ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITIONBy

Nadeem. Y. Mufti

PARTS OF SPEECH

1. Noun2. Pronoun3. Verb4. Adjective5. Adverb6. Preposition7. Conjunction8. Interjection

Noun

A noun is a word used for giving a name to some person, place or thing.

Example:Rizwan, Karachi, Car, Wisdom, Honesty Table, cotton , etc.

The Kinds of Noun

1. Proper Noun- Faizan, Karachi, Pakistan2. Common Noun- Table, River, Man City, Country.3. Collective Noun-Army, Police, Party, Class4. Material Noun-Wheat, Milk, Gold Silver5. Abstract Noun-Wisdom, Honesty, Youth Sleep

The Pronoun

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.

Example:

Rizwan went to school. He took his books with him.In the above example He is used for Rizwan.

The Kinds of Pronoun:

1. Personal Pronoun-I, We, You, He, She, They , Their, Him, Her, Me, Us, Them

2. Reflexive Pronoun-Himself, Yourself, Ourselves, Myself, Themselves, Herself

3. Relative Pronoun-What, Which, Whom, Whose, Who4. Interrogative Pronoun-They are used for asking question like whose

book is this?5. Demonstrative Pronoun-Those, These, That, This6. Indefinite Pronoun-Somebody, Everybody, Nobody, anybody, all,

none, one, any7. Distributive Pronoun-Neither, Either, Each

Verb

A verb is a word used for saying something about the activity of a person or thing. It’s important to know that we cannot make a sentence without a verb.

The Kinds of Verb

1. Transitive Verb- Love, Hate, Eat, Write, See, Drink2. Intransitive Verbs- Sleep, fall, go3. Auxiliary or Helping Verbs-They are used in tenses i.e. Past present

future. Go-Went-Gone-Going

Adjective

Adjectives are of eight Kinds:

1. Proper Adjectives-Pakistani, Arab or Arabian, Russian, Spanish2. Adjective of Quality-Able, Brave, Bold, Fat, Slim, Rich, Wise3. Adjective of Quantity-Little, Much, many, sufficient, enough, half,

Whole4. Adjective of Numbers-One, Two, Three, Four, First, second, third5. Demonstrative Adjectives-This, that, these, those

6. Distributive Adjectives-Every, Each, Neither, Either7. Interrogative Adjectives-What, Which, When, Where, Whose8. Possessive Adjectives-My, Our, His, Her, Its, Their

Adverb

An Adverb is a word which qualifies or adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Adverb is a word which says something about verb.Example:

The Child cries loudlyShe teaches well

The Kinds of Adverbs:

1. Simple-The Horse runs swiftly2. Interrogative-How much, How many, Where, when3. Relative-When, why, whereas, then, how

Preposition

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what selection the person or thing indicated by it stands in regard to something else.

Examples:

He is found of reading books

He is late for School

We should hope for the best

Some very essential prepositions are as follows:

In, into, with, by, from, over, under, after, behind, near, beside, up, down, to, of, ahead, above, for, at, between, among against, across, about

The Kinds of Prepositions

1. Simple Preposition-At, by, with, on, in, for, from, through

2. Double Preposition-into, under, over, within, against

3. Compound Preposition- Along, across, around, before, beside, below, between, within

4. Participle Prepositions-Owing, during, regarding, concerning5. Phrase Preposition-According to, instead of, because of in case, by

virtue of, in front of, on account of, in order to for the sake of.

Conjunction

A conjunction is a joining word

Example:

Nadeem and Rizwan went there

I called him but he did not come

Following are the words used as joining words:

But, or, otherwise, as well as, and, both, not only, however, wherever, therefore, whether, although, whatevewr, whenever, whichever, whoever, since, hence.

Interjection

An interjection is a word in a sentence to express some feeling or emotions of mind:Oh, Alas, Well Done, welcome, bravo