English 9Mr. Rinka - Lesson #32

VerbsPoetry Meter & Rhyme

Principal Parts of a Verb

There are 4 principal parts of a verb:

Base Form = walkPresent Participle = (is) walking Past = walkedPast Participle = (had) walked

Present participle and past participle will use a helping verb.

Principal Parts of a Verb

These 4 principal parts of a verb are used to form different verb tenses.

We walk two miles every day. (present tense)My parents are walking now. (present progressive)We walked yesterday in the evening. (past tense)We have walked daily since June. (present perfect tense)

Regular Verbs

Regular verbs form their present and past participle forms by adding –ing and –d or –ed to the base form.Base Form

Present Participle

Past Past Participle

talk (is) talking talked (have) talked

play (is) playing played (have) played

use (is) using used (have) used

Regular Verbs

Regular verbs form their past and past participle forms by adding –ing and –d or –ed to the base form.

We play baseball every day.We are playing baseball after school.We played baseball last weekend.We have played baseball every day this month.

Irregular Verbs

An irregular verb is one that forms its past and past participle in a way different from adding –d or –ed to the base form. They form their past and past participle as follows:

changing vowels or consonantschanging vowels and consonantsmaking no change

Irregular Verbs

Base Form Past Past Participle

Vowel Change

begin began (have) begun

Consonant Change

send sent (have) sent

Vowel Consonant Change

bring brought (have) brought

No Change put put (have) put

Irregular Verbs

We begin every class with a test.We began the test one hour ago.We have begun testing, so please work quietly.

Please send the letter today.I sent it yesterday, sir.We have sent a letter to the company.

Irregular Verbs

Students bring their books to class.I brought my books to study hall.I have brought my books to school every day.

Please put those flowers in a vase.I put the flowers in a vase.Mom has put the flowers in a vase.

Irregular Verbs

Base Form Present Participle

Past Past Participle

begin (is) beginning began (have) begun

blow (is) blowing blew (have) blown

break (is) breaking broke (have) broken

bring (is) bringing brought (have) brought

burst (is) bursting burst (have) burst

choose (is) choosing chose (have) chosen

come (is) coming came (have) come

dive (is) diving dove (have) dived

do (is) doing did (have) done

draw (is) drawing drew (have) drawn

Irregular Verbs

Base Form Present Participle

Past Past Participle

drink (is) drinking drank (have) drunk

drive (is) driving drove (have) driven

eat (is) eating ate (have) eaten

fall (is) falling fell (have) fallen

freeze (is) freezing froze (have) frozen

give (is) giving gave (have) given

go (is) going went (have) gone

grow (is) growing grew (have) grown

hear (is) hearing heard (have) heard

know (is) knowing knew (have) known

Irregular Verbs

Present Participle

Present Participle

Past Past Participle

leave (is) leaving left (have) left

put (is) putting put (have) put

ride (is) riding rode (have) ridden

ring (is) ringing rang (have) rung

run (is) running ran (have) run

say (is) saying said (have) said

see (is) seeing saw (have) seen

send (is) sending sent (have) sent

shake (is) shaking shook (have) shaken

shrink (is) shrinking shrank (have) shrunk

Irregular Verbs

Base Form Present Participle

Past Past Participle

sing (is) singing sang (have) sung

sink (is) sinking sank (have) sunk

sleep (is) sleeping slept (have) slept

speak (is) speaking spoke (have) spoken

steal (is) stealing stole (have) stolen

sting (is) stinging stung (have) stung

strike (is) striking struck (have) struck

swear (is) swearing swore (have) sworn

swim (is) swimming swam (have) swum

take (is) taking took (have) taken

Irregular Verbs

Base Form Present Participle

Past Past Participle

teach (is) teaching taught (have) taught

tear (is) tearing tore (have) torn

think (is) thinking thought (have) thought

throw (is) throwing threw (have) thrown

wear (is) wearing wore (have) worn

write (is) writing wrote (have) written

Irregular Verbs

If present participle and past participle forms are used as main verbs in sentences, then they must have helping verbs with them. Without helping verbs the sentence would be wrong.

I am talking to you. (I talking to you. = wrong)

He was playing in the yard. (He playing in the yard = wrong)

We have been working a long time. (We working a long time. = wrong)

Irregular Verbs Exercises

http://www.chompchomp.com/irregular02/irregular02.htm

http://www.quia.com/cb/8111.html

Poetry Meter & Rhyme

POETRY FORMForm - the appearance of the words on the page

Some say the world will end in fire; Some say in ice. From what I've tasted of desire I hold with those who favor fire. But if it had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great And would suffice.

“Fire and Ice”Robert Frost

POETRY FORM• http://www.google.com/images?hl=en&q=concrete+poem+examples&revid=1436932906&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=univ&ei=g0lITJf-B

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POETRY FORM

Line - a group of words together on one line of the poem

O I have been dilatory and dumb,I should have made my way straight to you long ago,I should have blabb'd nothing but you, I should have chanted nothingbut you.

“To You”Walt Whitman

POETRY FORM

Stanza - a group of lines arranged together

“THE SHEPHERD”   How sweet is the Shepherd's sweet lot!   From the morn to the evening he stays;   He shall follow his sheep all the day,   And his tongue shall be filled with praise.

   For he hears the lambs' innocent call,   And he hears the ewes' tender reply;   He is watching while they are in peace,   For they know when their Shepherd is nigh. William Blake

KINDS OF STANZAS

Couplet = a two line stanzaTriplet (Tercet) = a three line stanzaQuatrain = a four line stanzaQuintet = a five line stanzaSestet (Sextet)= a six line stanzaSeptet = a seven line stanzaOctave = an eight line stanza

RHYTHM

The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem. Rhythm can be created by meter and rhyme.

RHYTHMI THINK that I shall never seeA poem lovely as a tree. A tree whose hungry mouth is prestAgainst the sweet earth's flowing breast; A tree that looks at God all day,And lifts her leafy arms to pray; A tree that may in summer wearA nest of robins in her hair; Upon whose bosom snow has lain;Who intimately lives with rain.  Poems are made by fools like me,But only God can make a tree. Trees – Joyce Kilmer

Meter

Meter = stressed and unstressed syllables of words in a poem arranged in repeating patterns.

Poets count out the number of stressed syllables and unstressed syllables for each line. Poets repeat the pattern throughout the poem.

Meter

Foot = a unit of meter. A foot can have two or three syllables consisting of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables.

Meter

Types of Meter

Iambic / - - / / unstressed stressed /

Trochaic / - - / / stressed unstressed /

Anapestic / - - - / / unstressed unstressed stressed /

Dactylic / - - - / / stressed unstressed unstressed /

Meter - Metrical Lines

monometer = one foot per linedimeter = two feet per linetrimeter = three feet per linetetrameter = four feet per linepentameter = five feet per linehexameter = six feet per lineheptameter = seven feet per lineoctometer = eight feet per line

Meter - Iambic Tetrameter

Introduction to Milton- William Blake

And did those feet in ancient timeWalk upon England's mountains green?And was the holy Lamb of GodOn England's pleasant pastures seen?

And did / those feet / in an / cient timeWalk up / on Eng / land's moun / tains green?And was the holy Lamb of GodOn Eng / land's plea / sant pas / tures seen?

Meter – Trochaic Tetrameter

Hiawatha’s Childhood - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

By the shores of Gitche Gumee,By the shining Big-Sea-Water,Stood the wigwam of Nokomis,Daughter of the Moon, Nokomis.

By the / shores of / Git che / Gu mee,By the / shi ning / Big- Sea- / Wa ter,Stood the / wig wam / of No / ko mis,Daugh ter / of  the / Moon, No / ko mis.

Meter – Anapestic Tetrameter

The Destruction of Sennacherib – Lord

Byron

The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the foldAnd his cohorts were gleaming in purple and goldAnd the sheen of their spears was like stars on the seaWhen the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee.

The As syri / an came down / like a wolf / on the foldAnd his co / horts were gleam /ing in pur / ple and goldAnd the sheen / of their spears / was like stars / on the seaWhen the blue / wave rolls night / ly on deep / Ga li lee.

Meter – Dactylic Tetrameter

The Lost Leader by Robert Browning

Just for a handful of silver he left us,Just for a riband to stick in his coat –Found the one gift of which fortune bereft us,Lost all the others she lets us devote;

Just for a / hand ful of / sil ver he / left us,Just for a / ri band to / stick in his / coat –Found the one / gift of which / for tune be / reft us,Lost all the / oth ers she / lets us de / vote;

FREE VERSE POETRYFree Verse poetry has no repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. Free Verse poetry does not rhyme.from Little Father by Li-Young Lee

I buried my father in my heart.Now he grows in me, my strange son,My little root who won’t drink milk,Little pale foot sunk in unheard-of night,Little clock spring newly wetIn the fire, little grape, parent to the futureWine, a son the fruit of his own son,Little father I ransom with my life.

BLANK VERSE POETRY

Poetry written in iambic pentameter without end rhyme.

What is the boy now, who has lost his ball, What, what is he to do? I saw it goMerrily bouncing, down the street, and then Merrily over-there it is in the water!

The Ball Poem – John Berryman

SAMPLE RHYME SCHEMEI THINK that I shall never see ----------------------- AA poem lovely as a tree. --------------------------- A  A tree whose hungry mouth is prest --------------- B Against the sweet earth's flowing breast; ---------- B A tree that looks at God all day, ------------------- CAnd lifts her leafy arms to pray; -------------------- C A tree that may in summer wear ------------------- DA nest of robins in her hair; ------------------------- D Upon whose bosom snow has lain; ---------------- EWho intimately lives with rain. ---------------------- E  Poems are made by fools like me, ----------------- ABut only God can make a tree. -------------------- A

Trees – Joyce Kilmer

SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME"Hope" is the thing with feathers— ------------------------ AThat perches in the soul— --------------------------------- BAnd sings the tune without the words— ------------------ CAnd never stops—at all— --------------------------------- D

And sweetest—in the Gale—is heard— ------------------ EAnd sore must be the storm— ----------------------------- FThat could abash the little Bird ---------------------------- EThat kept so many warm— -------------------------------- F

I've heard it in the chillest land— ------------------------- GAnd on the strangest Sea— ------------------------------- HYet, never, in Extremity, ------------------------------------ HIt asked a crumb—of Me. ---------------------------------  H

"Hope" is the thing with feathers – Emily Dickinson

Irregular Verbs Exercises

http://www.chompchomp.com/irregular02/irregular02.htm

http://www.quia.com/cb/8111.html