Engine Emission Legislations

8/12/2019 Engine Emission Legislations

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Engine Emission and

Environmental Legislations

Dr. Avinash Kumar Agarwal

Associate Professor

epartment o ec an ca ng neer ng,

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Thought of The Day

e o onger nee proo o e

fact that vehicular pollution is

making people ill and killing

people in a slow death


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Regulated and Unregulated Pollutants

NOx, CO, HC, Particulate Matter (PM)

Unregulated Compounds

Formaldehyde

Benzene, Toluene, Xylene (BTX)

SO2

CO2

Methane

Emission Legislations

Steady State and Transient Cycles

Euro 4/5: PM Limits intended to force use of

PM Traps

USA EPA Norms


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European Union Legislations

x

g/ kWh M-1

Euro I 4.5 1.1 9.0 0.40 -- 1993

Euro II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 -- 1996

Euro III 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.1 0.8 2001

Euro III EEV 1.5 0.25 3.5 0.02 0.15 2003

Euro IV 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02 0.5 2005

Euro V (P) 1.5 0.46 2.0 0.02 0.5 2009

European Test Cycles

ELR: Euro ean load Res onse C cle

STC: European Transient cycle


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European Test Cycles

Exhaust Emission legislations: USA

CO NOx+ PM HCHO

g/ bhp-hr

US EPA

2002/2004

15.5 2.4 2.5WITH MAX

0.5 NMHC

0.1 ---

NOx NMHC PM HCHO

g/ bhp-hr

US EPA 2007 0.20 0.14 0.01 0.016


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Exhaust Emission legislations: USA

With the second step, air pollution will be

reduced by 90% compared to 2004 levels

Indian and European Norms

INDIA Europe

g/kWh

1992 1996 2000 1992 1996 2000

CO 14.0 11.2 4.5 4.5 4.0 2.1

HC 3.5 2.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.66

Nox 18.0 14.4 8.0 9.0 7.0 5.0

PM > 85 KW 0.36 0.36 0.15 0.1

PM


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Emission Reduction strategies

Strategy 1: EGR + Trap

Strategy 2: Exhaust After-treatment

Strategy 3: EGR + Trap + After-treatment

Baseline Technology

Turbo-charging, Air to air inter-cooling

Combustion Optimization, with and without swirlsupport

Multi-Valve Cylinder Head

Advanced Hi h-Pressure In ection S stem

Split Injection

Rate Shaping

Electronic Management System

Lube Oil Consumption Control


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Strategy 1

x

recirculation

PM reduction with particulate trap

Strategy 2

-

treatment

PM reduction with engine internal

measures


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Strategy 3

Emission Reduction Strategies


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EGR and Particulate Filter

Advantages

Very Low Particulate Emission achievable

Technical Challenges

EGR Compatible combustion system

Robust re-circulation systems

Exact EGR Dosage

Durable, insensitive control

Durable particulate filter with reliable regeneration

Effect of EGR Rate on Air ExcessRatio/ Smoke trade-off


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Indian Strategy for Emission Control

Two and Three Wheelers

Leaner fuel ratio and electronic ignition

Air/ Fuel improvement in compression ratio

Improved combustion chamber design

Better scavenging

Reduced oil fuel ratio

Changeover to four stroke engines

se o x at ve ata yt c converter

Potential Technologies

Electronic Engine Management

Fuel injection system

Four Stroke Engine with catalytic converter


Petrol Passenger Cars

resen y e ng ursue Optimized air-fuel ratio and ignition timing

Oxidative catalytic Converter

Positive Crankcase ventilation system

Evaporative Emission control system

Potential Technologies Three way catalytic Converter with fuel injection and

Lambda sensor Converters with improved cold start performance

On-Board diagnostic system & electronic fuel management


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Diesel Vehicles

Turbo-charging and after-cooling

Combustion optimization

Reduced oil consumption through engine designimprovements

Higher injection pressure & Better fuel spry pattern

Retarded engine timings

o en a ec no og es Electronic engine management

Exhaust Gas re-circulation Oxidative catalysts

Particulate traps

NOx catalyst control

Action Plan for UT of Delhi

Air quality targets/ Objectives

WHO/ USEPA air ualit uidelines

Steps to be taken to achieve the target Fuel quality requirement (Petrol, Diesel, 2T oil)

Use of cleaner fuels (CNG, Propane, LPG..)

Supply premixed 2T oil for 2 stroke engines

Conversion of 2 stroke to 4 stroke engine

Tightening of emission norms for new and in-use vehicles

nsta at on o ac t es or proper nspect on anmaintenance of on-road vehicles

Phasing out of old vehicles

Improvements in public transport system

Improvement in circular railway network

Proper traffic management and planning


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arat m ss on

Regulations

Bharat Stage I Emission Norms

Diesel Vehicles with GVW> 3.5 Tons

Engine Dyno 13 Mode Tests :

All in g/kW h

CO HC Nox PM

4.50 1.10 8.00 0.36

** 1st April 2000

(All Parts of India)

** for engines with Power > 85 kW and < 85 kW


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Bharat Stage I Emission Norms- Diesel

Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons

a) Chassis Dynamometer Tests ( Cycle : EEC + EUDC -90 kmph)

n g m

CO HC+NOx PM Category Implementation

RW 85 kW (All Parts of India)

Bharat Stage II Emission Norms- Diesel4 wheeler Passenger Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons

(For Passenger Vehicles with seating Capacity > 6 persons ( Including Driver) or

GVW > 2500 kg)

Chassis Dynamometer Tests ( Cycle : EEC + EUDC -90 kmph)

All in g/km

CO HC+Nox PM Category Implementation

RW


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Bharat Stage II Emission Norms- Diesel

4 wheeler Passenger Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons

(For Passenger Vehicles with seating Capacity upto 6 persons ( Including Driver)

and GVW < 2500 kg)


All in g/km


All Ref Mass 1.00 0.70 0.08 1st April 2000

(NCR) &

being extended

Tests are on Chassis Dynamometer

EUDC Cycle Speed is limited to 90 kmph instead of 120 km/h (in EEC)No Relaxation is provided for COP.

Option of 13 mode Cycle is deleted for Stage II for passenger vehicles

Bharat Stage II Emission Norms

4 wheeler( LCVs & Buses) Diesel Vehicles with GVW >3.5 Tons

All in g/kW hr

CO HC NOX PM Implementation

4.0 1.10 7.0 0.15 Not later than

1st Dec 2000

Tests are on Engine Dynamometer (13 Mode Cycle)

For goods carrying vehicles with GVW < 3.5 tons option of Chassis Dyno routeand Engine Dyno Route is proposed( not allowed in EEC)


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Bharat Stage I Emission Norms- Gasoline

Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons

a ass s ynamome er es s yc e : -

90 kmph)

All in g/km

CO HC+Nox PM Category Implementation Year

All Ref Mass 2.72 0.97 --- All 1st April 2000

All Parts of India

Bharat Stage II Emission Norms- Gasoline4 wheeler Passenger Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons

(For Passenger Vehicles with seating Capacity upto 6 persons ( Including Driver)

and GVW < 2500 kg)


All in g/km


All Ref Mass 2.2 0.50 -- All 1st April 2000

(NCR) &

extended

to 8 cities

Tests are on Chassis Dynamometer

EUDC Cycle Speed is limited to 90 kmph instead of 120 km/h (in EEC)

No Relaxation is provided for COP.

Option of 13 mode Cycle is deleted for Stage II for passenger vehicles


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Bharat Stage II Emission Norms- Gasoline

4 wheeler Passenger Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons

(For Passenger Vehicles with seating Capacity > 6 persons ( Including Driver) or

GVW > 2500 kg)


All in g/km


RW 3.5 tons) from 1.12.2000 .

It is being extended to 8 cities by MOST :

Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Calcutta,Chennai, Hyderabad, Lucknow,Pune

Concerns :

Low Sulphur Diesel Availability commercially.

(Essential for PM reduction and Catalyst Life).

Honorable Supreme Court directed Oil Industry to supply 0.05 % sulphurfuel by : In NCT by 31 December 2000 In NCR by 30 June 2001


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European Emission Norms- Diesel

Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC)

All in g/kmCO HC NOx HC + NOx PM Category Implementation Year

Euro I 2.72 0.97 0.14 Class I 1991for M1 &1993 for N1

(91/441/EEC) 5.17 1.40 0.19 Class II Category Vehicles

(93/59/EEC) 6.90 1.70 0.25 Class III

____________________________________________________________________________________

Euro II 1.00 0.70 0.08 1994 for M1 &1996 for N1

(94/12/EEC) 1.25 1.00 0.12 Category Vehicles

(96/69/EEC) 1.50 1.20 0.17

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Euro III 0.64 -- 0.50 0.56 0.05 2000 for M1 and 2001 forN1

(98/69/EEC) 0.80 -- 0.65 0.72 0.07 Category.EOBD Systems

0.95 -- 0.78 0.86 0.10 Mandatory from 2003

____________________________________________________________________________________

Euro IV 0.50 -- 0.25 0.30 0.025 2005 for M1 and 2006 for N10.63 -- 0.33 0.39 0.040 Category

0.74 -- 0.39 0.46 0 .060

European Emission Norms- Gasoline

Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC)

All in g/km

CO HC Nox HC+Nox PM Category Implementation Year

Euro I 2 72 0 97 --- Class I 1991for M1 &1993 for N1 . .

(91/441/EEC) 5.17 1.40 --- Class II Category Vehicles

(93/59/EEC) 6.90 1.70 --- Class III

__________________________________________________________________________________

__

Euro II 2.20 0.50 --- 1994 for M1 &1996 for N1

(94/12/EEC) 4.00 0.60 --- Category Vehicles

(96/69/EEC) 5.00 0.70 ---

__________________________________________________________________________________

___

Euro III 2.30 0.20 0.15 --- --- 2000 for M1 and 2001 forN1(98/69/EEC) 4.17 0.25 0.18 - -- --- Category.EOBD Systems

5.22 0.29 0.21 --- --- Mandatory from 2000

__________________________________________________________________________________

__

Euro IV 1.00 0.10 0.08 --- --- 2005 for M1 and 2006 for N1

1.81 0.13 0.10 --- --- Category

2.27 0.16 0.11 --- ---


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EURO-I NORMS -91/542/EEC -A

DIESEL VEHICLES

ECE R49-13 Mode cycle on Engine Dyno

FOR VEHICLES GVW > 3.5 TONS- M2, N2

category (Heavy Duty Passenger & Goods

Application)

POLLUTANTS TA

LIMITS

COP

LIMITS

CO g/kW h 4.50 4.90

HC g/kW h 1.10 1.23

Nox g/kW h 8.00 9.00

Particulate g/kWh

for engines with

power > 85 kW

0.36 0.40

Particulate g/kWh

for engines with

power < 85 kW

0.61 0.68

Implementation Year - 1.07.1992- NTA, 1.10.1993 -ANR

EURO-II NORMS -91/542/EEC -B

DIESEL VEHICLES

ECE R49-13 Mode cycle on Engine Dyno

F O R V E H I C L E S G V W > 3 .5 T O N S - M 2 , N 2

c a t e g o r y ( H e a v y D u t y P a s s e n g e r & G o o d s

A p p l i c a t i o n )

P O L L U T A N T S T A L IM IT S /C O P L IM IT S

C O g /k W h 4 .0 0

H C g /k W h 1 .1 0

N o x g /k W h 7 .0 0

P a rtic u la te g /k W h 0 .1 5

P a rtic u la te g /k W h 0 .2 5 * *

* * E n g i n e s w i t h c y l i n d e r s w e p t v o l u m e < 0 . 7 l i t r e s

a n d r a t ed p o w e r s p e e d > 3 0 0 0 r p m v a l id t il l S e p 1 9 9 7

T A a n d C O P L i m i ts a re s a m e .

Implementation Year - 1.10.1995- NTA, 1.10.1996 -ANR


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Euro III (98/69/EEC) Emission Norms-

Gasoline

Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC 120 kmph)All in g/km

CO HC Nox HC+Nox Ref Mass Category Implementat ion Year

Passenger Car (M1) Category

2.30 0.20 0.15 ---- All 1.1.2000 for NTA

1.1.2001 for ANR

_____________________________________________________________________________________

LDV (N1) category **

Clas s I 2.30 0 .20 0.15 -- -- Upto 1305 1.1.2000 for NTA

1.1.2001 for ANR

Class II 4 .17 0.25 0.18 ---- 1305 to 1760 1.1.2001 for NTA

1.1.2002 for ANR

Class III 5.22 0.29 0.21 ---- > 1760

EOBD systems Mandatory from 1.1.2000 NTA - New Type Approvals ANR - All New Registration

** Including PCs with more than 6 seats (including Driver) or GVW > 2.5 tons

Euro IV (98/69/EEC) Emission Norms-

Gasoline

Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC 120 kmph)

All in /km

CO HC Nox HC+Nox Ref Mass Category Implementation Year


1.00 0.10 0.08 ---- All 1.1.2005 for NTA

1.1.2006 for ANR

_____________________________________________________________________________________


Class I 1.00 0.10 0.08 ---- U to 1305 1.1.2005 for NTA

1.1.2006 for ANR

Class II 1.81 0.13 0 .10 ---- 1305 to 1760 1.1.2006 for NTA

1.1.2007 for ANR

Class III 2.27 0..16 0.11 ---- > 1760

NTA - New Type Approvals ANR - All New Registration



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Euro IV (98/69/EEC) Emission

Norms- Diesel

Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC)All in g/km

CO HC Nox HC+Nox PM Ref Mass Category Implementation Year


0.50 -- 0.25 0.30 0.025 All 1.1.2005 for NTA

1.1.2006 for ANR

_____________________________________________________________________________________


Class I 0.50 -- 0.25 0.30 0.025 Upto 1305 1.1.2005 for NTA

1.1.2006 for ANR

Class II 0.63 -- 0.33 0.39 0.04 1305 to 1760 1.1.2006 for NTA

1.1.2007 for ANR

Class III 0.74 -- 0.39 0.45 0.06 > 1760

NTA - New Type Approvals ANR - All New Registration


Tightening world-wide diesel regulations is stimulating

significant investment in emission control technology

Engine developments alone

will no t be clean enough.

Nominal ly, 90-95% NOx and

70% PM emission control0.16

0.18

Japan 2004

Where will HDD engines be in 5 to 7 years?

efficiencies wil l be needed to

hit US2007.

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

.

M,g/kW-hr;ESCtest

AVL, actual

Ricardo, 1 cyl.Ricardo, est.

potential

US2004

Univ. WI,

virtual eng.

Euro III

US2007

SwRI,

potential

Prototype Engines with cooled EGR, combustion optimization, fully flexible fuel

injection, staged turbocharging, multi-hole injectors, high pressure injection.

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PEuro V

Deutz, 2013 prototypeEuro IV

NOx, g/kW-hr; ESC test


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Diesel Emission Standards-EU


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US EPA TIER-2 emission

standards

Engine Emission Legislations

Documents

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