ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED MATERIALS AND LG...

1

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED MATERIALS AND LG RECYCLED MATERIALS AND LG FOOTPATH SPECIFICATIONS

GRAEME NEWMAN – VicRoads

ARUL ARULRAJAH – Swinburne University of Technology

1

2

BACKGROUND

2

3

Construction and Demolition (C&D) Materials32 million tonnes of solid waste is generated in Australia.

– Approximately 14 million tonnes comprises C&D Approximately 14 million tonnes comprises C&D materials, of which about 50% is recycled.

– Recycled concrete, brick and glass are commonly obtained from household recycling and C&D activities.

Annual stockpiles in Victoria: – 2 million tonnes of crushed concrete– 1.4 million tonnes of crushed brick

3

– 500,000 tonnes of crushed rock (excavation stone)– 250,000 tonnes of crushed glass

4

Recycled Demolition MaterialsTraditional road base and footpath materials are becoming scarce in some regions. g g

In some cases, the use of these materials is unsustainable from both an environmental and cost perspective. p p

This has led to several joint VicRoads/Swinburneresearch projects on properties of C&D materials since 2006.

4

2006.

5

Recycled Demolition Materials – Research Projects

These research projects seek to reduce the demand for virgin materials and reduce the quantity of material d it d i l dfilldeposited in landfill.

Recycled crushed brick/crushed glass in blends with crushed rock and crushed concrete with up to:

30% i d b b li i– 30% in road pavement sub-base applications.– 50% in footpath and shared path base applications.

5

6

Schematic diagram of a typical low volume road pavement cross-section

Asphalt Wearing Surface25 mm

Pavement Base (Class 1 & 2)

Pavement Sub base (Class 3)

100-250 mm

Pavement Sub-base (Class 3)150-300 mm

6

7

Schematic diagram of a typical footpath or shared path cross-section

Foothpath Base

Asphalt Wearing Surface35 mm

100 Foothpath Base100 mm

7

8

RECYCLED DEMOLITION MATERIALS

Definitions

8

9

Recycled Demolition Materials - Definitions

Crushed concrete (CC)– composed of demolished concrete– composed of demolished concrete.

Crushed rock (CR)– originates from “surface floaters” or surface

excavation rock which commonly occurs near the surface to the west and north of Melbourne.

9

10

Recycled Demolition Materials - Definitions

Crushed glass (RG)– composed of crushed food and drink packaging – composed of crushed food and drink packaging

containers, drinking glasses and window glass.

Crushed brick (CB)– composed of crushed fired clay brick.

Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP)– composed of spent asphalt removed from roadways on a

10

– composed of spent asphalt removed from roadways on a regular basis.

11

Crushed Brick – 20 mm

11

12

Crushed Glass – 5 mm minus

12

13

Crushed Concrete – 20 mm

13

14

Crushed Rock – 20 mm

14

15

LABORATORY TESTING METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY

15

16

Crushed Glass Blends

16

17

Crushed Brick Blends

17

18

Particle Size Distribution tests

18

Objective:-To determine the percentage of defined size particles in a soil or aggregate sample.

Procedure:- Wash through 75um sieve and dry the retained samples. - Sieve through various size sieves and determine the percentage passing through each sieve.

19

Compaction tests

Objective: - To determine the optimum moisture content & maximum dry density of aggregates and soils.

Procedure:Modified compaction: 5 layers, 4.9kg hammer, 450mm hammer drop, 25 blows

Standard compaction: 3 layers, 2.7kg hammer, 300mm hammer drop, 25 blows

19

20

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) testsObjective: - Empirical test for estimating the bearing value of materials for subgrades, sub-bases and bases.

Procedure: - Push a standard plunger into the soil at a fixed rate of penetration, and measuring the force required to maintain that rate. From the resulting load-penetration relationship the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value can be derived.

Modified CBR: 5 layers, 4.9kg hammer, 450mm hammer drop, 53 blows

Standard CBR: 3 layers, 2.7 kg hammer, 300mm hammer drop, 53 blows

20

21

LA Abrasion Tests

21

Objective:-Test to evaluate hardness, durability and susceptibility to abrasion.

Procedure:- Place dry samples of test aggregate with 12 steel balls into a drum rotated for 500 revolutions (ASTM).- Process abrades the aggregate. Percentage that passes a 1.7 mm sieve is taken as the LA value.

22

Flakiness Index

Obj i

22

Objective:-To determine the percentage of mass of aggregates having a least dimension less than 0.6 times their average dimension.

Procedure:- Sieve the samples of selected entire size fractions through the specified sieves.- Determine the ratio of mass of material passing specially slotted sieves.

23

pH tests

23

Objective:- To determine the pH value of soil or aggregate samples

Procedure: - Use an electronic pH meter to calibrate the pH meter with buffer solution and to measure the pH of the samples.

24

Permeability TestsConstant head method

Falling head method

24

Objective:- To determine the coefficient of permeability of a soil or aggregate sample

Procedure: Constant head method: For high permeable soil samples; measure the discharge with timeFalling head method: For low permeable soil sample; measure the falling height with time

25

Organic Content Tests

25

Objective:- To determine the organic content of aggregates and organic soils.

Procedure: - Place dish in muffle furnace and bring temperature in the muffle furnace to 440 °C +/- 22 °C and hold until the specimen is completely ashed (no change of mass occurs after at least 1 hr. period of heating).

26

Water Absorption Tests

26Objective:- To determine the amount of water a dried sample of aggregate will absorb.

Fine Aggregates

27

Repeat Load Triaxial Tests

Objective:T d t i th ili t d l d t d f ti f t t i l

27

- To determine the resilient modulus and permanent deformation of pavement materials

Procedure:Permanent deformation test: 3-4 different stages, 10,000 repetitions (Static confining stress: 50 kPa, Dynamic deviator stress: 150, 250, 350 kPa [and 450kPa])

Resilient modulus test : 66 different stress stages, 50 repetitions

28

RECYCLED CRUSHED GLASS

Laboratory Testing Results

28

29

Particle Size Distribution (After Compaction)

Recycled Crushed Concrete (Class 3)Particle Size Distribution (After Compaction) - SUT

110.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

sing

(%)

RG50/RCC50 RG40/RCC60



VicRoads upper bound VicRoads lower bound

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

Tota

l pas

s

29

0.00.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0

Particle size (mm)Note: For example, RG10/RCC90 refers to 10% recycled glass content blended with 90% crushed concrete by weight

30

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) - Modified California Bearing Ratio

203200

220

98

110120

144

176

100

120

140

160

180

CB

R (%

)

0

20

40

60

80

30

0RG50/RCC50 RG40/RCC60 RG30/RCC70 RG20/RCC80 RG15/RCC85 RG10/RCC90

Sample description

CBR - AF VicRoads Requirement

Note: For example, RG50/RCC50 refers to 50% recycled glass content blended with 50% crushed concrete by weight

31

Summary of RG with RCC resultsSample Description RG50/

RCC50RG40/RCC60

RG30/RCC70

RG20/RCC80

RG15/RCC85

RG10/RCC90

RCC100

Glass Content (%) by weight 50 40 30 20 15 10 0

Test description Test results

Particle density (Coarse) 2.72

Particle density (Fine) 2.47 2.58 2.58 2.61 2.60 2.65 2.68

Water absorption (Coarse) (%) 4.5

Water absorption (Fine) (%) 2.00 3.89 4.50 6.65 6.70 8.20 6.43

CBR (%) 98 110 120 144 176 203

LA Abrasion 30 28 30 31 32 32 28

Permeability (m/s) 3.6×10-7 8.7×10-8 4.5×10-7 1.1×10-8 1.3×10-8 9×10-9 3.6×10-7

Organic content (%) 1.41 1.54 1.71 1.95 2.65 2.84Organic content (%)

pH 11.16 11.19 11.33 11.24 11.14 11.19

Compaction (Modified)Max dry density 1.90 1.97 1.96 1.93 1.96 1.98

Opt moisture content (%) 11.92 11.72 9.41 11.54 12.23 12.08

Atterberg Limit Plastic limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O

Liquid limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O

Plasticity Index N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P

Fine content (%) 5.8 6.6 6.5 6.9 6.8 8.6

Fl ki I d * N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 11

31

Flakiness Index* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 11

32

Summary of RG with CR resultsSample Description RG50/

CR50RG40/CR60

RG30/CR70

RG20/CR80

RG15/CR85

RG10/CR90

CR100

Glass Content (%) by weight 50 40 30 20 15 10 0

Test description Test resultsTest description Test results

Particle density (Coarse) 2.77 2.76 2.80

Particle density (Fine) 2.61 2.65 2.71 2.79 2.75 2.80 2.87

Water absorption (Coarse) (%) 2.00 2.50 2.00

Water absorption (Fine) (%) 2.00 2.00 2.50 2.00 2.40 2.30 3.25

CBR (%) 121 137 152 165 199 170 181

LA abrasion 25 25 24 24 23 24 24

Permeability (m/s) 7.1×10-8 6.0×10-8 6.0×10-8 9.4×10-8 1.1×10-7 1.7×10-7

Organic content (%) 0.60 0.58 0.62 0.72 0.72 0.78 0.66

pH 9.57 9.68 9.67 9.71 9.71 9.67 9.42

Compaction (Modified) Max dry density 2.13 2.14 2.18 2.21 2.24 2.26 2.30

Opt moisture content (%) 8.81 9.00 9.31 9.14 8.54 8.09 8.67

Atterberg Limit Plastic limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O

Liquid limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O

32

Plasticity Index N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P

Fines content (%) 8.1 8.8 9.2 9.9 10.9 10.5 11.2

Flakiness Index* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 16

33

RECYCLED CRUSHED BRICK

Laboratory Testing Results

33

34

Summary of CB with RCC resultsSample Description

CB50/RCC50

CB40/RCC60 CB30/

RCC70CB25/RCC75

CB20/RCC80

CB15/RCC85

CB10/RCC90 RCC100

Brick Content (%) by weight 50 40 30 25 20 15 10 0

Test description Test resultsp

Particle density (Coarse)- Series 1(t/m3) 2.69 2.68 2.67 3.08 2.68 2.71 2.47 2.76

Particle density (Coarse)- Series 2(t/m3) 2.71 2.71 2.71

Particle density (Fine) (t/m3) 2.43 2.60 2.41

Water absorption (Coarse) (%)- Series 1 5.36 5.91 5.56 5.23 4.95 5.36 5.69 4.66

Water absorption (Coarse) (%)- Series 2 5.4 5.7 5.5

Water absorption (Fine) (%) 6.9 7.5 8.7

CBR (%) Series1 103 134 117 88 104 169 97 160

Series2 111 190 141 152 132 177 118Se es

LA abrasion 33 32 30 28 30 31 32

Permeability (m/s) 1.1×10-8 1.5×10-8 2×10-8 2×10-8 2×10-8

Organic content (%) 2.15 2.35 2.29 2.23 2.36 2.44 2.14 2.25

pH 10.64 10.96 11.11 11.44 11.30 10.88 11.05 11.49

Compaction (Modified) Max dry density (t/m3) 1.99 1.99 1.95 1.94 1.95 1.99 1.95 1.96

Opt moisture content (%) 11.00 11.50 12.50 12.00 11.70 11.70 12.00 12.00

Plastic limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O

34

Atterberg Limit Liquid limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O

Plasticity Index N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P

Fine content (%) 7.5 5.7 5.8 8.0 4.7 4.8 4.5 3.6

Flakiness Index 14 13 13 13 11 12 11 11

35

Summary of CB with CR results

Sample Description CB50/CR50

CB40/CR60

CB30/CR70

CB25/CR75

CB20/CR80

CB15/CR85

CB10/CR90 CR100CR50 CR60 CR70 CR75 CR80 CR85 CR90 CR100

Brick Content (%) by weight 50 40 30 25 20 15 10 0

Test description Test results

Particle density (Coarse)- Series 1(t/m3) 2.67 2.71 2.72 2.75 2.78 2.78 2.76 2.78

Particle density (Coarse)- Series 2(t/m3) 2.76 2.78

Particle density (Fine) (t/m3) 2.82 2.67

Water absorption (Coarse) (%)- Series 1 4.15 3.90 3.75 3.38 3.05 2.83 3.24 3.32

Water absorption (Coarse) (%)- Series 2 3.80 3.10

Water absorption (Fine) (%) 4.60 5.60

Series1 127 129 90 97 98 147 94 121CBR (%) Series1 127 129 90 97 98 147 94 121

Series2 131 143 168 167 176 174

Los Angeles Abrasion 29 29 27 23 22 21 22

Permeability (m/s)9×10-8 4×10-8 4×10-8 3.5×10-8

Organic content (%) 1.10 1.03 1.11 0.84 0.97 0.87 0.98 1.04

pH 9.76 9.83 9.65 9.74 9.87 10.80 9.78 10.92

Compaction (Modified) Max dry density (t/m3) 2.13 2.15 2.12 2.14 2.15 2.17 2.22 2.23

Opt moisture content (%) 9.20 9.30 9.00 9.20 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.30

Plastic limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O

35

Atterberg Limit Liquid limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O

Plasticity Index N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P

Fine content (%) 7.4 7.2 10.1 10.7 9.6 9.9 8.8 10.2

Flakiness Index 12 12 17 18 18 18

36

SPECIFICATIONS FOR PAVEMENT SUB-BASES

Based on VicRoads Specifications(section 812 and 820)

36

37

VicRoads specifications (Section 820) -Allowable foreign material content (%)

Y F i M i l T Cl Cl ClYear Foreign Material Type ClassCC2

ClassCC3

ClassCC4

2006 High density materials such as metals, glass and brick.

2 3 5

2009 Crushed brick to be considered as an additive(testing by Swinburne)

2 15 25( g y )

2010? Crushed glass to be considered as an additive(testing by Swinburne)

2 15 25

37

38

FOOTPATH SPECIFICATIONS (DRAFT)

Recycled materials for granular bases in footpaths and shared paths

38

39

Physical Properties

Physical properties Test method Test valuePhysical properties Test method Test value

Foot Path Shared Path

Plasticity Constants Liquid Limit (AS1289 3.1.1) Max 35% Max 35%

Plasticity Index (AS1289 3.3.1) Max 10% Max 10%

Linear Shrinkage (AS1289 3 4 1) Ma 8% Ma 8%Linear Shrinkage (AS1289 3.4.1) Max 8% Max 8%

Bearing Strength California Bearing Ratio (AS1289 6.1.1) Min 40% (1) Min 40% (1)

Aggregate Hardness Los Angeles Abrasion (AS1141.23) Max 60% Max 60%

Particle shape Flakiness Index (AS 1141.15) Max 35% Max 35%

39

40

Permissible Composition of Product

Percentages by mass

Material Type Foot Path Shared Path

Concrete Up to 100% Up to 100%

Brick Up to 50% Up to 50%

Metals, ferrous and non- ferrous Less than 1% Less than 1%Metals, ferrous and non ferrous Less than 1% Less than 1%

Glass cullet Up to 30% Up to 30%

Low density materials such as plastic, rubber, plaster, clay lumps and other friable material

3 3

Wood and other vegetable or decomposable matter 0.5 0.5

40

41

FIELD APPLICATIONS

41

42

SHARED PATH CONSTRUCTION

Manningham City Council – Andersons Creek Road, Doncaster East

3 sections constructed30% RG AND 70% CR = 85 m length15% RG AND 85% CR = 30 m length

100% CR (Control Area) = 125 m length

42

100% CR (Control Area) 125 m length

This project diverted 15 tonnes of recycled glass from landfill.

43

TRIAL ROAD PAVEMENT

Alex Fraser Recycling, Laverton

9 sections constructed Each approximately 80 m long

43

44

Cross-section of Trial Pavement

Glassphalt50 mm

Crushed Glass + Crushed Concrete (or Crushed Rock)

Pavement Base

Recycled Asphalt Pavement

200 mm

Pavement Sub-base

Compacted raw feeds

Subgrade clay

0 - 400 mm

200 mm

44

Subgrade clay

45

Layout of Trial Pavement

45

46

Layout of Trial Pavement

Material Label Description Pavement section

CC 100% 20 mm class 3 crushed concrete 1 CC 100% 20 mm class 3 crushed concrete 1

CC-RG10 90% 20 mm class 3 crushed concrete / 10% 5 mm crushed glass 3



CC-RG30 70% 20 mm Class 3 crushed concrete 5

CR 100% 20 mm Class 3 crushed rock 7 CR 100% 20 mm Class 3 crushed rock 7

CR-RG10 90% 20 mm Class 3 crushed rock / 20% 5 mm crushed glass 8



46

47

Trial Pavement – Subgrade Finish Surface

47

48

Trial Pavement – Subbase Finish Surface (RAP)

48

49

Trial Pavement – Base Finish Surface (CG + CR)

49

50

Trial Pavement – Laying of Asphalt Surface

50

51

Trial Pavement – Compaction of Asphalt Surface

51

52

Trial Pavement – Finished Road

52

53

Trial Pavement – Falling Weight Deflectometer

53

54

Trial Pavement – Surface Profilometer

54

55

RESEARCH OUTCOMES

55

56

Research OutcomesCURRENT:

– 15% crushed brick and 15% crushed glass for pavement sub-basessub-bases.

– Up to 50% crushed brick and 30% crushed glass for footpath bases.

FUTURE: – Larger percentages may be possible depending on field

performance.

56

57

ConclusionsBoth the crushed brick and crushed glass blends with crushed concrete and crushed rock are suitable for pavement subbase and footpath base applicationspavement subbase and footpath base applications.

Recycled C&D materials are a viable construction material.

– engineering properties comparable in performance to traditional quarry aggregates.

57

58

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

58

59

AcknowledgementsFunding Bodies:

– Sustainability Victoria– Municipal Association of Victoria– Municipal Association of Victoria– VicRoads– Alex Fraser Recycling– Visy Recycling– National Packaging Covenant

A t li F d d G C il– Australian Food and Grocery Council

Current Swinburne PhD Students:– T. Aatheesan (Crushed brick in sub-bases)– M.M. Younus Ali (Crushed glass in sub-bases)

59

g– Mahdi Miri Disfani (Glass/Biosolids in embankments)– V. Suthagaran (Biosolids in embankments)

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED MATERIALS AND LG...

Documents

Transcript of ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED MATERIALS AND LG...