Engineering Mechanics: Statics in SI Units, 12e · Engineering Mechanics: Statics in SI Units ......

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Internal Forces 7 Engineering Mechanics: Statics in SI Units, 12e 1 2 Chapter Objectives Method of sections to find internal forces in a structure Write equations to describe shear forces and moments for an entire member Chapter Outline 1. Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members 2. Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams 3. Relations between Distributed Load, Shear and Moment

Transcript of Engineering Mechanics: Statics in SI Units, 12e · Engineering Mechanics: Statics in SI Units ......

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Internal Forces7

Engineering Mechanics: Statics in SI Units, 12e

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Chapter  Objectives

• Method  of  sections  to  find  internal  forces  in  a  structure  • Write  equations  to  describe  shear  forces  and  moments  for  an  entire  member

Chapter  Outline1. Internal  Forces  Developed  in  Structural  Members    2. Shear  and  Moment  Equations  and  Diagrams    3. Relations  between  Distributed  Load,  Shear  and  Moment  

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7.1  Internal  Forces  Developed  in  Structural  Members

• To design a part or member of a structure or machinery, the material of the member must be able to withstand or resist internal forces in the member  

• The  internal  forces  can  be  found  by  method  of  section  • The  Axial  force  N  is  perpendicular  to  the  cut  • The  Shear  force  V  is  parallel  to  the  cut  and  perpendicular  to  N  • The  Moment  M  or  Bending  moment

Positive  sign  convention

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7.1  Internal  Forces  Developed  in  Structural  Members

• For  3D  internal  forces  and  forces  are  shown  below  • Ny  is  a  normal  force,  Vx  and  Vz  are  shear  force  

• My  is  torisonal  or  twisting  moment,  Mx  and  Mz are  bending  moment  

 

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7.1  Internal  Forces  Developed  in  Structural  Members

Procedure  for  Analysis  Support  Reactions  • Before  cutting  a  section,  find  all  support  reactions  

Free-­‐Body  Diagrams  • Write  all  forces  acting  on  FBD  • Consider  FBD  ,where  there  are  fewer  forces  for  the  ease  of  analysis  • Write  all  known  forces  in  x,  y,  z  and  moment  • Write  in  internal  forces  as  N,  V,  M  at  the  cut  and  assume  the  directions  

as  shown  in  previous  slide  

Equations  of  Equilibrium  • Find  magnitude  and  directions  from  calculation  +-­‐

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Example  7.3

Determine  the  internal  force,  shear  force  and  the  bending  moment  acting  at  point  B  of  the  two-­‐member  frame.

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Solution

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Solution

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7.2  Shear  and  Moment  Equations  and  Diagrams

• Beam  is  a  structural  member  designed  to  take  the  load  that  are  perpendicular  to  the  member  

• A  simply  supported  beam  has  a  pin  support  on  one  side  and  the  other  side  is  roller  

• A  cantilever  beam  has  one  support  as  a  fix  support  and  the  other  end  is  free

simply  supported  beam         cantilever  beam

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7.2  Shear  and  Moment  Equations  and  Diagrams

• To diesign a beam, require finding shear and bending moment for an entire beam  

• For  every  point  on  a  beam,  the  shear  V(x)  and  bending  moment  M(x)  can  be  found  by  the  method  of  section,  expressed  in  a  function  of  x  

• V(x)  and  M(x)  are  not  continuous  at  the  point  when  there  is  a  change  in  a  distributed  load  or  at  a  point  where  the  concentrated  force  is  located,  hence  need  to  consider  equations  at  interval  at  these  critical  point  

• The  graph  ofV(x)  and  M(x)  are  called  Shear  Force  Diagram  (SFD)  and  Bending  Moment  Diagram  (BMD),  respectively  

SFD BMD

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7.2  Shear  and  Moment  Equations  and  Diagrams

Procedure  for  Analysis  

Support  Reactions  • Find  forces  and  moments  acting  on  a  beam  and  then  find  

components  parallel  and  perpendicular  to  the  beam  

Shear  and  Moment  Functions  • Define  x  and  then  start  from  the  left  end  of  a  beam  and  

write  and  equation  for  each  interval,  consider  especially  locations  where  concentrated  forces  action  or  where  distributed  load  changed  

• When  cutting  a  beam  at  x  draw  an  FBD  and  use  the  notation  of  V  and  M  as  explained  earlier  (sign  convention)  

• Find  V  and  M  from  equilibrium  of  the  FBD  of  an  easy  part

sign  convention

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7.2  Shear  and  Moment  Equations  and  Diagrams

Procedure  for  Analysis  

Shear  and  Moment  Diagrams  • Draw  SFD  for  V  and  x  and  BMD  for  M  and  x.  For  the  calculation  with  

positive  value,  plot  above  x  and  negative  below  x  • Draw  SFD  &  BMD  after  FBD  of  a  beam

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Example  7.7

Draw  the  shear  and  bending  moments  diagrams  for  the  shaft.  The  support  at  A  is  a  thrust  bearing  and  the  support  at  C  is  a  journal  bearing.

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Solution

Support  Reactions  From  equilibrium  equations  

FBD  of  the  shaft

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Solution

Shear  diagram  Internal  shear  force  is  always  positive  within  the  shaft  AB.  Just  to  the  right  of  B,  the  shear  force  changes  sign  and  remains  at  constant  value  for  segment  BC.  

Moment  diagram    Starts  at  zero,  increases  linearly  to  B  and  therefore  decreases  to  zero.  Mmax  =  5  kN.m

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7.3  Relations  between  Distributed  Load,  Shear  and  Moment

Distributed  Load  

• For  the  beam  AD  under  the  distributed  load  w  =  w(x)  and  concentrated  force  (F1,  F2)  and  moment  (M1,  M2)  

• For  vertical  forces,  the  forces  is  positive  when  acting  upwards

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Distributed  Load  

• Cut  FBD  for  an  infinitestimal  part  with  the  length  ∆x  and  located  at  x,  which  does  not  have  forces  or  moments  acting  

• Write  V  and  M  if  they  are  upwards  • The  resultant  force  is  ∆F  =  w(x)  ∆x      and  located  at  k  (∆x)  from  the  right  0<k<1  (k=0.5  for  uniform  load)

7.3  Relations  between  Distributed  Load,  Shear  and  Moment

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7.3  Relations  between  Distributed  Load,  Shear  and  Moment

Relations  between  Distributed  Load  and  Shear

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7.3  Relations  between  Distributed  Load,  Shear  and  Moment

Relations  between  Shear  and  Moment

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7.3  Relations  between  Distributed  Load,  Shear  and  Moment

Concentrated  Force  and  Couple  Moment    

• If  the  external  force  F  is  upward,  the    shear  force  increases  

• For  a  clockwise  moment,  the  bending  moment  increases  

FV =Δ

0MM =Δ

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Example  7.8

Draw  the  shear  and  moment  diagrams  for  the  cantilever  beam.

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Solution

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Example  7.9

Draw  the  shear  and  moment  diagrams  for  the  overhang  beam.

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Solution