Engineering Proteins EP2 Protein Synthesis. Amino Acids.

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Engineering Proteins EP2 Protein Synthesis

Transcript of Engineering Proteins EP2 Protein Synthesis. Amino Acids.

Page 1: Engineering Proteins EP2 Protein Synthesis. Amino Acids.

Engineering Proteins

EP2 Protein Synthesis

Page 2: Engineering Proteins EP2 Protein Synthesis. Amino Acids.

Amino Acids

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Some of the 20 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids

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Amino Acids - Summary

• Zwitterions• Acid / Base Chemistry (Buffers)• Optical Isomerism – chiral centre, CORN• Peptide – Secondary Amides• Naming dipeptides – NH2 on left• Hydrolysis of peptides• Condensation to form polypeptides and

proteins

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Dipeptides

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Condensation

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Protein Structure

4 levels of structure:-oPrimary Structure – Sequence of Amino Acids;

oSecondary Structure – Spatial arrangement of sections of primary Structure (e.g. helices);

oTertiary Structure – Overall 3D Shape of protein;

oQuaternary Structure – Protein “Monomers” coordinated into tetramers (haemoglobin), or hexamers (insulin).

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Primary Structure

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Secondary Structure

- Helix - Sheet

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Tertiary Structure – gyrase

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Quaternary Structure – Insulin Hexamer

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Insulin Hexamer

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Building Proteins

Cells build proteins directly from L-Amino Acids.

To synthesise a protein, a Chemist would need:-

1) Instructions / knowledge of the primary structure;2) Supplies of pure amino acids;3) A method of forming peptide links.

Cells adopt a similar approach – Protein Synthesis.

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Protein synthesis – The role of RNA

1) Messenger RNA - Temporary set of instructions for one protein molecule;

2) Transfer RNA – collects amino acids;

3) Ribosomal RNA – present in ribosomes, which catalyse the formation of peptide links between amino acids.

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1) Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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2) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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3) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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What is RNA? – ribonucleic acid

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Nucleic Acids

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mRNA triplet base codes (ppt)

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RNA Base Pairs

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A Permanent set of Instructions

DNA

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DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

1) Codes for many mRNA molecules.

2) The section of DNA coding for a particular protein is called a gene.

3) Full set of genes = genome (humans 3.5 x 109 bases)

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Differences between RNA and DNA

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DNA Base Pairs

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DNA

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DNA

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How Cells Make Proteins

DNA mRNA

Transcription

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Transcription

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Transcription – in the nucleus

1) DNA double helix unwinds;

2) hydrogen bonds break;

3) free nucleotides hydrogen bond to the complementary exposed bases;

4) Enzyme (RNA polymerase) links the hydrogen bonded nucleotides to form a strand of mRNA;

5) mRNA is released and the DNA double helix is reformed.

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How Cells Make Proteins

DNA mRNA

Protein

Chain

Transcription

Translation

a.a. activation

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Amino Acid Activation

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Amino Acid Activation

1. tRNA molecule forms an ester link with a specific amino acid;

2. tRNA – amino acid complex moves to the Ribosome.

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Translation (ppt)

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Translation - in the cytoplasm

1) mRNA attaches to ribosome;2) Hydrogen bonding between complementary bases

binds the correct tRNA anticodon to the 1st codon (set of 3 bases on mRNA);

3) A 2nd tRNA – amino acid complex binds to the adjacent mRNA codon in the ribosome;

4) Ribosome catalyses the formation of the peptide bond between amino acids;

5) The tRNA is released once the amino acid is delivered;

6) Ribosome moves along the mRNA chain to the end.

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How Cells Make Proteins

DNA mRNA

Protein

Chain

3D Protei

n

Transcription

Translation

a.a. activation

Folding

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Protein Synthesis

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How Cells Make Proteins

DNA mRNA

Protein

Chain

3D Protei

n

Transcription

Translation

a.a. activation

Folding


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