Petre Andrei University of Iai Faculty of Law

ENGLISH FOR LAW Second Year First Semester

Professor: Roxana Patra, lecturer, BA and MA of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai

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Target groups: the students in the 2nd year at the Faculty of Law of Petre Andrei University of Iasi. Aims: to actualize, learn and work with English syntax notions; to integrate and recognize syntactic structures in law phrases and contexts; to form and use orally complex language structures; to discuss and debate over civilization issues such as British/American legal system vs. Romanian legal system, British/American Laws vs. Romanian laws; to comprehend and translate legal texts from and into English. Term Evaluation: the students will submit a term paper (written in English) on a specific legal topic (30%); the students will also get through a term examination which will consist of a fifty-grid test (40%); the students will also get marks for the seminar attendance during the semester (30%). Course Plan: A. Grammar Notions The Types of Sentences and of Clauses; Constructions and Grammatical Functions; The Subject-Predicate Accord; Nouns Phrases vs. Verb Phrases; Question Tags; Collocation; Reported Speech; B. Civilization Notions European/British/ American vs. Romanian Legal System; European/British/American vs. Romanian Civil Codes (Laws on Labour, Family, Propriety, Commerce etc.). C. Appendices Law Terminology; Exercises and Further Practice; English/European vs. Romanian Law Documents.

Bibliography:

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Michael Brookes, David Holden & Wesley Hutchinson, Engleza pentru juriti, traducere de Cristina Anghel, Bucureti, Teora, 2007; Professional English in Use. Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, www.cambridge.org; Amy Krois-Lindner & TransLegal, International Legal English. A course for classroom and self-study use, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, www.cambridge.org; Tom Hutchinson and Allan Waters, English for Specific Purposes. A learningcentered approach, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, www.cambridge.org; Dan Dumitrescu, Dicionar juridic. Englez- Romn / Romn Englez, Bucureti, Akademos Art, 2009; Leon Levichi, Gramatica limbii engleze, Bucureti, Teora, 2010; Lazlo Budai, Gramatica englez. Teorie i exerciii, Bucureti, Teora, 2008; Constantin Paidos, English Grammar. Theory and Practice, ed. a III-a, Iai, Polirom, 2001. Rawdon Wyatt, Check your English Vocabulary for Law, Third Edition, London, A.&C Black, 2006. Andrew Radford, English Syntax: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004. Jong-Bok Kim and Peter Sells, English Syntax: An Introduction, 2007. http://papyr.com/hypertextbooks/grammar/cl_subj.htm http://englishgrammarsecrets.com

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I.

GRAMMAR NOTIONS

A. Introduction The mechanism of the English syntax links words (lexical categories) into syntactic constructions such as phrases, clauses and sentences. A phrase is a sequence of two or more words arranged in a grammatical construction and acting as a unit in a sentence. Any phrase has a head that is the ELEMENT WHICH DETERMINES THE PROPERTIES OF THE WHOLE PHRASE. All elements in a phrase other than the head are dependent on the head, in that they either give additional information about the head, or are included in the phrase because the head requires that they be there There are several types of phrases in English language (noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase) among whom the most productive are NP and VP. EX: NOUN PHRASES The limited liability (the maximum amount a person participating in a business can lose or be charged in case of claims against the company or its bankruptcy) The identification card (buletin de identitate) The advisory body (comisie consultativa) The articles of incorporation (the basic charter of a corporation which spells out the name, basic purpose, incorporators, amount and types of stock which may be issued, and any special characteristics such as being non-profit) A clause is a syntactic structure containing a subject and a predicate and forming a part of a sentence (subordinate clauses) or constituting a whole simple sentence (main clauses). When included in sentences (subordinate to a main clause), clauses may be complement clauses, relative clauses, and adverbial clauses. a. The relative clauses can be identified by the introductory relative pronouns: 1. who, which and that are the basic relative pronouns, and can (to a certain extent) be used in the same positions. 2. who can be used only with an antecedent referring to a person; which, referring to a thing; that, referring to either person or thing. ("The man who ..."; "The thing which ..."; "The man/thing that ...".) 3. that can be used only in restrictive relative clauses, while who and which can be used in both restrictive and non-restrictive clauses. ("The man that/who ..."; "The thing that/which ..."; "My friend, who ..."; "My car, which ...".) VERB PHRASES to repeal a law (a abroga o lege)

to move a motion to (a propune o motiune) to put down an amendment (a depune un amendament)

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4. whom is a variant of who normally used only in formal English, and only when the antecedent's role in the relative clause is as an object not a subject. ("The man who saw me"; "The man who/whom I saw".) 5. However, when a preposition in the relative clause is fronted which normally occurs only in formal English only whom and which can be used. ("The man who/whom/that I spoke to"; formal "The man to whom I spoke" not *to who or *to that; "The knife which/that I killed him with"; formal "The knife with which I killed him" not *with that.) 6. The relative pronoun can also be omitted in many circumstances: Specifically, only in a restrictive relative clause ("The man (who) I saw" vs. "My friend, who I saw"); not when the antecedent serves the subject role in the relative clause (approximately, when directly followed by a verb, hence "The man (who) I saw" vs. "The man who saw me"); not with a fronted preposition in formal English ("The man (who) I spoke to" vs. "The man to whom I spoke"). 7. whose is different from all the rest in that it indicates that the antecedent has a possessive role in the relative clause. ("The man whose daughter I married".) Informal English tends to avoid whose. (E.g. in place of "I found a car whose battery is dead", people may say "I found this car, and its battery is dead".) 8. Finally, who, which, whom, whose (and what) also have uses as interrogative pronouns, which are often different from their uses as relative pronouns. ("Who is it?"; "Which man just arrived?"; "What is your name?".) In addition, who and what (along with whoever, whatever, etc.) also have uses as compound relative pronouns. ("I know who/what I like" = "I know the people/things that I like"; "What I said is that I'm tired" = "The thing that I said is that I'm tired".) Similarly, in other contexts that is also a demonstrative pronoun ("That is correct"), a demonstrative adjective ("That man is my friend") and a complementizer ("I said that my name is John"). b. Unlike a relative clause, which is only part of an argument, a complement clause is itself an argument, i.e. a subject (S/A) or an object (O/E). There are several criteria to distinguish between relative and complement clauses, for example passivization, topicalization, coordination and interrogation. An example of a complement clause is "that she is beautiful" in the following sentence, that acting as a complementizer: EX: I know that she is beautiful. c. The adverbial clause modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. There are several kinds of adverbial clauses, according to the meaning of the introductory subordinating conjunction: time clauses, conditional clauses, purpose clauses, reason clauses, result clauses, concessive clauses, place clauses, clauses of manner, clauses of exclamation EX:

MAIN/INDEPENDENT CLAUSES The marriage irretrievably. has broken down

SUBORDINATE/DEPENDENT CLAUSES COMPLEMENT CLAUSES A statement has been made by

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The court and any person shall have regard to the following general principles.

one (or both) of the parties that the maker of the statement (or each of them) believes that the marriage has broken down. RELATIVE CLAUSES This subsection applies if there is a child of the family who is under the age of sixteen. The specified period stops running on the day on which the notice is received by the Court. An order that would cause the transferee financial hardship which is greater than any financial hardship that would be caused to the transferor. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Reason: The court shall have regard to all the circumstances including whether there is reason to believe that the respondent is aware of the proceedings but is deliberately evading service Time In any other case the relevant time is the time when the action is commenced. Concession Cohabitants are a man and a woman who, although not married to each other, are living together as husband wife. Manner Any statutory instrument made under this Act may contain such incidental, supplemental, consequential and transitional provision as the Lord Chancellor considers appropriate. Condition Where the court has power under this paragraph to remand a person in custody it may, if the remand is for a period not exceeding 3 clear days, commit him to the custody of a constable.

Subsection (4) ceases to apply.

A sentence is a grammatical unit of one or more words, bearing minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it, often preceded and followed in speech by pauses, having one of a small number of

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characteristic intonation patterns, and typically expressing an independent statement, question, request, command, etc. in a nutshell, the sentence is the maximal grammatical unit built up from smaller units with a degree of semantic independence which enables it to stand on its own, independent of context. EX: An Act to make provision with respect to: divorce and separation; egal aid in connection with mediation in disputes relating to family matters; proceedings in cases where marriages have broken down; rights of occupation of certain domestic premises; prevention of molestation; the inclusion in certain orders under the Children Act 1989 of provisions about the occupation of a dwelling-house; the transfer of tenancies between spouses and persons who have lived together as husband and wife; and for connected purposes. Note that in legal vocabulary the word sentence denotes an authoritative decision; a judicial judgment or decree, especially the judicial determination of the punishment to be inflicted on a convicted criminal; the punishment itself. Applications and further practice: 1.Find 5 main and 5 subordinate clauses in the following text: A separation order which is made before the second anniversary of the marriage may not be converted into a divorce order under this section until after that anniversary. A separation order may not be converted into a divorce order under this section at any time while an order preventing divorce is in force under section 10. Otherwise, if a separation order is in force and an application for a divorce order is made under this section by either or both of the parties to the marriage, and is not withdrawn, the court shall grant the application once the requirements of section 11 have been satisfied. 2. Find 3 complement clauses in the following text: The court may, on the application of either party, direct that there must also be produced to the court a declaration by both parties that they have taken such steps as are required to dissolve the marriage in accordance with those usages. A direction under subsection (3) may be given only if the court is satisfied that in all the circumstances of the case it is just and reasonable to give it; and may be revoked by the court at any time. There are exceptional circumstances which make it desirable in the interests of the child that the court should give a direction under this section, it may direct that the divorce order or separation order is not to be made until the court orders otherwise. 3. Find 3 relative clauses in the fallowing text: In any proceedings for a divorce order or a separation order, the court shall consider whether there are any children of the family to whom this section applies. The welfare of the child will be best served by his having regular contact with those who have parental responsibility for him and with other members of his family. In making that decision, the court shall also have particular regard, on the evidence before it, to the wishes and feelings of the child considered in the light of his age and understanding and the circumstances in which those wishes were expressed. 4. Find 3 adverbial clauses and mention their type in the following text:

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Where a maintenance assessment made under this Act requires the making of periodical payments, it shall be the duty of the absent parent with respect to whom the assessment was made to make those payments. Where, in any case which falls to be dealt with under this Act, the Secretary of State or any child support officer is considering the exercise of any discretionary power conferred by this Act, he shall have regard to the welfare of any child likely to be affected by his decision. A child is a "qualifying child" if one of his parents is, in relation to him, an absent parent; or both of his parents are, in relation to him, absent parents. The parent of any child is an "absent parent", in relation to him, if that parent is not living in the same household with the child; and the child has his home with a person who is, in relation to him, a person with care. A person is a "person with care", in relation to any child, if he is a person with whom the child has his home; who usually provides day to day care for the child (whether exclusively or in conjunction with any other person); and who does not fall within a prescribed category of person. 5. Compose 5 main clauses with the nouns settlement (intelegere); avoidance (anulare a unui contract); precedence (anterioritate, precedent); heading(antet); usury (camata) and then develop them into sentences by adding complement clauses, relative clauses, and adverbial clauses. 6. Make a list of the new legal phrases found in the texts above and identify their heads. 7. Identify the heads of the following legal phrases: polling booth; commodity exchange; pawn shop/office; unconsummated marriage; common law marriage; land register; lower house; court chambers; law case; criminal record; assignment of copyright; shopping centre; to yield ones rights; to assign a claim to; to be on remand; to claim for damages; to bring in justice; to take legal action; to argue innocence; to vacate an office; to disclaim the competence. 8. Summarise the following text in one sentence: Please accept without obligation, express or implied, these best wishes for an environmentally safe, socially responsible, low-stress, non-addictive and genderneutral celebration of the winter solstice holiday as practised within the most enjoyable traditions of the religious persuasion of your choice (but with respect for the religious or secular persuasions and/or traditions of others, or for their choice not to practise religious or secular traditions at all) and further for a fiscally successful, personally fulfilling and medically uncomplicated onset of the generally accepted calendar year (including, but not limited to, the Christian calendar, but not without due respect for the calendars of choice of other cultures). The preceding wishes are extended without regard to the race, creed, age, physical ability, religious faith or lack thereof, choice of computer platform or sexual preference of the wishee(s). B. Declarative and Interrogative Clauses The main clauses may have either a declarative aspect (Periodical payments are referred to in this Act as child support maintenance) or an interrogative aspect (Are the periodical payments referred to in this Act as child support maintenance?). Declarative Constructions in their turn can be either active or passive. It is generally accepted that the declarative active construction in the most frequent type of construction in English, allowing the widest range of modifications. EX: The child support maintenance refers to the periodical payments.

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The child support maintenance is referred to in this Act. Interrogative Constructions can be either active or passive. EX: Does the child support maintenance refer to the periodical payments? Is the child support referred to in this Act? The interrogative constructions may be separated into two types: Yes-No Interrogatives Is the prosecution prepared to deliver its plea? Yes, it is, your honor. / No, it is not, your honor. Wh- Interrogatives Where did your client spend the day of March the 3rd? Who did he meet with? What did he do with his pocket money? B1. Tag Questions The Tag Questions are instances of interrogative clauses that reiterate the information expressed before. We use tags in spoken English but not in formal written English. They are not really questions but are a way of asking the other person to make a comment and so keep the conversation open. Making a tag is very mechanical. To make a tag, use the first auxiliary. If there is no auxiliary, use do, does or did. With a positive sentence, make a negative tag and with a. negative sentence, make a positive tag. Its beautiful, isnt it? He has been, hasnt he? You can, cant you? It must be, mustnt it? You know him, dont you? He finished it, didnt he? He will come, wont he? It isnt very good, is it? It hasnt rained, has it? It cant be, can it? Jenny doesnt know James, does she? They didnt leave, did they? He wont do it, will he? Notice these: There isnt an ATM here, is there? Lets have a cup of coffee, shall we? To reply, use the same auxiliary: Its beautiful, isnt it? Yes, it is. I think its fabulous. It isnt very good, is it? No, it isnt. In fact, its terrible.

EX:

EX:

EX:

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Applications and further practice: 1. Identify 5 declarative active constructions and 3 declarative passive constructions in the following fragment: A qualifying child who has attained the age of 12 years and who is habitually resident in Scotland may apply to the Secretary of State for Scotland a maintenance assessment to be made with respect to him if no such application has been made by a person who is, with respect to that child, a person with care or an absent parent; or the Secretary of State has not been authorised under section 6 to take action under this Act to recover child support maintenance from the absent parent (other than in a case where he has waived any requirement that he should be so authorised). An application made under subsection (1) shall authorise the Secretary of State to make a maintenance assessment with respect to any other children of the absent parent who are qualifying children in the care of the same person as the child making the application. 2. Form 5 wh-interrogative constructions with the verbs to attain; to authorize; to waive; to make an assessment; to take action. 3. Where possible, split the above fragment into main declarative active clauses and then rephrase them into active interrogative forms. Work on the model below: A qualifying child may apply to the Secretary of State for Scotland a maintenance assessment to be made with respect to him. May a qualifying child apply to the Secretary of State for Scotland a maintenance assessment to be made with respect to him? He has attained the age of 12 years. Has he attained the age of 12 years? 4. Ask 5 wh-questions about the information given in the text above. 5. Work on the model: She is your cousins wife? No, she is my brothers.

Is that the new subsection to the 1996 Family Act? Are those the natural parents of the child? Does it sound well the definition for matrimonial home rights? Did it start with a non-molestation order? Are you the supposed cohabitant of this childs mother? 6. Match the two parts of the sentence: She isns very old Shes very graceful He isnt very happy about it Hes really tall Its easy It isnt very difficult Theres a lot to do

Werent they? Is she? Is there? Isnt she? Is it? Isnt it? Wasnt he? 10

There isnt enough time He was angry They were late 7. Add the tags: There isnt an answer Hes really good looking It isnt any good Theres pub on the corner They werent enjoying it She isnt here yet Its the last one Shes leaving tomorrow It isnt what we wanted He isnt very happy with it

Isnt there? Is he? Isnt he?

8. Complete the questions and answers with the phrases in the box: Hasnt he?; Yes, we could.; No, she doesnt.; No, I shouldnt.; Yes, I would.; Have you?; Couldnt we?; No, I havent.; will he?; No, he wont.; wouldnt you?; does she?; yes, she can.; cant she?; should you?; didnt they?; yes, they did.; yes, he has. Fiona can cook really well ........................... ................................. i love going to dinner at her house. Youd like to see the play..................... ....................................Ive heard its very good. We could try it.............................. ..................................I think it could work. You havent been back to the office........................ .................................... Why? He wont do it.......................... .................................but perhaps Sylvie will. They finished it on time........................ ................................. Just! Ricks also applied for the job................... ...................................but I dont think hell get it. You shouldnt do that........................ ..............................but I want to. She doesnt have a car....................... ...............................but I think shes getting one.

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C. Coordination and Subordination There are two sorts of relationships between syntactic structures, be it word, phrase, or clause: coordination and subordination. Coordination is possible only with constituents of the same category while subordination expresses the relationship between a head element and its determiners. Both rapports are marked by coordinating and, respectively, subordinating conjunctions also noun as complementizers. The coordinating conjunctions are: and; but; for (because); nor; or; yet; so (so as to). A qualifying child who has attained the age of 12 years and who Right of child in is habitually resident in Scotland may apply to the Secretary of State. The child who has made the application, but not the person having care of him, may at any time request the Secretary of State to cease acting under this section. She remained silent, for her heart was heavy and her spirits low. The power shall extend to the making of rules permitting a party to such proceedings, in such circumstances as may be specified in the rules, to be represented by a person who is neither an advocate nor a solicitor. In this section comply means to comply with the requirement or with the regulation in question. I found a way simple yet effective. Any power of a kind mentioned in subsection (1) may be exercised so as to make the full provision to which it extends or any lesser provision (whether by way of exception or otherwise).

EX:

EX:

The subordinating conjunctions are: after, although, as if, as much as, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, but, even if, even though, if, in that, in order that, lest, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while. No person shall be treated as continuing to fall within subsection (1) by virtue of regulations made under subsection (7) after the end of the week in which he reaches the age of 19. This section applies where it appears to the Secretary of State that it is inappropriate to make a deduction from earnings order against him (because, for example, he is not employed); or, although such an order has been made against him, it has proved ineffective as a means of securing that payments are made in accordance with the maintenance assessment in question. The amount of child support maintenance fixed by that assessment (the original assessment) shall be reviewed by a child support officer under this section as soon as is reasonably practicable after the end of that prescribed period. An application under this section may be made only on the ground that, by reason of a change of circumstance since the original assessment was made, the amount of child support maintenance payable by the absent parent would be significantly different. A child support officer is considering whether to make a maintenance assessment with respect to a person who is alleged to be a parent of the child, or one of the children, in question. An amount is collected by the Secretary of State from the absent parent which is less than the total amount due in respect of the payments.

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There are several conjunctions that go together in correlative structures such as:

Either do they pay the damages or prepare for a little rest behind the bars. Not only is the solicitor well informed but he is also brilliant. Neither the requirements nor the provisions of the new acts are familiar to the defence. Both the claimant and the defendant withdraw their charges. Whether you take it into court or keep it here is your decision. common conjunctions when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc. function example

Kind of clause

time clauses

These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event. These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences. These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.

Her goldfish died when she was young.

conditional clauses

if, unless, lest

If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards. They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard. I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much. My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed. I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now. He said he was happy where he

purpose clauses

in order to, so that, in order that

reason clauses

because, since, as, given

These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.

result clauses

so...that

These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.

concessive clauses

although, though, while

These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising. These clauses are used to talk about the

place clauses

where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere,

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etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?") clauses of manner

location or position of something. These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done. Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).

was.

as, like, the way

I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them. What horrible news! How fast she types! You lucky man!

clauses of exclamation

what a(an), how, such, so

Applications and further practice: 1. Identify on two columns the coordinating and the subordinating conjunctions in the following fragment: In this Act an independent trade union means a trade union which is not under the domination or control of an employer or group of employers or of one or more employers associations, and is not liable to interference by an employer or any such group or association (arising out of the provision of financial or material support or by any other means whatsoever) tending towards such control; and references to independence, in relation to a trade union, shall be construed accordingly. A trade union whose name is entered on the list of trade unions may apply to the Certification Officer for a certificate of independence. The application shall be made in such form and manner as the Certification Officer may require and shall be accompanied by the prescribed fee. The Certification Officer shall maintain a record showing details of all applications made to him under this section and shall keep it available for public inspection (free of charge) at all reasonable hours. If an application is made by a trade union whose name is not entered on the list of trade unions, the Certification Officer shall refuse a certificate of independence and shall enter that refusal on the record. 2. Rephrase the following sentences: 1. John wouldnt tell you his secret and Mary wouldnt either. Neither.. 2. She cannot lend you either the textbook or the dictionary. She can.. 3. Both you and your friends disapprove of his talking like that Neither. 4. Her work finished, she felt relieved. Not before 5. The little lost girl stopped crying only when she found her mother. Not until 6. Both my sister and my brother play the piano well. Not only 7. They not only swim well but also ski well Not only 8. Alice is not only intelligent, but also hard working.

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Not only 3. Rephrase the following sentences: 1. Ice melts if you heat it (when). 2. Paris is a wonderful place and I stayed there for a short period of time (where). 3. If he makes a promise, he keeps it (whenever). 4. Does she know the exact date they are going to court again (when)? 5. During our dinner we discussed about the programme for the next day (while). 6. The last time I spoke to them was two weeks ago (for). 7. We havent been to an Italian restaurant for ages (since). 8. First Pam looked at the timetable and then she bought a train ticket (after). 9. It was silly of her to leave in such weather (which). 10. Without him, she couldnt have coped with so many problems (but). 11. The person who will get the job will have a lot of work to do (whoever). 4. The following words are commonly used to replace a phrase in English and American contracts: herein, therein, hereto, thereto, hereof, thereof, hereabove, herebelow . Note the following points: The word here commonly refers to the actual document that one holds in ones hands and reading, or the actual article in the document that you are reading. The word there commonly refers to either a document other that that which you are actually reading or an article other than that which you are actually doing. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word from the list above: 1. This document constitutes the entire agreement of the parties.. (who have consented to this contract). 2. The agreement contained in this document is intended to bind the parties hereto and to replace all previous documents of this nature and the covenants .. (which are contained in it). 3. A person includes where the context so admits a corporation and incorporated body of persons or any state, government or ministry ao any agency . (of that state). 4. The provisions set out. Shall govern all borrowings under this agreement (in the section below, in the following section f the contract). 5. This agreement shall not alter the status of the loans, as defined in the pervious loan agreement and in the schedules affixed . (to that agreement). 6. Subject to the terms and the conditions set forth., the bank hereby sells and transfers to you an undivided participation in the bank. (in this agreement) 7. You hereby purchase from us on the date .. your agreed percentage share of the term loan and the revolving credit (of this document). 8. You acknowledge that you will continue to make your own credit analysis and decisions with respect to the participation agreement and the documents referred to. (in that agreement). 9. You agree to be bound by this credit agreement and the confidentiality provisions set forth .. (in the above article). 10. The agreement shall become effective upon receipt by us of a counterpart duly executed by you (of this agreement).

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F. The Grammatical Functions F1. The Subject (within the clause/ as a clause within a sentence) The Subject is a central constituent of the clause. The subject influences agreement between itself and the verb and governs the person, number, case, and gender, where relevant, of several other determiners within the clause. The grammatical subjects share a series of proprieties such as form, position, agreement, pronouns, and voice. The Subject might be a NP (noun phrase) or a clause as in the following examples: The Lord Chancellor may by order amend subsection (3)(b) by varying the specified period. Who is directly responsible for doing it may by order amend subsection (3)(b) by varying the specified period. A distinction shuld be made between the grammatical subjects and the real subjects, especially in passive constructions such as: If a statement [grammatical subject] is made by one party [real subject who performs the action] it must also state that that party is aware of the purpose of the period for reflection and consideration as described in section 7. Applications and further practice: Identify all the subjects in the following text: The Office of Fair Trading Establishment of OFT There shall be a body corporate to be known as the Office of Fair Trading (in this Act referred to as "the OFT"). The functions of the OFT are carried out on behalf of the Crown. In managing its affairs the OFT shall have regard, in addition to any relevant general guidance as to the governance of public bodies, to such generally accepted principles of good corporate governance as it is reasonable to regard as applicable to the OFT. The functions of the Director General of Fair Trading (in this Act referred to as "the Director"), and his property, rights and liabilities, are transferred to the OFT. The office of the Director is abolished. Any enactment, instrument or other document passed or made before the commencement of subsection (1) which refers to the Director shall have effect, so far as necessary for the purposes of or in consequence of anything being transferred, as if any reference to the Director were a reference to the OFT. The OFT shall, before each financial year, publish a document (the "annual plan") containing a statement of its main objectives and priorities for the year. The OFT shall for the purposes of public consultation publish a document containing proposals for its annual plan at least two months before publishing the annual plan for any year. The OFT shall lay before Parliament a copy of each document published under subsection (2) and each annual plan.

EX:

EX:

EX:

F2. The Predicate (within the clause/ as a clause within a sentence) The predicate is also one of the main constituents of the clause and is usually expressed by a verb in a predicative mood such as the indicative, the subjunctive, the imperative or the conditional moods. Subsection (4) does not apply (indicative, present). That young solicitor is doing a good job (indicative, present continuous). The licensed conveyancer has already done the petition (indicative, present perfect).

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The officer made the separation order (indicative, past simple). When I called the Honourable was signing the separation order (indicative, past continuous). Before he left on holiday, the adoption officer had filled in all the necessary forms (indicative, past perfect). The vendor will procure the cancellation of the registration (indicative, future, first form). The Chief Land Registrar shall cancel the registration of the charge first registered (indicative, future, second form). The order would cause the transferee financial hardship (conditional present). The order would be causing the transferee financial hardship (conditional progressive). The order would have caused the transferee financial hardship (conditional perfect). If that be true, then the decision rests the same (present subjunctive). Whether that be true or not, the decision rests the same (present subjunctive). Lest he complete the imprisonment term too soon, the prosecutors keep an eye on him (present subjunctive). Come here! (imperative) Could you come here for a moment? (polite imperative) Applications and further practice: Identify all the predicates in the following text: There shall be a body corporate called the Competition Service (in this Part referred to as "the Service"). The purpose of the Service is to fund, and provide support services to, the Competition Appeal Tribunal. In subsection (2) "support services" includes the provision of staff, accommodation and equipment and any other services which facilitate the carrying out by the Tribunal of its functions. The activities of the Service are not carried out on behalf of the Crown (and its property is not to be regarded as held on behalf of the Crown). The Secretary of State shall pay to the Service such sums as he considers appropriate to enable it to fund the activities of the Tribunal and to carry out its other activities. F3. The Subject Complement (within the clause/ as a clause within a sentence) The subject complement completes a reference to and/or an implication suggested by the subject of the clause. It has a few properties unique to itself, such as position as the subject complement always occurs after a copular verb in the SVC clause pattern. The most common copular verb in English is the verb be used as a main verb, although other verbs that relate to perception also serve in this category, such as appear, seem, look, sound, feel, etc. EX: The family is seems appears looks sounds tastes

rather compact.

The family is what one considers his affective community.

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Applications and further practice: 1. Identify all the subject complements in the following text: In the case of a decision of the OFT which is the subject of an appeal mentioned in paragraph (a), the period following the decision of the Tribunal on the appeal during which a further appeal may be made under section 49 or under those Regulations; in the case of a decision of the Tribunal mentioned in subsection (6)(c), the period during which a further appeal may be made under section 49 or under those regulations; in the case of any decision which is the subject of a further appeal, the period during which an appeal may be made to the House of Lords from a decision on the further appeal; and, where any appeal mentioned in paragraph (a), (b), (c) or (d) is made, the period specified in that paragraph includes the period before the appeal is determined. 2. Combine the words in a and b columns so as to take appropriate SC nouns. The sentences resulted should describe the work lawyers do. a. adviser, draft, litigation, practice, representative, research b. cases, disputes, clients, law, contracts, legislation, corporations, decisions, defendants 3. Find appropriate nouns so as to take at least 5 SC from the box below. bar corporate defence, public-sector sole tax, government, trial, patent practitioner F4. The Direct Object (within the clause/ as a clause within a sentence) A direct object will follow a transitive verb. Direct objects can be nouns, pronouns, phrases, or clauses.

subject + verb + what? or who? = direct objectEX: After the court has received a statement, it may give a direction respect to requiring each party to attend a meeting arranged in accordance with the mediation. direction for the purpose. The Lord Chancellor certifies whether he has complied with the provision made in the rules by virtue of paragraphs (a) and (b). Applications and further practice: Identify all the direct objects in the following text: The OFT shall, as soon as practicable after the end of each financial year, make to the Secretary of State a report (the "annual report") on its activities and performance during that year. The annual report for each year shall include a general survey of developments in respect of matters relating to the OFT's functions, an assessment of the extent to which the OFT's main objectives and priorities for the year (as set out in the annual plan) have been met, a summary of the significant decisions, investigations or other activities made or carried out by the OFT during the year, a summary of the allocation of the OFT's financial resources to its various activities during the year, and an assessment of the OFT's performance and practices in relation to its enforcement functions. The OFT shall lay a copy of each annual report before Parliament and arrange for the report to be published.

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The OFT may prepare other reports in respect of matters relating to any of its functions, and arrange for any such report to be published. 2. There are several ways to refer to what a law says. Look at the following sentences and sum up the following excerpts from various British Acts by using DO clauses. The law stipulates that corporations must have three governing bodies. The law provides that a witness must be present. The patent law specifies that the subject matter must be 'useful'. The law states / sets forth / determines / lays down / prescribes that a. Any person making a request for information to a public authority is entitled to be informed in writing by the public authority whether it holds information of the description specified in the request, and if that is the case, to have that information communicated to him. b. Before making an order under this section, the Secretary of State shall consult every person to whom the order relates, or persons appearing to him to represent such persons. c. In this act the date of receipt means the day on which the public authority receives the request for information, or if later, the day on which it receives the information referred to in section 1(3). d. In this act working day means any day other than a Saturday, a Sunday, Christmas Day, Good Friday or a day which is a bank holiday under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 of the United Kingdom. e. In all the circumstances of the case, the public interest in maintaining the exemption outweighs the public interest in disclosing the information. f. If an employer makes an employee an offer (whether in writing or not and whether before or after the ending of his employment under the previous contract) to renew his contract of employment, or to re-engage him under a new contract, so that the renewal or re-engagement would take effect before or during the protected period, and the offer constitutes an offer of suitable employment in relation to the employee, the following subsections have effect. g. If the employee unreasonably refuses the offer, he is not entitled to remuneration under the protective award in respect of a period during which but for that refusal he would have been employed. h. The trial period begins with the ending of his employment under the previous contract and ends with the expiration of the period of four weeks beginning with the date on which the he starts work under the contract as renewed, or the new contract, or such longer period as may be agreed in accordance with subsection (6) for the purpose of retraining the employee for employment under that contract.

F5. The Indirect Object (within the clause/ as a clause within a sentence) An indirect object precedes the direct object and tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done and who is receiving the direct object. There must be a direct object to have an indirect object. Indirect objects are usually found with verbs of giving or communicating like give, bring, tell, show, take, or offer.

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Indirect Objects usually occur with a Direct Object, and they always come before the Direct Object. The typical pattern is:

Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct ObjectHere are some more examples of sentences containing two objects: EX: Indirect Object Direct Object Tell He showed We bought me us David a story his war medals a birthday cake

Can you lend your colleague a pen? The most common realisations of the Indirect Object are Noun Phrases, seldom Clauses: David told whoever saw her to report to the police. Use: 1. If the indirect object comes first in a sentence, there is no preposition. They gave Harold a new car. 2. If it comes second, a preposition must be used. They gave a new car to Harold. 3. If the direct object is a pronoun (it, this ... ), it comes first and we must a preposition. Compare the difference in the following examples. I bought it for my sister. Can you send it to him? (Not: I bought my sister it. Can you send him it?) Notes: 1. If the verbs read and write are only followed by the indirect object, a preposition must be used. Please, read to me. (Not: Please, read me). But: Read me the letter. Read the letter to me. (There are two objects in these sentences.) I'll write to you soon. But: I'll write you a letter. I'll write a letter to you. (two objects) 4. We can use the verbs promise, show, and tell with the indirect object only, but without a preposition. Compare the examples: I can't promise you. (Or: I can't promise it to you.) Show him. (Or: Show it to him.) Can you tell me? Applications and further practice: 1. In each of the following sentences, indicate whether the underlined string is a direct object or an indirect object.

EX:

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a. The senators comments caused a great deal of anger. direct object indirect object b. The company is offering employees a generous severance package. direct object indirect object c. Tell me your news. direct object indirect object d. Ill call you a taxi. direct object indirect object e. They owe the bank a small fortune. direct object indirect object 2. Identify only the subject, the direct object, and the indirect object in each sentence. Example: Our teacher gave us some work to do. subject: teacher/ direct object: work / indirect object: us

1. We sent a package to our relatives in Iowa. subject: ______ / direct object: ________ / indirect object: _____ 2. He told his parents a lie. subject: ____ / direct object: ______ / indirect object: ______ 3. Please hand me the remote control for the TV. subject: ______/ direct object: ________/ indirect object: _______ 4. Tina is making dinner for us. subject: ______/ direct object: _______ / indirect object: ______ 5. Our boss is buying us dinner. subject: _______/ direct object: _______/ indirect object: _______ 6. A movie on TV gave me the chills. subject: ____ / direct object: ________ / indirect object:_______ 7. Wish me luck. subject: ____/ direct object: _______ / indirect object: ______ 8. His grandmother sends him five dollars on his birthday every year. subject: ____ / direct object: _______ / indirect object: _______ 9. They tried giving their baby some mashed peas. subject: _______ / direct object: ________ / indirect object: ___________________ 10. John paid the bill for us. subject: _______ / direct object: ____ / indirect object: ____ 3. Select the direct and indirect objects.

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1. She has sent me her address. 2. Have you lent Mary the book? 3. Write your mother a long letter. 4. The government has granted him a pension. 5. Show the children the picture. 6. When did you sell Mr. Brown the house? 7. He brought the sick man some beautiful flowers. 4. Create new sentences in which the nouns or the noun phrases creditor, court, offender, expert witness, district attorney function as indirect objects.

F6. The Adjective/Relative Clause A dependent clause used as an adjective within a sentence, also known as an adjectival clause or a relative clause. An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why), or a zero relative. An adjective clause is a group of words that works like an adjective to modify a noun. There are five relative pronouns that are used in adjective clauses. An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun: a word that relates the information in the adjective clause to a word or a phrase in the main clause. The most common adjective clauses begin with one of these relative pronouns: who, which, and that. All three pronouns refer to a noun, but who refers only to people and which refers only to things. That may refer to either people or things. Two other relative pronouns used to introduce adjective clauses are whose (the possessive form of who) and whom (the object form of who). Whose begins an adjective clause that describes something that belongs to or is a part of someone or something mentioned in the main clause. EX: The transitional provisions that are applied within a three-month period will cease to apply. These are the political restrictions to which the restriction applies. Elisabeth I is the queen, who was Henry 8ths daughter. The sun, which is million miles away, is proved to be an old star. Here comes my mother, who was a successful teacher in her times. The relative clause has many properties in common with a wh-interrogative. But relative clauses are not interrogative, but declarative. This is clear from the fact that they may start with the complementizer that which introduces declarative clauses. Thus, the wh-element which starts relative and interrogative clauses seems to have a different set of features. For instance, in English although what is a perfectly good interrogative pronoun, its use as a relative pronoun is somewhat stigmatised, being seen as a characteristic of uneducated speech. The only acceptable use of a what-relatives in standard English is in the headless relatives: What you have just said there is perfectly recorded. What I say and what I do are two totally different things. What I dont understand is why you do not keep working with your students. Applications and further practice:

EX:

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1. Identify the relative clauses in the following fragment: Born out of the Enlightenment political theory, the US was created on the premise that the a model state could be constructed from the scratch out of rational mechanisms. It is precisely this point that has been forgotten in the reformist enthusiasm for a bill of rights. Such a permanently installed document would create a cumbersome, reactionary monolith which slows government response to public opinion. Notwithstanding its respect for traditions, it is altogether nave to believe that a bill of rights could be tacked on the existing British system that does not accept any fundamental changes on authority. Only the Queen, whose position has been expressed on several occasions, could settle the matters straight. 2. Choose the right relative pronoun: a. The dog (which, who) is under the tree is very old. b. My cousin (whose, who) is an engineer, will participate in an international conference next week. c. That child (whose, whom) eyes are green is my son. d. The woman (whose, whom) you met at that party seems very pretty. e. The museums (which, whom) we visited last week were closed yesterday. f. The university (which, whose) rector has just been elected achieved great results last year. 3. Choose the right relative pronoun in the following sentences: a. These are the duties of employer (who, that) deducts union contributions. b. A "trade union" means an organisation (which, that) consists wholly or mainly of workers of one or more descriptions and (whose, whom) principal purposes include the regulation of relations between workers of that description or those descriptions and employers or employers associations. c. The Certification Officer shall keep a list of trade unions containing the names of the organisations (whose, which) names were, immediately before the commencement of this Act, duly entered in the list of trade unions kept by him under section 8 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974. d. The fact (that, which) the name of an organisation is included in the list of trade unions is evidence (which, that) the organisation is a trade union. e. The Certification Officer shall not enter the name of an organisation in the list of trade unions if the name is the same as (that, who) under (which, that) another organisation. f. The parent of any child is an "absent parent", in relation to him, if (whose, that) parent is not living in the same household with the child. g. The person with care of the child, the absent parent and the child concerned shall, so far as they reasonably can, comply with such regulations as may be made by the Secretary of State with a view to the Secretary of State or the child support officer being provided with the information (which, that) is required to enable the absent parent to be traced. h. The obligation to provide information (which, that) is imposed by subsection (5) shall not apply in such circumstances as may be prescribed by the Secretary of State. i. The Secretary of State may by regulations make such incidental, supplemental or transitional provision as he thinks appropriate with respect to cases in (which, that) he is requested to cease to act under this section.

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j. In any case where subsection (1) applies, no court shall exercise any power (which, that) it would otherwise have to make, vary or revive any maintenance order in relation to the child and absent parent concerned.

F6. The If Clauses A particular type of subordination is expressed within conditional structures, also named If Clauses. Basically, there are three types of such conditional structures but there are also lots of mixed types: 1. The "zero" conditional is formed with both clauses in the present tense. The introductory "if" can be replaced by "when" or "whenever". EX: If the judge agrees, the term prorogues. If the law is applied, the family institutions are sheltered. 2. The potential or indicative conditional, often referred to as the "first conditional" or "conditional 1", is used more generally to express a hypothetical condition that is potentially true, but not yet verified. The conditional clause is in the present or past tense and refers to a state or event in the past. EX: If she made that decision yesterday, she would have come to the ADR (alternative dispute resolution) commission. If she took that flight yesterday, she would be somewhere in town today. If she took that train yesterday, we would see her tomorrow.

2. The contrary-to-fact present conditional, often referred to as the "second conditional" or "conditional 2" is used to refer to a current state or event that is known to be false or improbable. The result clause contains a conditional verb form consisting of would (or could, should, might) plus a main verb in the base form (infinitive without to). The inversed topic has an emphatic value. EX: If she were [colloq. was] at work today, she would know how to deal with this client. If I were [colloq. was] the person in charge, I could have you thrown in jail. Were she at work today, she would know how to deal with this client. Were I the person in charge, I could have you thrown in jail Note that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of speaker's attitude rather than of facts. Compare these examples. Otto thinks these things are possible, Peter doesn't. Otto If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house. Peter If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house. Otto If I get promoted, I'll throw a big party. Peter If I got promoted, I'd throw a big party. Otto If my team win the Cup, I'll buy champagne for everybody. Peter If my team won the Cup, I'd buy champagne for everybody.

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EX:

4. The contrary-to-fact past conditional (sometime referred to as the "third" conditional, conditional 3) is used to refer to contrary-to-fact past events. We can use the Third Conditional to talk about 'impossible' conditions, impossible because they are in the past and we cannot change what has happened. The past perfect is used in the condition clause. If you had called me, I would have come. If you had done your job properly, we wouldnt be in this mess now. Had you called me, I would have come. Had you done your job properly, we wouldnt be in this mess now. Notice that the main clause can contain 'would', 'could' or 'might. If I had seen him at the meeting, I would have asked him. (But he wasn't there so I didn't.) If I had seen him at the meeting, I could have asked him. (But he wasn't there so it wasn't possible.) If I had seen him at the meeting, I might have asked him. (But I'm not sure. Perhaps if the opportunity had arisen) If I had paid more attention in class, I would have understood the lesson. 5. If clauses may be also introduced by unless and lest. Notice that 'unless' means the same as 'if not'. Refuse to do any more work on the project, unless he asks you politely Unless he asks you politely, refuse to do any more work on the project. I watched him closely, lest he make a mistake. Lest he make a mistake, i watched him closely. (lest + subjunctive)

6. In formal English, conditional sentences can be formed by inversion of the subject and the auxiliary verb. In such sentences, if is removed. For example, these two sentences are (almost) the same: Normal Conditional Sentence Conditional Sentence with Inversion If I were taller, I would be happier. Were I taller, I would be happier. We can use inversion in unreal present as well as unreal past. Unreal present Were I you, I would visit my grandfather. Unreal past Had I known this fact before, I wouldn't have come here. Had Jake been informed about the meeting, he would have participated. 6. The omission of if The omission of if takes place only in conditional sentences of Type II and Type III and in these two cases the conditional clause may precede the main clause. A conditional clause may be introduced not only by the conjunction if but also by other conjunctions such as unless, but for, in case, on condition that, sp long as, provided/providing that, suppose/supposing that. Providing that she spoke with her counsellor, the meeting would stay on our agenda. But for his benevolent intervention, the meeting would have been cancelled. But for is used when the verb to be forms the predicate of the sentence by itself, and is in the negative. I would go for a walk if it were not for this rain. 25

EX:

EX:

But for this rain, I would go for a walk. The children would have lost themselves if it hadnt been for their compass. But for their compass, the children would have lost themselves. In case specifies a future condition that may or may not arise: In case she disturbs the meeting of the board, the scribe shall write that in the minute. Suppose/supposing that occur in non finite sentences such as: Suppose the chairman accepts her complaints! Supposing that the chairman lends her the ear! So long as/provided/ providing that replace if when the sentence expresses the limits of permission in a context of restrictions. The adoption officer will give you the documents provided that the child does not know about it. In other cases conditional clauses may be replaced by constructions such as: Present participle - By cutting short her testimony she may cause more grief and pain. Past Participle Awoke to new freedom awareness, the convict would have started to write his memoirs. Prepositional Constructions Without their compass, the children would have been lost. Applications and further practice: 1. Identify the if clauses in the following contexts: a. A child support officer would not make an assessment if it were applied for. b. It has to make a maintenance order in relation to a child if a written agreement (whether or not enforceable) provides for the making, or securing, by an absent parent of the child of periodical payments to or for the benefit of the child. c. It has to make a maintenance order in relation to a child if the maintenance order which the court makes is, in all material respects, in the same terms as that agreement. d. If the order were to be made the child is, will be or would be receiving instruction at an educational establishment or undergoing training for a trade, profession or vocation (whether or not while in gainful employment). g. This section shall not prevent a court from exercising any power if a disability living allowance is paid to or in respect of him. h. A child is disabled if he is blind, deaf or dumb or is substantially and permanently handicapped by illness, injury, mental disorder or congenital deformity or such other disability as may be prescribed. 2. Notice the topic of the sentences above and create the inversed variants. 3. Rephrase the following sentences according to the model: Perhaps one day somebody will tell us the truth. What will he do if somebody tells him the truth? c. d. e. f. Perhaps one day she will pay the child monthly maintenance. Perhaps one day his father will recognize him. Perhaps one day you will lose your impetus. Perhaps one day the Attorney General will invite him to his office.

EX:

EX:

EX:

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g. Perhaps one day the police will find the criminal. 4. Use the verbs in the brackets in the correct form: a. I would finish my work much earlier if you (to help) me. b. If I (to be) you I would say that at once. c. The kids would be disappointed if it (to rain) in the afternoon. d. What (to happen) if you pressed these charges? e. Im sure the absent parent would turn up if he (do not pay) the monthly maintenance. f. The senior associates in the company (to help) you if you asked them to. 5. Rephrase the following sentences according to the model: Perhaps she will remember everything about the accident. What would she do if she remembered everything about the accident? a. b. c. d. e. Perhaps it will rain every day. Perhaps we will come home late. Perhaps they will miss the meeting. Perhaps one day she will find a better partner. Perhaps one day she will be free.

6. Work on the model using in case: It was possible that she should forget my address. So, she wrote it down. She wrote my address down in case she forgot it. a. It was possible that his parents were nervous on hearing the news. So, he wrote them a letter. b.It was possible that you would travel abroad. So, you took a one-year ticket to all train lines. c. It was possible that they would come back in spring. So, I advised them not to take too much luggage. d.It was possible that the thieves would try to break in. So, I called the police. e. It was possible that they would hear us. So, we kept our voices as down as we could. 7. Work on the model: I didnt tell her the secret because I didnt trust her. If I had trusted her, I would have told her the secret. Had I trusted her, I would have told her the secret. a. b. c. d. e. I didnt go to bed because I was not tired. We didnt stop to talk to her because we believed her innocent. You lawyer didnt get here in time because he got caught in a traffic jam. You didnt get probation because you did not follow my advice. The victim did not take the poison because she smelled the danger.

8. Rephrase the following sentences: a. He didnt find a taxi, so he missed the match.

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If b. I will give you a raise provided you work on Sunday. Unless. c. The child support officer concerned shall make a fresh maintenance assessment, unless he is satisfied that the original assessment has ceased to have effect. If..... d. The child support officer shall not proceed unless he considers that he will be required by subsection (6) to make a fresh maintenance assessment. Provided that.... e. The child support officer concerned shall make a fresh maintenance assessment, unless he is satisfied that the original assessment has ceased to have effect. If.... f. She didnt drown because the man reached her in time. If... g. I thing you are wrong not to trust him. If I.... h. It is all right if you tell the truth. As long as.... i. We wont go there if they dont invite us. Unless.... j. In case of fire, call the fire brigade. If k. Unless the driver had seen us, he wouldnt have stopped the car. Had the driver.. 9. Use the past subjunctive or the perfect subjunctive after as if/ as though according to the meaning: a. Lisa speaks English as if she (to be) an English girl. b. They looked as if they (to see) a ghost. c. You acted as though you (not to know) anything about your new neighbour. d. Our guest behaves as if he (to be) one of our family. e. The boy smiled as if he (to recognize) us. F7. Sequence of Tenses The sequence-of-tenses rules apply to three types of subordinate clauses: Direct Object Clauses, Conditional Clauses and Adverbial Clauses of Time. The structure of such sentences can be expressed by the following scheme:

I. Main/ Independent Clause

Subordinate/ Dependent Clause

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MAIN/ INDEPENDENT CLAUSE Present Tense Present Perfect Future

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE Any tense required by the meaning of the sentence

EX:

A number of previous decisions explain that the English judges interpreted the ratio decidendi of a case by assimilating their issue with a similar legal problem of their French counterparts. An English High court judge has pondered upon two similar cases only when he could follow a French example. The two legal systems will differ while their political factors do not work out a common solution. II. Main/ Independent Clause Past Perfect (to express an

Subordinate/ Dependent Clause

anterior action)

MAIN CLAUSE Past Tense Past Tense (to express a simultaneous action)

Future in the Past (to express a posterior action)

EX:

Humorously, Lord Atkin said that the famous neighbourhood principle had been invented in his personal bedroom. Lord Atkin also said that it was difficult to determine who ones neighbour was. Lord Atkin replied that he would take measures to define more closely the concept of neighbourhood.

F8. Time Clauses

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The time clauses are introduced by time complementizers such as while, until, till, when, after, before, since, as, as long as, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc. I. In time clauses, a basic rule is that no Future Tense can occur in a subordinate/ dependent clause.PRESENT TENSE (for simultaneous action)

FUTURE TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT (for anterior action)

EX:

The enterprise will cease to be when the company charter expires. The arrangements will bring to a relevant result after the company founders have been acted wisely. II. When the Main/Independent Clause is in the Past Tense or Future in the Past, in the subordinate/dependent time clause there will be used the Past Tense or the Past perfect.PAST TENSE (for simultaneous actions)

PAST TENSE FUTURE IN THE PAST

PAST PERFECT (for anterior actions)

EX:

The Organisation made a reference to this case after they had carried through all their evaluations. The Organisation would make a reference to this case after they had carried through all their evaluations.

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The Organisation made a reference to this case whenever they carried through their evaluations. The Organisation would make a reference to this case when they carried through their evaluations. Similarly, other future forms also change to the present simple tense. He is going to leave. The room will be empty. As soon as he leaves the room will be empty. We are moving next week. Then we'll call you. When we move next week we'll call you. If we describe an action that is happening at the same time as another future action (the two activities are simultaneous), we use the present continuous tense in time clauses. We are going to cut the grass. You'll pick the apples. While we are cutting the grass you'll pick the apples. The future perfect becomes the present perfect. I'll have finished my grammar exercises in ten minutes. Then I'll go out. After I have finished my grammar exercises I'll go out. They will have repaired our car by the weekend. And we will go for a trip. As soon as they have repaired our car we will go for a trip. If when introduces a noun clause which is the object of a verb, it is followed by a future tense. I don't know when she will arrive. I can't remember when the race will start. You must decide when you will meet them. In all these sentences the question is: What? not When? (I don't know what, I can't remember what, You must decide what.) When explaining something sequentially, the order of the steps to be taken can be indicated using sequencing words. Look at the following examples: Well, the first thing you have to do is check the memorandum of association ... Then you have to find out whether they've issued all their share capital already or not. The next step would be to determine the amount of increase of share capital. But before the EGM can take place. the shareholders have to be informed by notice about the EGM. Finally, within 15 days, the following documents have to be filed at Companies House ... Here are some more sequencing words and phrases: After that, Afterward(s), At this point, following this, Once you have done that, Subsequently, after, afterwards, as soon as, at first, at last, before, before long, finally, first... second... third, in the first place, in the meantime, later, meanwhile, next, soon, then

EX:

EX:

EX:

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First, second, third, generally, furthermore, finally, in the first place, also, lastly, pursuing this further, finally, to be sure, additionally, lastly, just in the same way, basically, similarly, as well. Therefore, this, hence, in final analysis, in conclusion, in final consideration indeed. Admittedly, assuredly, certainly, granted, no doubt, nobody denies, obviously, of course, to be sure, true, undoubtedly, unquestionably, generally speaking, in general, at this level, in this situation. However, on the other hand, but, yet, nevertheless, on the contrary. Consequently, clearly, then, furthermore, additionally, and, in addition, moreover, because, besides that, in the same way, following this further also, pursuing this further, in the light of the..., it is easy to see that Another feature of such an explanation is the use of words and expressions indicating necessity such as to have to, must, to be required and to be necessary: The first thing you have to do is ... Tell your client that they have to call a board meeting ... This notice must state the following things ... The chairperson is required to preside at the EGM, and it's necessary that a quorum is present. Minutes of the two meetings ... have to be drawn up. Applications and further practice: Read and translate the following texts and transform them into narrative paragraphs by using sequencing words and time clauses. 1. The Minute Longfellow Ltd Minutes of a meeting of the Board of Directors held at Company premises, Langdon Building, Sherwood Road, Manchester On: Present: 10 September. 2005. at 3 p.m. Debra Smith (Chairperson) Anna Bean (Director) Claire Thurman (Secretary) 1 The Chairperson confirmed that notice of the meeting had been given to all the Directors of the Company and that a quorum of the Board of Directors was present at the meeting. 2 Applications were presented to the meeting from Debra Smith, Anna Bean and Allison Sharp for the allotment of 10.000, 20,000 and 20.000 shares respectively by the Company. and it was resolved that their applications be approved subject to the approval of the extraordinary general meeting. 3 It was noted that Debra Smith and Anna Bean had declared their interests in the shares pursuant to 5317 Companies Act 1985. 4 The Chairperson reported that it was proposed to increase the authorised share capital of the Company by 50,000.

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5 The Chairperson reported that the directors required authority to allot shares, as there was no power in the Company's articles of association. 6 The Chairperson also informed the members that the Company would need to disapply 589 Companies Act 1985 in relation to pre-emption rights. 7 There was presented to the meeting a notice of an extraordinary general meeting at which resolutions would be proposed to implement the above proposals to increase the Company's share capital. It was resolved that the notice be approved, that the secretary be instructed to send it to an the members and the auditors of the Company, and subject to an the members agreeing to short notice, that the meeting be held immediately. 8 The meeting was adjourned to enable the extraordinary general meeting to be held. 9 The meeting resumed at 8 p.m. and the Chairperson reported that the resolutions set out in the notice of an EGM had been duly passed. 10 It was resolved that the application by Debra Smith, Anna Bean and Allison Sharp for 10,000, 20,000 and 20,000 shares respectively be accepted and that the capital of the Company be allotted to the applicants on the terms of the application. 11 The secretary was instructed to enter the names of the applicants in the register of members of the Company as the holders of the shares allotted. 12 The secretary was instructed to prepare share certificates in respect of the shares allotted and to arrange for the common seal to be affixed to them and to deliver the share certificates to the applicants. 13 The secretary was instructed to prepare and file with the Registrar of Companies: Form 88(2) (return of allotments) in respect of the allotment just made. 14 There being no further business, the meeting was closed. Chairperson 2. A Dialogue Lawyer 1: This "pestilent dust" has appeared only three times. Lawyer 2:It was found to be limestone... Messy, but innocuous. Lawyer 1: Innocuous? Lawyer 2: Harmless. Judge: I know what it means. May I? Lawyer 1: Your Honour... Imagine how the neighbourhood children feel. The pounding of construction ringing in their ears. This skyscraper, a tribute to mankind's greed, grows daily.It casts a shadow over their lives and surrounds them with toxic dust. Lawyer 2: Kendall Construction is rebuilding this neighbourhood.Granting a restraining order here will throw 753 people out of work. Lawyer 1: You cannot validate this groundless example of rapacious litigation. It is a threat to our society. Judge: Let's not go off the deep end. You have made a compelling case, Mr. Miller.

3 . AGENDA FIRST BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING The agenda for the first meeting of the board of directors of a new nonprofit corporation would usually include some or all of the following. A. Notice of meeting or written waiver of notice (signed by all the directors) is filed with the minutes. B. Temporary Chairperson and Secretary of the meeting are selected. C. Report of filing of Articles of Incorporation is received and ordered into the record.

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D. Bylaws are adopted and dated. E. Corporate officers (Chairperson of the Board, Vice-Chairperson of the Board, President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer) are elected and sworn in. F. A corporate seal is adopted. G. The Secretary is authorized to buy corporate record books and a corporate seal in the form adopted. H. Accounting year is selected and adopted. I. A principal office is designated. J. The Chairperson, President, or other appropriate officer is authorized to apply for an employer identification number. A bank is selected and the necessary bank account forms are signed to enable the Treasurer to open one or more corporate bank accounts. The Treasurer is authorized to pay incorporation expenses and other expenses, including fees and taxes, if any. Other officers are authorized to sign checks, corporate contracts, etc. K. Form for Membership Certificates (if applicable) is presented and adopted. If form is adopted, membership dues are established and membership certificates are issued. L. If the directors desire the corporation to be exempt from federal and state corporate income taxes, the corporation is authorized to apply for tax-exempt status as a charitable organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and Section 23701d of the California Revenue and Taxation Code. M. The Directors order the filing and recording of all reports and registration statements required by state statutes for new corporations, such as the Statement of Information. N. A registered agent for service of process is appointed. O. Approval of employment and lease agreements and the fixing of compensation, if any, for officers. P. Adjournment. 3. Checklist for making a meeting (work in 9 groups so as to keep all the moments in the checklist in your sequencing narration): 1. Planning the Meeting Is there a need for a meeting? Can a group only make the decision? Have you defined what the objectives are fore the meeting? Can you identify a group(s) who would have the best information to make a decision? 2. Establish who should participate Do participants have any agenda items they would like to discuss? Were there additional agenda items from prior meetings? 3. Prepare the Agenda Describe each topic for discussion or decision. Assign a time limit for each item. Schedule sufficient breaks. Identify who will be leading the discussion and should prepare a presentation. Is the agenda realistic? Get agreement on the agenda. Determine the best time and day to hold the meeting. Reserve the meeting room or verify meeting place is available during the time set for the meeting. 4. Prepare the following forms:

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Meeting Announcement (Consists of the following information:) Agenda Time and Place of the meeting. Directions and special instructions for members that are outside of the organization sponsoring the meeting. (Be sure to specify where to park, and security clearances required, if any. Include a list of local hotels and sites of interest.) Name all participants (Including those that will not be attending but will receive a copy of the minutes from the meeting.) Any additional supporting information that each attendee must have in order to make informed decisions. Include a copy of the minutes from the prior meeting if necessary. Attendance List (Consists of a table with the following columns:Name, Affiliation, Phone, Fax, E-mail address, Signature) Send the meeting announcement to all participants in time to allow them to prepare. 5. Prepare the Meeting Room Make sure Coffee, donuts, bagels water, etc. are available for long meetings. Make sure there are ample pens, markers and paper. Clean the easel, dry erase or chalkboard to start the meeting with a fresh environment. Arrange the tables and chairs into a configuration conductive for the purposes of the meeting. Make sure everyone can see all visual aids. Make sure there are spare bulbs for the overhead projector.

6. At the Start of the Meeting Welcome all attendees. Introduce the groups participating. Allow each person to briefly introduce themselves. Pass around the Attendance List to let each attendee sign and update any information Appoint the following roles: (Must be someone other than the chairperson) A time keeper, A scribe to write down decisions, conclusions, and action items and their rationale. Introduce the Agenda. If necessary, update the agenda. (This is the only time this will be allowed and only if all or most members agree on the need for the change.)

7. During the Meeting Make sure everyone is participating. Direct questions to specific attendees in order to elicit their participation. Keep the meeting moving. Make sure the conversation is on the topic. If new topics come up, agree to postpone them for another meeting.

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If the discussion stalls: Summarize the discussion into a number of key points and evaluate each one; Take a consensus vote and decide with the majority. Do not allow people to interrupt others or rule their point out. Accept only the presentation of facts and not emotion or judgments.

8. Wrap-up Review all decisions. Review all conclusions. Review Action items. Name who is the person or group responsible for the action. Agree on a due or decision date. Evaluate the meeting. Are there things that could be done better? What worked? What did not work? Why? Did everyone participate ? Get a consensus on the value of the meeting. Was it even necessary? Schedule the next meeting time.

9. After the Meeting Give everyone a copy of the Attendance List before they leave. Have the scribe type up the minutes. Review the minutes and make any corrections. Send a copy of the minutes to each participant. Make sure that the Action Items are completed on schedule. Apply the lessons learned to improve this checklist.

4.The CV (work in groups so as to sequence closely all the moments in Betty HOBKINS Education group 1, Betty HOBKINS Legal Work Experience Group 2, Betty HOBKINS Skills and Qualifications group 3)

Europass Curriculum Vitae

Insert photograph.

Personal information First name(s) / Surname(s) HOBKINS Betty Address(es) 32 Reading rd, Birmingham, B26 3QJ, United Kingdom Telephone(s) +44 2012345678 Mobile: Mobile: +44 7123456789 Fax(es) +44 2012345679

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E-mail Nationality Date of birth Gender

hobbies@kotmail.com British 07.10.1974 Female

Desired employment / EUROPEAN PROJECT MANAGER Occupational field Work experience Dates August 2002 onwards Occupation or position Independent consultant held Main activities and Evaluation of European Commission youth training support measures responsibilities for youth national agencies and young people Name and address of British Council, 123, Bd Ney, F-75023 Paris employer Type of business or sector Independent worker Dates March July 2002 Occupation or position nternship held Main activities and - Evaluating youth training programmes for SALTO UK and the responsibilities Partnership between the Council of Europe and European Commission - Organizing and running a 2 day workshop on non-formal education for Action 5 large scale projects focusing on quality, assessment and recognition - Contributing to the Steering Group on training and developing action plans on training for the next 3 years. Working on the Users Guide for training and the Support Measures Name and address of European Commission, Youth Unit, DG Education and Culture, 200, employer Rue de la Loi, B-1049 Brussels Type of business European institution or sector Dates October 2001 - February 2002 Occupation or position Researcher / Independent Consul held

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Main activities and responsibilities

Working in a research team carrying out in-depth qualitative evaluation of the 2 year Advanced Training of Trainers in Europe using participant observations, in-depth interviews and focus groups. Work carried out in training courses in Strasbourg, Slovenia and Budapest. Name and address of Council of Europe, Budapest employer Type of business European institutions or sector Education and training Dates 1997-2001 Title of qualification PhD awarded Principal Thesis Title: 'Young People in the Construction of the Virtual subjects/occupational skills University, Empirical research that directly contributes to debates covered on e-learning. Name and type of Brunel University, London, UK organisation providing education and training Level in national or ISCED 6 international classification Dates 1993- 1997 Title of qualification Bachelor of Science in Sociology and Psychology awarded Principal - Sociology of Risk, Sociology of Scientific subjects/occupational Knowledge/ Information Society; skills covered - E-learning and Psychology; Research Methods. Name and type of Brunel University, London, UK. organisation providing education and training Level in national or ISCED 5 international classification Personal skills and competences Mother tongue(s) Other language(s) Self-assessment European level (*) English

Understanding Listening Reading

Speaking Writing Spoken interaction Spoken production

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French German

Proficient B2 Independent user C1 Proficient user C2 Proficient user user A2 Basic user A2 Basic user A2 Basic user A2 user A2 Basic Basic user (*)Common European Framework of Reference for Languages C1 Proficient user C2 - Team work: I have worked in various types of teams from research teams to national league hockey. For 2 years I coached my university hockey team; -Mediating skills: I work on the borders between young people, youth trainers, youth policy and researchers, for example running a 3 day workshop at CoE Symposium Youth Actor of Social Change, and my continued work on youth training programmes; - Intercultural skills: I am experienced at working in a European dimension such as being a rapporteur at the CoE Budapest youth against violence seminar and working with refugees

Social skills and competences

- Whilst working for a Brussels based refugee NGO Convivial I Organisational skills and organized a Civil Dialogue between refugees and civil servants competences at the European Commission 20th June 2002. - During my PhD I organised a seminar series on research methods. Technical skills and competences Computer skills and Competent with most Microsoft Office programmes and some experience with HTML. competences Artistic skills and competences Other skills and competences Driving license Additional information B+ PUBLICATION How to do Observations: Borrowing techniques from the Social Sciences to help Participants doObservations in Simulation Exercise Coyote EU/CoE Partnership Publication, (2002). PERSONAL INTERESTS Creating pieces of Art and visiting Modern Art galleries. Enjoy all sports particularly hockey, football and running. Love to travel and experience different cultures.

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Annexes

List any items attached. (Remove heading if not relevant, see instructions)

5. By using the model above, fill in your own CV. 6. Exchange your CV with your desk mates, read it carefully, and then turn it into a narration by using sequencing words.

G. The Agreement between the Subject and the Predicate The general rule is that a Subject in the singular takes a Predicate in the singular. The Attorney General reads the provisions. The Attorneys General read the provisions. The provision of the Directive shall be read with the following adaptations. The provisions of the Directive shall be read with the following adaptations. When the sentence has a multiple Subject, the Predicate is in the plural. The Government, the Parliament, and the Justice are the three institutional powers mentioned in the Constitution.

EX:

EX:

Exceptions: 1. Collective nouns may be followed by either a singular verb (when they are considered as a whole) or a plural verb (when they are considered as a group of distinctive individuals). The adopted childs family reside abroad. The adopted childs family resides abroad. The Government are in agreement. The Government is concerned about the unemployment rates. The people of the United States ordain this Constitution. The American people ordains this Constitution. 2. Two singular subjects connected by eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, no less than, and not are followed by a singular verb. Neither House nor any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting shall adjourn for more than three days. Either the Government or the Parliament out-speaks the concerns and issues of the common people. Not only is Mount Rushmore an important national landmark, but it is also located in a good place for camping. 3. When the compound Subject is considered as a whole the predicate may have a singular form. Whisky and soda is an exhausted lawyers favourite drink. The defendant and the claimant is the same John Johnson. Ten years is a long time to stay behind the bars.

EX:

EX:

EX:

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EX:

4. The singular nouns preceded by each, either, every, and neither take singular verbs. Each House of Parliament gives a resolution. Either House of Parliament annules the resolution. Every maintenance assessment shall be made in such form so as to comply with the provisions. 5. The nouns body, heart, life, mind, soul are used in the plural whenever they refer to more than one person. All the student bodies decide to lower the accommodation fee. 6. In the sentences beginning with there the formal subject must agree with the real subject. There is no certificate of independence in force. There are no reasonable grounds for believing that there was any contravention 7. The noun number takes a singular verb when preceded by the definite article the, and a plural verb when preceded by the indefinite article a. The number of voting papers is distributed for purposes of of the ballot. A number of particular branches or sections of the union are voting the provisions of this section. 8. When the pronoun it is used emphatically, then it is followed by a singular verb. It is these trade unionists that broke the strike. 9. The Singularia Tantum nouns are followed by singular verbs. The information is disclosed for purposes of collective bargaining. Such advice is appropriate on matters concerned with industrial relations. 10. The Pluralia Tantum nouns will be followed either by plural verbs when they name