
STUDENT CODE OF ETHIC

(SCE) DEPARTMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL &


FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

UTHM

I, hereby confess that I have prepared this report on my own effort. I also admit not to receive

or give any help during the preparation of this report and pledge that everything mentioned in

the report is true.

___________________________

Student Signature

Name : MUHAMMAD ZAMIR BIN SAMEON

Matric No. : DF100065

Date : 21/04/2011






UTHM



the report is true.

___________________________

Student Signature

Name : MUHAMMAD IKHWAN BIN ZAINUDDIN


Date : 21/04/2011






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Name : MUHAMMAD NUH BIN AHMAD ZAIRI


Date : 21/04/2011






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the report is true.

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Student Signature

Name : MUHAMMAD RIDHWAN BIN KAMARUDIN


Date : 21/04/2011






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the report is true.

___________________________

Student Signature

Name : MUKHLIS BIN ADAM


Date : 21/04/2011






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the report is true.

___________________________

Student Signature

Name : HANISAH BINTI HAMZAH


Date : 21/04/2011


1.0 TRIP INTRODUCTION

The trip to Minyak Beku Beach, Batu Pahat is a programmer that oriented by

the academic under Engineering Geology Subject, BFC 3103. This programmer

focused more in career exposure in engineering field especially geology field.

Geology plays an important role in determine the stabilization for cut slope of rock at

the highway. Other than that, this trip also give the exposure to the students about

the building material and raw material that oriented by the geology material. This

programmer will giving the big and effectively impact in increasing academic and

career quality in a long term. We choose the place because it will give exposure to

the students or participants in determine cut slope stability and recovering method.

1.1 Objective

This Geology trip is for:

Introduce student about the real rock and the classification of the rock at

site.

Explain more detail about the formed of the rock with the occurrence along

time ago in geology engineering.

Study about the rock that we found and the certain place at Johor.

Learn how to collect the data in the real situation.

Expose the participant about the geology rock investigation in engineering

field.

Understand the work environment for geology engineer.

Achieve the national leadership vision for the social-economy

development.

See clearly about the geology problem at the Minyak Beku, Batu Pahat,

Johor area.

Investigate about the rock structure at the slope in Minyak Beku, Batu

Pahat, Johor area.


2.0 DIARY

17 APRIL 2011, SUNDAY (GROUP MORNING)

8.30 am

Students gathered at Dataran Anggerik.

Registration and went to Pantai Minyak Beku

9.50 am

We arrive at Pantai Minyak Beku

Get a safety helmet for each person

Move to our location

10.00 am

Briefing by Lecturer Ir. Agus Sulaeman about the types of the rock and

history of this place.

We were instructed by lecturer to identify the type of rock, joint, slope,

fold, fracture and etc.


10.15 am

We were given information by lecturer about the step to do a fieldwork.

In this location, we were distributing to several team base on session

respectively.

We were provided with equipment (a compass, hammer and Schmidt

Hammer).

We must do some research about the failure mode and do some

calculations about the dip direction and dip angle.

Once over, we were instructed to go back to the bus.

11.10 am

Move to Ayer Hitam

Briefing by Lecturer Ir. Agus Sulaeman about the types of the rock and

history of this place.

12.45 pm

We arrive UTHM


3.0 CONTENT

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Geological Engineering

It is an interdisciplinary field, in which principles of geosciences are used to

solve engineering and environmental problems. It connects geology, civil

engineering and other fields (e.g. mining, geography, forestry) to provide a versatile

set of skills applicable to a wide range of contemporary problems. The UBC program

is an accredited engineering program, so our graduates hold full responsibilities as

registered engineering professionals. The qualifications of a geological engineer are

similar to those of a civil engineer with geotechnical or environmental specialization.

However, our graduates have the advantage of better understanding of geological

processes.

Geological Engineering is the application of the earth sciences to human

problems that relate to Earth and earth systems. It is a broad, interdisciplinary field

with many specialty areas such as: Geotechnical site investigation for a variety of

projects, rock and soil slope stability, Environmental site characterization and

planning, Hydrogeology, groundwater studies and engineering. Natural and man

made hazard investigations. Exploration and development of fossil fuel and mineral

deposits.

Engineering geologic studies are performed by a geologist or engineering

geologist educated, professionally trained and skilled at the recognition and analysis

of geologic hazards and adverse geologic conditions. Their overall objective is the

protection of life and property against damage and the solution of geologic problems.

Engineering geologic studies may be performed:

• For residential, commercial and industrial developments;

• For governmental and military installations;

• For mine and quarry excavations, mine tailing dam, mine reclamation and

mine tunneling;

• For wetland and habitat restoration programs;


• For coastal engineering, sand replenishment, bluff or sea cliff stability, harbor,

pier and waterfront development;

• For offshore outfall, drilling platform and sub-sea pipeline, sub-sea cable; and

• For other types of facilities.

3.1.2 Pantai Minyak Beku

History has it that Minyak Beku was founded by Daeng Ahmad, a distant

descendant of Bugis royalty, in 1811, under the rule of Dato' Temenggung Abdul

Rahman Sri Maharaja Johor who wished for a settlement to be created in the west

coast of Johor. It is said that in the area that was opened up for this settlement, there

stood a tall keruing tree which eked out a yellow sap that coagulates easily, thus the

name Minyak Beku

Minyak Beku Beach is located about 8km from Batu Pahat town. From the

North South Expressway (NSE), take the Yong Peng exit (Interchange 241), passing

through Tongkang Pecah to Batu Pahat town (about 28km). From Batu Pahat, you

can catch a taxi to Minyak Beku beach.

Although Minyak Beku Beach is not suitable for swimming, is a nice ground

for fishing and to enjoy the cool air. There is an old fishing village nearby, as well as

a disused quarry that offers an interesting glimpse of stone or sand processing. It is

also said that Minyak Beku is a good place to go if you fancy doing some relaxing

fishing.

Kampung Minyak Beku is a seaside village lying on the west coast of Johor,

Malaysia. Kampung Minyak Beku is where the famous chiseled rock is located, a big

rock about ten feet in size (beside the police station). The big rock was chiselled by

the Siamese (Ayudhya) to contain fresh water. It was said the Siamese soldiers

came here by boat to attack Malacca but was defeated by Tun Perak back in the

15th century. The chiselled rock became famous where it later replaced the name of

Bandar Penggaram to Batu Pahat.


Figure 1: Micro granite

Type of rock that we found at Minyak Beku Beach is microgranite (small

crystal < 100 km2) that is from igneous rock. Igneous rock formed on the surface of

the Earth by volcanic activity (as opposed to intrusive, or plutonic, rocks that solidify

below the Earth's surface). Magma (molten rock) erupted from volcanoes cools and

solidifies quickly on the surface. The crystals that form do not have time to grow very

large, so most extrusive rocks are finely grained. The term includes fine-grained

crystalline or glassy rocks formed from hot lava quenched at or near Earth's surface,

and those made of welded fragments of ash and glass ejected into the air during a

volcanic eruption. The formation of extrusive igneous rock is part of the rock cycle.

Alluvium is soil or sediments deposited by a river or other running water.

Alluvium is typically made up of a variety of materials, including fine particles of silt

and clay and larger particles of sand and gravel. Alluvium often contains valuable

ores such as gold and platinum and a wide variety of gemstones. Such

concentrations of valuable ores are termed a placer deposit.

Colluvium’s is the name for loose bodies of sediment that have been

deposited or built up at the bottom of a low grade slope or against a barrier on that

slope, transported by gravity. The deposits that collect at the foot of a steep slope or

cliff are also known by the same name. Colluvium’s often interfingers with alluvium

(deposits transported down slope by water). Coarse deposits due to rock fall at a cliff

base are called talus (scree) and if lithified are talus breccias. Avalanches, mudslides


and landslides are processes that deposit colluvium’s. This build-up process is called

colluviation.

Colluvium’s normally forms humps at the base of mountains or fan-shaped

deposits similar in shape to alluvial fans that cover former ground surfaces. This

process is an important phenomenon in the fields of archaeology and soil science.

Many colluvial soils tend to have a frangipane associated with them that are a brittle

subsoil layer typically high in clay. One theory of frangipane formation is the

smearing of soil during the colluvial process causing the clays to seal the surface

between the moving portion of soil and the stationary soil on which it slides.

Figure 2: Minerals

Figure 3 : Syncline and Anticline.


Metamorphic rocks are one of the three main types of rocks. They are formed

by adding heat and pressure to igneous and sedimentary rocks. There are many

metamorphic rocks. Metamorphism is the process of changes in texture and

mineralogy of pre-existing rock due to changes in temperature and/or pressure. The

rock at this area is anticline that is up-arched rocks in which the older rocks are in

the center and the younger rocks bare on the flanks.

Metamorphic means ‘change of form’. The rocks are formed due to the

transformation of pre-existing igneous or sedimentary that has been buried deeply

within the crust because of the movements of lithosphere plates.

These rocks are subjected to changes in the temperature, pressure and

chemical environments inside the earth’s crust and thus become unstable. The

minerals undergo recrystallization forming new minerals and new rocks either

physically or chemically and the texture, colour, structure and chemical composition

are modified. The processes that cause these changes are known as metamorphism

(meta-change; morphe – form/shape).


3.2 Literature Review

3.2.1 Fault

Geologic faults, fault lines or simply faults are planar rock fractures, which

show evidence of relative movement. Large faults within the Earth's crust are the

result of shear motion and active fault zones are the causal locations of most

earthquakes. Earthquakes are caused by energy release during rapid slippage along

faults. The largest examples are at tectonic plate boundaries but many faults occur

far from active plate boundaries. Since faults do not usually consist of a single, clean

fracture, the term fault zone is used when referring to the zone of complex

deformation that is associated with the fault plane.

The creation and behaviors of faults, in both an individual small fault and

within the greater fault zones which define the tectonic plates, is controlled by the

relative motion of rocks on either side of the fault surface. Because of friction and the

rigidity of the rock, the rocks cannot simply glide or flow past each other. Rather,

stress builds up in rocks and when it reaches a level that exceeds the strain

threshold, the accumulated potential energy is released as strain, which is focused

into a plane along which relative motion is accommodated — the fault.

Strain is both accumulative and instantaneous depending on the archeology

of the rock; the ductile lower crust and mantle accumulates deformation gradually via

shearing whereas the brittle upper crust reacts by fracture, or instantaneous stress

release to cause motion along the fault. A fault in ductile rocks can also release

instantaneously when the strain rate is too great. The energy released by

instantaneous strain release is the cause of earthquakes, a common phenomenon

along transform boundaries.


Figure 4 : Fault Structures.

Figure 5 : Fault That Occur On Rocks

3.2.2 Fold

Folds result from the plastic deformation of rocks at low strain-rates, usually

under elevated temperature and pressure conditions. Folds are braodly subdivided

into anticlines (upwards convex) and synclines (downwards convex).

Figure 6 : Syncline and Anticline.


In synclines and anticlines, the axial plane is the plane of symmetry passing

through the apex of the fold. The line of intersection of the fold apex and the

horizontal plane is called the axis of the fold.

Figure 7 : Fold Axis.

If the fold-axis is inclined to the horizontal, the "dip" of the axis is called the

plunge. Plunging folds are the rule rather than the exception. Folds with a horizontal

axis are a two-dimensional idealization. In nature, folds are symmetric or asymmetric

plunging structures.

Figure 8: Symmetric Plunging Anticline and Syncline.

Symmetric plunging anticlines and synclines produce characteristic "bulls-

eye" outcrop patterns. In synclinal folds, the beds at the centre of the pattern are the

youngest and the beds get older in a radial direction. Such structures are called


basins. In anticlinal plunging folds, the beds increase in age towards the centre of

the pattern. Such structures are called domes.

Figure 9: Folds That Occur On the Rocks

3.2.3 Joints

Joints are discontinuities on which there has been little or no displacement in

shear (in contrast to faults). Joints are ubiquitous in igneous, metamorphic and

sedimentary rocks. They are evidence of brittle failure of the rock mass at some

stage in the deformation history.

Joints have many important properties as planes of weakness in rock masses:

Orientation - Strike and dip or dip and dip-direction.

Spacing - The frequency or number of discontinuities per unit length.

Aperture - The mean distance between wall rock surfaces.

Persistence - The continuity of joints or trace length.

Surface Roughness - The property controlling friction between surfaces.

Infill - The presence or absence of breccia, gouge or surface coatings of

minerals.

Strength

Compressibility

Permeability


Figure 10: Joints That Occur On Rocks

3.2.4 Strike And Dip

Strike and dip refer to the orientation or attitude of a geologic feature. The

strike of a stratum or planar feature is a line representing the intersection of that

feature with the horizontal. On a geologic map this is represented with a short

straight line segment oriented parallel to the compass direction of the strike. Strike is

usually given as a compass bearing (N25°E for example) in terms of east or west of

north, or as a single three digit number representing the azimuth, where the lower

number is usually given. The dip gives the angle below the horizontal of a tilted

stratum or feature. The symbol is a short line attached and at right angles to the

strike symbol pointing in the direction of inclination. Typically the angle of dip is

included on a geologic map.

Strike and dip are determined in the field with a compass and clinometer or

combination known as a Brunton compass.

Another way of representing strike and dip is by dip and dip direction, where

the latter is simply the azimuth of the dip. It can be obtained from strike by simply

counting 90° around in the relevant direction. Any planar feature can be described by

strike and dip. This includes sedimentary bedding, geologic faults and fractures,

cuestas, igneous dikes and sills, metamorphic foliation and any other planar feature

in the Earth. Linear features are measured with very similar methods, where "plunge"

is the dip angle and "trend" is analogous to the dip direction value


Figure 11: Strike and Dip

3.3 Methodology

Before we take data in the site, we must to know what data that we want first.

The data such as dip direction, dip angle, strike, joint, fracture, fault, minerals,

physical features, textures and structures of rocks depends on the surveyor wants.

The data is taken depends on the types of rock characteristic like fold for

sedimentary rock or joint for igneous rock. As we known, the sedimentary rock has

fold (anticline or syncline) that we can take the data about the categories of folds.

The behavior of a rock mass subjected to a change in stress applied to it is

governed by a number of factors. These factors are the mechanical properties and

the spatial distribution of the geological and structural discontinuities present in the

rock mass. The importance of each of these factors in governing rock mass behavior

depends on the size and orientation of the engineering constructions with respect to

the location and the orientation of the discontinuities.

In the site, the most important data that we takes is dip direction, and dip

angle. These two data are very important because it can fortune telling about the

failure or stability some area f rock. the geological compass permits to measure the

dip direction of an inclined geologic plane and thus to define its position in the space.

In the case of a vertical geological plane its strike define this position. horizontal

geologic planes neither have dip nor direction of strike. Figure 19 illustrates the


above definitions. Rock structures seen in a sample are related to those observed in

the field.

However, the rocks in the field vary from place to place because of

differences in their composition, weathering conditions and fracturing. Notice the

following features of the rock bedding, orientation of structures, fracturing and

jointing. The orientation of these planes controls the resistance of the rock to

gravitational forces.

3.3.1 Apparatus

1. Compass (Suunto)

To measure dip direction and dip angle

2. Hammer (Estwing)

Shape the sample with tap the chisel.

3. Chisel (Estwing)

Shape the sample.

4. Camera to take photo

To see the real view on the site.

5. Measuring tape

To measure the length of joint

6. Scanline Survey Table

To fill the data.

3.3.2 Minyak Beku Beach

In this site, we found igneous rock, micro granite. Based on the discontinuity

survey data sheets below, we see all the data that surveyor must to fill in. Even

though the main data are dip direction and dip angle, another data are also important

because the data such as content of water in joint, mineral, joint, fracture, fold can be

strengthen the theory of possibility of failure of the rock.


Figure 13 : Discontinuity Survey Data Sheet

3.3.2.1 The Procedure

1. Type

a. See type such as joint, fault and cleavage at the point that we found to

determine.

2. Dip Angle

a. Takes the compass and put the down-side compass level with rock

slope to find the slope angle or dip angle.

b. Make sure the value of the bearing dip angle is in the left side. Read

the value that we achieve. The bearing that we achieve is the

steepness of the slope. The concept of the dip angle is the radian or

bearing from horizontal level to the gradient of the slope rock.


Figure 14 : Determined dip angle with compass

3. Dip Direction

a. The dip direction is the maximum angle of inclination downward that a

vein or bed makes with a horizontal plane.

b. To determine the dip direction, take a small rock or materials then lay

the materials to the surface or slope rock. See the direction than the

material fall based on gravity. So, the direction is the dip direction. (We

can use water and see the flow of water)

c. Draw the dip direction that we achieve.

d. With compass, level compass to the North direction and see the value

of the bearing dip direction. Every strike or dip direction, the value must

be determine from North.

e. The dip direction also can determined by formula;

Dip Direction (DD) = Strike + 90°

f. That is the procedure to determined or measure the dip direction.


4. Strike

a. Strike is he bearing of a horizontal line in the plane of a vein, bed, or

fault with respect to the cardinal points of the compass.

b. With the dip direction value, we can get the value of strike.

c. To determined strike, we can use the formula. Value of strike is 90°

anticlockwise from the value of dip direction.

d. The formula is ;

Strike (s) = Dip Direction - 90°

e. Same as Dip Direction, strike direction can be drawing on the rock and

take the compass to get the value or bearing of strike from North

direction.

5. Persistence

a. Measure the length of type.

6. Width

a. Measure the witdh of the type (joint).


7. Nature of filling

a. Any kind of mineral or water that contains in the joint or fracture.

8. Surface Roughness

a. Determine the surface roughness if the surface rough, smooth,

polished or slickenside.

9. Water Flow

a. See the point of type that we chosen (joint or fracture) have water flow

or not. Fill if water flow (open) or water flow (filled) as description

10. Spacing

a. The distance between joint to another join near that point.


3.4 Result And Data Analysis

3.4.1 Discontinuity Data Sheet

Discontinuity Data Sheet

No Type Dip

direction

Strike Dip

angle

Persistence

(m)

Aperture

(mm)

Infilling Roughness Water

1 J1 265o 175o 35o 0.43 (1) (1) (3) (1)

2 J2 275o 185o 15o 0.14 (1) (1) (4) (1)

3 J3 130o 160o 55o 0.10 (1) (4) (2) (1)

4 J4 55o 145o 27o 0.37 (2) (5) (4) (1)

5 Slope 270o 180o 55o - (6) (5) (4) (1)

Type Aperture Infilling

Materials Roughness Water

1) Joint 1)Very narrow(<2mm) 1)Clean 1)Polish 1)Dry

2)Bedding 2)Narrow (2-6mm) 2)Surface

staining 2)Sliken sisded 2)Wet

3)Foliation 3)Moderately narrow (6-20mm) 3)Cemented 3)Smooth 3)Flow

4)Fault 4)Moderately wide (20-60mm) 4)Cohesive 4)Rough

5)Others 5)Wide (60-200mm) 5)Noncohesive 5)Define ridges

6)Very wide(>200mm) 6)Chlorite +

Talc 6)Very rough

7)Calsite

8)Others


3.4.2 Result

Mode of

failure

Joint set and data Criteria Stability

Plane

J1(DD=265,DA=35)

J2(DD=275,DA=15)

J1

i) 265 ± 20 = 285, 245

(285>270>245)____OK!

ii) Slope angle>Plane angle>Friction angle

(55>35>35)____Not OK!

J2

i) 275 ± 20 = 295, 255

(295>270>255)____OK!

ii) Slope angle>Plane angle>Friction angle

(55>15>35)____Not OK!

Stable

Wedge - - -

Toppling

J3(DD=310,DA=55)

J4(DD=235,DA=27)

J3

i) 310 ± 10 = 320, 300

(320>270>300)____Not OK!

J4

i) 265 ± 20 = 285, 245

(285>270>245)____Not OK!

Stable

3.5 Conclusion and Recommendation

As conclusion, site visit of geology were given a lot useful inputs practicality

for all student. From theory study we have, the site visit of geology are deep more

knowledge in identify rock kinds such as igneous rock, sedimentary rock and

metamorphic rock practicality it.

Therefore, we can know rock type based on the locations visited such as in

Pantai Minyak Beku, we see igneous rock. In addition, we know generally about the

structure of rock there we visited us. We can identify about joint and folds with a lot

more closely. From this site visit, we also learn more experts about strike and dip


direction. Apart from we can increase knowledge, this visit can show positive attitude

as responsibility of equipment such as the compass, the safety helmet and etc. Such

attitude cooperation among member of the team is very important. Although our

group forced to task in very hot on current pay day frozen oil. From the result that we

gain, the stability of mode of joint was safe.

3.6 Comment

1. This trip is quite short time. Therefore, we hope the next site visits of geology

are getting lengthening our trip time.

2. Make briefing with any further so students know direction real aim and

students can give picture of location directed. With briefing, decide him

students get ready with theory study.

3. Division of our grouping must do before go out the site visit. In case, our team

members are get ready with visit done.

4. Before distribute equipment, management necessary must to recorded lists of

equipment while student borrowed. Otherwise losses of equipment are

happened.

5. Shortage of lecturer to control our student’s quantity.

6. Concentration of our students are decreased for achieves this site visit.


REFERENCE

http//:www.wikipedia.folds.com

http//:www.geological_structure.html

http//:www.eos.ubc.ca/academic/undergraduate/advise.html

http//:www_odp.tamu.edu/publications/186_IR/chap-04/c4_10.html

http//:www.geology.articles.on.Malaysia.html

http//:www.minerals_uses.html

http//:www.rock_uses.html

Geologi kejuruteraan - BFC 3013, UTHM

Earth dynamics systems, W. Kenneth Hamblin & Eric H. Christiansen, Bringham

Young University Provo, Utah

Lab 6 Report: Geology Mapping

All Geology Lecturers


APPENDIX

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY SITE VISIT

Documents

Transcript of ENGINEERING GEOLOGY SITE VISIT