ENGLESKI - sva predavanja

8/12/2019 ENGLESKI - sva predavanja

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ENGLESKI PREDAVANJA

MATHEMATICS

READING BASIC FORMULAE

FORMULA (Sg)FORMULAE/FORMULAS (Pl)

BASIC MATHEMATICAL PROCESSES:

Sign Noun Verb

+ (plus) addition add- (minus) subtraction subtract

X (multiplied by/ times) multiplication multiply

42 (divided by) division divide

= (equals/is/ is equal to)

TYPES OF BRACKETS

brackets square brackets curly brackets

LETTERS

ABCcapital letters, ex. capital A, capital B, capital C.

defsmall letters, ex. small d, small e, small f.

FRACTIONS

21 one half

31 one third

41 one fourth

43 three fourths

32 two thirds

81 one eighth

163 three sixteenths

READ OUT THESE FORMULAE

1.c

baX

Capital X is equal to a plus b divided by c

2.ba

Ayx

x plus y is capital A by a minus b

3. dnaI 1 Capital I is a plus open brackets n minus one close brackets times d

4. IRV Capital V is capital I multiplied by capital R

5.

fvu

111 one by u plus one by v is equal to one by f / 1 over u plus 1 over v is equal to 1 over f

6. atuv v equal u plus a times t

7. mumvFt Capital F times t is m multiplied by v minus m multiplied by u

8.El

M

R

1 1 over capital R is minus captal M over capital E times l

9. qdz

dQ d times capital Q over d times z is minus q


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ENGLESKI PREDAVANJA

10. ecPTE capital E is capital T plus capital P minus c plus e

MORE SYMBOLS AND VALUES:

x2

x to the power of two ( x to two/ x squared)

x3

x to the power of three (x to three/ x cubed)

x

n

x to the power of n (x to n)

xn 1

x to the power of n minus one

x n

x to the power of minus n

x square root of x

3 x cube root of x

n x nth

root of x

READ OUT THESE VALUES AND EQUATIONS:

cms20 1 twenty centimeters multiplied by s to the power of minus one

kms3.98 2 ninety eight point three kilometers multiplied by s to the power of minus two

cm33 3 thirty three centimeters to the power of three

cm39.4 2 four point thirty nine centimeters squared

101.9 31

x nine point one times ten to the power of minus thirty one

x21

x to the one half

x43

x to three forths

ba 21

2

open brackets a plus b to the one half, close brackets, all that squared/squared/to the power of two

xy square root of x multiplied by y

3 2ax cube root of open brackets x minus a to the power of two, close brackets

PRACTICE READING THESE EXPRESSIONS:

1.

xx p

p 1

x to the power of minus p is equal one over x to the power of p

2. q pqp

xx /

x to the power of p over q is qth

root of x to the power of p


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ENGLESKI PREDAVANJA

3. axaxax 22

x squared minus a to two equal open brackets x plus a, close brackets multiplied by

open brackets x minus a, close brackets

4. aekx

y y is equal to a times e to the power of k times x

5.

nmx mxnx

21 x is equal to open brackets n multiplied by x subscript 1 plus m multiplied by x

subscript 2, close brackets over m plus n

6. xx

y

x

yy xy

11

1

2

2

1

y minus capital y subscript 1 is equal open brackets capital y subscript 2 over capital

squared minus capital y subscript 1 over capital x to the power of 1 close brackets,

multiplied by open brackets x minus capital x subscript 1

7. 12

2

2

2

2

2

cz

b

y

ax x to two over a to two plus y to two over b to two plus z to two over c to two is 1

8.

zyyxx Zd 212121

222 1 d equal square root of open square brackets, open brackets x

subscript 1 minus x subscript 2 close brackets to the power of two plus open brackets y subscript 1 minus y subscr

2 close brackets to the power of two plus open brackets z subscript 1 minus z subscript 2 close brackets to the pow

of two close square brakcets

9. eab 222

1 b to two is a to two multiplied by open brackets 1 minus e to two close brackets

10. 02222

cfygxyx

x to two plus y to two plus 2 times g times x plus 2 times f times y plus c is 0

GEOMETRY

DIMENSIONS:

NOUN ADJECTIVE

height high

width wide

length long

depth deep

thickness thick

ASKING ABOUT DIMENSIONS:

- How high/wide/long is object A? - Object A is 5cm high/wide/long.- What is the height/width/length of object A? - The height/width/length of object A is 5cm.

- Object A is 5cm in height/width/length.- Object A has a height/width/length of 5cm.

1moguc primer na ispituOBRATITI PAZNJU!!!!!!


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ENGLESKI PREDAVANJA

SHAPES AND BODIES:

NOUN ADJECTIVE

square square

rectangle rectangular

triangle triangular

circle round/circularsemi-circle semi-circular

oval ovular

cube cubic

prism prismatic

pyramid pyramidal

ball/sphere spherical

hemisphere hemispherical

cone conical

cylinder cylindrical

exemple:

1. The are circularpins for live and neutral.2. The slot has got a flat base with one side rounded over to form a semi-circle.3. This one has rectangularblades for live, neutral and earth.4. It has a cylindricalslot to receive the earth pin.5. The pins are arranged in linear configuration.6. They`re laid out in triangularconficuration.

DESCRIPTION (TALKING)

what are you talking about, what shape is it, what king of material is used to manufacture....

I will now tell you (describe) about shape of....., material of.....

STRUCTURING DESCRIPTIONS

- Starting what object is being described- Starting what are the segments of the description- Describing shape, dimensions, material- Explaining the use and functioning of the object

hexternal, inner circular

dinternal, outer diameter

radius

circumference (obim kruga)


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- A is a solid wooden block 5cm high, 10cm long and 4cm width.- A is a solid wooden block. It has a height of 5cm, a length of 10cm and a width of 4cm.- A is a solid wooden block having a height of 5cm, a length od 10cm and a width of 4cm. disk, cylinder, coinlike, round plate..

This is a round plate, made of plastic, which has a height of 0.25cm and the radius of 20cm

hollow, shallow, empty inside....This is a hollow cylinder, made of copper, which has a length of 0.75cm, inner diameter of 0.08m and outer

diameter of 0.02m.

DESCRIPTION OF LINES AND ANGLES

vertical horizontal normal/perpendicular parallel

sharp/acute rightangle obtuse angleouter

reflex

180

90

DESCRIPTION OF TRIANGLES

equalsided/equilateral rightangle isosceles(jednakokra

obtuse diagonal line crossing(common)/intersecting(scientific, formal)

axis(Sg) of symmetry/axes(Pl)

DIAGRAMS (BLOCK DIAGRAMS AN CIRCUITS)

description

definition: This is a....

components: It consists of...

It comprises...

It is made of...

It is compriset of....

It is assembled of...

Its part are (the following)

Its constituent elements/parts are


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ENGLESKI PREDAVANJA

PARAGRAPH (ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPH)

The basic structural unit of both written and spoken formats

Nucleus piece of thinking, convevs one idea and explains it

-Structuce of paragraph-

- topic sencence (defining sentence)

- syppirting sentences- closing sentence

1. (definition), 2., 3., 4. (supporting sentences), 5. (closing sentence)

DEFINING SENTENCE

The basic kind of tehnical definitions relies on the premise of Aristotelian logic, namely, A=B+specific

characteristics. In this kind of defining, start with naming the subject, then state the class to which it belongs then

specify the main distingvushing feartures of the subject.

The subject + general classification + its specific characteristics that differentiate it from the rest of the general cla

Exemple1: A generator is a device that transforms mechanical into electrical energy.

A = B + specific {= je is u recenici + je that u recenici}

My concept categorization

Topic logic group

Exemple2:

An OSisa kind of software that belongs to the group of system softwarethatis used to integrate the basic functio

that enable both the development and execution software.

A generator is a device that transforms mechanical into electrical energy.

Concept in questiongenerator

General class that belongsdevice

Specific characteristicsit transforms mechanical into electrical energy

Use the PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

Use the UNDEFINITE ARTICLE A/AN

USEFUL PHRASES

Is/are Can/be defined as Can/be called as Can/be termed a

.....known as .....refered to as .....used to

Have/exhibit/display/show the capacity to/the property of

SUPPORTING SENTENCE

Supporting sentences are at least two sentences that come after the paragraph opening sentence. They can be

elaborations on constituent parts or functions of the device or item in question, defined in the first sentence. The

supporting sentences present facts, details, examples of the concept that the paragraph is about.


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ENGLESKI PREDAVANJA

CLOSING SENTENCE

Closing sentence summarizes the idea of the defining sentence by simply restating it, and if possible gives an

example of the use of the concept.

Exemple from the classall students

A cell phone is a device which is used to communicate. It consists of a display, mask, battery, keyboard, circuit

board, SIM card. The display is used for us to watch information. The mask protects the internal parts and makes phone more beautiful. The battery provides energy. The keyboard allows us to input information. Circuit board

sontain radio, antenna, and a processing unit. SIM card is a stand-alone component that holds user`s identification

Cell phone is a practical, handheld device for communication.

IF CLAUSESCONDITIONAL CLAUSES

A sentence structure that has an economy of meaning.

Frequently used in science.

Expresses the degree of probability that something will happen.

Contains two sentences:

Ifclause expressing condition

The main clause expressing possible result.

There are three basic types: first, second, third.

There is also Zero Conditional, a subtype of the First Type.

There are also mixed types.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

If you heat water up to 100 degrees C, it boils.

If + Present Simple + Present Simple.

The meaning - If the condition is fulfilled, the probability that the outcome will happen is 100%. - used for

scientific, natural facts. (There is no chance that if the condition is fulfilled something else other than stated

happens.)

FIRST CONDITIONAL

If you manage to complete the experiment, you will get the better mark.

If + Present Simple + Future Simple

The meaningIf the condition is fulfilled, the probability that the outcome will happen is highly probable, about

90%. (If the condition is fulfilled, the predicted result will surely happen.)

SECOND CONDITIONAL

If the scientists could see an atom, they would know more about it.

If + Past Simple + would

The meaningthis is a present situation, and in the present the situation is completely impossible. Yet, the future

open. (The scientists cannot see an atom now, maybe in the future they will.)


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ENGLESKI PREDAVANJA

THIRD CONDITIONAL

If the scientists had known about this solution earlier, they would have solved the problem by now.

If + Past Perfect + (would + have + Past Participle)

The meaning - this is a past situation, so the entire situation is definitely impossible. This is a kind of guessing wh

would be if the past was different. (The scientists did not know, and nothing can be changed.)

IF CLAUSES - PRACTICE1. block of ice/heat/above 0C/melt

If you heat the block of ice above 0 degrees C it melts. /zero

2. north pole/magnet/bring near/south pole/another magnet/poles/attract/each otherIf you bring near north pole of the magnet to the south pole of another magnet they will attract

each other poles /first

3. end of copper bar/heat/heat/travel/along/bar If you heat one end of the copper bar the heat will travel along the bar. /first

4. electric current/pass/along/conductor/conductor/become/hotIf electric current passes along the conductor, the conductor will become hot. /first

5. tensile force/ apply/ metal wire/ length/ increase If you apply tensile force to the metal wire, the length will increase. /first

6. rectangular metal block/ heat/ volume / increaseIf you heat rectangular metal block, its volume will increase. /first

7. liquid/heat/it change/ to a gasIf you heat liquid it changes to a gas. /zero

8. gas/ cool/ it change/ to a liquidIf you cool gas it changes to a liquid. /zero

9. current /pass/ through a wire/ it set up/ a magnetic field around the wireIf current passes throught a wire it sets up a magnetic field around the wire. / first

10.force apply/ to a body/ there be/ an equal and opposite reactionIf you apply force to a body there is equal and opposite reaction. /zero

11.wire cut/ a magnetic field/ it /transmit/ equally throughout the fluidIf you cut a wire in a magnetic field it transmits equally throughout the fluid. /zero

PASSIVE VOICE

IBMmakescomputers. - active sentence

Computersare madeby IBM. - passive sentence

Subject Verb Object

Objectof the active sentence becomes subjectof the passive sencence

Verbis split into TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE


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ENGLESKI PREDAVANJA

TO BE (number and tense) /* singular/plural, is/are, was/were*/

PAST PARTICIPLE (meaning) /* -ed (regular verbs), III column (irregular verbs)

Exemple:

They make(write) programs. Programs are made(written) by them.

PASSIVE THROUGH TENSES (USEFUL FOR ENGINEERS)

Makeis/are made

Is/are making is/are being made

Madewas/were made

Was/were made was/were being made

Will makewill be made

Can makecan be made

Exemple:

1. Each instrument is recorded(record) using a microphone. The sound is fed(feed) to a mixing deThe recording level is controlled (contol) and the EQ is adjusted (adjust) by the sound engineer. The output

recorded(record) on a multitrack. The sounds from the multitrack are mastered(masters) back through the mix

The tape is remixed(remix) until the musicians are happy with the sound. Special effects can be added(add) on

mixing desk. The remixed tape ismastered down(masters down) to produce a master tape. This canbe used(use

produce copies in many different formats.

2. Microprocessors (make) are/are being madeof silicon.3. Call centres (use) are usedto deal with telephone enquiries.4. In recent years, most mobile phones (equip) are/have being equippedwith Bluetooth.5. GPS (develop) was developedin 1970s as a military navigation system.6. Sorry about the mesthe computer (replace) is being replacedat the moment.7. In the near future, the Internet (access) will be accessed more frequently from PDAs and mob

phones than from desktop computers.

8. I had to use my laptop this morning while my PC (fix) is being fixed.Questions in passive voice:

Programs are made by them. Are programs made by them?

Where/why/how are programs made?DESCRIBING GRAPH TRENDS

Curvekriva

Verb + adverb

Climb slightly

Go up gradually

Increase steadly

Rise steeply

Decline sharply


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ENGLESKI PREDAVANJA

Dip suddenly

Drop fast

Fall quickly

Go down gradually

Adjective + noun

Slight increaseGradual rise

Steadly dip

Sudden drop

Fast fall

The curve climbs slightly. There is a slight increase of the curve.

READING GRAPHS

- identify the graph- read the coordinates- identify the various curves- read each curbe

exemple:

This is a graph that shows....

The vertical axis represents....

The horizontal one stands for....

There are ..... curves that indicate.....

The first curve shows....

The first quadrant shows the characteristics of the diode when it is a forward biased. When the voltage is increased

at first the current doesn`t flow. When the voltage reaches about 600mV there is a slight increase of a current. Th

current countinues to rise as the voltage increasesbut eventually a point is reached when the diode would be

destroyed by heat.The third qaudrante shows what happens when the diode is reversed biased. There is almost no

voltage. The diode is therefore a good rectifier. It conducts in one direction and almost not at all in the other.


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ENGLESKI PREDAVANJA

COLLOCATIONS

A collocation is a pair of words that are often used together.

receive, transmit, demodulate SIGNAL

distribute, compress, stream, decode, playback, watch, copy, protect CONTENT

CONTENT provider, maker

exersize1. A lot of content makers are concerned that their programs are being copied illegally.2. It is important for a national broadcaster to be able to transmite signalto every part of the country.3. MPEG techniques make it possible to distribute contentinto much smaller files.4. A PC media player can decodethe contentin MPEG, wmv and MP3 files.5. Digital rights management allows film makers toprotect content to a certain extent.6. Most TV viewers still need an aerial pointing in the right direction to receive sihnal from the national broadcas7. A CRT creates images from the demodulate signalit receives from the antenna.8. As broadband capacities have increased, it has become easier to distribute contentacross networks in IP packet

VERBS ALLOW/PREVENT

allow prevent

allow towork prevent fromworking

exemples:

1. . theres a setting on the GPS that allows/prevents it to detect the movement.2. . an alarm sounds to warn you, and allows/preventsthe boat from drifting unnoticed.3. . and enables/ensures that you dont lose track of where you were, which then enables/ensures y

to turn round and come back to the same point.

The core function of your GPS receiver is to allowyou to locate your precise geographical position. To enable

device to function, it receives at least three signals simultaneously from the GPS constellation 30 dedica

satellites which allowsreceivers to function anywhere on earth. To enable extremely precise positioning and prev

errors from occurring due to external factors, this device is designed to receive four separate signals (enhanc

system accuracy).

TENSES AND COMPARISON

1. Digital radio sets are becoming(become) less and less popular.

2. More and more people are listening (listen) to radio over the Internet.

3. Laptops are getting cheaper(cheap).

4. Handheld devices are becoming more sophisticated(sophisticated).

5. Battery life is getting(get) longer(long).

6. In some areas, VoIP is talking(take over) from PSTN.

7. Mobile broadband speeds are increasing(increase) dramatically.


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ENGLESKI PREDAVANJA

7. browse g) compatible

8. fully backward h) access

1-d; 2-e; 3-c; 4-a; 5-h; 6-b; 7-f; 8-g

exersize:

- I have a program that monitors both incomingand outcomingmail and also blocks spam.-

With a webcam you can add video to online chats and instantmessaging. Simply instalthe softwareincluded, plug the webcam inyour PC, and start having video conferences.

- This software enables you to burn CDand DVDs containing any data files.- I use a media player to streamaudio and video files from the Web; I can play them directly.- This program allows us to perform video conferencing in realtime, without any delay.- We have decided to make the materialpublicly/widely/freerlyavailable on the Web.- I often log on tomy Internet bank account to make payments; I never forget to log off.

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