English Adjectival Inflection: A radical Radical Construction Grammar Approach John Newman & Sally...
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Transcript of English Adjectival Inflection: A radical Radical Construction Grammar Approach John Newman & Sally...
English Adjectival
Inflection:A radical Radical Construction
Grammar Approach
John Newman & Sally RiceUniversity of Alberta
CSDL 2006UC San Diego
Bertrand Russell’s Emotive Conjugations
I’m
tenacious
you’re stubborn
he’s pigheaded
singular
1
2
3
inflection-specificadjectival meaning and behavior
in English
a radicalRadical Construction Grammar approach
language-specific (typologically aware)
construction-specific (context sensitive)
inflection-specific (lemma sceptical)
a radicalRadical Construction Grammar approach
language-specific (typologically aware)
construction-specific (context sensitive)
inflection-specific (lemma sceptical)
English Adjectival Inflection
inflectional periphrastic suppletive
positive tall interesting good
comparative taller more interesting better
superlative tallest most interesting best
English Adjectival Inflection –– FACTORS
semantics
etymology / derivation
syllable structure (Quirk & Greenbaum, Kytö & Romaine 1997, Biber et al. 1999 )
phonotactics
register / dialect
English Adjectival Inflection –– FACTORS
semantics
etymology / derivation
syllable structure (Quirk & Greenbaum, Kytö & Romaine 1997, Biber et al. 1999 )
phonotactics
register / dialect
inflectional island effects (Rice & Newman 2005)
Inflectional Islands
Syntactic (constructional), semantic, and
collocational properties tend to inhere in
individual inflections of a lexical item in a
register-specific manner. These properties
may not extend across all the inflections
(the paradigm) to characterize the lemma
as a whole.
children tend to use uninflected verb roots before inflected forms
verb inflections are mastered on a verb-by-verb basis
generalization is gradual
initially, particular verbs “strand” inflections
adults use particular inflected forms of individual verbs on a register-specific basis
verb inflections adhere to verbs on a verb-by-verb basis
particularization is gradual
eventually, inflections “strand” particular verbs
THE VERBISLAND HYPOTHESISTomasello 1992, 2004
THE INFLECTIONAL ISLAND HYPOTHESISRice & Newman 2005
V < < < inflection V > > > inflection
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
SUPPOSE
THANK
KEEP
NEED
GIVE
MAKE
LIKE
TELL
TAKE
PUT
LOOK
MEAN
WANT
COME
THINK
SEE
GO
KNOW
SAY
GET
VVB-verb VVZ-verbs VVI-(to) verb VVD-verbed VVG-(be) verbing VVN-(have) verbed
DISTRIBUTION OF SOME BASIC VERBS IN THE BNC BASED ON TAM INFLECTION
IMPLICATIONS OF USAGE-BASED APPROACHES TO GRAMMAR
a new starting point for linguistic analysis
put lemmas aside (as done earlier with syntactic rule in favor of constructions)
substitute words-in-context or WICs (intersection of genre, register, & inflection)
a new (lower) level of linguistic generalization
find the “hierarchy of lower-level structures...[that] specify the actual array of subcases and specific instances that support and give rise to the higher-level generalization” RWL, Concept, Image, & Symbol, 1991:281-282
WICs
locus of lexicalization and grammaticalization
active in borrowings and morphological realignment
spawn psychological associations, induce priming effects
English Inflected Adjectives as WICs
uneven distribution
alternate marking newer more new
double marking bestest most commonest
inflectional gaps sheer *-er sheerest
inflectional idiosyncracies
irregular semantics
collocational preferences of WICs
constructional properties of WICs
English Inflected Adjectives as WICs
uneven distribution
alternate marking newer more new
double marking bestest most commonest
inflectional gaps sheer *-er sheerest
inflectional idiosyncracies
irregular semantics
collocational preferences of WICs
constructional properties of WICs
Our focus here
1. Inflectional idiosyncracies (relative frequencies)
2. N collocates
3. A collocates
4. Constructions
1. Inflectional idiosyncracies of A, Aer, Aest
AJ0, AJC, and AJS in the BNC
6,346,759
196,473 91,6160
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
AJ0 AJC AJS
1. Inflectional idiosyncracies of A, Aer, Aest
BEST
1. Inflectional idiosyncracies of A, Aer, Aest
AJ0, AJC, and AJS in the BNC
6,346,759
196,473 91,6160
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
AJ0 AJC AJS
1. Inflectional idiosyncracies of A, Aer, Aest
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
weak
thin
slim
lean
trim
plai
n
slend
er
feeb
lefra
il
comp
sup
1. Inflectional idiosyncracies of A, Aer, Aest
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
simple fine tiny mere pure slight
comp
sup
1. Inflectional idiosyncracies of A, Aer, Aest
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
small
tiny
pos
comp
sup
2. N collocates of A, Aer, Aest
GOOD BETTER BEST1 IDEA 577 WAY 35 THING 1742 JOB 290 CHANCE 25 WAY 1653 MORNING 279 THINGS 24 FRIEND 474 BOY 245 DEAL 20 PART 315 THING 220 IDEA 18 PLACE 256 GIRL 181 POSITION 17 TIME 237 NEWS 155 QUALITY 17 PEOPLE 198 TIME 116 JOB 16 BIT 179 WAY 97 USE 14 WISHES 17
10 POINT 86 ONES 12 FRIENDS 1611 GRIEF 81 SERVICE 12 INTERESTS 1612 EVENING 75 PLACE 11 ADVICE 1413 AFTERNOON 74 WORD 11 WILL 1414 DAY 73 VALUE 9 BET 1215 EXAMPLE 71 CLASS 9 IDEA 1116 LUCK 70 CONDITIONS 8 PRACTICE 1117 QUALITY 62 RATE 7 VALUE 1118 REASON 61 SIDE 7 PERSON 919 LORD 58 RESULTS 6 ONES 920 GOD 57 PARTICULARS 6 CHANCE 9
2. N collocates of A, Aer, AestSLIGHT LL SLIGHTEST LL
1 increase hint2 smile bit3 variations movement4 angle idea5 the doubt6 improvement sign7 modifications chance8 acidity interest9 breeze intention
10 change provocation11 frown suspicion12 difference difference13 delay thing14 changes inclination15 shrug touch16 exaggeration breeze17 distal flicker18 bow inkling19 figure trace20 decrease notice21 pause degree22 differences sound23 movement nod24 variation suggestion25 rise 100+ encouragement 50+
2. N collocates of A, Aer, AestSLIGHT LL SLIGHTEST LL
1 increase hint2 smile bit3 variations movement4 angle idea5 the doubt6 improvement sign7 modifications chance8 acidity interest9 breeze intention
10 change provocation11 frown suspicion12 difference difference13 delay thing14 changes inclination15 shrug touch16 exaggeration breeze17 distal flicker18 bow inkling19 figure trace20 decrease notice21 pause degree22 differences sound23 movement nod24 variation suggestion25 rise 100+ encouragement 50+
2. N collocates of A, Aer, AestSLIGHT LL SLIGHTEST LL
1 increase hint2 smile bit3 variations movement4 angle idea5 the doubt6 improvement sign7 modifications chance8 acidity interest9 breeze intention
10 change provocation11 frown suspicion12 difference difference13 delay thing14 changes inclination15 shrug touch16 exaggeration breeze17 distal flicker18 bow inkling19 figure trace20 decrease notice21 pause degree22 differences sound23 movement nod24 variation suggestion25 rise 100+ encouragement 50+
2. N collocates of A, Aer, AestFINE LL FINER LL FINEST LL
art 2501.41 points 970.61 hour 370.34 arts 2007.77 details 173.25 collections 318.67 gael 995.59 detail 145.50 examples 211.79 tuning 590.70 feelings 112.71 collection 186.05 weather 544.30 distinctions 92.66 quality 118.67 detail 486.88 grain 80.25 works 114.69 chemicals 463.67 grades 76.01 hotels 92.76 example 438.10 things 59.46 medieval 91.54 collection 345.15 particles 54.66 wines 83.01 line 255.93 material 52.15 work 80.83 wines 248.41 report 26.83 achievements 66.14 examples 241.35 traditions 65.00 china 228.57 beaches 60.16 views 220.79 achievement 56.06 workman 217.71 craftsmen 53.23 day 215.89 hours 51.78 gravel 210.28 example 50.90 style 194.95 minds 47.21 thanks 193.84 buildings 45.51 tune 188.09 moment 42.68 lines 184.68 silk 40.42 particles 184.54 moments 36.85 hair 175.83 views 35.64 lace 172.67 piece 33.44 old 162.03 girl 27.87 yarn 161.65 details 23.65 fettle 159.98 thing 23.38 grained 151.11 team 19.08 details 147.99 gauge 141.46 thank 141.14 balance 138.55 bone 132.28 linen 129.16 performance 129.08
2. N collocates of A, Aer, AestFINE LL FINER LL FINEST LL
art 2501.41 points 970.61 hour 370.34 arts 2007.77 details 173.25 collections 318.67 gael 995.59 detail 145.50 examples 211.79 tuning 590.70 feelings 112.71 collection 186.05 weather 544.30 distinctions 92.66 quality 118.67 detail 486.88 grain 80.25 works 114.69 chemicals 463.67 grades 76.01 hotels 92.76 example 438.10 things 59.46 medieval 91.54 collection 345.15 particles 54.66 wines 83.01 line 255.93 material 52.15 work 80.83 wines 248.41 report 26.83 achievements 66.14 examples 241.35 traditions 65.00 china 228.57 beaches 60.16 views 220.79 achievement 56.06 workman 217.71 craftsmen 53.23 day 215.89 hours 51.78 gravel 210.28 example 50.90 style 194.95 minds 47.21 thanks 193.84 buildings 45.51 tune 188.09 moment 42.68 lines 184.68 silk 40.42 particles 184.54 moments 36.85 hair 175.83 views 35.64 lace 172.67 piece 33.44 old 162.03 girl 27.87 yarn 161.65 details 23.65 fettle 159.98 thing 23.38 grained 151.11 team 19.08 details 147.99 gauge 141.46 thank 141.14 balance 138.55 bone 132.28 linen 129.16 performance 129.08
2. N collocates of A, Aer, AestFINE LL FINER LL FINEST LL
art 2501.41 points 970.61 hour 370.34 arts 2007.77 details 173.25 collections 318.67 gael 995.59 detail 145.50 examples 211.79 tuning 590.70 feelings 112.71 collection 186.05 weather 544.30 distinctions 92.66 quality 118.67 detail 486.88 grain 80.25 works 114.69 chemicals 463.67 grades 76.01 hotels 92.76 example 438.10 things 59.46 medieval 91.54 collection 345.15 particles 54.66 wines 83.01 line 255.93 material 52.15 work 80.83 wines 248.41 report 26.83 achievements 66.14 examples 241.35 traditions 65.00 china 228.57 beaches 60.16 views 220.79 achievement 56.06 workman 217.71 craftsmen 53.23 day 215.89 hours 51.78 gravel 210.28 example 50.90 style 194.95 minds 47.21 thanks 193.84 buildings 45.51 tune 188.09 moment 42.68 lines 184.68 silk 40.42 particles 184.54 moments 36.85 hair 175.83 views 35.64 lace 172.67 piece 33.44 old 162.03 girl 27.87 yarn 161.65 details 23.65 fettle 159.98 thing 23.38 grained 151.11 team 19.08 details 147.99 gauge 141.46 thank 141.14 balance 138.55 bone 132.28 linen 129.16 performance 129.08
3. A collocates of A, Aer, Aest
AJ * AJ AJC * AJC AJS * AJS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL 1049 WORSE AND WORSE 79 NEAREST AND DEAREST 37 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC 755 BETTER OR WORSE 71 BEST AND WORST 25 BLACK AND WHITE 631 HIGHER AND HIGHER 69 BIGGEST AND BEST 16 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL 502 FURTHER AND HIGHER 66 BEST , BEST 8 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC 466 SMALLER AND SMALLER 63 HIGHEST AND LOWEST 7 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL 421 BETTER AND BETTER 51 LOWEST AND HIGHEST 7 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE 359 BIGGER AND BIGGER 50 OLDEST AND LARGEST 6 DEAF AND DUMB 276 HIGHER AND FURTHER 45 LARGEST AND FINEST 6 BLACK AND WHITE 270 BIGGER AND BETTER 39 BIGGEST AND RICHEST 6 ECONOMIC AND MONETARY 266 LARGER AND LARGER 39 BEST AND CHEAPEST 5 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL 251 LOUDER AND LOUDER 33 LARGEST AND BEST 5 MALE AND FEMALE 242 HIGHER OR LOWER 33 EASIEST AND CHEAPEST 5 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL 236 GREATER AND GREATER 24 OLDEST AND YOUNGEST 5 HON. AND LEARNED 230 OLDER AND YOUNGER 24 SIMPLEST AND CHEAPEST 5 OLD AND NEW 214 HIGHER AND LOWER 23 OLDEST AND SMALLEST 4 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL 202 BIGGER AND STRONGER 18 EASIEST AND QUICKEST 4 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL 191 LONGER AND LONGER 17 CHEAPEST AND SIMPLEST 4 PHYSICAL AND MENTAL 186 OLDER AND WISER 17 DEEPEST , DARKEST 4 CENTRAL AND LOCAL 183 WIDER AND WIDER 17 LARGEST AND OLDEST 4 GREATER OR LESSER 181 LARGER OR SMALLER 16 BIGGEST , BIGGEST 4
4. Misc. constructions with A, Aer, Aest
POS COMP SUP IT IS POSSIBLE TO 1972 IT IS BETTER TO 247 IT IS BEST TO 230 IT IS IMPORTANT TO 1766 IT IS EASIER TO 178 IT IS EASIEST TO 21 IT IS DIFFICULT TO 1577 IT IS HARDER TO 21 IT IS SAFEST TO 8 IT IS NECESSARY TO 1091 IT IS SAFER TO 13 IT IS SIMPLEST TO 7 IT IS EASY TO 688 IT IS CHEAPER TO 13 IT IS WISEST TO 2 IT IS HARD TO 684 IT IS CLOSER TO 11 IT IS CLOSEST TO 2 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO 634 IT IS WISER TO 7 IT IS NEAREST TO 1 IT IS INTERESTING TO 401 IT IS SIMPLER TO 7 IT IS KINDEST TO 1 IT IS LIKELY TO 326 IT IS QUICKER TO 5 IT IS CHEAPEST TO 1 IT IS ESSENTIAL TO 291 IT IS WORSE TO 1 IT IS USEFUL TO 198 IT IS SLOWER TO 1 IT IS REASONABLE TO 194 IT IS RISKIER TO 1 IT IS ADVISABLE TO 136 IT IS NEARER TO 1 IT IS UNLIKELY TO 133 IT IS KINDER TO 1 IT IS FAIR TO 130 IT IS FAIRER TO 1 IT IS TEMPTING TO 129 IT IS CLEANER TO 1 IT IS GOOD TO 121 IT IS APPROPRIATE TO 117 IT IS USUAL TO 110 IT IS VITAL TO 109
It is _____ to...
4. Misc. constructions with A, Aer, Aest
POS COMP SUP IT IS POSSIBLE TO 1972 IT IS BETTER TO 247 IT IS BEST TO 230 IT IS IMPORTANT TO 1766 IT IS EASIER TO 178 IT IS EASIEST TO 21 IT IS DIFFICULT TO 1577 IT IS HARDER TO 21 IT IS SAFEST TO 8 IT IS NECESSARY TO 1091 IT IS SAFER TO 13 IT IS SIMPLEST TO 7 IT IS EASY TO 688 IT IS CHEAPER TO 13 IT IS WISEST TO 2 IT IS HARD TO 684 IT IS CLOSER TO 11 IT IS CLOSEST TO 2 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO 634 IT IS WISER TO 7 IT IS NEAREST TO 1 IT IS INTERESTING TO 401 IT IS SIMPLER TO 7 IT IS KINDEST TO 1 IT IS LIKELY TO 326 IT IS QUICKER TO 5 IT IS CHEAPEST TO 1 IT IS ESSENTIAL TO 291 IT IS WORSE TO 1 IT IS USEFUL TO 198 IT IS SLOWER TO 1 IT IS REASONABLE TO 194 IT IS RISKIER TO 1 IT IS ADVISABLE TO 136 IT IS NEARER TO 1 IT IS UNLIKELY TO 133 IT IS KINDER TO 1 IT IS FAIR TO 130 IT IS FAIRER TO 1 IT IS TEMPTING TO 129 IT IS CLEANER TO 1 IT IS GOOD TO 121 IT IS APPROPRIATE TO 117 IT IS USUAL TO 110 IT IS VITAL TO 109
It is _____ to...
4. Misc. constructions with A, Aer, Aest
POS COMP SUP IT IS POSSIBLE TO 1972 IT IS BETTER TO 247 IT IS BEST TO 230 IT IS IMPORTANT TO 1766 IT IS EASIER TO 178 IT IS EASIEST TO 21 IT IS DIFFICULT TO 1577 IT IS HARDER TO 21 IT IS SAFEST TO 8 IT IS NECESSARY TO 1091 IT IS SAFER TO 13 IT IS SIMPLEST TO 7 IT IS EASY TO 688 IT IS CHEAPER TO 13 IT IS WISEST TO 2 IT IS HARD TO 684 IT IS CLOSER TO 11 IT IS CLOSEST TO 2 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO 634 IT IS WISER TO 7 IT IS NEAREST TO 1 IT IS INTERESTING TO 401 IT IS SIMPLER TO 7 IT IS KINDEST TO 1 IT IS LIKELY TO 326 IT IS QUICKER TO 5 IT IS CHEAPEST TO 1 IT IS ESSENTIAL TO 291 IT IS WORSE TO 1 IT IS USEFUL TO 198 IT IS SLOWER TO 1 IT IS REASONABLE TO 194 IT IS RISKIER TO 1 IT IS ADVISABLE TO 136 IT IS NEARER TO 1 IT IS UNLIKELY TO 133 IT IS KINDER TO 1 IT IS FAIR TO 130 IT IS FAIRER TO 1 IT IS TEMPTING TO 129 IT IS CLEANER TO 1 IT IS GOOD TO 121 IT IS APPROPRIATE TO 117 IT IS USUAL TO 110 IT IS VITAL TO 109
It is _____ to...
4. Misc. constructions with A, Aer, Aest
A-er than NORM
A-er THAN USUAL A-er THAN NORMAL A-er THAN AVERAGE A-er THAN EXPECTED1 HIGHER 13 HIGHER 27 HIGHER 39 LOWER 382 WORSE 11 LARGER 10 LOWER 17 BETTER 343 LARGER 10 LOWER 8 BETTER 14 HIGHER 344 LONGER 9 BIGGER 6 LARGER 11 WORSE 195 LOWER 8 SMALLER 5 GREATER 8 GREATER 136 SMALLER 7 SHORTER 4 FASTER 6 BIGGER 77 SHORTER 6 FASTER 4 SMALLER 4 LARGER 48 LATER 6 GREATER 4 WORSE 3 EARLIER 49 PALER 5 LATER 3 SHORTER 2 SLOWER 3
10 THICKER 5 LONGER 3 SLOWER 2 WEAKER 311 HEAVIER 4 HEAVIER 3 DENSER 2 SMALLER 212 GREATER 4 WORSE 3 BIGGER 2 POORER 213 QUIETER 4 WIDER 2 CHILLIER 1 STRONGER 214 EARLIER 4 THICKER 2 COLDER 1 TOUGHER 215 DEEPER 3 WARMER 2 COOLER 1 LONGER 216 FASTER 3 LOUDER 2 EARLIER 1 EASIER 117 CLOSER 3 HOTTER 2 FITTER 1 FASTER 118 LOUDER 3 HUSKIER 1 HEAVIER 1 CHEAPER 119 YOUNGER 3 KEENER 1 RICHER 1 COOLER 120 THINNER 3 BLUER 1 LATER 1 DEEPER 121 SLOWER 3 BRIGHTER 1 LIGHTER 1 QUIETER 122 SOFTER 3 CHEAPER 1 LONGER 1 SMOOTHER 123 PINKER 2 CLEARER 1 YOUNGER 1 SOFTER 124 STRONGER 2 DENSER 1 TALLER 125 WARMER 2 EARLIER 1 WARMER 1 17726 LIGHTER 2 MILDER 1 WEAKER 127 BUSIER 2 LIGHTER 1 WETTER 128 BETTER 2 HARDIER 1 WIDER 129 DARKER 2 WHITER 130 EMPTIER 1 THINNER 1 12631 FAINTER 1 SLOWER 132 FIRMER 1 SNAPPIER 133 FLATTER 1 STRONGER 134 FULLER 135 GLOOMIER 1 10636 GRAVER 137 BIGGER 138 BLACKER-HAIRED 139 BRIGHTER 140 BUMPIER 141 CALMER 142 CHEAPER 143 COLDER 144 CROSSER 145 HAIRIER 146 HAPPIER 147 HOTTER 148 READIER 149 SCRUFFIER 150 SHARPER 151 NICER 152 NOISIER 153 ODDER 154 OILIER 155 WEAKER 156 WHITER 157 WIDER 158 SURLIER 159 TALLER 160 UGLIER 161 QUICKER 162 SPARSER 163 STERNER 164 STRICTER 1
169
4. Misc. constructions with A, Aer, Aest
A-er than NORM
A-er THAN USUAL A-er THAN NORMAL A-er THAN AVERAGE A-er THAN EXPECTED1 HIGHER 13 HIGHER 27 HIGHER 39 LOWER 382 WORSE 11 LARGER 10 LOWER 17 BETTER 343 LARGER 10 LOWER 8 BETTER 14 HIGHER 344 LONGER 9 BIGGER 6 LARGER 11 WORSE 195 LOWER 8 SMALLER 5 GREATER 8 GREATER 136 SMALLER 7 SHORTER 4 FASTER 6 BIGGER 77 SHORTER 6 FASTER 4 SMALLER 4 LARGER 48 LATER 6 GREATER 4 WORSE 3 EARLIER 49 PALER 5 LATER 3 SHORTER 2 SLOWER 3
10 THICKER 5 LONGER 3 SLOWER 2 WEAKER 311 HEAVIER 4 HEAVIER 3 DENSER 2 SMALLER 212 GREATER 4 WORSE 3 BIGGER 2 POORER 213 QUIETER 4 WIDER 2 CHILLIER 1 STRONGER 214 EARLIER 4 THICKER 2 COLDER 1 TOUGHER 215 DEEPER 3 WARMER 2 COOLER 1 LONGER 216 FASTER 3 LOUDER 2 EARLIER 1 EASIER 117 CLOSER 3 HOTTER 2 FITTER 1 FASTER 118 LOUDER 3 HUSKIER 1 HEAVIER 1 CHEAPER 119 YOUNGER 3 KEENER 1 RICHER 1 COOLER 120 THINNER 3 BLUER 1 LATER 1 DEEPER 121 SLOWER 3 BRIGHTER 1 LIGHTER 1 QUIETER 122 SOFTER 3 CHEAPER 1 LONGER 1 SMOOTHER 123 PINKER 2 CLEARER 1 YOUNGER 1 SOFTER 124 STRONGER 2 DENSER 1 TALLER 125 WARMER 2 EARLIER 1 WARMER 1 17726 LIGHTER 2 MILDER 1 WEAKER 127 BUSIER 2 LIGHTER 1 WETTER 128 BETTER 2 HARDIER 1 WIDER 129 DARKER 2 WHITER 130 EMPTIER 1 THINNER 1 12631 FAINTER 1 SLOWER 132 FIRMER 1 SNAPPIER 133 FLATTER 1 STRONGER 134 FULLER 135 GLOOMIER 1 10636 GRAVER 137 BIGGER 138 BLACKER-HAIRED 139 BRIGHTER 140 BUMPIER 141 CALMER 142 CHEAPER 143 COLDER 144 CROSSER 145 HAIRIER 146 HAPPIER 147 HOTTER 148 READIER 149 SCRUFFIER 150 SHARPER 151 NICER 152 NOISIER 153 ODDER 154 OILIER 155 WEAKER 156 WHITER 157 WIDER 158 SURLIER 159 TALLER 160 UGLIER 161 QUICKER 162 SPARSER 163 STERNER 164 STRICTER 1
169
a radical RCG approach to English adjectival inflection
A and AA-er and A-er more A and more AA-est and A-est most A and most A
even A-er even more A
A-er N more A NA-est N most A N
N be A-er N be more AN be A-est N be most A
A radical RCG approach to allows us to leave the paradigm behind.
Paradigms (lemmas) have value for some purposes, but they often end up straight-jacketing an analysis.
The conceit of the paradigm tends to dull our interest in looking at the lexical semantics of inflected forms in their own right (cf. the Russellian conjugations).
Some items do escape the shackles of the paradigm and actually become lexical items in their own right.
A radical RCG approach to allows us to leave the paradigm behind.
Paradigms (lemmas) have value for some purposes, but they often end up straight-jacketing an analysis.
The conceit of the paradigm tends to dull our interest in looking at the lexical semantics of inflected forms in their own right.
Some items do escape the shackles of the paradigm and actually become lexical items in their own right (cf. the Russellian conjugations).
a radical RCG approach to English adjectival inflection
rath(e) rather rathest
nigh near nextnearest
forme former firstforemost
late later lastlatest
a radical RCG approach to English adjectival inflection
rath(e) rather rathest
nigh near nextnearest
forme former firstforemost
late later lastlatest
Thank you.