation very capably.

I _____ expected that to happen. (full) I fully expected that to happen.

The view was _____ magnificent. (true) The view was truly magnificent.

1. I was...................... impressed by their courage. (due)

2. The children chattered .................. (noisy)

3 The sun shone........................ behind the clouds. (pale)

4. They have settled in...................... (comfortable)

5. He.................. maintained his point of view. (dogmatic)

6. Everything is proceeding...................... (normal)

7. Please drive...................... (slow)

8. She worked ..................... until nine o’clock. (steady)

9. The cost of fuel has risen........................ (dramatic)

10. He ..................... scrambled up the slope. (agile)

ii. Everything was explained clearly and ...................... (simple)

12. The train whistle blew.......................at the crossing. (shrill)

13. ........................ , it stopped raining before we had to leave. (lucky)

14. She was signalling ______________. (frantic)

15. That was ____________ unexpected. (whole)

16. We arrived _____________. (punctual)

17. England is a ____________ populated country. (dense)

18. They are ___________ dependent on coal for fuel. (sole)

19. The material was produced _______________. (synthetic)

20. They ___________ agreed to the proposal. (ready)

68.5 Complete the sentence with either the adjective given in brackets

It is necessary to wear _____ clothes in the winter. (thick)

It is necessary to wear thick clothes in the winter.

Snow fell _______ on the ground. (thick)

Snow fell thickly on the ground.

1. We ........................... concluded the deal. (successful)

2. He is a .......................... Businessman. (successful)

3. There was a.......................... rain in the morning. (light)

4. She ran ......................... up the steps. (light)

5. The path was.......................... marked. (clear)

6. We gave him a .......................... signal to continue. (clear)

7. I .......................... disagree with you. (strong)

8. There is a.......................... wind from the north. (strong)

9. She waved .......................... (cheerful)

10. I gazed at the .......................... water of the lake. (tranquil)

11. The engine operates as .......................... as possible. (efficient)

12. Is that a .......................... decision? (recent)

13. He has behaved very.......................... (responsible)

14. .......................... snow is forecast for tomorrow. (heavy)

15. I opened the door .......................... and stepped outside. (quiet)

16. Icicles hung from the .......................... needles of the pine trees. (dark)

68.6 Put in good or well.

1. I play tennis but I’m not very good.

2. Your exam results were very ............

3. You did very ......... in your exams.

4. The weather was very.......... while we-were on holiday.

5. 1 didn’t sleep very .......... last night.

6. How are you? Are you .......?

7. George speaks German very.........

8. George’s German is very.......

9. Our new business is going very ........ at the moment.

10. I like your jacket. It looks .........on you.

11. I’ve met her a few times but I don’t know her very ........

68.7 Complete these sentences using well + one of the following words:

balanced -behaved –done -dressed -informed –kept- known -paid

1. The children were very good. They were well-behaved.

2. I’m surprised you haven’t heard of her. She is quite well ........

3. Our neighbours’ garden is neat and tidy. It is very well ........

4. You should eat different types of food. Your diet should be well ..........

5. Ann knows a lot about many things. She is quite well .........

6. His clothes are always smart. He is always well ........

7. Jill has a lot of responsibility in her job but she isn’t very well ........

8. Congratulations on passing your examinations well .........!


76.8 Complete the story with these words :

beautiful - carefully - green - happily - hot - quickly - angry - suddenly - deep - immediately - handsome - unfortunately - unhappy - quietly

Once upon a time, there was a ------- princess who had a golden ball. She lives in a palace with her father, the King, and her seven sisters. Every day, she played with her ball in the garden of the palace.

At the end of the garden there was a ------------, dark lake. When the weather was ----------, the princess liked playing near the lake.-----------, one day, she dropped her golden ball into the water. she was very --------- and she sat on the grass and started to cry. --------- she heard a voice: “Don’t cry, princess.”

She opened her eyes and saw a large ------ frog. “oh, please help me!” she said, “I can’t get my ball.”

“I’ll help you “said the frog, “If I can come and live with you in the palace!”.”Yes, of course. I promise” said the princess. So, the frog jumped into the water and came back with the ball. The princess laughed and took the ball. She ran ------ back to the palace and forgot all about the frog. The frog was very -------. He followed the princess into the palace and told his story to the King. “A promise is a promise” said the frog.

“Yes” said the King and called his daughter. “A promise is a promise, my daughter. Take this frog to your room and look after him ---------. The princess cried again, but she took the frog and put him on her bed. The frog looked at her and said -------: “Please, kiss me, princess”. She closed her eyes and kissed him.

-------, the frog turned into a ------- prince. Of course, he and the princess fell in love. One week later, they married andthey lied -------- ever after.

UNIT 69 So and such

I was so tired that I fell asleep in the armchair.

It was such a good book that I couldn’t put it down.

So... that and such... that are used to describe reasons and results.

So + adjective + that

The ice-cream was so good that I ordered a second bowl The music is so loud that I can’t sleep

She sang so well that she had to sing an encore. She is so clever that everyone admires her

She spoke so quickly that I couldn’t understand her. I was so tired that I went to bed early

So can also be followed by many, much, few or little, followed by a noun, followed by a clause beginning with that.

There were so many spectators that there was standing room only.

I did so much swimming that I became very strong.

He knew so few people that he often felt lonely.

There was so little snow that we could not go skiing.

He was so nervous that he broke his glass Have you ever seen such a lovely flower?

She is so shy that she doesn’t want to come with us I was so late that we decided to take a taxi

They are such nice children! Everybody loves them! This woman is so strange, don’t go with her!

She was so happy to see her cousin that she cried ! He is so intelligent that he can speak 5 languages!

They have so little food that they are starving to death.

He is so intelligent a student that he can study abroad.

I don’t want to read this book. It’s so boring

SUCH AN + ADJECTIVE + NOUN EFFECT OF THE SITUATION

She is such a hard worker that she is sure to succeed.


That is such an interesting book that I read it three times.

He has such good ideas that he may be promoted.

Shelly has such beautiful eyes that she got a job as a make-up model.

This restaurant makes such nice chicken meals, you should go there.

It’s such a great restaurant that I’ll definitely go again

I like Tom and Ann. They’re such nice people.

It was a great holiday. We had such a good time..

I didn’t realise you lived such a long way from the city centre.

I can’t decide what to do. It’s such a problem.

I didn’t enjoy the book. It was such a stupid story.

She is a good cook. She cooks such delicious meals

It was such lovely weather that we spent the whole day on the beach.

Exercise “So / Such”

Don’t drive so slowly or we’ll never get on time. Don’t buy that book! It’s such a waste of money.

The dish was so cold that I couldn’t eat it. I’m sorry you had such a bad journey.

The book is so long that I think I’ll never finish it, He didn’t get the job. Such is life!

I had such a good time in Italy that I want to go again. You are so kind!

I have had such a bad time for two years! He is such an admirable man!

In summer we have such lovely days! This work is too difficult for such a young boy!

She is so nice a girl! He plays so badly!

I’ve had such a good idea! Why did you buy so much food?

I was surprised that he looked so well after his recent illness

He’s difficult to understand because he speaks so quickly.

Everything is so expensive these days, isn’t it?

The weather is lovely, isn’t it? I didn’t expect it to be such a nice day.

I have to go. I didn’t realise it was so late.

He always looks good. He wears such nice clothes.

It was such a boring film that I fell asleep while I was watching it.

I couldn’t believe the news. It was such a shock.

I think she works too hard. She looks so tired all the time.

They’ve got so much money; they don’t know what to do with it.

Paula was such a beautiful girl that he couldn’t stop looking at her.

Alan’s story was so dull that everybody left before he finished.

I’m having such a good time here that I don’t want to go.

It was such a wonderful movie that I want to see it again.

I didn’t know it was so far. Why did you buy so much food?

I would like to go to India so much but I don’t think I’ll ever be able to.

Downloading music takes so much time that I prefer not to do it.

‘It’s such a lovely day! We should go outside, don’t you think?’

The apple looked so delicious that I couldn’t stop giving it a bite.

Petrol is so expensive that you are better off using public transport.

69.1 Put in so, such or such a.

1. He’s difficult to understand because he speaks so quickly.

2. I like Tom and Ann. They’re such nice people.

3. It was a great holiday. We had such a good time.

4. I was surprised that he looked ...........well after his recent illness.

5. Everything is ............ expensive these days, isn’t it?

6. The weather is lovely, isn’t it? I didn’t expect it to be............ nice day.

7. I have to go. I didn’t realize it was.............. Late.

8. He always looks good. He wears .................. nice clothes.

9. It was.............................. boring film that I fell asleep while I was watching it.

10. I couldn’t believe the news. It was............. shock.

11. I think she works too hard. She looks ................ tired all the time.

12. The food at the hotel was................ awful. I’ve never eaten awful food.

13. They’ve got .......................... much money, they don’t know what to do with it.

14. 1 didn’t realize you lived ................long way from the city centre.

15. I can’t decide what to do. It’s .............. problem.

69.2 Fill in the blank with such, so or too, as appropriate. In some of the sentences, the word that has been omitted. For example:

I saw ____ beautiful flowers, I wished I had brought my camera with me.

I saw such beautiful flowers, I wished I had brought my camera with me.

The sun was __ bright that we had to wear sunglasses.

The sun was so bright that we had to wear sunglasses.

I saw __ many flowers that I could not identify them all.

I saw so many flowers that I could not identify them all.

By the time I received your message, it was ___ late to call you.

By the time I received your message, it was too late to call you.

1. She sang .................... soothing lullabies that the baby was soon asleep.

2. He owned .................. many books that his walls were lined with bookcases.

3. The boys were ................. excited to sit still.

4. He has ............... varied interests, one never knows what he will do next.

5. They have ................ few enemies, they are accepted wherever they go.


6. The snow was ................ deep for us to walk across the field.

7. Yesterday I walked ............. far that I fell asleep immediately after supper.

8. I had ................ a good time at the party; I did not want to leave.

9. I see her ................. often that I feel I know her quite well.

10. The visibility was ................. poor for the mountains to be seen.

11. This is .................... an interesting book, I stayed up all night to read it.

12. This puzzle is .................. easy that a child could do it.

13. There was .................. much traffic, I could not cross the street.

14. She was ................. tired to watch the video.

15. They have ...................little furniture; it will be easy for them to move.

UNIT 70 Comparison (comparative)cheaper, more expensive etc.

America is larger than Europe.

We use the comparative and superlative form to compare and contrast different objects in English. Use the comparative form to show the difference between two objects

In the following examples, the comparative forms of adjectives are underlined.

She is prettier than her sister. He is older than me.

His work is better than mine. Tuesday was sunnier than Monday.

They are younger than my sister. My suitcase is larger than your suitcase.

John is a better gardener than Stuart. Planes are faster than trains.

Mr. Smith is worse today than yesterday. Mark is taller than Philippe.

My pen is sharper than yours. Water is heavier than oil.

Juice is better than lemonade. Peter is wiser than Catherine.

Lucy is clever, but Carol is cleverer than Lucy Wine is cheaper in Spain than in our country.

A -ONE-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES.

Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est. for the superlative.

One-syllable adjective Comparative Superlative

old older oldest

tall taller tallest

cheap cheaper cheapest

late later latest

nice nicer nicest

fat fatter fattest

big bigger biggest

thin thinner thinnest


happy happier happiest

easy easier easiest

A holiday by the sea is better than a holiday in the mountains.

He is older than Jane. Your bag is bigger than mine.

This exercise is easier than that one. The weather is better today.

He has got bigger chips than his sister. Meat is better for your teeth than sweets.

Your cake is worse than mine. You should come earlier

He is taller than her. The weather today is hotter than yesterday.

That game is funnier than this game. A mouse is smaller than an elephant.

A candy is sweeter than a lemon. A bed is heavier than a pillow.

Sarah is sadder than Betty. Non-smokers usually live longer than smokers.

Africa is bigger than Europe. Losing a friend is worse than losing money.

We use more... for adverbs that end in -ly:

more slowly, more seriously, more quietly, more carefully, more often but: earlier (not ‘more early’)

Can you walk a bit more slowly? It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter / more quiet?

B- TWO-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES.

With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

peaceful more peaceful most peaceful

pleasant more pleasant most pleasant

careful more careful most careful

thoughtful more thoughtful most thoughtful

Comparison of adjectives in sentences

A Rolls Royce is more comfortable than a Ford. Leila is more beautiful than Ann.

A Mercedes is more powerful than a Fiat. His car is more comfortable than mine.

This shirt is more expensive than that one. This dictionary is more useful than that one.

This scarf is more beautiful than the one in the window. Susie drives more carefully than Alice.

Max is more careful than Mike. This flower is more beautiful than that one.

She is more intelligent than Tom. You’ve got more sweets than she has.

Betty’s car is more expensive than Paul’s car. Peter drives more quickly than Tony.

Life in Sweden is more expensive than in France. This dog is more dangerous than that one.

If the two-syllable adjectives ends with –y, change the y to i and add –er for the comparative form. For the superlative form change the y to i and add –est.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -y Comparative Form Superlative Form

happy happier happiest

angry angrier angriest

Busy busier busiest

John is happier today than he was yesterday. Max is angrier than Mary.

Mary is busier than Max. Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.

The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.

Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and with more and most.


clever cleverer cleverest

clever more clever most clever

gentle gentler gentlest

gentle more gentle most gentle

friendly friendlier friendliest

friendly more friendly most friendly

quiet quieter quietest

quiet more quiet most quiet

simple simpler simplest

simple more simple most simple

İRREGULAR COMPARISONS

A few of the comparatives and superlatives in English do not follow the usual pattern. Here is a list of common exceptions.

Positive Comparative Superlative

bad worse worst

badly worse worst

far(distance) farther farthest


good better best

ill worse worst

late later latest or last

less lesser least

little(amount) less least

many more most

much more most

well better best

old older / elder oldest / eldest

Italian food is better than American food. My mother’s cooking is worse than your mother’s cooking.

We have only little time for this exercise, but in the examination we’ll have even less time

Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst. My dog is the best dog in the world.

It’s becoming harder and harder to find a job.

Let’s go by car. It’s much cheaper. (or it’s a lot cheaper.)

Could you speak a bit more slowly? (or ... speak a little more slowly?)

This bag is slightly heavier than the other one.

Her illness was far more serious than we thought at first.

This hotel is better than the other one and it’s no more expensive

Harder and harder / more and more / more and more difficult etc.

We repeat comparatives like this (... and ...) to say that something is changing continuously:

It’s becoming harder and harder to find a job.

It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job.

Your English is improving. It’s getting better and better.

These days more and more people are learning English.

The ... the better

‘What time shall we leave?’ ‘The sooner the better.’ (= as soon as possible)

‘What sort of box do you want? A big one?’ ‘Yes, the bigger the better.’

When you’re travelling, the less luggage you have to carry the better.

The warmer the weather, the better I feel. (= if the weather is warmer, I feel better)

The sooner we leave, the sooner we will arrive.

The younger you are, the easier it is to learn.

The more expensive the hotel, the better the service.

The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.

The more I thought about the plan, the less I liked it.

Older and elder

The comparative of old is older: Tom looks older than he really is.

My elder brother is a pilot. (or my older brother ...)

We say ‘my elder brother’ but we do not say that ‘somebody is elder ...’:

My brother is older than me. (not ‘elder than me’)

Exercise “Comparative”

They are richer than us. You are stronger than he is.

I swim better than he does. They work harder than we do.

Iona is shorter than Paulina. Ms Nortek is taller (tall) than Ms Kaminski.

Ms Suzan is older than Sandra. Chemistry is harder than English.

Your dress is longer than mine My town is nicer than John’s town

My sister is younger than my brother This boy is less heavy than an elephant

My French is better than my English Summer is hotter than winter

Jessica is worse than Kristin at mathematics. New York is bigger than Dover.

The car is slower than the plane. The gloves are cheaper than the T-shirt.

The armchair is heavier than the chair. Geography is more interesting than History.

My sister is fatter than my brother. My classroom is cleaner than the other one.

I have better marks in English than in French. I think drowning is worse than burning.

Carla is prettier than Stephanie. Unfortunately, I’m not as good as you in French.

I think that Turkish language is harder than French language.

The story about the ghost was more frightening than the story about the magician.

Rain in the wet season is heavier than during the rest of the year.

A holiday in Thailand is more exciting than a holiday in Spain.

My father is heavy. My uncle is much heavier than my father.

The test in Geography was easy, but the test in Biology was easier.

My house is bigger than yours

The weather this summer is even worse than last summer.

This is a nice cat. It’s much nicer than my friend’s cat.

Here is Emily. She’s six years old. Her brother is nine, so he is older.

In the last holidays I read a good book, but father gave me an even better one last weekend.

This magazine is cheap, but that one is cheaper.

70.1 Complete the sentences using a comparative form (older / more important etc.)

quiet-strong-small-expensive-warm-interesting-difficult-better-worse-longer-quiet-often-far-cheerful

1. it’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter?

2. This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit ........................................

3. The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to be ...................................

4. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be ...........................

5. The weather is too cold in this country. I’d like to live somewhere.........................


6. My job is a bit boring sometimes. I’d like to do something.............................

7. I was surprised how easy it was to use the computer. I thought it would be........................

8. Your work isn’t very good. I’m sure you can do ..........................

9. Don’t worry. The situation isn’t so bad. It could be .........................

10. I was surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to take........................

11. You’re talking very loudly. Can you speak a bit..............................?

12. You hardly ever phone me. Why don’t you phone me......................?

13. You’re standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit .................. away?

14. You were a bit depressed yesterday but you look ..................... today.

70.2 Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the comparative forms of the irregular adjectives given in brackets.

Pam is a ______ student than Roger. (good)

Pam is a better student than Roger.

His cough is _____ than yours. (bad)

His cough is worse than yours.

1. I have........................ eggs than I need. (many)

2. The bread tastes even ........................than the rolls. (good)

3. She does not want to travel........................ than necessary. (far)

4. Alice drinks ....................... coffee than Jerry does. (little)

5. We have........................ honey than we need. (much)

6. Things may be ........................than you think. (bad)

7. Business is ................... this year than it was last year. (good)

8. Alan has ....................... money than Ben. (little)

9. She has........................ self-confidence than I do. (much)

10. The weather was ........................yesterday than it is today. (bad)

70.3 Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences. Use much / a bit etc. + a comparative form. Use than where necessary.

1. Her illness was much more serious than we thought at first. (much / serious)

2. This bag is too small. I need something much bigger

3. I’m afraid the problem is ............................................. it seems. (much / complicated)

4. You looked depressed this morning but you look ............................now. (a bit / happy)

5. I enjoyed our visit to the museum. It was ................................. I expected. (far / Interesting)

6. You’re driving too fast. Could you drive...............................................? ( a bit / slowly)

7. It’s ............................ to learn a foreign language in the country where it is spoken. (a lot / easy)

8. I thought she was younger than me but in fact she’s................................. (slightly / old)

70.4 Complete the sentences using any / no + a comparative. Use than where necessary.

1. I’m fed up with waiting. I’m not waiting any longer.

2. I’m sorry I’m a bit late but I couldn’t get here any .............................

3. I must stop for a rest. I can’t walk any fu.................................

4. The traffic isn’t particularly bad today. It’s no worse............................. usual.

70.5 Complete the sentences

1. Its becoming harder and harder to find a job. (hard)

2. That hole in your pullover is getting.................. . (big)

3. My bags seemed to get ..................... as I carried them. (heavy)

4. As I waited for my interview, I became................. (nervous)

5. As the day went on, the weather got............... (bad)

6. Travelling is becoming...................... (expensive)

7. Since she has been in Britain, her English has got ............... (good)

8. As the conversation went on, he became ...................... (talkative)

70.6 Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the comparative forms of the adjectives shown in brackets.

This room is ______ than that one. (warm) This room is warmer than that one.

This sand is _____ than that sand. (fine) This sand is finer than that sand.

My towel is _____ than yours. (dry) My towel is drier than yours.

The grass is ______ than it was yesterday. (wet) The grass is wetter than it was yesterday.

There are _____ people here than I expected. (few) There are fewer people here than I expected.

Her room is ______ than mine. (neat) Her room is neater than mine.

1. The village is...................... than the city. (pretty)

2. This building is.................. than the one next to it. (big)

3. Your watch is.................... than mine. (slow)

4. Her roses smell ..................... than ours. (sweet)

5. The corner store is................... than the supermarket. (close)

6. The temperature is ................. today than it was yesterday. (high)

7. His cat is ..................... than yours. (fat)

8. We arrived................... than she had expected. (soon)

9. It is .................... on this side of the valley. (sunny)

10. She is..................... than her sister. (young)

11. The afternoon is usually.................. than the morning. (hot)

12. He is .................... than you are. (weak)

13. The table is .................... at this end. (low)

14. This book is.................... than that one. (thin)

15. The bag is ..................... than the suitcase. (heavy)


70.7 Rewrite the following sentences as comparisons, using the comparative form of the adjective, and the word than.

Tracy is a fast worker. (I am) Tracy is a faster worker than I am.

He is a kind person. (his brother is) He is a kinder person than his brother is.

Bob is a good student. (Tom) Bob is a better student than Tom.

1. She is a fine musician. (her cousin is) .......................................................................................

2. He has a strong voice. (he used to have) .....................................................................................

3. This chair has short legs. (that one does) .......................................................................................

4. We are having a hot summer. (you are) .......................................................................................

5. She is a good doctor. (her friend is) .......................................................................................

6. He has a big book. (you do) .......................................................................................

7. They have new boots. (we do) .......................................................................................

8. He took an early train. (I did) .......................................................................................

9. She is a bad typist. (her colleague is) .......................................................................................

10. We order a sweet dessert. (Susan did) .......................................................................................

UNIT 71 Comparison (EQUALITY ) --as.. as

This house is 40 years old, that house is also 40 years old.

This house is as old as that house.

We use as + ADJECTIVE + as to say that two things are equal in some way

Jenny is also 22 years old. She’s the same as me. I’m sorry I’m late. I got here as fast as I could.

Let’s walk. It’s just as quick as taking the bus. Their house is about three times as big as ours.

The blue car is as fast as the red car. This copy is as bad as the other one.

Oliver is as optimistic as Peter. Nick is as brave as Kevin.

He’s not as tall as me. Janet is as beautiful as Jeniffer.

You are as crazy as my sister. Bach’s music is as good as Moart’s.

He’s very poor. He’s as poor as a church mouse.

“as...as” can also be used in negatives and questions.

The Amazon isn’t as long as the Nile. The second movie wasn’t as good as the first.

Is Japan as expensive as England? Jim’s car is not as fast as mine.

Grapefruit juice is not as sweet as lemonade. The violin is not as low as the cello

Can you send me the money as soon as possible, please?

Today it’s not as windy as yesterday. Silver is not as heavy as gold

“as...as” can also be used to show an extreme amount.

“Eat as much as you want.” The amount you eat is “equal” to the amount you want.

Hurry! Run as fast as you can! Study as hard as possible.

Exercise “ “as...as”

Sorry for being so late ! I ran here as fast as I could. 1 mile in 10 minutes!

The question of the test was awfully difficult. The pupils answered as well as they could.

She can rest at home as long as she likes. We are not in a hurry.


We need your photo. It’s urgent. Send it as soon as possible.

My mother is really fit. She goes swimming as often as she can: twice a week.

I know he is not easy, so I will try to be as patient as I can.

Although he was bored, he managed to look as interested as usual.

I will never be as good as Beckham.

He didn’t make a sound. He was as quiet as a mouse.

She’s the calmest person I know. She’s as cool as a cucumber.

It’s going to rain. It’s as black as night.

John’s always dropping things. He’s as clumsy as a bull in a china-shop.

Why did you go out without your gloves? You’re as cold as ice.

Mr. Smith is very old. He’s as old as the hills.

Jennifer is 163cm and Tony is 163cm. Jennifer is as tall as Tony.

71.1 Complete the sentences using as ... as.

1. I’m quite tall but you are taller. I’m not as tall as you.

2. My salary is high but yours is higher. My salary isn’t ...................

3. You know a bit about cars but I know more. You don’t .....................

4. it’s still cold but it was colder yesterday. It isn’t .......................

5. I still feel a bit tired but I felt a lot more tired yesterday. I don’t ...............

6. They’ve lived here for quite a long time but we’ve lived here longer.

They haven’t.......................................

7. I was a bit nervous before the interview but usually I’m a lot more nervous.

I wasn’t ..........................................

71.2 Rewrite these sentences so that they have the same meaning.

1. Jack is younger than he looks. Jack isn’t as old as he looks.

2. I didn’t spend as much money as you. You spent more money than me.

3. The station was nearer than I thought. The station wasn’t ....................

4. The meal didn’t cost as much as I expected. The meal .................

5. I go out less than I used to. I don’t.....................

6. Her hair isn’t as long as it used to be. She used to .....................

7. I know them better than you do. You don’t ..........................

8. There were fewer people at this meeting than at the last one.

There weren’t.........................................................................................

71.3 Complete the sentences using as ... as. Choose one of the following:

bad, comfortable, fast, long, often, quietly, soon, well, well-qualified,

1. I’m sorry I’m a bit late. I got here as fast as I could.

2. It was a difficult question. I answered it as well as I could.

3. ‘How long can I stay with you?’ ‘You can stay -....................... you like.’

4. I need the information quickly, so please let me know .................. possible.

5. I like to keep fit, so I go swimming......................... I can.

6. I didn’t want to wake anybody, so I came in .................... I could.

In the following sentences use just as ........ as.

7. I’m going to sleep on the floor. It’s .......................... sleeping in that hard bed.

8. Why did he get the job rather than me? I’m ......................... him.

9. At first I thought you were nice but really you’re ..................... everybody else.

71.4. Complete each of the following sentences by filling in the blank

I am as clever as _____. (he, him) I am as clever as he is.

They are as curious as ______. (us, we) They are as curious as we are.

1. We are as proud as ............................. (they, them)

2. Henrietta is as silly as ....................... (your, you)

3. They are as confident as ......................... (her, she)

4. Amanda is as surprised as ...................... (I, me)

5. I am not as patient as ........................... (he, him)

6. Ray is as old as ..................... (them, they)

7. Dan is as eager to attend the concert as ....................... (we, us)

8. You are as quick-witted as ......................... (she, her)

9. She is almost as shy as ................. (him, he)

10. Leonora is just as beautiful as ........................ (me, I)

71.5 Rewrite each of the following sentences as a comparison, using the word or words given in brackets as the second part of the comparison.

He has a heavy workload. (Tom) He has as heavy a workload as Tom.

She was a good actress. (her cousin) She was as good an actress as her cousin.

They are talented musicians. (their parents) They are as talented musicians as their parents.

1. She is a skilled carpenter. (her father)...........................................................................................

2. Terry is an efficient manager. (Kay) ..............................................................................................

3. They are wonderful performers. (their predecessors) .....................................................................

4. He won a prestigious prize. (his competitor) .....................................................................................

5. The white hens are good layers. (the brown ones) ...........................................................................

6. Rupert is an able administrator. (his boss) .......................................................................................

7. She is carrying a heavy parcel. (you) ..............................................................................................

8. He is a brilliant engineer. (we had been told) .....................................................................................

9. She found an important clue. (anyone) ..............................................................................................

10. They are experienced directors. (one could wish) ...........................................................................


UNIT 72 Comparison (Superlative)--the longest the most enjoyable etc...

The London tube is the oldest underground in the world

A-ONE-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES.

Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est for the superlative. That form of an adjective or an adverb expressing the higest degree.

One-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

tall Taller tallest

old Older oldest

long longer longest

Mary is taller than Max. Mary is the tallest of all the students.

Max is older than John. Of the three students, Max is the oldest.

My hair is longer than your hair. Max’s story is the longest story I’ve ever heard.

Marie is the tallest in the town. I am the best pupil in the class.

He is the worst pupil in the school. He is the fastest boy in the world.

This dog is the nicest in the country. You are the funniest boy in the world.

If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e, just add –r for the comparative form and –st for the superlative form.

One-Syllable Adjective with Final -e Comparative Form Superlative Form

Large larger largest

Wise wiser wisest

Max is the wisest person I know. This man has the longest moustache in the world

He is the tallest man in the world She is the slimmest woman in the world

The worst marks Brian has ever had is 0 / 20 He has the biggest number of straws in his mouth

The coldest place on earth is here. You are the nicest person I have never met

He has the best marks She is the prettiest girl I know

It’s the biggest store of the street Who is the funniest man in Britain?

He is the richest man in the world. John is the smartest boy in the class.

If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the consonant and add –er for the comparative form; and double the consonant and add –est for the superlative form.

One-Syllable Adjective Ending with a SingleConsonant with a Single Vowel before It

Comparative Form Superlative Form

Big bigger biggest

Thin thinner thinnest

Fat fatter fattest

My dog is bigger than your dog. My dog is the biggest of all the dogs in the neighborhood.

Max is thinner than John. Of all the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.

My mother is fatter than your mother. Mary is the fattest person I’ve ever seen.

B- TWO-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES.

With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.


peaceful more peaceful most peaceful

pleasant more pleasant most pleasant

careful more careful most careful

thoughtful more thoughtful most thoughtful

John Wayne was the most famous cowboy in Hollywood.

Study these examples:

Peter is the most intelligent pupil of the school. He’s the most generous boy I know

Of all the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful. Mary is the most thoughtful person I’ve ever met.

He is the rudest boy I’ve ever seen That’s the most stupid invention we’ve heard of

She bought the most expensive bag in the shop We’ve got the strictest teachers in our school

The superlative of old is oldest:

That church is the oldest building in the town. (Not ‘the eldest’)

We use eldest (or oldest) when we are talking about people in a family:

My eldest son is 13 years old. (or my oldest son. )


Are you the eldest in your family? (or . the oldest.

After superlatives we use in with places (towns, buildings etc.):

We had a lovely room. It was one of the nicest in the hotel. (not ‘of the hotel’)

Who is the best student in the class? (not ‘of the class’)

What was the happiest day of your life?

What’s the best film you’ve ever seen?

That was the most delicious meal I’ve had for a long time.

The book you lent me was most interesting. (= very interesting)

Thank you for the money. It was most generous of you. (= very generous)

The most beautiful girl in the school is Linda This is the most expensive car in the gallery

Exercise “ Superlative “

Justin has got the shortest hair in the class. Andzelika has got the longest hair in the class.

This exercise is the easiest of all. Susan is the shortest of the three.

My class is the coolest of all the classes at my school! His class is the tidiest of all.

Our English classroom is the nicest at school. They are not going to the worst hotel.

The palace is the most expensive hotel. John is the best gardener.

These are the most beautiful colours. Ben is the tallest boy in the class.

Davis is the best soccer player in England.

Falling is the worst thing that could happen to a sprinter.

For me Isa Bolt is the fastest man in the world.

Your son is the cleverest kid I have ever met.

Santa Cruz is the second largest island in the Galapagos.

The Galapagos are one of the most expensive places in the world to visit.

Greenland is the largest island in the world.

Boracay Island in the Philippines has the best beaches I have ever seen.

Fjordland in New Zealand is the wettest place in the world.

Easter Island is the most interesting island I have ever visited.

‘Hamlet’ is one of the most famous plays that Shakespeare wrote

Among the 20 students in class, Aye is the youngest of all.

That film was really boring. It was the most boring film I’ve ever seen.

She is a really nice person - one of the nicest people I know.

Why does he always come to see me at the worst possible moment?

This hotel is the cheapest in town.

What is the longest river in the world? The Nile River is the longest river in the world

The baby is the youngest person in the room.

Susie drives the most carefully of anybody in Paris

Florida is sunny. Do you know the sunniest place in the USA?

72.1 Complete the sentences. Use a superlative (~est or most ... ) + a preposition.

1 It’s a very nice room. It is the nicest room in the hotel.

2. It’s a very cheap restaurant. It’s ................ the town.

3. It was a very happy day. It was .............. my life.

4. She’s a very intelligent student. She ...............the class.

5. it’s a very valuable painting. It .............. the gallery.

6. Spring is a very busy time for me. It ........... the year.

In the following sentences use one of + a superlative + a preposition.

7 It’s a very nice room. It is one of the nicest rooms in the hotel.

8. He’s a very rich man. He’s one ......................................... the world.

9. it’s a very old castle. It ...................................... Britain.

10. She’s a very good player. She .................................the team.

11. It was a very bad experience. It ........................................... my life.

12. He’s a very dangerous criminal. He .................................. the country.

72.2 Complete the sentences. Use a superlative (~est or most ...) or a comparative (~er or more ...).

1. We stayed at the cheapest hotel in the town. (cheap)

2. Our hotel was cheaper than all the others in the town. (cheap)

3. The United States is very large but Canada is................ (large)

4. What’s .................river in the world? (long)

5. He was a bit depressed yesterday but he looks................ today. (happy)

6. It was an awful day. It was................. day of my life. (bad)

7. What is ............. sport in your country? (popular)

8. Everest is............ --- mountain in the world. It is than any other mountain. (high)

9. We had a great holiday. It was one of the............ holidays we’ve ever had. (enjoyable)

10. I prefer this chair to the other one. It’s............ (comfortable)

11. What’s ............way of getting from here to the station? (quick)

12. Mr and Mrs Brown have got three daughters............ is 14 years old. (old)

72.3 What do you say in these situations? Use a superlative + ... ever ... Use the words given in brackets

1. You’ve just been to the cinema. The film was extremely boring. You tell your friend: (boring / film / see)

That’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.

2. Your friend has just told you a joke, which you think is very funny. You say: (funny / joke / hear)

That’s..........................................................................................................

3. You’re drinking coffee with a friend. It’s really good coffee. You say: (good / coffee / taste)

This .............................................................................................................

4. You are talking to a friend about Mary. Mary is very patient. You tell your friend about her:

(Patient / person / meet)

She.....................................................................................................................-.

5. You have just run ten kilometres. You’ve never run further than this. You say to your friend: (far / run) That...........


...........................................................................................................................

6. You decided to give up your job. Now you think this was a bad mistake. You say to your friend:

(bad / mistake / make)

It............................................................................................................................................

7. Your friend meets a lot of people, some of them famous. You ask your friend: (famous / person / meet?)

Who ...........................................................................................................................?

72.4 Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the superlative forms of the adjectives shown in brackets.

He is the _______ runner on the team. (fast) He is the fastest runner on the team.

Have you heard the ______ news? (late) Have you heard the latest news?

They are the _______ people I know. (lazy) They are the laziest people I know.

This is the _______ part of the day. (hot) This is the hottest part of the day.

The black horse was the _______ horse in the race. (slow)

The black horse was the slowest horse in the race.

She is the _______ student in the class. (poor)

She is the poorest student in the class.

1. This is the ..................... highway in the country. (wide)

2. That was the .......................... sunset I have ever seen. (red)

3. Yesterday was the ........................ day of the year. (cold)

4. This is the .......................way to do it. (easy)

5. The kitchen is the ....................... room in the house. (clean)

6. This is the .......................... model currently available. (new)

7. This is the ......................cake I have ever eaten. (sweet)

8. The third act is the ....................... part of the play. (sad)

9. The ........................temperature on record was minus forty degrees. (low)

10. That is probably the ....................thing to do. (wise)

11. This is the ....................route into town. (short)

12. She is the .................... girl I know. (lucky)

72.5 Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the superlative forms of the irregular adjectives shown in brackets. For example:

Pam is the ____ student in the class. (good) Pam is the best student in the class.

That is the _____ essay I have ever read. (bad) That is the worst essay I have ever read.

1. This is the ...................... we have ever traveled in one day. (far)

2. Their farm has produced the.................. tomatoes. (many)

3. Our strawberries have the ..................... flavor. (good)

4. He ate the ...................... jam. (little)

5. That is the ...................... news I have heard yet. (bad)

6. She has the...................... cheese. (much)

7. They have eaten the ................... pancakes. (many)

8. That is the .................... thing that could happen. (bad)

9. We have used the .................. honey. (much)

10. That is the .....................suggestion we have heard yet. (good)

11. This is the .....................stretch of road. (bad)

12. They produced the ...................... butter this year. (little)

72.6. Rewrite each of the following sentences, changing the positive form of the adjective to the superlative form, and using the definite article the.

This is a cold room. (In the house) This is the coldest room in the house.

That is a good example. (he could find) That is the best example he could find.

1. This is an old house. (on the street)................................................................................................

2. That is a large store. (in the city) .....................................................................................................

3. This is a cool evening. (we have had this week) ..............................................................................

4. He is a kind man. (I know) ................................................................................................................

5. This is a fine view. (in the area) ........................................................................................................

6. That is a new building. (in town) .........................................................................................................

7. This is a dusty road. (I have ever walked along) .................................................................................

8. That was a bad storm. (we have had for ten years) ............................................................................

9. This is a long river. (in the country) ....................................................................................................

10. That is a funny story. (you have ever told) ........................................................................................


UNIT 73Always, still, any more / any longer / no longer

Please, hurry up,it’s 10.30 and I’m still waiting for you ! The schools are always closed on Sundays.

1- ALWAYS

We use always to say that something happens all the time (or very often

I always go swimming on Monday evenings. She has always wanted to visit Finland.

He is always forgetting things. He’s always complaining.

People say it is always raining in Scotland Don’t wait for her: she is always late!

I always go shopping on Saturdays I love my dog: he is always happy!

2- STILL

Still means ‘continuing later tan expected

It expresses that something started in the past and is the same now.

an hour ago now

An hour ago it was raining. It is still raining. It hasn’t finished yet

She is still living with her parents. Why are you still talking about it?

They still haven’t mended my car (They haven’t mended my car yet).

Jane was still a student when Paul met her.

Is Mary still married to John?

We tried to explain th problem to them, but they still don’t understand.

Today is her 75th birthday and she is still very attractive.

What are you doing? I am still trying to buy something!

I am still reading the book. I have not finished reading the book yet.

I am still thinking. I haven’t decided yet.

She is still single. She is not married yet.

The monster is still alive! The monster is not dead yet!

They have not bought anything yet. Has anyone eaten any cookies yet?

I am still single. It is still cold in May in Toronto.

She is still dating Peter. Did you sell your car? No, I’ve still got it

Do you still want to go on holiday? I am still eating my dinner

We are still going to the cinema tonight I gave up smoking, but my friends still haven’t given up

Compare yet and still:

I wrote to him last week. He hasn’t replied yet. (but I expect he will reply soon)

I wrote to him months ago and he still hasn’t replied. (he should have replied before now)

Is it still raining? Has it stopped raining yet?

A: What are you doing this evening? B: I don’t know yet .

A: Are you ready to go yet? B: Not yet. In a mınute .

A: Where’s Emma? B: She isn’t here yet ( She will be here, but until now she hasn’t come)

The bus hasn’t come yet. (It’s late and I am still waiting.)

The others haven’t left yet. (We expected them to leave by now.)

The bus has already been here. (It came early and left.)

The bus hasn’t come yet. (It’s late and I am still waiting.)

The others have left already. (They came early and left.)

The others haven’t left yet. (We expected them to leave by now.)

3-ANY MORE / ANY LONGER / NO LONGER

We use not...any mor or not.... Any longer to say that a situation has changed.

Anymore and any longer go at the end of a sentence:


Sara doesn’t work here anymore ( or any longer). She left last month.

I no longer wish to work here. I don’t want to play football anymore.

My father no longer works in a hospital. I no longer do much sport.

My sister doesn’t read science fiction books anymore. She is no longer late for school.

I don’t like chocolate cakes anymore. They are not shy anymore.

We no longer eat fried food. He no longer eats cheese, he’s allergic.

He doesn’t write poems any more. I don’t go fishing any longer.

You can also use no longer. No longer goes in the middle of the sentence:

Sara no longer works here. We are no longer friends. (not’ we are no more friends’)

She was my friend, but we aren’t friends any longer.

Since she has been on a diet, she doesn’t eat bread anymore.

We used to be good friends but we aren’t any more ( or any longer).

Any more; in Negative sentences no longer; in positive sentences

Linda still works here but Sara doesn’t work here anymore. (Negative)

Ann doesn’t work here any more (or any longer).

Ann no longer works here.

We are no longer friends. (not ‘We are no more friends’)

She left last month. (not ‘Ann doesn’t still work here’) (positive)

Sheila still works here but Ann doesn’t work here any more.

Exercise “ Always, still, any more / any longer / no longer”

When my son rides a bicycle, he always wears a helmet.

When I was ten years old, my mother cut my hair and I still have a lock.

On Sunday, Paul always lies in.

In England, meat is always served with boiled potatoes.

She is still sleeping! She will be late!

The problems of life and death have always tormented human beings.

It is not always easy to keep the house tidy with five children!

My car is still broken down! What am I going to do? buy another one or repair it?

I still have a toothache! I have lost a filling .I have to go back to the dentist’s.

My father has always said that it’s too hard for him .and now he has given up!.

You are still here! It’s time to go to school.

He is late again! I can’t wait for him anymore.

Oh, Julia, you are terrible! You haven’t tidy up your bedroom yet.

You still have time to do it before going to your friend’s.

It is very hot. This afternoon, I drank four glasses of water but I’m thirsty again.

I had a lot to eat, but I’m stil hungry ( I was hungry before , and I’m hungry now)

I’m hungry. Is dinner ready yet? We don’t know where we are going for our holidays yet.

I haven’t washed my car yet Have you seen your Mum yet?

He hasn’t got up yet The bus hasn’t come yet

73.1 For each sentence (with still) write a sentence with a similar meaning using not ... yet + one of the following verbs:

decide-find- finish- go –stop- take off- wake up

1. Its still raining. _It hasn’t stopped raining yet.

2. George is still here. He ...................................................

3. They’re still having their dinner. They..........................

4. The children are still asleep ...........................

5. Ann is still looking for a job ............................

6. I’m still wondering what to do.........................

7. The plane is still waiting on the runway......................

73.2 In this exercise you have to put in still, yet, already or not ... any more in the _underline_ sentence (or part of a sentence). Study the examples carefully.

1. Jack lost his job a year ago and _he is unemployed._ He is still unemployed_

2. Do you want me to tell Liz the news or _does she know_? Does she already know?

3. I’m hungry. _Is dinner ready? Is dinner ready yet?

4. I was hungry earlier but _I’m not hungry. I’m not hungry any more

5. Can we wait a few minutes? _I don’t want to go out........................................................... (yet).

6. Jill used to work at the airport but _she doesn’t work there.............................................. (any more).

7. I used to live in Amsterdam. _I have a lot of friends there .......................(still)

8. ‘Shall I introduce you to Jim?’ ‘There’s no need. _We’ve met........................................... (already)

9. Do you live in the same house_ or have you moved? .............................. (still)

10. Would you like to eat with us or _have you eaten? ........................................................ (already)

11. ‘Where’s John?’ ‘_He isn’t here._ He’ll be here soon.’..............................(yet).

12. Tim said he would be here at 8.30. It’s 9 o’clock now and _he isn’t here.......................... ( still).

13. Do you want to join the club or _are you a member?........................................................... (already)

14. It happened a long time ago but _I can remember it very clearly..............................(still)

15. I’ve put on weight. _These trousers don’t fit me.......................................................... (any more).

16 Have you finished with the paper?_’ ‘No _I’m reading it ...............................(still)


UNIT 74 Although / even though -In spite of / despte- even

İn spite of / the fact that. / despite the fact that / Even though / Although it was cold,

we enjoyed our holiday.

ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH

We use although or even though to express a contrast between two things.

Although he is much older than the others, he won the race.Even though he’s a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.

Even though and although can be used in the same way as despite the fact that and in spite of the fact that.

I enjoyed the holiday, even though it rained a lot.I enjoyed the holiday, despite the fact that it rained a lot.

Even though he was tired and hungry, Uncle Ben still refused to break for dinner until he’d finished the job

He still smokes, even though he’s got asthma. Even though it is raining, he will play golf.

Even though we use to argue, it’s all right. Even though I was right, he got the best of me.

Even though he is learned, I can´t respect him. Even though it is raining, I don´t care at all.

He wanted to go with them even though he was ill. Even though you’ re tired, you have to keep going.

I kept everything inside and even though I tried. Even though you don´t like this, you must eat it.

Although – even though – These are used in the same way. They essentially mean the same thing.

Although / Even though it was raining, we went to the beach.

Although / Even though we were tired, we continued working.

Although / Even though it was getting late, we decided to stay and talk little longer.

We decided to go for a walk in the park although / even though it was very cold out.

I didn’t get the job although I had the necessary qualifications.

Although he worked very hard, he didn’t manage to pass the exam.

The holiday was great although the hotel wasn’t very nice.

Although I am not sure, I believe that he is innocent

He managed to escape even though four men tried to catch him.

Though that resturant is very expensive, it’s always full.

Although I don’t know you and you don’t know me, we already have a relationship.

Although he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car.

Although the traffic was bad, I arrived on time. (not ‘in spite of the traffic was bad’)

DESPITE / IN SPITE OF

in spite of / Despite the pain in his leg he completed the marathon.

In spite of has the same meaning as despite. in spite of something (noun) in spite of + verb + -ingin spite of the fact that

In spite of / despite the traffic being heavy, we got there on time.

In spite of / despite the fact that he is much older than the others, he won the race.

In spite of / despite being much older than the others, he won the race

Despite having all the necessary qualifications, they didn’t offer me the job.

Despite her strong accent, I understood everything that she said.

Despite the fact that he won the lottery, he didn’t quit his job.

EVEN IS USED TO TALK ABOUT SURPRISING EXTREMES.

He always wears a coat - even in hot weather.

He has a TV set in every room of the house--even the bathroom.

It is not usual to have a TV set in the Bathroom.

He is rude to everybody. He is even rude to the police. Even a child can understand this book.

Even goes at the beginning of a clause when it refers just to the subject.

I work every day, even on Sundays. He can’t even write his own name.

It is warm there, even in winter. (So you can be sure it will be very warm there in summer.)

The book is expensive, but even so you ought to buy it.

Even a child can solve this problem I work every day, even on Sundays

These photographs aren’t very good. Even I could take better photographs than these.

Even if Caroline earned a big salary, she would not buy a fast car.

Even if I had time and money, I wouldn’t go on a cruise.


Exercise “Although, though , even, in spite of, Even though”

Sarah didn’t come, even though she said she would.

We hardly ever see them although We live in the same city.

She is coming this morning although I don’t know exactly when.

The restaurant serves good, though expensive, food.

He wasn’t wearing a coat although it was quite cold.

-or- He was wearing a coat although it wasn’t quite cold.

Even though she knew the answer, she did not respond.

Even I could take better photographs.

She can’t even cook an egg.

He always wears a coat, even in summer.

Although the sun was shining it wasn’t very warm.

She has got to work every day, even on Sundays.

Even a child could write this.

I managed to get to sleep although there was a lot of noise.

Despite the fact that we broke up, we’re still friends.

She wasn’t well, but in spite of this she went to work.

In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you.

We enjoyed our camping holiday in spite of the rain.

I couldn’t sleep despite being very tired.

Paul didn´t become arrogant even though he was rich.

He borrowed my jacket even though I’d told him not to.

And even though there’ s another man who’ s in my life..

Even though John is rich, he lives in a small house.

John is rich, but in spite of that, he lives in a small house)

Even though she likes animals, Mary doesn’t want a dog.

(In spite of the fact that she likes animals, Mary doesn’t want a dog.)

Although I’m a vegetarian, I sometimes eat fish.

Nobody would lend her the money not even her best friend.

Tina would have gone out to even if his father hadn’t allowed.

Even if you take a taxi, you’ll still miss your train

Even if she didn’t want to send a present, she could at least have sent a card

Even if I had two hours to spare for shopping, I wouldn’t go out and buy a suit.

74.1 For each of the following sentences, paying attention to the structure of the sentence, fill in the blank with either the conjunction or the preposition given in brackets

_______ my warning, they went ahead with their plan. (Although, Despite)

Despite my warning, they went ahead with their plan.

________ the sun was shining, the water was cold. (Although, Despite)

Although the sun was shining, the water was cold.

The price of oranges is high, __________ frost damage. (because, because of)

The price of oranges is high, because of frost damage. (because, because of)

I went to see the play, _______ it had good reviews. (because, because of)

I went to see the play, because it had good reviews. (because, because of)

1. We stayed up late, ........................... we were tired. (although, despite)

2. They went swimming, ........................... the coldness of the water. (although, despite)

3. I enjoy the course; ..................... the professor is a good teacher. (because, because of)

4. She looks ....................... your sister. (as if, like)

5. Please wait.................... I make a phone call. (during, while)

6. Did you hear any noises .................. the night? (during, while)

7. It looked ....................... we would not be able to leave until the next day. (as if, like)

8. We all felt tired ............. the hot weather. (because, because of)

9. I read a book................. I was waiting. (during, while)

10. Her eyes shone............... stars. (as if, like)

11. They managed to work together, ........... their differences of opinion. (although, despite)

12. I left home early, ........................ I had to do several errands. (because, because of)

13. He speaks about the subject ........................ he were an expert. (as if, like)

14. We rested .....................the hottest part of the day. (during, while)

15. .......................she lost her way twice, she arrived safely. (Although, Despite)

16. .......................their interest in comets, they decided to study astronomy. (Because, Because of)

74.2 Make sentences with even. Use the words in brackets.

1. She has been all over the world. (the Antarctic) _She has even been to the Antarctic.

2. She has to work every day. (on Sundays) She even has to work on Sundays.

3. They painted the whole room. (the floor) They -They even painted the floor

4. You could hear the noise from a long way away. (from the next street)

You ........................................

5. They have the windows open all the time. (when it’s freezing) ........................

In the following sentences you have to use not ... even.

6. They didn’t say anything to us. (hello). _They didn’t even say hello.

7. I can’t remember anything about her. (her name) I .............................

8. There isn’t anything to do in this town. (a cinema) ..............................

9. He didn’t tell anybody where he was going. (his wife)...................................

74.3 Complete these sentences using even + a comparative.

1. It was very hot yesterday but today it’s _even hotter._

2. The church is 500 years old but the house next to it is even older

3. That’s a very good idea but I’ve got an --- one. even better


4. The first question was very difficult to answer. The second one was ...............

5. 1 did very badly in the examination but most of my friends did ...................

6. Neither of us was hungry. I ate very little and my friend ate .................

74.4 Put in if, even, even if or even though.

1. _Even though_ she can’t drive, she has bought a car.

2. The bus leaves in five minutes but we can still catch it if we run.

3. The bus leaves in two minutes. We won’t catch it now even we run.

4. His Spanish isn’t very good ....... after three years in Spain.

5. His Spanish isn’t very good ......... he’s lived in Spain for three years.

6.................................................. with the heating on, it was very cold in the house.

7. ......................................... I was very tired, I couldn’t sleep.

8. I won’t forgive them for what they said........................................ they apologise.

9. ................................................ I hdn’t eate anything for 24 hours, I wasn’t hungry.

UNIT 75 in case

Geoff

He wears two watches in case one of them stops.

Geoff is a football referee. He always wears two watches during a game

because it is possible that one watch will stop.

IN CASE

We use in case to express that we are doing something in preparation for something which might happen.

Take an umbrella in case it rains!

I’ll buy two bottles of wine in case one is not enough.

because of a possibility: Take a sweater in case it gets cold.

I’ll fill up the car with petrol in case you need to go to

I will take my umbrella in case it rains. I took my umbrella in case it rained.

I will go to my mother in case she needs help.

Some students are carrying lots of pencils in case they need them.

Ann might phone tonight. I don’t want to go out in case she phones.

(= because it is possible she will phone)

I’ll draw a map for you in case you can’t find our house.

(= because it is possible you won’t be able to find it)

You should take some cash in case they don’t accept credit cards.

Tenses used with IN CASE

Present Continuous

Some students are carrying lots of pencils in case they need them.

Present Perfect

I have taken my dictionary in case I can need it.

Simple Past

I had a glass of water by my bed in case I got thirsty.


We use just in case for a smaller possibility:

I don’t think it will rain but I’ll take an umbrella just in case. (=just in case it rains)

Do not use will after in case. Use a present tense for the future

I don’t want to go out tonight in case Ann phones. (not ‘in case Ann will phone’).

Exercise “In case”

You should take a book in case you have to wait

I gave him a very famous book in case he wanted to read it

Could you give her her gift in case she is leaving right now?

We were looking for you in case you had lost your way

Do not go out without your cell phone in case there is an emergency.

Their parents took some cakes in case their children were hungry

Take your computer with you in case you are working on your homework

I recorded the program in case you had missed it.

We took our chains in case it snowed during our holidays.

I bring my camera in case there are some photos to take.

The man always locked his car in case somebody stole it.

I got his address in case I should have opportunity to visit him

He is carrying an umbrella in case it rains.

75.1 Barbara is going for a long walk in the country. She is going to take these things with her:

some chocolate- a map- an umbrella-her camera- some water -a towel

She has decided to take these things because: perhaps she’ll want to have a swim

it’s possible she’ll get lost she might get hungry

she might want to take some photographs perhaps she’ll get thirsty

perhaps it will rain

Write sentences with in case saying why Barbara has decided to take these things with her.

1. She’s going to take some chocolate in case she gets hungry.

2. She’s going to take a map in case she gets lost

3. She’s going to take an u..........................

4. She’s going to take h..........................

5. She’s going to take s...........................

6 She’s going to take a ...........................

75.2 Write sentences with in case.

1. There was a possibility that Ann would phone. So I didn’t go out.

I didn’t go out in case Ann phoned.

2. John thought that he might forget the name of the book. So he wrote it down.

He wrote down..............................................................................................

3. 1 thought my parents might be worried about me. So I phoned them.

I phoned ........................................................................................................

4. 1 wrote a letter to Jane but I didn’t receive a reply. So I wrote to her again because I thought that

perhaps she hadn’t received my first letter.

I ...........................................................................................................................

5. I met some people when I was on holiday in France. They said they might come to London one day. I live in London, so I gave them my address.

I ...............................................................................................................................


UNIT 76 As long as - provided / providing

AS LONG AS / PROVIDING OR PROVIDED / SO LONG AS

We use as long as to express a condition, to say that something will happen only on condition tht something else happens.

I’ll lend you the book as long as you promise to give me it back next week.

I’ll lend you the book providing or provided. you promise to give me it back next week.

This means: If you don’t promise to give the book back next week I will not lend you it.

You can go to the party as long as you come back before midnight.

As long as has the same meaning as providing or provided .

You can go to the party, providing / provided you come back before midnight.

We’re going skiing next week, providing / provided there’s enough snow.

You can use my car as long as / so long as you drive carefully

(= you can use my car but you must drive carefully--this is a condition)

Exercise “ As long as. provided / providing..”

You can borrow my car .You promise not to drive too fast.

You can borrow my car as long as you promise not to drive too fast.

I’m playing tennis tomorrow. It doesn’t rain.

I’m playing tennis tomorrow providing it doesn’t rain.

I don’t mind if you come home late. You come in quietly.

I don’t mind if you come home late as long as you come in quietly.

I don’t watch TV. I’ve got nothing else to do.

I don’t watch TV unless I’ve got nothing else to do.

Children are allowed to use the swimming pool. They are with an adult.

Children are allowed to use the swimming pool provided they are with an adult.

They are with an adult; children are not allowed to use the swimming pool.

Unless they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the swimming pool.

She can come in as long as she promises to keep silent.

I don’t foresee any difficulties so long as we keep within budget

I don’t mind having a dog in the house so long as it’s clean

We can forgive him as long as he apologizes to us

We could have forgiven him as long as he had apologized to us

She’ll pass the exam provided (that) / providing(that) she studies hard.

We’ll be there at about 7.30, provided / providing (that) there’s a suitable train

She will help me provided I promise to do her homework

Provided (that) she studies hard, she’ll pass her exams.

(= she must study hard - if she does this, she will pass)

76.1 Choose the correct word or expression for each sentence.

1. You can use my car _unless / as long as you drive carefully. (as long as is correct)

2. I’m playing tennis tomorrow _unless / providing_ it’s raining......................................

3. I’m playing tennis tomorrow _unless / providing_ it’s not raining...........................................

4. I don’t mind if you come in late _unless / as long as_ you come in quietly..........................

5. I’m going now _unless / provided_ you want me to stay....................................

6. I don’t watch television _unless / as long as_ I’ve got nothing else to do..........................

7. Children are allowed to use the swimming pool _unless / provided_ they are with an adult..............

8. _Unless / provided_ they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the swimming pool............

9. We can sit here in the corner _unless / as long as_ you’d rather sit over there by the window.............

10. A: Our holiday cost a lot of money...........................

B: Did it? Well, that doesn’t matter _unless / as long as_ you enjoyed yourslves


UNIT 77 during and while

I fell asleep during the film. I fell asleep while I was watching television.

DURING

We use during + noun to say when something happens

during the show, during his holidays, during the night during the show, during his holidays, during the night

during: I will be really busy during the week. The kids were sleeping during the party.The lights went out during the storm. Nobody made noise during the film.

We stayed indoors during the storm. We stayed indoors while the storm raged.

We didn’t speak while we were eating. We didn’t speak during the meal.

The students looked bored during the lesson. George phoned while you were out.

I had been away for many years. during that time, many things had changed.

I went out for dinner last night. Unfortunately I began to feel ill during the meal.

You cannot use during to say how long something goes on:

It rained for three days without stopping. (not ‘during three days’)

It must have rained in the night. (or ... during the night.)

The ground is wet. It must have rained during the night.

WHILE

While I was playing with my dog, my sister was doing her homework.

We use while + subject + verb.

It means ‘during the time that’ an action was taking place.

while : while I was watching the film. We saw Ann while we were waiting for you.Robert suddenly began to feel ill while he was doing the examination.

I fell and hurt myself while I was playing tennis.

I learned Italian while I was there.

We went to Disneyland while we were there.

While I was talking to Barbara, I learned that Tommy was in hospital.

While we are playing cards, the radio was playing.

My mother doesn’t like the T. V. on while we are eating dinner.

We met a lot of interesting people while we were on holiday.

I’ll be in London next week. I hope to see Tom while I’m there. (not ‘while I will be there’)

I met Ryan while I was waiting for the bus.

While we were in Paris, we stayed at a very comfortable hotel.

The phone rang three times while we were having dinner last time.

What did she say about me while I was out of the room?

Compare during and for:

Robert suddenly began to feel ill during the examination.

I’ve been waiting for them for two hours.

Examples – “during for - while”

While we are playing cards, the radio was playing.

We met Sam during our holidays.

Are you going away for the weekend?

Lamina was very angry with me. She didn’t speak to me for a week.

We usually go out at weekends, but we don’t often go out during the week.

I met Mike while I was shopping.

While I was on holiday, I didn’t read any newspapers or watch TV.

During our stay in Paris, we visited a lot of museums and galleries.

Please don’t interrupt me while I’m speaking.

Why don’t you go shopping while you are waiting for your car to be repaired?

I’ve never heard such a strange story during my whole life.

The doorbell rang just as I was getting into the bath.

Why does he steal things when he could easily afford to buy them?

Mary washed up and made coffee when the meal was finished.

John fell asleep while driving along the motorway. He is lucky to be alive.

Would you look after the children while I do the shopping?

I worked during the holidays.

We’ll walk for an hour. Then we’ll have a rest.

She is gardening while her husband is painting the chairs.

Bob called me during the meeting


77.1. Put in for or during.

1. It rained for three days without stopping.

2. I fell asleep during the film.

3. I went to the theatre last night. I met Lucy ..................... the interval.

4. Martin hasn’t lived in Britain all his life. He lived in Brazil ....................... four years.

5. Production at the factory was seriously affected............................. the strike.

6. I felt really ill last week. I could hardly eat anything............................... three days.

7. I waited for you.................... half an hour and decided that you weren’t coming.

8. Sue was very angry with me. She didn’t speak to me .................. a week.

9. We usually go out at weekends, but we don’t often go out ..................... the week.

10. Jack started a new job a few weeks ago. Before that he was out of work............ six months.

11. I need a change. I think I’ll go away ...................... a few days.

12. The President gave a long speech. She spoke ......................... two hours.

13. We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn’t had anything to eat....................... the journey.

14. We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn’t had anything to eat................. eight hours.

77.2 Put in during or while.

1. We met a lot of people while we were on holiday.

2. We met a lot of people during our holiday.

3. I met Mike.................. I was shopping.

4. ...................... we were in Paris; we stayed at a very comfortable hotel.

5. .......................... our stay in Paris, we visited a lot of museums and galleries.

6. The phone rang three times................ we were having dinner.

7. The phone rang three times ........................ the night.

8. I had been away for many years.................... that time, many things had changed.

9. What did they say about me .................. I was out of the room?

10. Jack read a lot of books and magazines.....................I. he was ill.

11. I went out for dinner last night. Unfortunately, I began to feel ill......... the meal and had to go home.

12. Please don’t interrupt me.................. I’m speaking.

13. There were many interruptions ..................the President’s speech.

14. Can you lay the table .....................I get the dinner ready?

15. We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn’t had anything to eat......... we were travelling.

UNIT 78 telling tıme- Giving the Date

It’s five past twelve What time is it?

Telling Time

Important verbs for asking about and telling time:

Questions: Answers:

Do you have the time? Sure, it’s 6:00.

Do you know what time it is? Sorry, I’m not wearing a watch.

What time is it? 5:50

Can you tell me what time it is, please? It’s a quarter after two

What time do you get up every day? I get up at about 6.00

That’s early, isn’t it? Yes but I’m used to it and then I’ve a nice cup of black coffee.

What time do you go to work? About 8.00, I start work at 8.30.

There are two common ways of telling the time.

Formal but easier way Say the hours first and then the minutes.

7:45 - seven forty-five 11:06 - eleven (oh) six

More popular way Say the minutes first and then the hours.

7.15 - fifteen minutes past seven 7.45 - fifteen minutes to eight

Important vocabulary

o’clock = :00 ( 7:00 = seven o’clock ) a quarter after = 15 minutes after the hour

3:15 = It’s a quarter after three 3:45 = It’s a quarter before four half past

11:30 = It’s half past eleven. 11:30 = It’s eleven thirty.)

7:00 - seven o’clock (but 7:10 - ten past seven) 17:20 - twenty past five


Giving the Date

Question: Answers:

What’s today? orWhat day is it today?

Today’s Tuesday, June 6. (June sixth)

What’s the date? It’s June 6. or It’s the 6th of June.

There’s a difference between “day” and “date”

day: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, etc.

date: June 6

When someone asks you the date, it’s not necessary to give the year.

What’s the date? - It’s June 6. (Not It’s June 6, 2005)

When were you born? March 25, 1965

When did you arrive in the U.S.? In 2002.

When is the next election? In November of 2010.

Months

January (Jan) April (Apr) July October (Oct)

February (Feb) May August (Aug) November (Nov)

March (Mar) June September (Sept) December (Dec)

Days of the week

Monday (Mon) Tuesday (Tue) Wednesday (Wed) Thursday (Thur)

Friday (Fri) Saturday (Sat) Sunday (Sun)

How to write the date in English

1-Jan 1st January 12-Jul 12th July

5-Sep 5th September 21-Mar 21st March

4-Oct 4th October 2-Apr 2nd April

20-Jun 20th June 3-May 3rd May

9-Feb 9th February

How to say the date in English

22-Nov the twenty-second of November 1-Jan the first of January

12-jul the twelfth of July 5-Sep the fifth of September

21-Mar the twenty-first of March 4-Oct the fourth of October

2-Apr the second of April 20-Jun the twentieth of June

3-May the third of May 9-Feb the ninth of February

How to say the year

You write You say

1900 nineteen hundred

1901 nineteen hundred (and) one nineteen oh-one

1995 nineteen ninety-five

2000 two thousand twenty hundred

2002 two thousand (and) two twenty oh-one

2010 two thousand (and) ten twenty ten

78.1 Answer the questions Use the words in brackets to make your sentence.

1 What time does the film start?(6.15)

2 What’s the time? (3.15)

3 What time is it?(8.15)

4 Do you have the time, please? (6.20)

5 Sorry, could you tell me the time, please?(9.50)

6 What’s the time please?(10.30)

7 Do you know what the time is?(12.10)

What time do you...?

Kevin

Peter

Susan

Cindy

David

Celine

Get up 8:15 7:30 8:45 7:10 7:40 9:25

Have a shower

8:20 7:35 8:50 7:15 7:45 9:30

Get dressed 8:30 7:45 9:00 7:25 7:55 9:40

Have breakfast

8:35 7:50 9:05 7:30 8:00 9:45

Go to school 9:00 8:30 9:30 8:00 8:30 10:00

Go home 14:00 13:30 14:30 13:00 13:30 15:00

Have lunch 14:30 14:10 15:00 13:20 13:50 15:20

Read a book 16:15 15:50 17:00 16:40 17:10 17:30


Listen to music

17:10 16:45 18:10 17:20 18:15 18:45

Have dinner 20:00 19:45 20:15 20:30 20:40 19:55

Watch tv 20:30 20:15 20:45 21:15 21:10 20:40

Go to bed 21:45 22:00 21:50 22:10 22:40 22:30

78.2 Answer the following questions

1 What time does Kevin get up? ............................................................................

2 What time does Peter have a shower? ............................................................................

3 What time does Cindy get dressed? ............................................................................

4 What time does Susan have breakfast? ............................................................................

5 What time does David go to school? ............................................................................

6 What time does Celine go home? ............................................................................

7 What time does Kevin have lunch? ............................................................................

8 What time does Peter read a book? ............................................................................

9 What time does Susan listen to music? ............................................................................

10 What time does Cindy have dinner? ............................................................................

11 What time does David watch TV? ............................................................................

12 What time does Celine go to bed? ............................................................................

78.3 Write in full how to tell the time

1-8.25 =» it’s .............................. 2- 8.15 =» it’s.............................

3- 10.45 =» it’s........................... .. 4- 00.30 =» it’s.......................... ...

5- 00.00 =» it’s .......................... ... 6- 15.00 =» it’s..............................

7- 23.58 =» it’s.............................. 8- 16.26 =» it’s..............................

9- 14.30 =» it’s.............................. 10- 2.30 =» it’s..............................

UNIT 79 Until -from...to –by / the time.

Can you check my car, if I leave it until Monday?

Sorry, I am afraid I can’t...but I can do it by next Thursday.

That will be all right. I won’t need it until next Friday.

Fine! Can you bring it by two o’clock tomorrow?

UNTIL-TILL

‘Until’ and ‘till’ express ‘up to that time’. And we use until / till to say how long a situation continues

We use either the simple present or simple past with ‘until’ and ‘till’. ‘Till’ is usually only used in spoken English.

We waited until he finished his homework. I’ll wait till you finish.

I waited until 6 o’clock and then I went home. OR I waited till 6 o’clock and then I went home.

I will wait till / until I hear from you.

He shouldn’t come until Friday morning.

He went to the garage at 2 o’clock but they made him wait until 3.30!

The garage mechanic said he had been busy until 3.15.

Are you sure he will have finished the major repairs by Wednesday?

He can’t say until the Inspector of Mines gives his report.

By that time the garage mechanic will have phoned, don’t worry.

BY.......

By the time I arrive, they will be eating dinner

By the time is used by speakers to imagine or predict the relative timing of two activities or events in the past, present or future.

Near: a house by the sea

Past: He waved as he drove by the house.

Not later than: Try to finish the work by next week.

in the Passive Voice. The car was bought by Linda


By the time this letter reaches, you I will have left the country

I posted the letter today, so they should receive it by Monday. I will study English by 6pm.

Where’s Sue? She should be here by now

Will he call them by next Monday to have an idea?

If he doesn’t hear from the mechanic by Wednesday, he’ll have a fit of anger.

‘How long has he been waiting?’ ‘ He arrived by 2.15 at the latest.’

I thought he would be gone by the time the garage mechanic arrives.

BY THE TIME

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE By the time I leave work, the sun will be setting.

FUTURE PERFECT By the time I leave work, the sun will have set.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE By the time I arrive, they are eating dinner.

PAST PROGRESSIVE By the time we left work, the sun was setting.

PAST PERFECT By the time we left work, the sun had set

Compare until and by:

Fred will be away until Monday. (so he’ll be back on Monday)

I’ll be working until 11. 30. (so I’ll stop working at 11.30)

I’ll have finished my work by 11. 30. (I’ll finish my work not later than 11. 30)

FROM – TO

We use from - to + beginning and end of a period:

Harry Truman was president of the USA from 1945 to 1953 -

Carol / Italy / 1980 - 2000: Carol lived in Italy from 1980 to 2000

Gerry / teacher / =>1995: Gerry worked as a teacher until 1995

Kerry / hospital / Monday: Kerry has been in hospital since Monday

Alec lived in Canada from 1992 to 2000. Alec lived in Canada until 2000.

Alec has lived in England since 2000. Liz lived in Spain until 2000.

Liz has lived in Germany since 2000. Liz lived in Spain from 1992 to 2000.

Mr Walker was a salesman until 2000. Walker has worked in a restaurant since 2000

Last evening we watched TV from 5 to 8 o’ clock. We lived in Japan from 1992 to 2002

Study these examples

Place of origin: We left from Boston; he comes from Mexico

Start of a period of time: from now on; from yesterday until today

Cause: He suffers from nervousness.

Source: I first heard the story from you

Exercise “By / until from - to “

I didn’t arrive until 10.00 pm.

We didn’t leave London until Tuesday and we only had a week.

I won’t get paid until Friday.

We must take a decision by Tuesday

Mary should have waited until Tuesday to buy her new car

Make sure you are at home by 8 o’clock, the Jones will be there

Paul didn’t stop working until lunchtime

The novelist had hoped to finish his book by the end of the year, but he hadn’t

Will you be here when I come back? No, I’ll probably have gone by then

This dog might be dangerous, don’t move until I tell you

She’ll be waiting for your telephone call until the end of the weekend

Let’s wait in the house until it stops raining

I read until dinner, it is a very interesting book !

This morning, I wonder whether I’ll invite some friends over this weekend.

I have to make my decision by Thursday; otherwise it will be too late.

My friend Julia is away at the moment.

She will be away untiL Sunday evening. Unfortunately I couldn’t invite her.

On the other hand, it is possible to invite Donald, her boyfriend.

In the end I invited 5 friends for Saturday’s lunchtime. I told them: ‘

79.1 Write until / since / for

1 Sue and Dave have been married ...........since 1968

2 I was tired this morning. I stayed in bed.........10 o’clock

3 We waited for Sue......half an hour, but she didn’t come

4 “Have you just arrived?”No, I have been here ........half past seven

5 “How long did you stay at the party last night?”..........midnight

6 Dan and I are good friends. We have known each other .........ten years

7 I’m tired. I am going to lie down........a few minutes

8 Don’t open the door of train....the train stops

9 This is my house. I’ve lived here ..........I was seven years old

10 Jack has gone away. He’ll be away ................Wednesday


11 Next week I ‘m going to Paris .......three days

12 I usually finish work at 5.30, but sometimes I work for you...........twenty minutes

13 “How long have you known Annie..........we were at school together

14 Where have you been? I have been waiting for you..........twenty minutes.

79.2 Put in by or until.

1. Fred has gone away. He’ll be away _until Monday.

2. Sorry, but I must go. I have to be at home _by 5 o’clock.

3. I’ve been offered a job. I haven’t decided yet whether to accept it or not.

I have to decide.................................Thursday.

4. I think I’ll wait.............................. Thursday before making a decision.

5. it’s too late to go shopping. The shops are only open ................ 5. 30. They’ll be closed now.

6. I’d better pay the phone bill. It has to be paid ............................. tomorrow.

7. Don’t pay the bill today. Wait........................ tomorrow.

8. A: Have you finished redecorating your house?

B: Not yet. We hope to finish ............................ the end of the week.

9. A: I’m going out now. I’ll be back at 4.30. Will you still be here?

B: I don’t think so. I’ll probably have gone out ........................ then.

10. I’m moving into my new flat next week. I’m staying with a friend ................... then.

11. I’ve got a lot of work to do. .................... the time I finish, it will be time to go to bed.

12. If you want to do the exam, you should nter ...................... 3 April.

UNIT 80 before / after

After he had run 2 kilometres, he took a shower.

Before he took a shower, he had run 2 kilometres

We will finish before he arrives. She (had) left before I telephoned.

BEFORE

‘Before’ means ‘before that moment’. It is important to remember that ‘before’ takes either the simple past OR the present.

Before + Simple Past, Past Perfect

I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Marmaris.

We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.

Jill had phoned Dad at work before she left for her trip.

Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.

A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?

B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.

We should finish this exercise before 4.00.

I need to buy a present before James comes.

Before starting any business, it’s a good idea to write a business plan.

Jane had read a lot about elephants before she went to the zoo.

two past tense events

It started to rain before I got home.Jaime had a drink before he played tennis.Before we arrived at school the classes had finished.He had telephoned us before he arrived in London.

They ran away before they finished their work. Before you leave, you should turn off the lights

Before her sixth birthday, Jane had never been to the zoo. Roger was nervous before he took the test.

Don’t forget to close the window before you go out We fasten our seat belts before the plane takes off.

before / after +ing

I always have breakfast before going to work Before eating the apple, I washed it carefully


AFTER

‘After’ means ‘after that moment’. It is important to remember that ‘after’ takes the present for future events and the past OR past perfect for past events.

After + Past Perfect, Simple Past

He started the car after he’d fastened his seat belt

After they heard the signal, they called the police

After Fred had spent his holiday in Italy he wanted to learn Italian

I’ll see you after work. We will finish after he comes. She ate after I (had) left.

David got promoted after just two years with the company. They were paid after they finished their work.

We were tired after our visit to the museum After Sally ate dinner, she went to the library.

two past tense events

After the family had had breakfast, they went to the zoo.She ate after I had left. After her husband died, she went to live abroad.We’ll go shopping the day after tomorrow.

After doing the shopping, they went home I started work after reading the newspaper

After I’d gone inside, I took off my coat They went home after they did the shopping

Rudy washed the floor after the soccer match. She arrived after dinner.

AFTERWARDS

they’ve got their wedding next week, and afterwards they’re going on a honeymoon.

Yesterday, my friend had a lot of homework to do, but she still came and saw me afterwards.

He visited over 20 countries in the 80’s, afterwards he settled in Australia.

They watched a football match on TV and went out for a drink afterwards.

Past Perfect (1st Event) Simple Past (2nd Event)

The thief had escaped before I called the police.

We had calmed down by the time the police came.

He had been upstairs when we came home.

We hadn’t noticed until we heard the footsteps.

After I had called the police, we realized the thief has gone.

Exercise “ before / after “

You will not be hungry after you eat.

Every night, after brushing my teeth, I go to bed.

After the girl fell asleep, she had a strange dream.

You have to pack your suitcase before you go to the airport.

After the children got home from school, they watched TV.

Rudy washed the floor before he watched the soccer match.

I must be there before nine o’clock.

Jane went to the zoo before she had finished reading her new book about elephants.

Had you studied English before you moved to New York?

I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

Before he sang a song he had played the guitar.

They had ridden their bikes before they met their friends

She had lived in Sweden before she went to Norway

Before Ken ran to Kerry’s house, he had phoned him.

Before the students started to write, the teacher had collected their mobile phones

Had he phoned Angie before he went to see her in London?

She had not ridden a horse before that day

Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?

80.1 Complete the sentences. Chose from the boxes

after during+ lunch the end they went to Australia

before while+ the concert the exam you’re waiting the course the night

1 Everybody was nervous..........before the exam

2 I usually work four hours in the morning, and another three hours ..................

3 The film was really boring. We left ....................................

4 Anna went to evening class to learn German. She learnt a lot ..................

5 My aunt and uncle lived in London ................................

6 A: Somebody broke a window ........................ Did you hear anything?

B: No, I was asleep all the time.

7 Would you like to sit down ...................................?

8 “Are you going home ....................? “Yes, I have to get up early tomorrow”


UNIT 81 Prepositions of placeIn, at, on

I am staying at the Royal Hotel. It’s on Kings Road in Brighton.

AT IN ON

PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES

at 3 o’clock in May on Sunday

at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays

at noon in the summer on 6 March

at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010

at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day

at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day

at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday

at the moment in the past / future on New Year’s Eve

Will you be at home tonight? He is never late. He always comes on time.

How many girls are there in your class? She will meet me at 7:00 pm.

The teacher wrote something on the board. I met him at Mary’s party.

She was sitting on the sofa I usually don’t work at weekends.

Do it right away! Do it at once! I can’t see so well, especially at night.

AT

1. A specific location: at 23 Chestnut Street; at the park

2. A point in time: at 5 o’clock; at Christmas

3. A condition: at peace; at war; at rest

4. An activity: at work; at school; at play

5. Towards: Look at someone; wave at someone

She sits at the desk. Open your books at page 10.

The bus stops at Graz. I stay at my grandmother’s

I stand at the door. Look at the top of the page.

The car stands at the end of the street. Can we meet at the corner of the street?

I met John at a party. Pat wasn’t at home yesterday.

I study economics at university. The children are at grandmother’s.

He’s looking at the park. He always arrives late at school.

Who is that man standing at the bus stop / at the door / at the window?

Turn left at the traffic lights / at the church / at the roundabout.

Write your name at the top / at the bottom of the page.

Angela’s house is the white one at the end of the street.

When you leave the hotel, please leave your key at reception.

She likes walking in the rain with her little cat.

IN

1. Place thought of as an area: in London; in Europe

2. Within a location: in the room; in the building

3. Large units of time: That happened in March, in 1992.

4. Within a certain time: I will return in an hour.

5. By means of: write in pencil; speak in English

6. Condition: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret

7. A member of: He is in the orchestra; in the navy

8. Wearing: the boy in the blue shirt

9. With reference to: lacking in ideas; rich in oil

We sit in the room. I see a house in the picture.

There are trouts in the river. He lives in Paris.

I found the picture in the paper. He sits in the back of the car.


He sits in the corner of the room. We arrive in Madrid.

He gets in the car. She likes walking in the rain.

There are kites in the sky. He plays in the street.

She lives in a hotel. The boys stand in a line.

There is a big tree in the middle of the garden. My cousin lives in the country.

You mustn’t park your car in front of the school. The robber is in prison now.

He is in town. I have to stay in bed.

1. Touching the surface of: on the table; on the wall

2. A certain day: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June.

3. A certain street: on South Street

4. About: a book on engineering

5. A state or condition: on strike; on fire; on holiday

6. By means of: live on a pension; shown on television

Did you go to Germany on business or on holiday?

The map lies on the desk The picture is on page 10.

The photo hangs on the wall. He lives on a farm.

Dresden lies on the river Elbe. Men’s clothes are on the second floor.

He lives on Heligoland. The shop is on the left.

My friend is on the way to Moscow. Write this information on the front of the letter.

Exercise “ In,at,on”

The course begins on 7 January. Mozart was born in Salzburg n 1756.

Hurry up! We’ve got to go in five minutes. I’ll see you in the afternoon if you want.

Mike’s grandmother died in 1989 at the age of 89. The price of electricity is going up in October.

I like walking round the town at night. Do you fancy going to the cinema on Friday night?

I learnt to drive in four weeks. I take my lunch at midday

Where do you live? now I have a flat on the second floor. This bus always arrives late at the bus stop.

This girl got her certificate in 1999. On Fridays we have lessons from 10.00 to 12.00.

At the end of the school year, we’ll organize a big party. At ten past nine, I go to the market.

I will leave my country in 2008 On Monday Nana must work early.

in the morning I will buy a motorbike. In April, Lilia will work in a bank.

I get up at 6:00. I saw the interview on television.

He always visits at night. I finish school at 4:00 in the afternoon.

I saw him on Sunday. He put the apple on the table.

He lives at 333 Main Street. School starts in August.

I was born in London London is located in England.

Everyday, I go to university I arrive at 8.30 am.

I often go to the cinema to watch movies. I sometimes go to a disco.

81.1 Complete the sentences. Use in, at or on + one of the following:

Sea –hospital-l bed the station the cinema -the plane - school prison- the airport- the Sports Centre

1. My train arrives at 11.30. Can you meet me _at the station?

2. I didn’t feel very well when I woke up, so I stayed...............................................

3. I think I’d like to see a film. What’s on................................... this week?

4. Some people are .............................. for crimes that they did not commit.

5. ‘What does your sister do? Has she got a job?’ ‘No, she’s still ................................

6. I play basketball ..............................on Friday evenings.

7. A friend of mine was injured in an accident a few days ago. She’s still............................

8. Our flight was delayed. We had to wait ......................... for four hours.

9. I enjoyed the flight but the food .............................. wasn’t very nice.

10. Bill works on ships. He is away --- most of the time.

81.2 Complete these sentences with in, at or on.

1. I didn’t see you at the party on Saturday. Where were you?

2. It was a very slow train. It stopped ........ every station.

3. I don’t know where my umbrella is. Perhaps I left it....... the bus.

4. Shall we travel .......... your car or mine?

5. The exhibition ......the Museum of Modern Art finished on Saturday.

6. We stayed a very nice hotel when we were .... Amsterdam.

7. There were fifty rooms ..... the hotel.

8. Tom is ill. He wasn’t ..... work today. He was .... home ..... bed.

9. I wasn’t in when you phoned. I was.... my sister’s house.

10. It’s always too hot.... my sister’s house. The heating is always on too high.

11. I haven’t seen Kate for some time. I last saw her ..... Dave’s wedding.

12. Paul lives..... London. He’s a student..... London University.

81.3 Complete the sentences with in, at or on.

1. Write your name at the top of the page.

2. I like that picture hanging ............................. the wall the kitchen.

3. There was an accident ......................... the crossroads this morning.

4. I wasn’t sure whether I had come to the right office. There was no name ................ the door.


5. ........................ the end of the street there is a path leading to the river.

6. You’ll find the sports results ............................ the back page of the newspaper.

7. I wouldn’t like an office job. I couldn’t spend the whole day sitting................. a desk.

8. My brother lives ........................ a small village in the south-west of England.

9. The man the police are looking for has a scar...................... his right cheek.

10. The headquarters of the company are --- Milan.

11. Nicola was wearing a silver ring ................... her little finger.


Bob, don’t forget to sign your name at the bottom of your letter.

It is cold, put a jacket over your shirt!

Most important prepositions:

At, in, on, near, by, next to, beside, across from, opposite, below, under, above, over, between, among, in front of, behind, on the left, on the right, at the top of, at the bottom of, inside, outside.

Some of those prepositions (next to, on the left, at the top of) are called ‘compound prepositions.

The car is in front of the house The house is behind the car.

The house is between the tree and the dog The tree is on the left of the house.

The dog is near the house. The sun is above the dog.

Write your name below the line. The balloons are high above our heads.

We live near the bank The cat is sleeping by the fireplace

Our daughter was sitting opposite us (across from us) on the train.

The park is opposite the school. The fish swims below the surface of the water.

The baby is under the blanket. There are clouds above the town.

A young child between his parents.

Can you see this house hidden among the trees? He is sitting in front of the computer

The letter box is in front of the newsagent’s. He is hiding behind the fence.

‘Inside’ or ‘in’ My keys are inside (in) my bag. Tom is inside (in) the house.


Preposition Use Examples

above higher than sth. The picture hangs above my bed.

across from one side to the other side You mustn’t go across this road here.

after one follows the other The cat ran after the dog.- After you.

against directed towards sth. The bird flew against the window.

along in a line; from one point to another They’re walking along the beach.

among in a group I like being among people.

around in a circular way We’re sitting around the campfire.

behind at the back of Our house is behind the supermarket.

below lower than sth. Death Valley is 86 meters below sea level.

beside next to Our house is beside the supermarket.

between sth. / sb. is on each side Our house is between the supermarket and the school.

by Near He lives in the house by the river.

close to Near Our house is close to the supermarket.

down from high to low He came down the hill.

from the place where it starts Do you come from Tokyo?

in front ofthe part that is in the direction it faces

Our house is in front of the supermarket.

inside opposite of outside You shouldn’t stay inside the castle.

into entering sth. You shouldn’t go into the castle.

near close to Our house is near the supermarket.

next to Beside Our house is next to the supermarket.

off away from sth. The cat jumped off the roof.

onto moving to a place The cat jumped onto the roof.

opposite on the other side Our house is opposite the supermarket.

out of leaving sth. The cat jumped out of the window.

outside opposite of inside Can you wait outside?

over above sth. The cat jumped over the wall.

past going near sth.. Go past the post office.

round in a circle We’re sitting round the campfire.

throughgoing from one point to the other point

You shouldn’t walk through the forest.

to towards sth. I like going to Australia.- Can you come to me?

towards in the direction of sth. We ran towards the castle.

under below sth. The cat is under the table.

up from low to high He went up the hill.

Examples “Most important prepositions”

They’re walking along the beach I like being among people

We’re sitting around the campfire Our house is behind the supermarket

Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level. Our house is beside the supermarket.

The picture hangs above my bed. You mustn’t go across this road here

There isn’t a bridge across the river The cat ran after the dog After you.

The message he sent to me was full of mistakes.

We live in a little town which is not famous for anything.

Are you always fond of American films ?

The streets will be crowded with tourists during the festival.

We didn’t go on holiday. Jane wasn’t very keen on leaving her house.

Give me the name of the students who were responsible for all that noise.

Why don’t you trust me? Why are you suspicious of my intentions?

Ask my husband. I am not good at repairing things.

My mother would hate being dependent on anybody.

Don’t worry. We’ll look after you. There’s nothing to be scared of.

Look! His handwriting is very similar to mine.

He is a very honest man. We don’t think he is capable of a theft.

We weren’t interested at all in what he was telling about his journey.

82.1 Paying attention to the meanings of the prepositions, fill in the blanks with the most appropriate prepositions chosen from those given in brackets.

She made a speech _____ the future of the school. (about, around)

She made a speech about the future of the school.

D comes _______ C and E in the alphabet. (between, beyond)

D comes between C and E in the alphabet.

1. This train travels from London ....................Paris. (at, to)

2. We stood at the back ................. the theatre. (of, on)

3. She went to Rome .................. France. (versus, via)

4. The store is open daily................ Monday to Friday. (for, from)

5. I took my hat .............. the table. (of, off)


6. He looks .............. his brother. (despite, like)

7. The children ran ............. the school. (of, out of)

8. He opened the box ............ a screwdriver. (at, with)

9. I will work .............. five o’clock. (until, up)

10. We walked ............... the restaurant. (despite, past)

11. At three o’clock we reached the top ................ the hill. (of, off)

12. You have delivered all of the papers ................... this one. (between, but)

13. The bank is .................... the school. (opposite, out of)

14.................. the danger, he decided to climb the mountain. (despite, except)

15. The treasure was hidden ................. The earth. (under, up to)

16. A comes ................. B in the alphabet. (before, behind)

17. I went to work ............... my umbrella. (out of, without)

18. When it is heated, water changes ................. steam. (in, into)

19. Nocturnal animals usually sleep .................. the day. (during, underneath)

20. The squirrel ran ................. the wall. (along, among)

82.2 .Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions chosen from those given in brackets

The prepositions among, at, beside, besides, between, for, in, on and since.

They live __ 359 Southdale Avenue. (at, on) They live at 359 Southdale Avenue.

The meeting will take place __ Tuesday. (at, on) The meeting will take place on Tuesday.

We have been travelling ___ several days. (for, since) We have been travelling for several days.

She has been working _____ six o’clock this morning. (for, since)

She has been working since six o’clock this morning.

1. He lives ______ 19 Tower Road. (at, on)

2. We will be gone ________ two days. (for, since)

3. Tom and his friend will divide the money __________ themselves. (among, between)

4. They will be returning ______ November. (in, on)

5. I have known him ________ three years. (for, since)

6. Many foods ____________ milk contain calcium. (beside, besides)

7. I will arrive ______ six o’clock. (at, in)

8. He has been gone __________ Friday. (for, since)

9. The store is located ______ North Street. (at, on)

10. She is leaving ______ five minutes. (at, in)

11. Bridget, Leslie and Sarah will discuss the matter _________ themselves. (among, between)

12. I have known her __________ last year. (for, since)

13. We expect them ______ Wednesday. (in, on)

14. The cat was sitting ___________ the stove. (beside, besides)

15. The play begins ______ seven thirty. (at, on)

16. We waited __________ fifteen minutes. (for, since)

17. Columbus crossed the Atlantic ______ 1492. (at, in)

18. There are many possibilities __________ the ones I have mentioned. (beside, besides)

19. She will call us ______ half an hour. (at, in)

20. His birthday is ______ the 8th of January. (in, on)


UNIT 83 Cardinal, Ordinal Number

The main units of numbers in English are:

1 10 100 1000 1000000 1000000000

one ten hundred thousand million billion

Here is a list of numbers. On the left are normal or “cardinal” numbers. On the right are “ordinal” numbers, which we use to define a thing’s position in a series.

Cardinal Number Ordinal Number

0 zero, nought

1 one 1st first

2 two 2nd second

3 three 3rd third

4 four 4th fourth

5 five 5th fifth

6 six 6th sixth

7 seven 7th seventh

8 eight 8th eighth

9 nine 9th ninth

10 ten 10th tenth

11 eleven 11th eleventh

12 twelve 12th twelfth

13 thirteen 13th thirteenth

14 fourteen 14th fourteenth

15 fifteen 15th fifteenth

16 sixteen 16th sixteenth

17 seventeen 17th seventeenth

18 eighteen 18th eighteenth

19 nineteen 19th nineteenth

20 twenty 20th twentieth

21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first

22 twenty-two 22nd twenty-second

23 twenty-three 23rd twenty-third

24 twenty-four 24th twenty-fourth

30 thirty 30th thirtieth

31 thirty-one 31st thirty-first

40 forty 40th fortieth

50 fifty 50th fiftieth

60 sixty 60th sixtieth

70 seventy 70th seventieth

80 eighty 80th eightieth

90 ninety 90th ninetieth

100 hundred 100th hundredth

101 hundred and one 101st hundred and first

152 hundred and fifty-two 152nd hundred and fifty-second

200 two hundred 200th two hundredth

1,000 thousand 1,000th thousandth

1,000,000 million 1,000,000th millionth

1,000,000,000 billion 1,000,000,000th Billionth

How to say the year

You write You say

1900 nineteen hundred 1995 nineteen ninety-five

1901nineteen hundred (and) onenineteen oh-one

2000two thousandtwenty hundred

2002two thousand (and) twotwenty oh-one

2010 two thousand (and) ten

British English 120 = one hundred and twenty American English 120 = one hundred twenty

18% eighteen per cent 3.56 three point five six

4 / 7 four sevenths 23.90 twenty-three point nine zero

4 / 3 four thirds 1 / 4 one quarter -or- a quarter

0.156 nought point one five six


UNIT 84 a little, a few

‘Would you like some soup?’ ‘Yes, a little, please

Similarly, the adjectives few and little have the same meaning, except that few is used with plural countable nouns, and little is used with uncountable nouns.

I made few mistakes. They have little hope of success.

Have a few crisps with your meat. Have a little milk in your tea.

Do you speak Greek? - Yes but a little. And I know a few words in German.

Do you have any friends in Portsmouth? Yes, I have got a few.

A LITTLE / LITTLE.

a little + little + uncountable noun little time, little food, little money

little = nearly none, nearly nothing a little time, a little food, a little money

A little is more than little.

Give me a little chalk. I want to do an exercise There is a little food in the fridge, if you’re hungry

I had a little money in my pocket. So I bought a sweet Do you speak English?’ ‘A little.

He has a little money left. There is a little water in the bottle.

I can’t afford that car since I have little money. I can’t wait any longer. I have little patient left

There is a little milk in the bottle. I have drunk little water this morning.

A FEW / FEW.

few + plural countable noun few people, few books, few letters

few = nearly none I’m very sad. I have few good friends

a few bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes A few students , a few people

I don’t understand why few Europeans spend their holidays in Brazil, it is a beautiful country!

I have seen few camels so far I have a few friends.

I admire him because he has few problems. They bought very few things.

He has a few dollars left. Do you have a few minutes?

I want to ask a few questions. Martin has a few problems.

There are a few people in this town. We’re going away for a few days

Examples “ little, a few”

You won’t be disappointed. There are a few letters for you today!

There is too little flour left for the cake.

Now that she has had a few lessons she has made great progress!

There is little chance of ever finding the climbers who got lost in the storm.

Give him a little time and he will find the answer.

Very few ideas get farther than the inventor.

People usually have little money left by the end of their holiday.

Astronomy is such a difficult subject that few people study it.

I have a little time tomorrow, we could go shopping.

There was little food in the fridge. It was nearly empty.

‘When did Sarah go out? ‘ ‘ a few minutes ago’.

I can’t decide now. I need a little time to think about it.

He isn’t popular. He has few friends. (= not many, not enough friends)

There was little traffic, so we arrived earlier than we expected.

The bus service isn’t very good at night - there are few buses after 6 o’clock.

I’d like to practise my English more but I have few opportunities.

Last night I wrote a few letters to my family friends.

I’m going out for a walk. I need a little fresh air.

I drink very little coffee. I don’t like it.

Listen carefully. I’m going to give you a little advice

84.1 Complete with a little or a few

1. Have .......... crisps with your meat.

2. Have ............ milk in your tea.

3. Do you speak Greek? - yes but................

4. And I know.......... words in German.

5. Do you have any friends in Portsmouth ? - Yes, I have got..........

6. I have ......... time tomorrow, we could go shopping.

7. You didn’t go to the pub, did you? - I’m afraid I did, but I only had ......... drinks, honestly.

8. I had ............ of that French alcohol called ‘Cognac’.

9. They live in a very small flat because they have .......... money.

10. I really need to see him. I’ve got........... questions to ask him.

11. Could we have ......... champagne, please?


12. ‘Were you surprised?’ ‘.............’

13. They’ve already been to Spain .......... times.

14. These plants require............. water and it’s very handy.

15. At home, the kitchen was a pleasant place. There were always ......... flowers in a vase.

16. ‘How’s your father?’ ‘............ better, thanks.’

17. ‘Sandra is fluent in Italian, French and Spanish.’ ‘It’s quite rare, ....... people can speak several foreign languages.’

18. This boy isn’t very popular at school. He’s got very............ friends.

19 .Could I have....... more time?

20. He has .................pencils in his bag.

21. There is.............. cream in my coffee.

22. He has............ knowledge on the subject.

23. Could you put.............. salt on this?

24. She has ................... really good friends.

25. There are................... things I’d like to talk to you about.

26. Show here............... appreciation!

27. She wants a ring with .............. diamonds in it.

28. You need............... patience to learn a language.

29.Come on Robert! I need.............. help.

30. How interesting!............. people know that.

31. We made good time because there was.............. traffic so early in the morning.

32. We are going away for............... days.

33. Will you have ................. more ice cream? We might as well finish it.

34. Stuart is a good student, he has problems at school.

35. Can I help you? I speak ............. English.

36. I need to borrow............. Euros, could you help me?

37. It’s a very quiet area here, there is.............. noise in the streets.

38. Did you take ............. photographs during your holidays?

UNIT 85 There-present-past-perfect-future... etc.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTİON

presentthere isthere are

there isn’tthere aren’t

is there...?are there...?

past simplethere was there were

there wasn’t there weren’t

was there...? were there...?

present perfectthere has beenthere have been

there hasn’t beenthere haven’t been

has there been...?have there been...?

future there will be there won’t be will there be...?

past perfect there had been there hadn’t been had there been...?

conditional there would be there wouldn’t be would there be...?

PRESENT there is-are

‘I always sweeten my coffee, but there isn’t any sugar left ! ‘

there is, there was, there has been + singular there is a tree in the garden

there are, there were, there have been + plural there are two birds in the tree

In the forest there are many trees and plants. There are insects, birds and other animals. There’s clean air and clean water.

To talk about the existence of something, we use the verb form “there is”. ( past simple ,There was / were)

There is a modern factory. There are traffic jams this morning.

There are160 girls in my school. There are eggs on the table.

Is there a church in your village? There are two swimming pools in the city.

PAST SIMPLE There was / were

There were about fifty people at the party last week. There was a party last night in Tom’s garden.

There were only ten students in class yesterday. There were three apples on the table yesterday.

There were some people in this street 3 days ago. Yesterday there was only one banana in my bag.

There were three thieves in the bank yesterday. There was no policeman in the bank yesterday.

Question / negative

A: Have you got any Money? B: Yes, there is some in my bag

A: Are there any restaurants near here? B: Yes, there are / no there aren’t


A: Excuse me; is there a hotel near here? B: Yes there is / No, there isn’t

How many players are there in a football team? There are 11 players in a football team

Are there many cars in the car park? Are there bakeries?

Are there cities on the moon? No, there aren’t.

Is there an elephant in this room? No, there isn’t. / No there’s not.

Were there any phone messages for me yesterday?

PRESENT PERFECT (There has / have been)

Look there has been an accident (There’s been)

This road is very dangerous .There have been many accident

This road is very dangerous. There have been lots of accidents on it.

There is a table in this room. (Simple Present)

There was a table in this room an hour ago. (Simple Past)

There has been a woman at the door for three hours. (Present Perfect)

There had been a good film on TV before I left. (Past Perfect)

There will be a new building here next year. (Future Tense)

Look! There is going to be an accident! Near Future)

There must be someone at home. (Modal)

FUTURE (There will be)

(from the weather forecast) Yesterday there was a storm and Tomorrow the weather will be cold. There will be some rain in the afternoon.

There will be rain tomorrow afternoon

The manager of the company is leaving, so there will be a new manager soon.

I’m going away tomorrow. I’ll do my packing today because there won’t be time tomorrow

There will be an answer in a few days. There will be a meeting tomorrow.

There could be an alert if the storm gets stronger, be careful. We’ll soon know about it

Do you think there will be a lot of people at the party on Saturday?

PAST PERFECT (there had been )

There had been many hotels in your town before the war

Here is the 1 o’clock news. There has been an air crash in Russia, causing many victims.

Exercise “There......”

There were about fifty people at the party last week.

There will be an answer in a few days.

There are two girls and a dog in my garden, they are playing together.

There was a woman at the door yesterday when I came back home.

There is a dog, and two girls, in my garden, look at them !

There will be a meeting tomorrow.

There is a man looking at me, do you think he knows me?

There could be an alert if the storm gets stronger, be careful. We’ll soon know about it.

There were many birds in the garden two days ago.

There are several books in that library, look at them!

There was a cat near the school yesterday.

How many restaurants are there in New York City? Oh, there are about 50,000.

Do you have any milk? - Yes, there is some in the fridge.

There are six bananas and one apple on the table. Help yourself.

Look! There are many black dogs in the street.

There are no teachers who know everything.

There are some games in this shop now.

There was a cat near the school yesterday.

I was hungry when I got home, but there wasn’t anything to eat

There was a woman at the door yesterday when I came back home.

‘Can I wash my hands? - no, you can’t, there isn’t any soap left ! ‘

‘She would like to make an apple-pie, but there aren’t any apples left! ‘.

‘These exercises won’t be finished. - Of course there isn’t any time left ! ‘

‘Will you make an omelette? - I’d like to, but there aren’t any eggs left ! ‘

There is no bread left. I’ll buy some.


85.1 Write there is / there isn’t / is there or there are / there aren’t / are there.

1 Kent ham isn’t an old town.....There aren’t ... any old buildings

2 Look!..........................a photograph of your brother in the newspaper

3. Excuse me....a bank near here? Yes, at the end of the street

4 ............five people in my family ;my parents, my two sisters and me

5 How many students ...in the class? Twenty

6 The road is usually very quiet...............much traffic

7 ...............a bus from the city centre to the airport? Yes, every 20 minutes

8 ...............any problems? No, everything is OK

9 .........nowhere to sit down ..............any chairs.

85.2 Write there‘s / is there or it’s / is it?

1 ...There’s....a train at 10.30. .....İs it...a fast train?

2 I am not going to buy this shirt...............too expensive

3 What’s wrong?....................................something in my eye

4 .................a red car outside your house ........yours?

5 ............anything good on TV tonight? Yes,........a film at 8, 15

6 What’s that building? ...........a school

7...........a restaurant in this hotel? No, I am afraid not

85.3. Write there was / there wasn’t / was there or were there / there weren’t / were there

1 I was hungry, but....there wasn’t .....anything to eat

2 ....Were there..... any phone massages for me yesterday?

3 I opened the envelope, but it was empty.....................nothing in it

4 We stayed at a very nice hotel .Really?....................a swimming pool

5 Did you buy any eggs? No,..........any in the shop

6 The wallet was empty ...........any money in it

7 .........................many people at the meeting No, very few

8 We didn’t visit the museum.........enough time

9 I am sorry I am late ...............a lot of traffic

10 Twenty years ago ...........many tourists here .Now there a lot

85.4 Put in there is / was or it is / was. Some sentences are questions (is there ...? / is it ...? etc.) and some are negative (isn’t / wasn’t).

1. The journey took a long time. There was a lot of traffic.

2. What’s the new restaurant like? Is it good?

3. ............ a bookshop near here?’ ‘Yes, .......... one in Hill Street.’

4. When we got to the cinema.........a queue outside ...a very long queue, so we decided not to wait.

5. I couldn’t see anything............ completely dark.

6. .......... trouble at the club last night. They had to call the police.

7. How far ............ from Milan to Rome?

8. .......... Keith’s birthday yesterday. We had a party.

9. ........ three years since I last went to the theatre.

10. I wanted to visit the museum but ........ enough time.

11. ....... time to go?’ ‘Yes, nearly midnight.’

12. A few days ago......... a storm........ a lot of damage.

13. ...... a beautiful day yesterday. We had a picnic.

14.......... anything on television, so I turned it off.

15............. an accident in King Street but....... very serious.

85.5 Read the first sentence and then write a sentence beginning There...

1. The roads were busy today. There was a lot of traffic.

2. This soup is very salty. There ......... in the soup.

3. The box was empty. ........... in the box.

4. The film was very violent. ................

5. The shops were very crowded. ................

85.6 Complete the sentences. Use there will be, there would be etc. Choose from:

will might would wouldn’t should used to (be) going to

1. If people drove more carefully, there would be fewer accidents.

2. ‘Have we got any eggs?’ ‘I’m not sure........... some in the fridge.’

3. I think everything will be OK. I don’t think .........any problems.

4. Look at the sky ........... a storm.

5. ‘Is there a school in the village?’ ‘Not now .............. one but it closed.’

6. People drive too fast on this road. I think ......... a speed limit.

7. If people weren’t aggressive.......... any wars.


UNIT 86 List of irregular verbs

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE

arise : ortaya çıkmak arose arisen

awake : uyanmak awoke awoken

am / is / are : olmak was, were been

bear : katlanmak bore borne

beat : yenmek / dövmek beat beaten

become : olmak became become

begin : başlamak began begun

bend : eğilmek bent bent

bet : iddiaya girmek bet bet

bind : bağlamak bound bound

bite : ısırmak bit bitten

bleed : kanamak bled bled

blow : üflemek / esmek blew blown

break : kırmak broke broken

breed : yetiştirmek bred bred

bring : getirmek brought brought

build : inşa etmek built built

burn : yakmak burned, burnt burned, burnt

buy : satın almak bought bought

catch : yakalamak caught caught

choose : seçmek chose chosen

come : gelmek came come

cost : mal olmak cost cost

cut : kesmek cut cut

deal : uğraşmak dealt dealt

dig : kazmak dug dug

dive : dalmak dived, dove dived

do : yapmak did done

drag : sürüklemek dragged Dragged

draw : çizmek drew drawn

dream : hayal etmek dreamed, dreamt dreamed, dreamt

drink : içmek drank drunk

drive : sürmek (araba) drove driven

drown : boğulmak drowned drowned

eat : yemek ate eaten

fall : düşmek fell fallen

feed : beslemek fed fed

feel : hissetmek felt felt

fight : dövüşmek fought fought

find : bulmak found found

fit : uymak fit fit

flee :kaçmak fled fled

fly : uçmak flew flown

forbid : yasaklamak forbade forbidden

forget : unutmak forgot forgotten, forgot

forgive : affetmek forgave forgiven

freeze : donmak froze frozen

get : almak / ulaşmak got gotten, got

give : vermek gave given

go : gitmek went gone

grind : öğütmek ground ground

grow : büyütmek grew grown

hang : asmak hung hung

have : sahip olmak had had

hang : asmak / ölüm hanged hanged

hear / işitmek heard heard

hide : saklanmak / mak hid hidden

hold : tutmak held held

hurt : incitmek hurt hurt

keep : muhafaza etmek kept kept

kneel : diz çökmek knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled

knit : örmek knit, knitted knit, knitted

know : bilmek knew known

lay (put) : sermek laid laid

lead : öncülük etmek led led

leap : sıçramak leapt, leaped leapt, leaped

Learn Öğrenmek learnt, learned learnt, learned

Leave Ayrılmak left left


Lend Ödünç vermek lent lent

Let izin vermek let let

lie yalan söylemek lay lain

light : aydınlatmak lighted, lit lighted, lit

lose : kaybetmek lost lost

make : yapmak made made

mean : anlamına gelmek meant meant

meet: buluşmak / tanış. met met

mislead : yanlış yönlendir misled misled

pay : ödemek paid paid

prove : ispat etmek proved proved, proven

put : koymak put put

quit : vazgeçmek quit quit

read : okumak read read

ride : sürmek (motor / at) rode ridden

ring : çalmak (zil) rang rung

rise : yükselmek rose risen

run : koşmak ran run

saw : kesmek (testere) sawed sawn

say : söylemek said said

see : görmek saw seen

seek : aramak sought sought

sell : satmak sold sold

send : göndermek sent sent

set : belirlemek set set

shake : sarsmak shook shaken

shed : saçmak shed shed

shine : parlamak shone shone

shoot : ateş etmek shot shot

show : göstermek showed shown

shrink : çekmek shrank shrunk, shrunken

shut : kapatmak shut shut

sing : şarkı söylemek sang sung

sink : batmak sank sunk

sit : oturmak sat sat

slay : katletmek slew slain

sleep : uyumak slept slept

slide : kaymak slid slid

speak : konuşmak spoke spoken

spend : harcamak spent spent

spin : dönmek spun spun

spread : yayılmak spread spread

stand : ayakta durmak stood stood

steal : çalmak stole stolen

stick : yapıştırmak stuck stuck

sting : sokmak (arı) stung stung

stink : kokmak stank stunk

strike : vurmak / grev yap struck struck, stricken

strive : çabalamak strove striven

swear : yemin etmek swore sworn

sweep : süpürmek swept swept

swim : yüzmek swam swum

swing : sallanmak swung swung

take : almak (avuca) took taken

teach : öğretmek taught taught

tear : yırtmak tore torn

tell : anlatmak / söylemek told told

think : düşünmek thought thought

throw : fırlatmak threw thrown

wake : uyanmak woke woken

wear : giymek (taşımak) wore worn

understand :anlamak understood understood

win : kazanmak (maç) won won

wind : sarmak wound wound

write : yazmak wrote written

No irregular verbs beginning with “X.” No irregular verbs beginning with “Y.” No irregular verbs beginning with “Z.”


UNIT 87 Key to exercises

KEY TO EXERCISES

In some of the exercises, you have to use your own ideas to write sentences. Example answers are given in the key. If possible, check your answers with somebody who speaks English well.

UNIT 1 Present continuous (I am doing).

1.1

1. is writing 2. are worrying 3. is making 4. is dying 5. are hurrying

6. is daring 7. are lying 8. is solving 9. am leaving 10. are trying

1.2

1. am cutting 2. is floating 3. are winning 4. are wrapping 5. is growing

6. is looking 7. am knitting 8. are sawing 9. is cleaning 10. are scrubbing

11. am fixing 12. is sipping 13. are trimming 14. are feeding 15. is nodding

1.3

3. Are you listening to me? 4. Where are your friends going? 5. Are your parents watching TV?

6. What is Jessica cooking? 7. Why are you looking at me? 8. Is the bus coming?

1.4

1. am answering 2. are wearing 3. are looking 4. is calling 5. is building

6. are cooking 7. are telling 8. are waiting 9. am reading 10. are picking

1.5

1. Am I learning English? 2. Are you carrying a parcel? 3. Is it growing colder? 4. Are we living in Halifax?

5. Are they running a race? 6. Is he drinking coffee? 7. Is she shopping for presents?

8. Am I cleaning the window? 9. Are we buying pencils? 10. Are they playing football?

1.6

1. am cooking 2. reads 3. are studying 4. studies 5. is raining 6. travel

7. are doing 8. answers 9. are 10. am listening 11. visit 12. am looking

UNIT 2 Present simple (I do)

2.1

1. denies 2. try 3. pays 4. studies 5. display

6. enjoys 7. flies 8. employ 9. accompanies 10. buys

2.2

1. plays 2. play 3. like 4. likes 5. call

6. calls 7. practises 8. practise 9. shop 10. tastes

2.3

1. Do I hurry home? 2. Does he drive a truck? 3. Do you follow the news? 4. Do they want a pet?

5. Does she like flowers? 6. Do we need tea? 7. Does she answer the questions? 8. Does he drink coffee? 9. Do I learn quickly? 10. Does it rain heavily?

2.4

3 How often do you watch TV? 4 What do you want for diner? 5 Do you like football?

6 Does your brother like football? 7 What do you do in your free time? 8 Where does your sister work?

9 Do you often go to the cinema? 10 What does this word mean? 11 Does it often snow here?

12 What time do you usually go to bed? 13 How much does it cost to phone New York?

14 What do you usually have for breakfast?

3 Present continuous and present simple (I am doing and I do)

3.1

3 wrong--is trying 4 wrong--are they talking 5 right 6 wrong--’s getting / is getting

7 right 8 wrong--’m coming / am coming 9 wrong--are you getting

3.2

1. am cooking 2. reads 3. are studying 4. studies 5. is raining 6. travel 7. are doing 8. answers 9. are 10. am listening 11. visit 12. am looking

3.3

2 doesn’t belong / does not belong 3 ‘m using / am using 4 need 5 does he want

6 is he looking 7 believes 8 don’t remember / do not remember 9 ‘m thinking / am thinking

10 think ... don’t use / do not use 11 prefer 12 consists

UNIT 4 Past simple and (to be) past

4.1

1. did 2. went 3. took 4. made 5. ran

6. got 7. drank 8. slept 9. forgot 10. left

4.2

2 Did you go alone? 3 Was the food good? 4 How long did you stay there?

5 Did you stay at a hotel? 6 How did you travel? 7 Was the weather fine?

8 What did you do in the evenings? 9 Did you meet anybody interesting?


4.3

3 didn’t disturb 4 went 5 didn’t sleep 6 didn’t eat 7 wasn’t

8 laughed 9 flew 10 didn’t cost 11 didn’t have 12 were

4.4

1. Did she hurry to school? 2. Did they carry the parcels? 3. Did you close the door?

4. Did I plug in the lamp? 5. Did they plan the party? 6. Did we teach the class?

7. Did she tell a story? 8. Did they strike a bargain? 9. Did he meet his friends?

10. Did I shake hands?

4.5

1. Did you not watch the game? Didn’t you watch the game?

2. Did I not climb the ladder? Didn’t I climb the ladder?

3. Did we not please the visitors? Didn’t we please the visitors?

4. Did they not can the peaches? Didn’t they can the peaches?

5. Did he not receive the letter? Didn’t he receive the letter?

6. Did you not see the fireworks? Didn’t you see the fireworks?

7. Did it not cost five dollars? Didn’t it cost five dollars?

8. Did she not hit the ball? Didn’t she hit the ball?

9. Did he not do his homework? Didn’t he do his homework?

10. Did they not cut the ribbon? Didn’t they cut the ribbon?

4.6

1. We did not enjoy ourselves. 2. She did not pin on the brooch. 3. I did not fan myself.

4. They did not empty their pockets. 5. You did not reply at once. 6. He did not go to work.

7. We did not swim across the river. 8. They did not take the bus. 9. I did not shut the windows.

10. You did not run fast.

4.7

1. was 2. were 3. were 4. were 5. was

6. was 7. were 8. was 9. were 10. was


5.1:

1. were preparing 2. Was, taking 3. was, waiting 4. were shopping

5. Was, freezing 6. was living 7. Were, eating 8. was falling

9. Were, discussing 10. were putting 11. were, following 12. Was, making

5.2

1. was reading 2. were saving 3. was attending 4. was thundering 5. were studying

6. were sunning 7. were leading 8. were leaving 9. were plodding 10. were attaining

5.3

1. Were we starting a business? We were not starting a business.

Were we not starting a business? Weren’t we starting a business?

We were starting a business, weren’t we?

2. Was she waiting outside? She was not waiting outside.

Was she not waiting outside? Wasn’t she waiting outside?

She was waiting outside, wasn’t she?

3. Was he singing? He was not singing.

Was he not singing? Wasn’t he singing? He was singing, wasn’t he?


6.1

1. have envied 2. has played 3. have applied 4. have fried 5. have employed

6. has sprayed 7. have hurried 8. have displayed 9. has destroyed 10. have relied

6.2

1. have ordered 2. has started 3. have answered 4. have cooked 5. have heated

6. has cleaned 7. has started 8. have knocked 9. have turned 10. has asked

6.3

2 ‘ve just seen / have just seen 3 ‘s already left / has already left

4 haven’t read it yet 5 ‘s already seen has already seen

6 ‘ve just arrived have just arrived 7 haven’t told him yet

6.4

1. has apologized 2. have stirred 3. has stopped 4. have explained

5. have planned 6. have wiped 7. have pinned 8. has joined

9. have spotted 10. has rained 11. have whipped 12. has arranged

6.5

1. have eaten 2. have swept 3. has sung 4. have gone 5. have lost

6. has risen 7. have spoken 8. have seen 9. have known 10. has flown

11. has been 12. have cut 13. have written 14. have won 15. has told

16. has taken 17. have forgotten 18. have heard 19. have left 20. has understood


UNIT 7 Present perfect with Ever - never .

7.1

2 Have you ever been to California? 3 Have you ever run a marathon?

4 Have you ever spoken to a famous person? 5 Have you always lived in this town?

6 What’s the most beautiful place you’ve ever visited?

7.2

2 haven’t read one / a newspaper 3 it hasn’t made a profit. / it has made a loss.

4 she hasn’t worked (very) hard this term. 5 it hasn’t snowed (much) this winter.

6 haven’t won many / any games this season.

7.3

3 Have you ever been to Australia? 4 Have you ever lost your passport? 5 Have you ever flown in a helicopter?

6 Have you ever won a race? 7 Have you ever been to New York? 8 Have you ever driven a bus?

9 Have you ever broken your leg?


8.1

1. have been waiting 2. have been running 3. has been reading

4. have been writing 5. have been setting 6. has been raining

7. have been living 8. has been speaking 9. have been buying

10. have been planning

8.2

2 Have you been waiting long? 3 What have you been doing?

4 How long have you been living in Baker Street? 5 How long have you been selling computers?

8.3

2 have been waiting / ’ve been waiting

3 have been learning Spanish ‘ve been learning Spanish

4 She has been looking for a job / She’s been looking. / Ann has been looking.

5 She has been working in London She’s been working. / Mary has been working.

6 have been writing to each other ‘ve been writing.

8.4

1. Has it been snowing? It has not been snowing. Has it not been snowing? Hasn’t it been snowing? It has been snowing, hasn’t it?

2. Have you been visiting your friends? You have not been visiting your friends. Have you not been visiting your friends? Haven’t you been visiting your friends? You have been visiting your friends, haven’t you?

UNIT 9

Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done)

9..1

2 She has been travelling for three months. She has visited six countries so far.

3 He has won the national championship four times. He has been playing tennis since he was ten.

4 They have made ten films since they left college. They have been making films since they left college.

9.2

2 How long have you been waiting? 3 How many fish have you caught?

4 How many people have you invited? 5 How long have you been teaching?

6 How many books have you written? How long have you been writing books?

7 How long have you been saving? How much money have you saved?


10.1

2 How long have you been teaching English? 3 How long have you known Carol?

4 How long has your brother been in Australia? 5 How long have you had that jacket?

6 How long has Alan worked at the airport? or How long has Alan been working.

7 How long have you been having driving lessons? 8 Have you always lived in Glasgow?

10.2

3 has been / ’s been 4 have been waiting / ’ve been waiting 5 have known / ’ve known

6 haven’t played 7 has been watching / ’s been watching 8 haven’t watched

9 have had / ’ve had 10 hasn’t been

11 have been feeling / ’ve been feeling or have felt / ’ve felt

12 has been living / ’s been living 13 haven’t been 14 have always wanted / ’ve always wanted

10.3

2 it takes......hours to fly from .......to New York

3 it takes........years to study to be a doctor in.....

4 it takes.....to walk from my home to the nearest shop

5 it takes.....to get from my home to the nearest airport

10.4

2 How long did it take you to walk to the station? 3 How long did it take him to paint the bathroom?

4 How long did it take you to learn to ski? 5 How long did it take them to repair the computer?


10.5

2 it took us 20 minutes to walk home / ....to get home 3 it took me six months to learn to drive

4 it took Mark / him three hours to drive to London / ......to get to London

5 it took Lisa / her a long time to find a job / .....to get a job. 6 It took me ....to.......


11.1

3 been ill since Sunday 4 been ill for a few days

5 married two years ago 6 had it for ten years / had this camera for ten years

7 to France three weeks ago 8 been working in a hotel since June

11.2

2 for 3 for 4 since 5 Since 6 for 7 since

8 for 9 since 11 since 11 for 12 for 13 for

14 since 15 since 16 since 17 for 18 since 19 since

UNIT 12 Present perfect and past tense (I have done and I did)

12.1

2 has gone to bed / ’s gone to bed 3 has fallen / has dropped / has gone down

4 has turned on the light / has turned the light on / has turned it on 5 has grown / ’s grown

6 has taken off

12.2

3 went 4 has gone / ’s gone 5 have forgotten / ’ve forgotten 6 forgot

7 had 8 has been / ’s been 9 haven’t finished 10 has just gone / ’s just gone

11 arrested 12 gave ... lost or have lost / ’ve lost 13 was ... has disappeared / ’s disappeared 14 have improved / ’ve improved

12.3

3 right 4 wrong--I bought 5 wrong--were you 6 wrong--jenny left school 7 right

8 right 9 wrong--wasn’t 10 wrong--When was this book published


13.1

2 It had changed a lot. 3 She had arranged to do something else. / She’d arranged.

4 The film had already begun. 5 I hadn’t seen him for five years.

6 She had just had breakfast. / She’d just had.

13.2

1. had bought 2. had started 3. had understood 4. had forgotten 5. had convinced

6. had found 7. had torn 8. had finished 9. had gone 10. had made

13.3

1. had considered 2. had lost 3. Had, washed 4. Had, read

5. had, forgotten 6. had decided 7. Had, organized 8. had, had

9. had stopped 10. had, arrived 11. Had, planned 12. had, seen

UNIT 14 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)

14.1

1. had been cleaning 2. had / been coming 3. Had / been counting

4. had been looking 5. Had / been snowing 6. had been shopping

7. Had / been listening 8. had / been intending 9. Had / been leaving

10. Had / been expecting 11. had been watching 12. had / been waiting

14.2

1. had been cutting 2. had been looking 3. had been giving

4. had been waiting 5. had been running 6. had been raining

7. had been encouraging 8. had been lying 9. had been tasting 10. had been lagging

14.3

1. Had we been raking the leaves? We had not been raking the leaves. Had we not been raking the leaves? Hadn’t we been raking the leaves? We had been raking the leaves, hadn’t we?

2. Had you been visiting your cousins? You had not been visiting your cousins. Had you not been visiting your cousins? Hadn’t you been visiting your cousins? You had been visiting your cousins, hadn’t you?

3. Had they been swimming in the lake? They had not been swimming in the lake. Had they not been swimming in the lake? Hadn’t they been swimming in the lake? They had been swimming in the lake, hadn’t they?


15.1

3 I haven’t got a ladder. / I don’t have a ladder. 4 We didn’t have enough time.

5 He didn’t have a map. 6 She hasn’t got any money. / She doesn’t have any money. 7 They haven’t got a key. / They don’t have a key. 8 I didn’t have a camera.

15.2

1 Have you got or Do you Have 2. Did you have 3 have 4 Did you have

5 had 6 Have 7 .have 8.’s

9 haven’t 10 .hasn’t 11 hasn’t 12 have 13 haven’t


UNIT 16 Used to

16.1

1. It used to snow heavily. 2. I used to come often. 3. We used to be neighbors.

4. He used to write many letters. 5. They used to walk to work. 6. He used to tease us.

7. She used to tell us stories. 8. You used to ride a bicycle.

UNIT 17 Future Actions in the Present I am doing / do / going to do..etc.

17.1

2 How long are you staying? 3 When are you going? 4 Are you going alone?

5 Are you travelling by car? 6 Where are you staying?

17.2

1. am cooking 2. reads 3. are studying 4. studies 5. is raining

6. travel 7. are doing 8. answers 9. are 10. am listening

11. visit 12. am looking

17.3

3 are having / ’re having

4 opens ... finishes

5 am not going / ’m not going ... am staying / ’m staying

6 Are you doing?

7 are going / ’re going ... begins

8 does this train get

9 am going / ’m going ... Are you coming

10 is coming ... is travelling / ’s travelling ... arrives ... am meeting / ’m meeting

11 am not using / ’m not using

12 does it finish

UNIT 18 going to- future

18.1

2 I’m going to phone her later. 3 I’m going to do it this afternoon.

4 Not yet. I’m going to read it after dinner. 5 (Not yet.) I’m just going to have it.

18.2

2 What are you going to wear? 3 Where are you going to put it? 4 Who are you going to invite?

18.3

1. Is, going to learn 2. am going to wash 3. Are, going to come

4. is, going to be 5. Is, going to answer 6. are going to go

7. Is, going to buy 8. Are, going to call 9. am, going to stay

10. are going to cook

UNIT 19 The Future Tense

19.1

2 I’ll turn / I’ll switch / I’ll put 3 I’ll go 4 I’ll do

5 I’ll show / I’ll teach 6 I’ll have 7 I’ll send

8 I’ll give / I’ll bring 9 I’ll stay / I’ll wait

19.2

3 I’ll meet 4 I’ll lend 5 I’m having 6 I won’t forget

7 does your train leave 8 won’t tell 9 Are you doing 10 Will you come

11 I won’t tell

19.3

1. shall meet or will meet 2. Will, lend 3. Will, win 4. will, forget

5. Will, sail 6. will enjoy 7. Shall, order 8. Will, wait

9. shall or will, be 10. will send 11. shall or will, lose 12. Will, watch

19.4

1. shall buy 2. will go 3. shall be 4. shall come 5. will remember 6. shall call

7. will earn 8. shall respect 9. will help 10. shall, hinder 11. will find 12. shall, regret


20.1

2 I‘ll be at home 3 I’ll probably be in bed 4 I’ll be at work 5 I don’t know where I’ll be

20.2

1. will have studied 2. will have scanned 3. shall have been or will have been

4. will have considered 5. will have stopped 6. will have made

7. shall have picked or will have picked 8. will have changed

20.3

1. shall have gone or will have gone 2. will, have arrived 3. Will, have eaten

4. Will, have sent 5. will have found 6. will, have slept

7. Shall or Will, have seen 8. Will, have solved 9. shall have received or will have received

10. Will, have sold 11. Shall or Will, have studied 12. will, have fed



21.1

1. will be learning 2. Will, be needing 3. Will, be mending 4. will, be staying

5. Shall or Will, be mailing 6. will be answering 7. Will, be going 8. shall or will, be stopping

9. Will, be planning 10. shall be making or will be making 11. will, be feeling

12. Shall or Will, be meeting

21.2

1. will be coming 2. will be growing 3. will be buying 4. will be watching

5. shall be going or will be going 6. will be cutting 7. will be reading 8. shall be visiting or will be visiting

21.3

1. will be learning 2. Will, be needing 3. Will, be mending 4. will, be staying

5. Shall or Will, be mailing 6. will be answering 7. Will, be going 8. shall or will, be stopping

9. Will, be planning 10. shall be making or will be making 11. will, be feeling

12. Shall or Will, be meeting

UNIT 22 Conjunctions of time- When / While.

22.1

1 when 2 during 3 while 4 as 5 while

6 when 7 while 8 during 9 when 10 as

11 during 12 while

22.2

2 I’ll give you my address when I find somewhere to live. or ... when I’ve found somewhere to live.

3 I’ll come straight back home after I do the shopping. or ... after I’ve done the shopping.

4 Let’s go home before it starts raining.

5 I won’t speak to her until she apologises. or ... until she has apologised.

UNIT 23 Can, could and (be) able to

23.1

3 can 4 been able to 5 be able to 6 can 7 be able to

23.2

2 were able to find it. 3 I was able to finish it. 4 was able to get away.

23.3

4 couldn’t / wasn’t able to 5 was able to 6 could / was able to 7 was able to

8 could / was able to 9 were able to 10 couldn’t / wasn’t able to

UNIT 24 Modal verbs

24.1

2 We could have fish. 3 You could give her a book. 4 You could phone her now.

5 We could go (and see him) on Friday. 6 We could hang it in the kitchen.

24.2

2 could 3 can / could 4 could 5 could 6 can 7 can / could 8 could

24.3

1. may or might 2. must 3. may or might 4. must

5. may or might 6. must 7. may or might 8. must

9. may or might 10. may or might

24.4

1. Should you not be wearing a warm hat? 2. Could he not have decided to stay at home?

3. Might they not have forgotten the message? 4. Will she not see you again next week?

5. Would they not enjoy riding on the ferry? 6. May he not decide to go camping?

7. Could they not have been playing football yesterday? 8. Shall we not visit our friends?

9. Must she not have wanted to join us? 10. Should he not be getting more sleep?

24.5

1. Must I leave at four o’clock? 2. Might he be leaving for work now?

3. Can we solve the puzzle? 4. Should you have called him?

5. Could they have been waiting for the bus? 6. Shall I go out now?

7. Will you have finished the book? 8. Should we be making the arrangements?

9. Would she like to know the answer? 10. Can they explain what happened?

24.6

1. You must not come with us. 2. It may not be sunny tomorrow.

3. She could not have won the race. 4. We might not be right.

5. You would not have liked that movie. 6. They cannot swim very well.

7. She might not be finishing school now. 8. He should not have been walking to work.

9. I shall not be happy to see him. 10. You will not have been working all night.

10. He should be getting more sleep.

NIT 25 May and might

25.1

2 She may / might be busy. 3 She may / might be working.

4 She may / might want to be alone. 5 She may / might have been ill yesterday.


6 She may / might have gone home early. 7 She may / might have had to go home early.

8 She may / might have been working yesterday. 9 She may / might not want to see me.

10 She may / might not be working today. 11 She may / might not have been .feeling well yesterday.

25.2

2 be 3 have been

4 be waiting 5 have or have read

25.3

2 a. She may / might be watching TV in her room. b. She may / might have gone out.

3 a. It may / might be in the car. b. You may / might have left it in the restaurant last night.

4 a. He may / might have been in the bath. b. He may / might not have heard the bell.

25.4

3 might not have been invited. 4 couldn’t have been invited.

5 couldn’t have been an accident. 6 might not have been an accident.

25.5

2 I may / might buy a Mercedes. 3 I may / might go to London.

4 I may / might hang it in the dining room. 5 He may / might come on Saturday.

6 She may / might go to university.

UNIT 26 must and have to

26.1

3 have to 4 must or have to

5 had to 6 must or have to

7 have to 8 had to

9 has to 10 have to

11 had to 12 had to

26.2

2 do you have to get up / have you got to get up 3 does (she) have to go? / has (she) got to go?

4 did he have to pay? 5 did you have to wait?

6 do you have to phone her now? / have you got to phone her now?

7 does he have to leave? / has he got to leave?

26.3

3 don’t have to 4 mustn’t 5 don’t have to 6 mustn’t

7 doesn’t have to 8 mustn’t 9 mustn’t 10 don’t have to

26.4

2 I must 2 I had to 3 I must 4 I must

5 I had to

6 I had to 7 I must

26.5

3 It must have been very expensive.

4 They must have gone away.

5 I must have left it in the restaurant last night.

6 The exam can’t have been very difficult.

7 She must have been listening to our conversation. / She must have listened to.

8 She can’t have understood what I said.

9 I must have forgotten to turn it off.

10 The driver can’t have seen the red light.

11 The neighbours must have been having a party.

UNIT 27 Need / needn’t

27.1

3 needn’t 4 must 5 mustn’t

6 needn’t 7 needn’t 8 must ... mustn’t 9 needn’t ... must

27.2

2 She needn’t have bought any eggs. 3 You needn’t have shouted (at me).

4 He needn’t have sold his car. 5 We needn’t have taken the camera.

6 I needn’t have rushed / I needn’t have hurried.

UNIT 28 Should

28.1

2 You should look for another job. 3 He shouldn’t go to bed so late.

4 You should take a photograph. 5 She shouldn’t use her car so much.

6 He should put some pictures on the walls.

28.2

2 I think smoking should be banned in restaurants. 3 I don’t think you should go out this evening.

4 I think the government should resign.

28.3

3 should come 4 should do 5 should have done

6 should win 7 should have won 8 should be 9 should have arrived


28.4

3 We should have reserved a table.

4 The shop should be open. / The shop should have opened by now. or It should

5 She shouldn’t be driving so fast. or She shouldn’t be doing 50 miles an hour.

6 You should have come to see me.

7 The driver in front shouldn’t have stopped without warning.

28.5

2 I should stay / I stay I stayed a little longer.

3 they should visit / they visit / they visited the museum after lunch.

4 we should pay / we pay / we paid the rent by Friday.

5 I should go / I go / I went away for a few days.

UNIT 29 Had better

29.1

2 You’d better put a plaster on it. 3 We’d better reserve a table. / We’d better phone to reserve ...

4 You’d better not go to work. 5 I’d better pay the phone bill. or ... pay my phone bill.

6 I’d better not go out. 7 We’d better take a taxi. or ... get a taxi

29. 2

3 had better / ’d better or should 4 should 5 should

6 had better / ’d better 7 should 8 should

29.3

2 had a holiday. 3 was here. 4 It’s time the train left. 5 It’s time I had a party.

6 It’s time some changes were made. / It’s time there were some changes.

UNIT 30 Requests, offers, permission and invitations

30.1

2 Can / Could I leave a message? or Can / Could you give her a message?

3 Can / Could you tell me how to get to the station? or .. the way to the station? or ... where the station is?

4 Can / Could I try on these trousers? or Can / Could I try these (trousers) on?

5 Can I give you a lift?

30.2

2 Do you think I could use your phone?

3 Do you think you could check this letter (for me)?

4 Do you think I could leave work early?

5 Do you think you could turn the music down? or ... turn it down?

6 Do you think I could come and see the flat?


31.1

3 would take / ’d take 4 refused 5 wouldn’t get 6 closed down (or was / were closed down)

7 pressed 8 would be / ’d be 9 didn’t come 10 borrowed 11 walked 12 would understand

31.2

2 What would you do if your car was stolen or ... were stolen?

3 What would you do if you lost your passport?

4 What would you do if there was a fire in the building? or ... if there were a fire in the building?

31.3

1. If they wanted to see you, they would come to the party. 2. If he were curious, he would ask what we are doing. 3. She would help us, if she had time. 4. If they worked hard, they would succeed. 5. If I found the culprits, I would teach them a lesson. 6. If she recognized us, she would wave. 7. They would treat you well, if you were honest with them. 8. If she liked you, she would tell you. 9. If he were ready, we would invite him to come. 10. If they saw me, they would want to speak to me.

31.4

2 unless you listen carefully. 3 I’ll never speak to her again unless she apologises to me.

4 He won’t be able to understand you unless you speak very slowly.

5 I’m going to look for another job unless the company offer (or offers) me more money.


32.1

3 would help / ’d help 4 lived 5 would live / ’d live 6 would taste

7 was / were 8 wouldn’t wait ... would go / ’d go 9 didn’t go

10 weren’t ... wouldn’t be

32.2

1. would, stop 2. would, be 3. Would, let 4. would, want

5. would change 6. Would, order 7. Would, agree 8. would, drive

32.3

1. would, hesitate 2. would have finished 3. Would, have spoken 4. would enter

5. Would, take 6. would have received 7. would appreciate 8. Would, be

9. Would, have won 10. Would, have ordered 11. Would, visit 12. Would, have bought


32.4

1. were 2. Were 3. did, work 4. had 5. began

6. saw 7. did, trust 8. did, have 9. organized 10. Were


33.1

2 he’d missed / he had missed ... he would have been / he’d have been

3 I would have forgotten / I’d have forgotten ... you hadn’t reminded

4 I’d had / I had had ... I’d have sent / I would have sent

5 we’d have enjoyed / we would have enjoyed ... the weather had been

6 It would have been ... I’d walked / I had walked 7 I was / I were 8 I’d been tired / I had been tired

33.2

2 If the driver in front hadn’t stopped so suddenly, the accident wouldn’t have happened.

3 If I’d / I had known that George had to get up early, I’d / I would have woken him up.

4 If Jim hadn’t lent me the money, I wouldn’t have been able to buy the car. or ... I couldn’t have bought the car.

5 If Margaret hadn’t been wearing a seat belt, she’d / she would have been injured.

6 If you’d / you had had (some) breakfast, you wouldn’t be hungry now.

7 If I’d / I had had some money on me, I’d / I would have got a taxi.

33.3

1. would, have begun 2. would, have drunk 3. would, have missed 4. would, have returned 5. would, have left 6. would have found 7. would, have gone 8. would have lain

33.4

1. had studied 2. Had, been 3. had thought 4. had seen 5. had, known

6. Had, rained 7. had understood 8. had put 9. Had, written 10. had chosen

UNIT 34 I wish, If only

34.1

2 I wish John would come. I wish he would come.

3 I wish the baby would stop crying

4 I wish somebody would give me a job.

5 I wish you would buy some new clothes. or ... get some new clothes.

6 I wish you wouldn’t drive so fast.

7 I wish you wouldn’t (always) leave the door open.

8 I wish people wouldn’t drop litter in the street.

34.2

1. had, lost 2. had, forgotten 3. had shown 4. had given

5. had snowed 6. had, opened 7. had heard 8. had known

34.3

1. were 2. had been 3. would come 4. had left

5. would come 6. had arrived 7. would visit 8. were

9. had helped 10. were 11. would win 12. had made

13. were 14. were 15. would telephone

34.4

2 I wish I’d / I had applied for it. or ... for the job.

3 I wish I’d / I had learned to play a musical instrument.

4 I wish I hadn’t painted it red. / ... painted the gate red.

5 I wish I’d / I had brought my camera.

6 I wish they’d / they had told me they were coming. or I wish I’d / I had known they were coming.

UNIT 35 Passive Voice- affirmative-

35.1

1. The manager paid the bill. 2. The baker made the bread.

3. The electrician must check the wiring. 4. The squirrel was scolding the crow.

5. A doctor wrote the book. 6. A student painted the house.

7. The chickadee took the seeds. 8. The guest has drunk the cider.

9. The secretary opens the mail. 10. The cooks have measured the ingredients.

11. The photographers saw the bird. 12. The magazine will publish his work.

35.2

1. The club was founded by the woman. 2. The prize was taken by this entry.

3. The guitar is being played by the girl. 4. The letter has been delivered by the mailman.

5. The car can be driven by the chauffeur. 6. The hat was chosen by the child.

7. The mouse was chased by the cat. 8. The carpet will be woven by the workers.

9. The hiking boots could have been bought by the stranger. 10. The car has been sold by the dealer.

11. The water was splashed by the dog. 12. The garden has been watered by the man.

35.3

2 covers 3 is covered

4 are locked 5 was posted ... arrived

6 sank ... was rescued 7 died ... were brought

8 grew 9 was stolen


10 disappeared 11 did Sue resign

12 was Bill sacked 13 is owned

14 called ... was injured ... wasn’t needed

15 were these photographs taken ... Did you take

35.4

3 Glass is made from sand 4 Stamps are sold in a post Office

5 This room isn’t used very often 6 Are we allowed to park here?

7 How is this word pronounced? 9 The house was painted last month

10 My phone was stolen a few days ago 11 Three people were injured in the accident

12 When was this bridge built? 13 I wasn’t woken up by the noise

14 How were these Windows broken? 15 Were you invited to Jon’s party last week?

UNIT 36 Passive Voice- negative -question

36.1

1. Should they be notified? 2. Might he have been allowed to leave?

3. Had you been told about it? 4. Will they be needed?

5. Has it been adjourned? 6. Were they being prepared?

36.2

1. We could not have been seen from the island. 2. It is not being dealt with satisfactorily.

3. They were not being kept under observation. 4. You will not be held responsible.

5. They were not expected at six o’clock. 6. He will not be asked to participate.

36.3

1. Were they not recognized immediately? 2. Were we not being assisted by volunteers?

3. Had it not been delivered? 4. Should they not have been guarded more carefully?

5. Will we not be given financial assistance? 6. Had it not been organized by the club members?

36.4

2 How is glass made? 3 When was Australia discovered?

4 What is silver used for? 5 When was television invented?

UNIT 37 Passive Voice, begins with the person

37.1

2 I was asked some difficult questions at the interview.

3 Janet was given a present by her colleagues when she retired.

4 I wasn’t told that George was ill.

5 How much will you be paid?

6 I think Tom should have been offered the job.

7 Have you been shown what to do?

37.2

2 being invited 3 being given 4 being attacked 5 being asked 6 being paid

UNIT 38 It is said (be) supposed to...

38.1

2 The weather is expected to be good tomorrow.

3 The thieves are believed to have get in through the kitchen window.

4 Many people are reported to be homeless after the floods.

5 The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over a wall.

6 The man is alleged to have driven through the town at 90 miles an hour.

7 The building is reported to have been badly damaged by fire.

8 a. The company is said to be losing a lot of money.

b. The company is believed to have lost a lot of money last year.

c. The company is expected to lose money this year.


39.1

2 I had it cut. 3 They had it painted. 4 She had them made.

39.2

2 have another key made 3 had your hair cut 4 Have you had your hair cut?

5 Do you have a newspaper delivered? 6 are having a swimming pool built

7 haven’t had the film developed 8 have it cleaned 9 have your ears pierced

39.3

2 She had her bag stolen on a train. 3 He had his hat blown off in the wind.

4 She had her passport taken away from her by the police.

UNIT 40 Reported speech- Statements.- imperative

40.1

2 He said that his father wasn’t very well.

3 He said that Sharon and Paul were getting married next month.

4 He said that Margaret had had a baby. She said that he didn’t know what Fred was doing.

6 He said that he had / he’d seen Helen at a party in June and she had seemed fine. or He said that he saw Helen. and she seemed.

7 He said that he hadn’t seen Diane recently.


8 He said that he wasn’t enjoying his job very much.

9 He said that I could come and stay at his flat if I was ever in London.

10 He said that his car had been stolen a few weeks ago. or ... that his car was stolen.

11 He said he wanted to go on holiday but he couldn’t afford it.

12 He said he would / he’d tell Ann he had / he’d seen me. or ... he saw me.

40.2 Example answers:

2 I thought you said she wasn’t coming. / ... she was going somewhere else.

3 I thought you said she didn’t like him.

4 I thought you said you didn’t know many people.

5 I thought you said you wouldn’t be here next week. / ... you would be away.

6 I thought you said you were staying at home. / ... you weren’t going out.

7 I thought you said you couldn’t speak (any) French.

8 I thought you said you went to the cinema last week. / ... you had been to the cinema last week.

40.3

1.” I am going to the market.” 2.”We will go home next Sunday.”

3.”You have been very regular in your work.” 4”.I have finished my work.”

5”.The earth moves around the sun.” 6 “.she is not going home toay.”

7.”Have you brought the pens ?” 8.”İs this the place we visited before ?”

9.”Tell the truth.” 10.”Forgive me please.”

40.4

1.Sara said she was cooking some pasta for dinner.

2. Nour said there was a nice movie on TV.

3.Leila told me she had bought a magnificent dress from the new shop

4.Karim told me he had worked very hard to earn his living

5. Laurent said that he would plan a picnic for his friends this weekend

6.John told me he was reading a very interesting adventure story

7.Merry said she might leave the office at 4.00

8.Lynda told me she would stay at home all afternoon.

9.Chantal said she might take the children to the park

10.The president said that he would do his best to improve the economic situation

UNIT 41 Reported speech - tell-told

41.1

2 Tell 3 Say 4 said 5 told

6 said 7 tell ... said 8 tell ... say 9 told 10 said

UNIT 42 Reported speech -Questions

42.1

2. ‘He asked Mary who her favorite singer was

3. ‘He asked Susan if she was married

4. ‘She asked James if his father had retired yet

5. She asked Meriem why She hadn’t finished her studies

6. She suggested going to the beach

7.He asked me if I loved English

8.He asked her whether she believed in God

9.I asked him whether his father was at home

10.She asked me if my exams were over.

11.The doctor asked his patient if he was ok then

12.I asked the little girl whether she loved sweets

13.He asked her If he was boring her

14.I asked him if that was the end of the road for him

15.He asked me if that was my final word

16.She asked her if she was sick of life

42.2

1 where her umbrella was 2 how we were

3 if he had to do it 4 where she had been

5 which dress he liked best 6 what they were doing

7 if I was going to the cinema 8 who spoke English

9 how I knew that 10 if Caron had talked to Kevin

42.3

2) Betty wanted to know when I had come.

3 Mark asked me if John had arrived.

4 Ronald asked me where Maria parked her car.

5) Elisabeth asked me if I had watched the latest film.

6) Mandy wanted to know if she could help me.

7) Andrew asked me if Mandy would have lunch with Sue.

8) Justin asked me what I was doing.

9) Frank wanted to know how much pocket money Lisa got

10 Anne asked if she had to do the shopping


UNIT 43 Tag questions -do you? isn’t it? etc.

43.1

1. You are cold, aren’t you? 2. They passed the test, didn’t they?

3. I can do this well, can’t I? 4. You live near the school, don’t you?

5. He went downtown, didn’t he? 6. We should call them, shouldn’t we?

7. She likes toffee, doesn’t she? 8. They could help us, couldn’t they?

9. I won the race, didn’t I? 10. You were reading, weren’t you?

11. He rides a bicycle, doesn’t he? 12. We would need more time, wouldn’t we?

43.2

1. They won’t reach their destination before five o’clock, will they?

2. He doesn’t want to come with us, does he?

3. She hasn’t eaten breakfast yet, has she?

4. They aren’t very clever, are they?

5. I couldn’t have persuaded you, could I?

6. You won’t forget to come, will you?

7. We weren’t expecting company, were we?

8. They wouldn’t like that, would they?

UNIT 44 Subject and Object pronouns- I / me / he / him etc.

44.1

1. her 2. me 3. them 4. you

5. us 6. him 7. it 8. you

9. us 10. him 11. me 12. it

13. her 14. them

44.2

1. He 2. her 3. them 4. you

5. I 6. her 7. us 8. it

9. her 10. We 11. him 12. them

13. It 14. him 15. me 16. you

17. They 18. it 19. me 20. you 21. us

UNIT 45 Possessive Adjectives –my / his / their etc.

45.1

1. Your 2. Their 3. His 4. My

5. Her 6. Our 7. Its

45.2

1. my 2. yours 3. his 4. my

5. theirs 6. her 7. our 8. mine

9. its 10. hers 11. your 12. its

13. their 14. his 15. ours 16. their 17. Yours

UNIT 46 possessive pronouns and whose

46.1

1 mine 2. hers 3. yours 4. his 5. ours

6. theirs 7. hers 8. ours 9. theirs 10. yours

11. mine 12. his

46.2

1. my 2. yours 3. his 4. my 5. theirs

6. her 7. our 8. mine 9. its 10. hers

11. your 12. its 13. their 14. his 15. ours

16. their 17. Yours


47.1

3. and 4. nor 5. yet 6. or 7. nor

8. but 9. Yet 10. and

47.2

3. and 4 . when 5 . or 6 . or 7. but also

8 . then 9 . nor 10 . and 11 . than 12 . when

13. or 14. than 15. nor 16 . than 17. and

47.3

3. although 4 . until 5 . as soon as 6. as though

7 . After 8 . unless 9 . Before 10 . Even if

11. since 12. as 13. supposing 14. If

15 . so 16. than 17. for 18. providing

19. Because 20 . or else

47.4

3. Also 4. and

5 . therefore 6. Besides 7. but 8 . hence 9 . or 10 . Then 11. consequently 12. moreover 13. so that 14. but 15. however 16. and 17. otherwise 18. thus 19 . so that 20. furthermore


UNIT 48 questions -Have you? Do they...?

48.1

1. Must I leave at four o’clock? 2. Might he be leaving for work now? 3. Can we solve the puzzle? 4. Should you have called him? 5. Could they have been waiting for the bus? 6. Shall I go out now? 7. Will you have finished the book? 8. Should we be making the arrangements? 9. Would she like to know the answer? 10. Can they explain what happened?

UNIT 49 Wh Questions

49.1

3 Which 4 What 5 which 6 What 7 What 8 Who 9 What 10 Which 11 What

49.2

2 How heavy is this book? 3 How old are you? 4 How much did you spend?

5 How often do you watch TV? 6 How far is it from Paris to Moscow?

49.3

3 What are you reading? 4 What time did she go (to bed)? 5 When are they going (on holiday)?

6 Where did you see him? 7 Why can’t you come (to the party) 8 Where has she gone?

9 How much (money) do you need? 10 Why doesn’t she like you? 11 How often does it rain?

12 When did you do it? / .....the shopping?

49.4

2 where Susan Works 3 what Peter said 4 why he went home early

5 what time the meeting begins 6 how the accident happened


50.1

2 to read 3 to walk or to go on foot 4 to drink 5 to put / to carry 6 t o discuss / to consider / to talk about 7 to buy / to get 8 to talk / to speak 9 to wear / to put on

10 to celebrate 11 to help / to assist

50.2

2 for 3 to 4 to 5 for 6 to 7 for 8 for ... to


51.1

2 Stand up, please / Don’t stand up, please 3 Give me the details, please /

Don’t give me the details, please 4 Use the new pen, please / Don’t use the new pen, please

5 Open your book, please / Don’t open your book, please

51.2

1 Go upstairs. 2) Don’t swim in this lake. 3) Do your homework4) Don’t play football in the yard. 5) Brush your teeth. 6) Don’t talk during the lesson. 7) Don’t feed the animals in the zoo

8) Read the instructions. 9) Don’t be late for school. 10) Switch off your mobiles


52.1

2 Yes, they are / No, they aren’t 3 Yes, she has / No, she hasn’t 4 Yes, I do / No, I don’t

5 Yes, he can / No, he can’t 6 yes, they had / No, they hadn’t 7 Yes, she is / No, she isn’t

8 Yes, I did / No, I didn’t 9 Yes, I have / No, I haven’t 10 Yes, She will / No, she won’t

52.2

1. Yes, we do. 2. Yes, they may. 3. Yes, she is. 4. Yes, he does. 5. Yes, they had. 6. Yes, he could. 7. Yes, she would. 8. Yes, he had.

52.3

1. No, she isn’t. 2. No, he won’t. 3. No, she wouldn’t. 4. No, they couldn’t. 5. No, she won’t. 6. No, he shouldn’t. 7. No, we didn’t. 8. No, they couldn’t.

UNIT 53 Countable and uncountable nouns

53.1

3 a key 4 a coat 5 sugar 6 a biscuit 7 electricity 8 a letter

9 blood 10 a question 11 a moment 12 a decision

53.2

2 days 3 meat 4 a queue 5 letters 6 friends 7 people 8 air 9 patience

10 language 11 countries 12 space

53.3

1. An avocado is 2. A window is 3. An umbrella should not be used 4. A horse can be 5. A cashew is 6. An onion can be used 7. A truck has 8. An hour passed 9. A sentence should have 10. An escalator is 11. A uniform must be worn 12. A box was found 13. A marsh lies 14. An idea can be 15. An egg is


54.1

1. a 2. An 3. The 4. an 5. The 6. the 7. a 8. A 9. a 10. the 11. an 12. the 13. a 14. the, the 15. the

54.2

1. The Hawaiian Islands, the Pacific Ocean 2. __ Salt Lake City, __ Utah 3. __ London, the Thames River 4. The Suez Canal, the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea 5. __ Lake Huron. __ Lake Erie, the Great Lakes 6. __ Calcutta, the Bay of Bengal 7. The North Sea, the British Isles, __ Norway, __ Denmark 8. The Bay of Biscay, __ France 9. The Orkney Islands, __ Scotland 10. __ Anticosti Island the Gulf of St. Lawrence 11. the Sahara Desert, __ Algeria 12. __ Gerry, the Johnsons, __ Belleview Street 13. __ Mount Kilimanjaro, __ Lake Victoria 14. __ Vancouver Island, __ Canada 15. __ Serengeti National Park, __ Tanzania

54.3

1 the 2.a 3 the 4 an 5 an 6 the 7.. an 8 the 9.a 10 a 11 an 12 a 13 the 14 a 15 the

UNIT 55 The indefinite article - a -an

55.1

1 . a b. the c. the 2 . a b. a c. the 3 . a b. the c. The 4 . an ... The b. the c. the

5 . the b. a c. a

55.2

2 the dentist 3 the door 4 a mistake 5 the bus station 6 a problem 7 the post office

8 the floor 9 the book 10 a job in a bank 11 a small flat near the city centre

12 a small supermarket at the end of the street

UNIT 56 do and make

56.1


1 doing 2 made 3 do. 4 do. 5 make 6 make 7 do 8 make 9 make 10 do 11 making

12 make / do 13 make 14 making 15 do 16 did 17 Made 18 make 19 do 20 doing 21 does 22 made 23 does 24 doing 25 do 26 making27 make 28 make 29 made

UNIT 57 Singular and plural

57.1

3 shorts 4 a means 5 means 6 pair of scissors 7 a series 8 series 9 species

57.2

1. These were finished last week. 2. Are those radiators working? 3. These pictures are ours. 4. Those have been completed. 5. These were designed by his aunt. 6. Those do not need to be altered. 7. These tables are made of wood. 8. Have those students seen the play? 9. These umbrellas are new. 10. Those rivers flow through the mountains.

57.3

1. The boxes were empty. 2. The rivers flow to the sea. 3. The bushes have grown in the last two months. 4. The hats were on sale. 5. The benches are made of stone. 6. The plants have been watered. 7. The hedges are being trimmed. 8. The processes were invented last year. 9. The sketches are nearly finished. 10. The breezes were warm. 11. The walls are being painted. 12. The churches are two hundred years old. 13. The bridges will soon be completed. 14. The carpets have been cleaned. 15. The branches are covered with ice.

57.4

1. This was necessary. 2. That color is beautiful. 3. Is this bell too loud? 4. Has that been polished? 5. This shirt is clean. 6. That window is on the west side of the house. 7. Is this correct? 8. This boy likes to play soccer. 9. That is sufficient. 10. That curtain is crimson. . This was necessary. 2. That color is beautiful. 3. Is this bell too loud? 4. Has that been polished? 5. This shirt is clean. 6. That window is on the west side of the house. 7. Is this correct? 8. This boy likes to play soccer. 9. That is sufficient. 10. That curtain is crimson.

UNIT 58 Apostrophe’s, genitive’s

58.1

3 that man’s jacket 4 the top of the page 5 Charles’s daughter 6 the cause of the problem

7 yesterday’s newspaper 8 my father’s newspaper 9 the name of this street

10 the children’s toys 11 the new manager of the company or the company’s new manager

12 the result of the football match 13 our neighbour’s garden

14 the ground floor of the building 15 Don and Mary’s children

16 the economic policy of the government or the government’s economic policy

17 Catherine’s husband 18 the husband of the woman talking to Mary

19 Mike’s parents’ car 20 Helen’s friend’s wedding

58.2

1. the musicians’ instruments 2. the children’s adventures 3. the animals’ habitat 4. the workmen’s instructions 5. the ships’ passengers 6. the pilots’ vacation 7. the officers’ friends

58.3

3 OK 4 Simon’s phone number 5 my brother’s job 6 OK 7 OK 8 Paula’s favourite colour

9 your mother’s birthday 10 my parent’s house 11 OK 12 OK 13 Silvia’s party 14 OK

UNIT 59 Reflexive pronouns (myself / yourself / themselves) etc.

59.1

2 hurt himself 3 blame herself 4 put yourself 5 enjoyed themselves 6 burn yourself 7 express

myself

59.2

3 myself 4 us 5 yourself 6 you 7 ourselves 8 themselves 9 them

59.3

2 it himself. 3 post it myself. 4 told me herself. or Linda herself told me.

5 phone him yourself? or ... do it yourself?

59.4

1. himself 2. yourself or yourselves 3. myself 4. herself 5. ourselves 6. itself 7. themselves 8. yourself or yourselves 9. themselves 10. ourselves 11. himself 12. herself 13. myself 14. itself


60.1

2 some 3 any 4 any ... some 5 some 6 any 7 any 8 some 9 any 10 any (some is also possible)

11 some 12. Some 13 any 14 some 15 any 16 some 17 any 18 any 19 some 20 any.

UNIT 61 Indefinite Pronouns No / thing / one / body / where

61.1

3 no 4 any 5 some 6 none 7 No 8 any 9 any 10 none

61.2

1. no 2. not 3. None 4. not 5. no 6. None 7. No 8. not 9. No 10. no 11. not 12. None

61.3

2 any 3 any 4 no 5 any 6 no 7 any 8 no 9 any 10 no 11 None 12 any

61.4

3 Everybody / Everyone 4 Everything 5 all 6 everybody / everyone 7 everything 8 All

9 everybody / everyone 10 All 11 everybody / everyone 12 Everybody / Everyone 13 All

61.5

1. He does not have any relatives in the city. 2. I do not know anyone here. 3. None of us were surprised by the announcement. 4. I do not plan to go anywhere on my vacation. 5. No tickets were sold this morning. 6. I did not hear anyone playing the bagpipes. 7. I did not give her any advice. 8. Nothing is wrong. 9. We did not buy anything at the flea market. 10. They did not have any exciting adventures. 11. No one offered to help me. 12. She does not know anyone working at the Library. 13. He does not live anywhere near here. 14. Nobody left early.

61.6

1. I will not make any salad. 2. We do not need any onions. 3. I have not met any of your friends. 4. He has not photographed any of the most beautiful parts of the city. 5. She does not want to take any courses in Archaeology. 6. I did not recognize any of the students. 7. We have not visited any of the offshore islands. 8. I have not read any books by that author. 9. There is not any danger involved. 10. I do not have any reservations about your plan. 11. They have not interviewed any of the contestants. 12. She did not buy any of the books second-hand.

61.7

3. somewhere 4. Anybody 5. Nothing / Nobody 6. nowhere, somewhere 7. something

8. something 9. Somewhere 10. Anything 11. Somebody 12. Anywhere 13. any th ing , Nobody


14. Anybody 15. Somebody 16. Somebody 17. Something, something 18. somewhere

19. Anywhere 20. anybody, anybody

UNIT 62 Quantifiers .. Much, many, a lot, plenty

62.1

3 a lot of salt 4 right 5 right 6 a lot 7 many / a lot of 8 a lot 9 right

62.2

2 plenty of money 3 plenty of room 4 plenty to learn 5 are plenty of things to see

6 There are plenty of hotels.

62.3

1. many 2. Little 3. Few 4. much 5. few 6. Much 7. Many 8. fewer 9. Little 10. Few 11. fewest 12. Little 13. less 14. much 15. least 16. many

UNIT 63 All of most / most of no / none of etc.

63.1

1. none 2. neither 3. All 4. any 5. both 6. either 7. both 8. any 9. none 10. all 11. neither 12. either 13. All 14. either 15. both 16. neither 17. any 18. none

63.2

3 Many people 4 Some of the photographs 5 Some people 6 most of the food

7 all (of) the money 8 all the time 9 most of the time 10 Most people

11 half (of) the questions

63.3

2 All of them 3 none of us 4 some of it 5 none of them 6 None of it 7 Some of them 8 all of it

UNIT 64 Too / either / so I am / neither do I......Both / both of neither / neither nor / either / either of

64.1

1. none 2. neither 3. All 4. any 5. both 6. either 7. both 8. any 9. none 10. all 11. neither 12. either 13. All 14. either 15. both 16. neither 17. any 18. none

64.2

2 either of them3 both of them 4 neither of us 5 neither of them

64.3

3 Both Jim and Carol are on holiday 4 George neither smokes nor drinks.

5 Neither Jim nor Carol has (got) a car. 6 The film was both long and boring.

7 That man’s name is either Richard or Robert.

8 I’ve got neither the time nor the money to go on holiday.

9 We can leave either today or tomorrow.

64.4

2 either 3 too 4 too 5 either 6 either 7 too

64.5

2 So I am 3 so have I 4 So do I 5 So will I 6 So was I 7 Neither can I 8 Neither did I

9 Neither have I 10 Neither am I 11 Neither do I

UNIT 65 Relative clauses -1 WHO-WHICH-THAT

65.1

2 The man who / that answered the phone told me you were away.

3 The waitress who / that served us was very impolite and impatient.

4 The building that / which was destroyed in the fire has now been rebuilt.

5 The people who / that were arrested have now been released.

6 The bus that / which goes to the airport runs every half hour.

65.2

1which 2. Who 3. whom 4. which 5. Whom 6. which 7. which 8. whom 9. who10. whom 11. which 12. which

65.3

3 (who) 4 who 5 (who) 6 (that) 7 that 8 (that) 9 that

65.4

2 (that / which) we were invited to 3 (who / that) I work with 4 (that / which) you told me about

5 (that / which) we went to last night 6 (that / which) I applied for 7 (who / that) you can rely on

8 (who / that) I saw you with

65.5

2 (that) 3 what 4 that 5 (that) 6 (that) 7 what 8 (that)

UNIT 66 Relative clauses -2 WHEN-WHERE-WHY

66.1

1 when 2 .when 3 where 4 ..when 5 where 6 where 7 when 8 where 9 where 10.where 11 where

12 where13 where

66.2

2 where we can have a really good meal 3 where I can buy some postcards

4 where we had the car repaired 5 where John is staying 6 where she (had) bought it

66.3

3 which we enjoyed very much.

4 I went to see the doctor, who told me to rest for a few days.

5 John, who / whom I have known for a very long time, is one of my closest friends.

6 Sheila, whose job involves a lot of travelling, is away from home a lot.

7 The new stadium, which can hold 90,000 people, will be opened next month.

8 We often go to visit our friends in Bristol, which is only 30 miles away.

9 Glasgow, where my brother lives, is the largest city in Scotland.

UNIT 67 Relative clauses -3 WHOSE-WHOM

67.1

2 whose wife is an English teacher. 3 who owns a restaurant.4 whose ambition is to climb Everest.

5 who have just got married. 6 whose parents used to work in a circus.

67.2

2 where 3 who 4 whose 5 where 6 whose 7 whom

67.3

1. whom 2. who 3. whom 4. whose 5. whom 6. whose 7. who 8. whom 9. whom 10. whom 11. who



68.1

3 selfishly 4 terribly 5 sudden 6 colourfully 7 colourful 8 badly 9 badly 10 safe 11 angrily

68.2

2 careful 3 continuously 4 happily 5 fluent 6 specially 7 complete 8 perfectly 9 nervous

10 financially / completely

68.3

1. straight 2. early 3. quickly 4. fast 5. cautiously 6. high 7. well 8. late 9. badly 10. little 11. annually 12. immediately 13. weekly 14. first 15. Suitable

68.4

1. duly 2. noisily 3. palely 4. comfortably 5. dogmatically 6. normally 7. slowly 8. steadily 9. dramatically 10. agilely 11. simply 12. shrilly 13. luckily 14. frantically 15. wholly 16. punctually 17. densely 18. solely 19. synthetically 20. readily

68.5

1. successfully 2. successful 3. light 4. lightly 5. clearly 6. clear 7. strongly 8. strong 9. cheerfully 10. tranquil 11. efficiently 12. recent 13. responsibly 14. Heavy 15. quietly 16. dark

68.6

2 good 3 well 4 good 5 well 6 well 7 well 8 good 9 well 10 good 11 well

68.7

2 well-known 3 well-kept 4 well-balanced 5 well-informed 6 well-dressed 7 well-paid

8 Well done! (2 separate words)

68.8

Once upon a time, there was a (BEAUTIFUL) princess who had a golden ball. She lives in a palace with her father, the King, and her seven sisters. Every day, she played with her ball in the garden of the palace.

At the end of the garden there was a (DEEP), dark lake. When the weather was (HOT), the princess liked playing near the lake. (UNFORTUNATELY), one day, she dropped her golden ball into the water. she was very (UNHAPPY) and she sat on the grass and started to cry. (SUDDENLY) she heard a voice: “Don’t cry, princess.” She opened her eyes and saw a large (GREEN) frog. “oh, please help me!” she said, “I can’t get my ball.” “I’ll help you “ said the frog, “if I can come and live with you in the palace!”. “Yes, of course. I promise” said the princess. So, the frog jumped into the water and came back with the ball.

The princess laughed and took the ball. She ran (QUICKLY) back to the palace and forgot all about the frog. The frog was very (ANGRY). He followed the princess into the palace and told his story to the King.

“A promise is a promise” said the frog. “Yes” said the King and called his daughter. “A promise is a promise, my daughter. Take this frog to your room and look after him (CAREFULLY). The princess cried again, but she took the frog and put him on her bed. The frog looked at her and said (QUIETLY): “Please, kiss me, princess”. she closed her eyes and kissed him. (IMMEDIATELY), the frog turned into a (HANDSOME) prince. Of course, he and the princess fell in love. One week later, they married and they lived (HAPPILY) ever after.

UNIT 69 So and such

69.1

4 so 5 so 6 such a 7 so 8 such 9 such a 10 such a 11 so 12 so .. such

13 so 14 such a 15 such a

69.2

1. such 2. so 3. too 4. such 5. so 6. too 7. so 8. such 9. so 10. too 11. such 12. so 13. so 14. too 15. So

UNIT 70 Comparison (comparative)-cheaper, more expensive etc.

70.1

2 stronger 3 smaller 4 more expensive 5 warmer 6 more interesting 7 more difficult

8 better 9 worse 10 longer 11 more quietly 12 more often 13 further 14 happier / more cheerful

70.2

1. more 2. better 3. farther 4. less 5. more 6. worse 7. better 8. less 9. more 10. worse

70.3

2 much bigger 3 a bit happier 4 far more interesting than

5 a bit more slowly 6 a lot easier 8 slightly older

70.4

2 any earlier 3 any further 4 no worse than

70.5

2 bigger and bigger 3 heavier and heavier 4 more and more nervous 5 worse and worse

6 more and more expensive 7 better and better 8 more and more talkative

70.6

1. prettier 2. bigger 3. slower 4. sweeter 5. closer 6. higher 7. fatter 8. sooner 9. sunnier 10. younger 11. hotter 12. weaker 13. lower 14. thinner 15. Heavier

70.7

1. She is a finer musician than her cousin is. 2. He has a stronger voice than he used to have. 3. This chair has shorter legs than that one does. 4. We are having a hotter summer than you are. 5. She is a better doctor than her friend is. 6. He has a bigger book than you do. 7. They have newer boots than we do. 8. He took an earlier train than I did. 9. She is a worse typist than her colleague is.. 10. We ordered a sweeter dessert than Susan did.

UNIT 71 Comparison (EQUALITY) -as ... as

71.1

2 as high as yours. 3 You don’t know as much about cars as me. or ... as I do.

4 It isn’t as cold today as it was yesterday. 5 I don’t feel as tired today as I felt yesterday. or ... as I did.

6 They haven’t lived here as long as us. or ... as we have.

7 I wasn’t as nervous before the interview as I usually am. or ... as usual.

71.2

3 The station wasn’t as far as I thought.

4 The meal cost less than I expected. / ... was cheaper than I expected. / ... wasn’t as expensive as I

expected.

5 I don’t go out as much as I used to. / ... as often as I used to. 6 She used to have longer hair.

7 You don’t know them as well as me. or ... as I do.

8 There weren’t as many people at this meeting as at the last one.

71.3


2 as well as 3 as long as 4 as soon as 5 as often as 6 as quietly as

7 just as comfortable as 8 just as well-qualified as 9 just as bad as

71.4

1. they are 2. you are 3. she is 4. I am 5. he is 6. they are 7. we are 8. she is 9. he is 10. I am

71.5

1. She is as skilled a carpenter as her father. 2. Terry is as efficient a manager as Kay. 3. They are as wonderful performers as their predecessors. 4. He won as prestigious a prize as his competitor. 5. The white hens are as good layers as the brown ones. 6. Rupert is as able an administrator as his boss. 7. She is carrying as heavy a parcel as you. 8. He is as brilliant an engineer as we had been told. 9. She found as important a clue as anyone. 10. They are as experienced directors as one could wish.

UNIT 72 Comparison ( Superlatives) the longest / the most enjoyable etc.

72.1

2 It’s the cheapest restaurant in the town. 3 It was the happiest day of my life.

4 She is the most intelligent student in the class.5 It is the most valuable painting in the gallery.

6 It is the busiest time of the year. 8 He’s one of the richest men in the world.

9 It is one of the oldest castles in Britain. 10 She is one of the best players in the team.

11 It was one of the worst experiences o my life.

12 He is one of the most dangerous criminals in the country.

72.2

3 larger 4 the longest 5 happier 6 the worst 7 the most popular 8 the highest ... higher

9 most enjoyable 10 more comfortable 11 the quickest 12 The oldest or The eldest

72.3

2 That’s the funniest joke I’ve ever heard. 3 This is the best coffee I’ve ever tasted.

4 She is the most patient person I’ve ever met. 5 That’s the furthest (or farthest) I’ve ever run.

6 It is / was the worst mistake I’ve ever made.7 Who is the most famous person you’ve ever met?

72.4

1. widest 2. reddest 3. coldest 4. easiest 5. cleanest 6. newest 7. sweetest 8. saddest 9. lowest 10. wisest 11. shortest 12. Luckiest

72.5

farthest 2. most 3. best 4. least 5. worst 6. most 7. most 8. worst 9. most 10. best 11. worst 12. Least

72.6

1. This is the oldest house on the street. 2. That is the largest store in the city. 3. This is the coolest evening we have had this week. 4. He is the kindest man I know. 5. This is the finest view in the area. 6. That is the newest building in town. 7. This is the dustiest road I have ever walked along. 8. That was the worst storm we have had for ten years. 9. This is the longest river in the country. 10. That is the funniest story you have ever told.

UNIT 73 Always, still-- Any more / any longer / no longer

73.1

2 He hasn’t gone yet. 3 They haven’t finished their dinner yet. 4 They haven’t woken up yet.

5 She hasn’t found a job yet. or ... found one yet. 6 I haven’t decided (what to do) yet.

7 It hasn’t taken off yet.

73.2

5 I don’t want to go out yet. 6she doesn’t work there any more 7 I still have a lot of friends there.

8 We’ve already met. 9 Do you still live in the same house 10 have you already eaten

11 He isn’t here yet. 12 he still isn’t here (he isn’t here yet is also possible)

13 are you already a member 14 I can still remember it very clearly.

15 These trousers don’t fit me any more.

16 Have you finished with the paper yet? No, I’m still reading it.

UNIT 74 Although / though / even though in spite of despite

74.1

1. although 2. despite 3. because 4. like 5. while 6. during 7. as if 8. because of 9. while 10. like 11. despite 12. because 13. as if 14. during 15. Although 16. Because of

74.2

2 She even has to work on Sundays.

3 They even painted the floor. 4 You could even hear the noise from the next street. or ... hear it from.

5 They even have the windows open when it’s freezing. or ... have them open.

7 I can’t even remember her name. 8 There isn’t even a cinema.

9 He didn’t even tell his wife (where he was going).

74.3

2 even older3 even better 4 even more difficult 5 even worse 6 even less

74.4

2 if 3 even if 4 even 5 even though 6 Even 7 Even though 8 even if 9 Even though

UNIT 75 In case

75.1

2 she gets lost

3 She’s going to take an umbrella in case it rains.

4 She’s going to take her camera in case she wants to take some photographs.

5 She’s going to take some water in case she gets thirsty.

6 She’s going to take a towel in case she wants to have a swim.

75.2

2 He wrote down the name of the book in case he forgot it.

3 I phoned my parents in case they were worried about me.

4 I wrote to Jane again in case she hadn’t received my first letter.

5 I gave them my address in case they came to London one day.

UNIT 76 As long as and provided / providing

76.1

2 unless 3 providing4 as long as 5 unless6 unless 7 provided8 Unless 9 unless10 as long as

UNIT 77 during and while

77.1


3 during 4 for 5 during 6 for 7 for 8 for 9 during 10 for 11 for 12 f o r 13 du r i ng 14 for

77.2

3 while 4 While 5 During 6 while 7 during 8 During 9 while 10 while 11 during

12 while 13 during 14 while 15 while

UNIT 78 Telling time- Giving the Date

78.1

1 It’s a quarter past six 2 It’s a quarter past three 3 It’ a quarter past eight

4 It’s twenty past six 5 It’s ten to ten 6 It’s half-past ten 7 It’s ten past twelve

78.2

1 a quarter past eight 2 at twenty five to eight 3 at twenty five past seven

4 at five past nine 5 at half past eight 6 at three o’clock 7 at half past two

8 at ten to four 9 at ten past six 10 at half past eight 11 at ten past nine 12 at half past ten

78.3

1twenty-five past eight 2 a quarter past eight 3 a quarter to eleven 4 half past midnight

5 midnight 6 three o’clock 7 two to midnight 8 twenty-six past four

9 half past two10 half past two

UNIT 79 Until -from...to –by / the tıme.

79.1

2 until 3 for 4 since 5 Until 6 for 7 for 8 until 9 since 10 until 11 for 12 until 13 Since 14 for

79.2

3 by 4 until 5 until ... by 6 by 7 until 8 by 9 by 10 until 11 By 12 by

UNIT 80 before / after

80.1

2 after lunch 3 before the end 4 during the course 5 before they went to Australia

6 during the night 7 while you are waiting 8 after the concert

UNIT 81 Prepositions of place In,at,on

81.1

2 in bed 3 What’s on at the cinema? 4 in prison 5 at school 6 at the Sports Centre

7 in hospital 8 at the airport 9 on the plane 10 at sea

81.2

2 at 3 on 4 in 5 at 6 at / in a very nice hotel ... in Amsterdam 7 in

8 at work ... at home in bed 9 at 10 in 11 at 12 in London ... at London University

81.3

2 on the wall in the kitchen 3 at 4 on 5 At 6 on 7 at 8 in 9 on 10 in 11 on


82.1

1. to 2. of 3. via 4. from 5. off 6. like 7. out of 8. with 9. until 10. past 11. of 12. but 13. opposite 14. Despite 15. under

16. before 17. without 18. into 19. during 20. Along

82.2

1. at 2. for 3. between 4. in 5. for 6. besides 7. at 8. since 9. on 10. in 11. among 12. since 13. on 14. beside 15. at 16. for 17. in 18. besides 19. in 20. On

UNIT 83 (no exercises)

UNIT 84 a little, a few

84.1

1 a few 2 a little 3 a little 4 a few 5 a few 6 a little 7 a few 8 a little 9 little 10 a few 11 a little 12 a little 13 a few 14 little 15 a few 16 a little 17 few 18 few19a little20 a few21 a little 22 a little

23 a little 24 a few 25 a few 26 a little 27 a few 28 a little 29 a little 30 few 31 little 32 a few

33 a little 34 few 35 a little 36 a few 37 little 38 a few

UNIT 85 There- present-past-perfect-future..etc .

85.1

2 There’s / There’s 3 is there 4There are 5 are there 6 There isn’t 7 is there 8 Are there

9 There’s / There is....There aren’t

85.2

2 It’s 3 There’s 4 There ‘s İs it 5 İs there.....There’s 6 It’s 7 is there

85.3

3 There was 4 Was there 5 there weren’t 6 There wasn’t 7 Were there 8 There wasn’t

9 There was 10 there weren’t

85.4

3 Is there ... there is / there’s 4 there was ... It was 5 It was 6 There was 7 is it

8 It was 9 It is / It’s 10 there wasn’t 11 Is it ... it’s 12 there was ... There was

13 It was 14 There wasn’t 15 There was ... it wasn’t

85.5

2 There is a lot of salt in the soup. 3 There was nothing in the box.

4 There was a lot of violence in the film. 5 There were a lot of people in the shops.

85.6

2 There might be or There should be 3 there will be or there should be

4 There’s going to be or There might be 5 There used to be

6 there should be 7 there wouldn’t be

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