Eng. Mihai GLIGA · cap. vi. the identification of the forest stations with protection and...

Mihai GLIGA Summary of the doctoral thesis

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UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE CLUJ-NAPOCA

DOCTORAL SCHOOL FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

Eng. Mihai GLIGA

RESEARCH CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE OF THE PEDOGENETIC COAT ON THE

PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF THE FORESTRY STATIONS FROM THE CU ŞMA SITE,

BISTRIŢA- NĂSĂUD

SUMMARY OF PhD THESIS

Scientific Coordinator: Prof. Ioan PĂCURAR PhD.

Cluj-Napoca

2012


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CONTENTS

ISTPART. GENERAL AND METHODOLOGICALA SPECTS

CHAP. I. THE CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH REGARDING TH E CUŞMA

SITE, THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH ......................... CHAP. II. THE ANALYSIS OF THE GEOTOP AND ECOTOP IN THE CUŞŞŞŞMA

SITE...............................................................................……………

CHAP. III. RESEARCH MATERIAL AND METHODS ..............................……….... IIND PART RESULTS

CHAP. IV. RESEARCH REGARDING THE SOIL COVER IN THE CUŞŞŞŞMA SITE

…………………………………………………………………………...

CHAP. V.THE STUDY OF THE FORESTRY STATIONS IN THE C UŞŞŞŞMA SITE ...

CAP. VI. THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE FOREST STATIONS WITH PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION ROLE IN THE CU ŞŞŞŞMA SITE .....................................

CHAP. VII. THE INFLUENCE OF THE PEDOGENETIC COATING UPON THE

PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF THE FOREST STATIONS IN THE CUŞŞŞŞMA SITE .........................................................................................................

CHAP. VIII. THE INTEGRATION OF THE CU ŞMA SITE INTO THE NATURA

2000 RESERVATIONS - MAPPING BASE........................................... CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................

REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................

Key words: Cuşma, Natura 2000, forestry stations, eutricambosoil, districambosoil,

prepodzole, protection and preservation.


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CHAPTER I

THE CURRENT STAGE OF RESEARCH CONCERNING THE CU ŞMA SITE,

THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH

Chapter I, „The current stage of the knowledge, the aim and objectives of the

research”, elaborated as consequnce of the literature study, delivers overall details

concerning research performed up to now in Cuşma Site, and also concerning those

components of the forestrry stations that supply their special production performances ,

without affecting the biodiversity value.

Taking into account the bibliographical studies, the aim and objectives of the

research were elaborated in a manner that allows the present study to contribute, to the

current stage of knowledge in the aprpoached field, with valuable new data.

The Natura 2000 is the main tool of the European Union used for nature

conservation in member states. It is a network f nominated areas on the European Union

territory, with the aim of protecting by specific mechanisms the important vulnerable

plant and animal species, and also habitates from Europe. As member state of EU,

Romania assumed, within the area of the nature protection. the obligation to contribute to

the creation of the „Nature 2000” Nertwork in a representative share with representation

on its terotory of natural habitates of communitarian interest, and habitates of interesting

species. Presently (STANCIOU si BALDEA , 2010), this ecological network occupies about

18% of the country area (The National Programme of Rural Development 2007 - 2013),

being concentrated in mountain and hilly area, especially. By the Order no. 1964/2007

„concerning the nomination of the regimen of the natural protected area of the sites of

communitarian importance, as integrant part of the European ecological network Nature

2000 in Romania” the regimen of the natural protected area was implemented on a

44,636 ha area named The Cuşma „Natura 2000” Site.

The most complex research concerning the Cuşma „Natura 2000” Site are

delivered by The action plan for custody exercision of the„Natura 2000” site and paper

Situl Natura 2000 Cuşma (2010, M. PROOROCU, P. BELDEAN and Al. CRIŞAN editors).

The aim of these papers was to obtain data concerning the natural patrimony of the

Cuşma area and to promote these data at European, national, and regional level, with the


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aim of including the area in the European Ecological Network Nature 2000. This will

create premises for adopting new, appropriate, management solutions for efficient

valuation of the available natural patrimony and sustainable development of the area.

The aim and objectives of the research

The knowledge of the fundamental traits of the pedogenetic coat and the influence

of the genotype on the production capacity of the forestry stations located in Cuşma, Site,

Bistriţa – Năsăud represents the general aim of this study. This knowledge will promote

the implementation of a management ment to compulsory respect the principles of the

sustainable development that will maintain their biodiversity, productivity, capacity of

regeneration, vitality, and productive potential in order to aslso acheive in future the

ecological, economical, and social functions withour producing harmful effects upon

other ecosystems.

Thaking into account the particularity of the area, the physico - climatic

conditions, settlement within geographical space, lythological substrate, relief forms

(altitude, exposition, slope) and soil coat with morphological and physiological thickness,

and succession of profile horizons, the developed research aimed to identify those

components of the stations that supply their special productive performances, without

affecting the special value of the Cuşma area from the point of view of biodiversity.

In order to realize the proposed aim, by performed research, we have the following

objectives:

� Performing a synthesis concerning the present stage of knowledge

concerning Cuşma Site – Bistrita Nasaud ;

� Performing a mapping base for integration of the Cuşma Site within the

NATURA 2000 reservations;

� The influence of the genotope (relief, rock, soil and clime), on the

particularities of the forestry stations from the Cusma Site;

� The influence of the ecological specific of the forestry stations upon the

tree composition, structure and productivity;

• the identification of the forestry stations with role of protection and

preservation Cuşma Site, Bistriţa –Năsăud.


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CHAPTER II

THE ANALYZE OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE GENOTYPE AND

ECOTYPE IN THE CU ŞMA SITE

The Chapter II, ″The analyse of the components of the genotype and ecotope in

Cuşma Site″ is a study concerning the geographical position of Cuşma Site, relief of the

site, elements of soil, clime, flora, phauna, and land found situation.

The Cuşma Site, proposed for integration in NATURE 2000 network, occupies an

area of about 44.853 ha within the county of Bistriţa-Năsăud.

From administrative point of view,m according to the Ord. 1964/2007, the Cuşma

site belongs to the following territoral and administrative units (their areas are expressed

in percents):

- County of Mureş: Răstoliţa (<1%), Vatava (<1%)

- County of Suceava: Poiana Stampei (<1%)

- County of Bistriţa-Năsăud: Bistriţa-Bârgăului (96%), Dumitriţa (52%), Josenii

Bârgăului (42%), Livezile (40%), Prundu Bârgăului (33%), Satu Noua-Cetate (65%),

Tiha Bârgăului (34%).

According to the paper Situl Natura 2000 Cuşma (2010, Editors PROOROCU et al.)

the Cuşma Site includes the Alpine Bioregion represented by Călimani and Bargăului

Muntains and the Continental Bioregion şi Bioregiunea Continentală with Călimanilor

Piedmont, Budacului and Livezile-Bargău Depressions.

The relief of the Cuşma Site is very diversifies, it belongs to the Nordic and

Middle groups of the Oriental Carpathians.

The variability and complexity of the geographical forms sustain a special floristic

diversity. The vegetation frames in the mountain floor, the Cuşma Site being one of the

fewest areas where the fir occupies large areas, in mixture with spruce, sometimes with a

strong dominance of the fire.

The phauna is also represented by a big number of species, the proposal for Natura

2000 Cuşma Site having the basis on the carnivore populations present in the area (bear

and woolf).


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CHAPTER III

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Taking into account the particular conditions of the area, the own physico -

geographical traits, settlement on the geographical space lythological substrate, relief

forms settlement within geographical space, lythological substrate, relief forms (altitude,

exposition, slope) and soil coat with morphological and physiological thickness, and

succession of profile horizons, the developed research aimed to identify those

components of the stations that supply their special productive performances, without

affecting the special value of the Cuşma area from the point of view of biodiversity.

With the aim of acheiving the general aim of the research of knowledge of the

fundamental traits of the pedogenetic coat and influence of the genotope on the forestry

stations from the Cuşma Site, Bistriţa – Năsăud, from the 44,853 ha of the site it was

taken into the study the area of 28,946 ha, meaning 64.56% of the site area, the area

occupied by forests, respectively.

For the detailed studies concerning the stationary conditions of the soils, types of

the forestry stations, meaurements, analyses, standard perimeters were selected, which

include and exhibit as close as possible the climatic and relief traits, petrographic forms,

and nature of vegetation of the Cuşma site. The studied perimeters occupy an area of

10,831.20 ha being reprersented by three basic units:

- UB - Piatra Mare - 4445.0 ha - Forestry Office Bistriţa Bîrgăului

- UB - Dealul Negru – 3724.0 ha - Forestry Office Bistriţa Bîrgăului

- UB - Dumitriţa - 2662.2 ha – Forestry Office Dealul Negru

general Resrach Methods

- bibliographical documentation;

- direct observation on the itinerary - field measurements and determinations;

- synthesis and analysis of the results;

For the study of the soil types and sub - types:

- openings of soil profiles, harvesting and analysing the soil samples in laboratory;


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- research of the ecopedological conditions and morphological description of the soil

according to "The Romanian Taxonomy of Soils" (2003) and "The

Methodology of elaborating the Pedological Studies" (vol. I, II, III) elaborated

by I.C.P.A. Bucureşti, 1987.

With the aim of monitoring of the forestry stations from the Cuşma Site:

- bordering of the experimental perimeters ;

- inventory of the forestry stations from the Cuşma site;

- establishing of the types of stations function of the stationary conditions

from the studied perimeter

- establishing the forerstation formula for each type of establishment<

- measurements, and analyses in studied perimeters.

The study of trees volume increase

In order to determine the mixed trees volume increase, the following works were

done:

- measurement of the trunk circumference;

measurement of the trees height;fire brad (Abies alba), spurce(Picea abies) and

beech (Fagus sylvatica), by three types of soil, eight analyzed sub-types, respectively.

The trees were selected in a manner that represent the tree averages from siye and

quality point of view, and to be located in similar stationary conditions.

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH CONCERNING THE SOILS COAT FROM THE CU ŞMA SITE The aim of the research described in this chapter was the identification of the soil

types and sub-types from the Cuşma Site as well as the share occupied by each soil type

and subtype, being well known that, within favourable climatic conditions, the soil

remains the determinant factor for the level of forestry vegetation productivity.

The soils from the basic unit Piatra Mare. The territory specific conditions,

substrate especially, slope and abundant precipitations resulted in formation of cambisoils

of typic and lithic eutricambosoils and districambosils type. At high altitudes also appear


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typic spodisoils, and on big slope - lithic. The cambosoils occupie 83% of the forest area,

and spodsoils 17%. Generally speaking, the soils are backboned, but the substrate rich in

mineral substances largely compensate the utile edaphic smaller volume (table 1)

Table 1 The soils from the Piatra Mare basic unit

No. crt

Class

Soil types and sub-types

Code

The succession of

horizons

Area ha %

1 Cambisolils Eutricambosoil typic 3101 Ao-Bv-R 380.2 9 2 pseudorendzinic 3105 Am-Bv-R 4.3 - Total soil type 384.5 9 3 Districambosoil typic 3301 Ao-Bv-R 3012.0 68 4 cryptospodic 3304 Aou-Bv-R 172.7 4 5 lithic 3305 Ao-Bv-R 35.9 1 6 gleized 3306 Ao-Bv-Cgo 19.8 -

Total soil type 3240.4 74 Total cambisoils 3624.9 82

7 Spodosoils Prepodzol typic 4101 Aou-Bs-R 253.2 6 8 lithic 4102 Aou-Bs-R 524.3 12 Total soil type 777.5 18

Total spodosoils 777.5 18 T O T A L U B 1 4402.4 100

The soils from the basic unit Dealul Negru.The specific conditions from the

studied territory, especially substrate, slope and abundant precipitations had as result the

formation of cambisoils of typic and lithic eutricambosoils type (tabel. 2).

Table 2

The inventory and territory spreadingof the soil types from the Dealul Negru basic unit

No. crt

Class

Soil types and sub-types

Code

The succession of

horizons

Area

ha %

1 Cambisoils Eutricambosoil typic 3101 Ao-Bv-R 2810.0 76 2 lithic 3107 Ao-Bv-R 128.2 3 Total type of soils 2938.2 79 3 Districambosoil typic 3301 Ao-Bv-R 141.4 4 4 criptospodic 3304 Aou-Bv-R 117.4 3 Total type of soils 258.8 7 Total cambisoils 3197.0 86 5 Spodisoils Prepodzole typic 4101 Aou-Bs-R 517.1 14 Total type of soils 517.1 14

Total spodosoils 517.1 14 T O T A L U B 3714.1 100


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At high altitudes, typic spodisoils (prepodzoles) appear. Th cambisoils occupy

86% of the forest area, and spodisolils 14%. The soils are backboned, and substrate rich

in mineral substances largely compensate the smaller utile edaphic volume.

The soils from the basic unit Dumitrita. The situation of the soils with the basic

unit Dumitriţa, grouped by classes, types and sub-types, and also the area occupied by

them, is presented in table 3.

Table 3

The inventory and territory spreadingof the soil types from the Dumitriţa basic unit

No. crt

Class

Soil types and sub-

types

Code

The succession of horizons

Area

ha %

CAMBISOILS

Eutricambosoil typic 3101 Ao - Bv – C 1827.9 69

lithic 3107 Ao – Bv - R 211.9 8

Districambosoil typic 3301 Ao - Bv – C 227.6 9 litic 3305 Ao – Bv – R

Ao – Bvr - R 164.8 6

Total clasa 2432.2 92

SPODOSOILS

Prepodzole typic 4101 Aou-Bs-R sau C Au-Bs-R sau C

51.2 2

lithic 4102 Aou-Bs-R Au-Bs-R

164.1 6

Total class 215.3 8 GENERAL TOTAL U.B. 2647.5 100

Within all 236 arrangement units from the basic unit Dumitrita 2 soil classes, 3

soil types, and 6 soil sub-types were identified.

CHAPTER V

THE STUDY OF THE FORESTRY STATIONS FROM THE CU ŞMA SITE

The aim of the research described in this chapter was to determine the main types

of the forestry stations from the forest area located in the Cuşma Site, taking into

consideration that the station is made up of elements of relief, rock, soil and clime, being

both a physico - geographical and ecological unit.

Types of stations identified within the basic unit Piatra Mare. ÎIn this areal were


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determined 11 types of forest, the rezinous and beech mixtures being predominant, and

also spruce forests with Vaccinium myrtillus and Oxalis acetosella.

Concerning the forestry found, a composition where coniferous are predominant

was identified, spruce in share of 71%, beech 15%, followed by fir 15%, the other species

occupying a share of 1% and under 1% .

In this area, 9 types of forestry stations were identified (table 4). From the point

of view of scoring, these are favourable for the development of the forestry species, 6%

of the area being of high score, 75% middle, and 19% inferiour.

Table 4 Types of forestry stations identified in Piatra Mare basic unit

No. crt.

Type of station Area Category of scoring Soil type

and sub-type

supe-rior

middle infe-riour

Code Diagnosis ha % ha FM3 – Spruce mountain floor 1 2311 Spruce mountain Pi,small edaphic

prepodzole with Hylocomium et a. green moss

821.5 19 - - 821.5 3304 4101 4102

2 2312 Spruce mountain Pm, edaphic sub-middle – middle edaphic eutricambosoil, cu Hylocomium

128.7 3 - 128.7 - 3304

3 2332 Spruce mountain Pm, edaphic sub-middle – middle districambosoil with Oxalis-Dentaria, with/without acidophiles

703.7 16 - 703.7 - 3105 3301

4 2510 Spruce mountain <Pi, peaty-gleic, peaty with Sphagnum

15.7 - - - 15.7 3306

Total FM3 1669.6 38 - 832.4 837.2 FM2 – Mixed mountain floor 5 3331 Mixed mountain Pi, small edaphic

districambosoil with Asperula-Dentaria +/- acidophiles

20.8 - - - 20.8 3305

6 3332 Mixed mountain Pm, middle edaphic districambosoil with Asperula-Dentaria

2185.7 50 - 2185.7 - 3101 3301 3305

7 3333 Mixed mountain Ps, big edaphic districambosoil with Asperula-Dentaria

264.7 6 264.7 - - 3101 3301

8 3730 Mixed mountain Pm, alluvial moderaet humiferous

4.1 - - 4.1 - 3306

Total FM2 2475.3 56 264.7 2189.8 20.8 FM1+FD4 Beech mountain – pre-mountain floor 9 4420 Beech mountain – pre-mountain Pm, middle

edaphic redzinic 257.5 6 - 257.5 - 3101

Total FM1+FD4 257.5 6 - 257.5 - Total types of stations 4402.4 100 264.7 3279.7 858.0 % 6 75 19

Types of stations identified within the basic unit Dealul Negru. In sspecific station

conditions of this unot, 9 types of forest – spruce, beech, and mixtures of spruce, beech


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and fir forests, were identified. The highest share is occupied by the 1341 forest type –

mxtures of rezinous and beech on backboned soils, which occupy 52% of the forest area.

The tree productivity is determined by the station scoring.

The studied territory from this perimeter lays in mountain floor - 15%, spruce

mountain floor (FM3) 62% in mixtures mountain floor (FM2) and 23% in beech

mountain, pre – mountain floor( FM1+FD4).

8 types of forestry stations were identified in this areal (table 5).

Table 5

Types of forestry stations identified in Dealu Negru basic unit

No. crt. Type of station

Area

Category of scoring Soil type and sub-type

superior middle inferiour Code Diagnosis ha % ha

FM3 – Spruce mountain floor 1 2312 Spruce mountain Pm, midle – sub – midle

edaphic eutricambosoil with Hylocomium 550.7 15 - 550.7 - 3304

4101 Total FM3 550.7 15 - 550.7 -

FM2 – Mixed mountain floor 2 3312 Mixed mountain Pm(i), sub-middle edaphic

eutricambosoil edafic with moss and other acidophiles

83.8 2 - 83.8 - 4101

3 3331 Mixed mountain Pi, small edaphic districambosoil with Asperula-Dentaria +/- acidophiles

100.6 3 - - 100.6 3107

4 3332 Mixed mountain Pm, middle edaphic districambosoil with Asperula-Dentaria

2065.2 56 - 2065.2 - 3101 3301

5 3333 Mixed mountain Ps, big edaphic districambosoil with Asperula-Dentaria

55.5 1 55.5 - - 3101

Total FM2 2305.1 62 55.5 2149.0 100.6 FM1+FD4 Beech mountain - pre-mountain floor

6 4410 Beech mountain - premountain Pi, small edaphic districambosoil with Asperula-Dentaria

27.6 1 - - 27.6 3107

7 4420 Beech mountain - premountain Pm, middle edaphic rendzinic

693.1 19 - 693.1 - 3101

8 4430 Beech mountain - premountain Ps, big edaphic districambosoil edafic with Asperula-Dentaria

137.6 4 137.6 - - 3101

Total FM1+FD4 858.3 23 137.6 693.1 27.6 Total types of station 3714.1 100 193.1 3392.8 128.2 % 5 91 4

Types of stations identified within the basic unit Dumitriţa. The forestry stations

were founded function of the assembly of the physico – geographical, soil, and vegetation

conditions. Based on these criteria, in basic Dumitriţa unit 12 types of forestry stations

were founded (table 6).


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Table 6

Types of forestry stations identified in Dumitriţa basic unit

No crt

Type of station Area Category of scoring (ha) Soil type and sub-

type/ Code/ Diagnosis ha % superior middle infe-riour

Spruce mountain floor (FM3) 1 2.3.1.1 Spruce mountain Pi, sub-middle and small

edaphic prepodzole with crude humus, with Vaccinium

205.9 8 - - 205.9 4101

2 2.3.3.2 Spruce mountain Pm , middle edaphic districambosoil with Oxalis Dentaria +/_ acidofile

41.5 1 - 41.5 - 4101

Total FM 3 247.4 9 - 41.5 205.9 - Mixtures mountain floor of (FM2) 3 3.1.2.0 Mxed mountain Pi, rocky and excessive

errosion 18.4 1 - - 18.4

3107 3305

4 3.3.1.1 Mixed mountain Pi small edaphic prepodzole with Vaccinium and other acidophiles

9.4 - - - 9.4 4102

5 3.3.2.1 Mxed mountain Pi small edaphic districambosoil with Luzula Calamagrostis

34.3 1 - - 34.3 3107 3305

6 3.3.2.2 Mxed mountain Pm brown middle edaphic podzolic or cryptospodic with Festuca + Calamagrostis

30.5 1 - 30.5 - 3301

7 3.3.3.2 Mxed mountain Pm, middle edaphic districambosoil with Asperula- Dentaria

1106.5 42 - 1106.5 -

3101 3107 3301 3305

8 3.3.3.3 Mxed mountain Ps, big edaphic districambosoil with Asperula - Dentaria

37.7 2 37.7 - - 3101

Total FM 2 1236.8 47 37.7 1137.0 62.1 - Beech mountain –pre-mountain floor (FM 1 + FD4) 9 4.4.2.0 Beech mountain - premountain Pm, middle

edaphic districambosoil with Asperula Dentaria

961.1 36 - 961.1 - 3101 4101

10 4.4.3.0 Beech mountain - premountain Ps, big brown edaphic with Asperula - Dentaria

101.8 4 101.8 - - 3101

Total FM 1 + FD4 1062.9 40 101.8 961.1 - - Durmast, beech and durmast –beech hilly floor (FD3) 11 5.1.3.1 Hilly durmast Pi, sub-middle and middle

edaphic strong podzole with Luzula albida 7.4 - - - 7.4 3107

12 5.2.4.2 Hilly durmast Pm, middle edaphic districambosoil with Asperula - Asarum

93.0 4 - 93.0 - 3101

Total FD3 ha 100.4 4 - 93.0 7.4 -

TOTAL U.B. ha 2647.5 100 139.5 2232.6 275.4 -

The types of forest with superiour productivity ocupy 5% of the area, those of

middle productvity occupy 83% of the area, and those of inferiour productivity

occupy12%. 12 types of the forest were identified in Dumitriţa basic unit, the most

spread being: of forests areas, and mountain beech forests by backboned soils with mull

flora (m) by 27% of the area.


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CHAPTER VI

THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE FORESTRY STATIONS WITH PR OTECTION AND CONSERVATION ROLE IN CU ŞMA SITE

The aim of the research describd in this chapter was to identify the forestry

stations from the Cuşma Site that needs application of special measures of protection, and

preservation, that will maintain the regeneration capacity, vitality, and their productive

potential in order to represent in future, too, the ecological, economical, and social

functions without bringing harmful effects to ecosystems.

The general ecological objectives of the exploitation of these areas aim to supply

several effects of protection of the accumulation lake, to supply several effects of

protection of soils and fields that became permanent mull, preservation of forest located

at high altitude, protection of some forest located along communication routes of touristic

interst, preservation of the natural beauties, protection of some rare species belonging to

genuine phauna.

In the Piatra Mare basic unit they work with three units of which one of

production, and towo of protection. The both units of protection and preservation are:

S.U.P."E" – reservations for entire protection of nature includes trees from group

I, 5E category, with a total area of 225.1 ha (5% of unit area).

S.U.P."M" – forests submitted to the specia preservation regimen, which includes

trees from group I, 2A, 2I, 3F and 5I categories and having a totral area of 1808.3 ha

(43% of unit area).

From the total area of the unit (4445.0 ha) 58% of forest area belongs to group I –

forests with special protection functions, the rest belong to the group II – forests with

production and protection functions. The best represented production forests are those of

protection of areas and soils, which occupy 28% of forest area, being located on slopes

over 35g, (category 2A). Then follows the forest for protection of the lake of

accumulation (category 3F) each occupying 11% of forest area.

According to the Law no. 5 from March, 6th, 2000 concerning the approuval of the

"Plan of the national territory arrangement - Section III – protected areas" there were


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built two reservation, included in ANNEXE 1, p. 2 – Reservations and monuments of the

nature:

- Valea Repedea - 222.00 ha (of which in UB I: 175.1 ha)

- Cheile Bistriţei Ardelene - 50.00 ha

These areas are included in the functional category 1 - 5E - "Landscape

reservations”, in which are included associations of vegetation or relief shapes of high

estethic value of forestry, through the preservation of nature beauty is aimed, and they are

constituted according to the "aw concerning the environmental protection" (T I)"

Within the basic unit Piatra Mare, S.U.P."E" - resrevations for the entire

protection of the nature the trees belonging to the group I, category 5E are included and

they occupy a total area of 225.1 ha (5% of the unit area) .

Also, S.U.P."M" – forests submitted to the regimen of special preservation include

trees from the group I, categories 2A, 2I, 3F and 5I aave an rea of 1808.3 ha (43% of

U.B. area).

In the basic unit Dealul Negru they work with three units of which one of

production, and towo of protection. The both units of protection are:

S.U.P."E" – reservations for entire protection of nature includes trees from group

I, 5E category, with a total area of 25.0 ha (1% of unit area).

S.U.P."M" – forests submitted to the specia preservation regimen, which includes

trees from group I, 2A, categorys having a totral area of 1102.7 ha (30% of unit area).

According to the Law no. 5 from March, 6th, 2000 concerning the approuval of the

"Plan of the national territory arrangement - Section III – protected areas" a reservation

was founded included in ANNEXE 1, p. 2 – Reseravations and monument of nature:

- Stâncile Tătarului - 25.00 ha

These areas are included in the functional category 1 - 5E - "Landscape

reservations”, in which are included associations of vegetation or relief shapes of high

estethic value of forestry, through the preservation of nature beauty is aimed, and they are

constituted according to the "aw concerning the environmental protection" (T I)"

They found that 32% of the forest area from the U.B. is excepted from production.

Within base unit Dumitriţa a production unit and a protection unit are used:


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- S.U.P. “A” – regulary forest, common assortments on 2254.3 ha where trees

belongingto the functional category 1.4J and 2.1B were included;

- S.U.P. “M” – forests submitted to the special preservation regimen on 387.1 ha,

where trees belonging to the Ist group were included, functional categories 1.2A, 1.3F

and 1.5I.

For the forests submitted to the specia preservation regimen from Dumitriţa basic

unit, a serie of special managerial measurements are imposed, being excluded from the

regulation of the production process.

Concerning the prioritary protection function, the trees totalizing 387.1 ha were

framed in the functional group I f (II functional type) in functional categorie 2A – forests

located on rocks, pe areas with eep errosion, areas with bigger slope than 35g, 1.3F –

Forests located at big altitude in very hard regeneration conditions (gaps of coldness,

sations with cold winds) and 1.5I – Forest areas destined for protection of several rare

species of genuine phauna (mountain cock) or bear sites, constituted in situ by forestry

arangements.

Taking into consideration the polyfunctional role of trees and the fact that they

area submitted to the special preservation regimen, the presrvation measurements present

two distinct aspects, meaning:

- general management measures aiming to forest preservation, meaning their

maintaining in good phytosanitary state, by performing hygiene and taking care works

anytime it is needed;

- mspecific management measures for the old trees (preservation cuttings), with

the aim of maintaining or improving their health status, of supplying the sustainability of

the forests and permanent improvement of attributed protection functions.


16

CHAPTER VII

THE INFLUENCE OF THE PEDOGENETIC COAT ON THE PRODUC TION CAPACITY OF THE FORESTRY STATIONS FROM THE CU ŞMA SITE

In order to determine the influence of the soil type and sub-type on the production

capacities of the forestry stations, the Piatra Mare basic unit was taken into study. There

were determined the largest part of soil types and sub-types, two soil classess, tree soil

types, and eight soil sub-types, as follows: from cambisoil calss typic and

pseudorendzinic eutricambosoils and typic, lithic, cryptospodic and gleic from

districambosoils, at big altituded typic and at big slopes level lithic spodisoils.

Cambisoils occupyes 83% of forest area, and spodisoils 17%.

The volume increases were measured in 2010, 2011 and 2012 for all tree

predominant species: fir, spruce, and beech.

In order to determine de volume increase of the fir, spruce and beech trees, the

following works were performed:

- measurement of the trunck circumference;

- measurement of the tree height;

100 of each specie, by all three soil types, were studied. The trees were selected in

a manner that they are representatives of the average of the trees from size and quality

point of view, and located in similar stational conditions.

The influence of the soil type and sub-type on the annual volume increase in fir

In fir, the influence of three soil types and eight soil sub-types on the annual

average volume increase was studied. The control sample is represented by by the

average by production classes of the anual volume increases of the fir in Romania,

whatever soil type, 5.2 m3/year/ha, respectively.

In conclusion, the productivity of the fir trees from the forestry stations located in

Cuşma Site dipends on the suitability of the environmental conditions, of the utile

edaphic volume, firstly.

By comparison of the results depending of soil type we found that from the three

soil types predominant in the area, meaning districambosoil, eutricambosoil and

prepodzole, districambosoil delvers best conditions for fir trees (table 7).


17

Table 7

The influence of the three soil types on the annual volume increase in fir

Type of soil

The thickness of the soil type

(cm)

The average of the annual increase/

Difference ±

m3/year/ha

The significance

of the differences

(m3/year/ha) (%)

Control A1 5.20 100 0.00 Mt

Eutricambosoil A2-typic 90 4.85 93.3 -0.35 000 A3-pseudo-rendzinic

76 4.40 84.6 -0.80 000

Districambosoil

A4- typic 120 6.30 121.2 1.10 *** A5-cryptospodic 98 5.55 106.7 0.35 *** A6-gleized 86 5.05 97.1 -0.15 00 A7-lithic 48 4.20 80.8 -1.00 000

Prepodzole A8- typic 41 4.65 89.4 -0.55 000 A9-lithic 32 4.50 86.5 -0.70 000

DL (p 5%) 0.10 DL (p 1%) 0.14 DL (p 0.1%) 0.20

The comparative analyze performed by Duncan test between experimental variants

concerning the soil types overlapped on the thickness of these soils demonstrated the

positive effect of the thickness of the soil profile upon the annual increases in fir, bigger

increases statistiaclly assured being recorded on soils with big edaphic volume, 120 and

98 cm, while on the soils with smaller edaphic volume the average of the volume

increase recorded statistically assured values, but smaller compared to control (table 8).

Table 8

The significance of differences of volume increase in fir by three types of soil evaluated by Duncan test

Type of soil The average of the annual increases

(m3/year/ha) Classification

A7 4.20 A A3 4.40 B A9 4.50 B A8 4.65 C A2 4.85 D A6 5.05 E A1 5.20 F A5 5.55 G A4 6.30 H


18

The influence of the soil type and sub-type on the annual volume increase in spruce

In spruce, the influence of three soil types and eight soil sub-types on the annual

average volume increase was studied. The control sample is represented by by the

average by production classes of the anual volume increases of the spruce in Romania,

whatever soil type, 5.6 m3/year/ha, respectively.

In conclusion, the productivity of the spruce trees from the forestry stations

located in Cuşma Site dipends on the suitability of the environmental conditions, of the

utile edaphic volume, firstly (table 9).

Table 9

The influence of the three soil types on the annual volume increase in spruce

Type of soil


(cm)

The average of the annual increase/ Difference

± m3/year/ha

The significance

of the differences

(m3/year/ha) (%)

Martor A1 5.60 100 0.00 Mt

Eutricambo- soil

A2-typic 90 6.85 122.3 1.25 *** A3-pseudorendzinic

76 5.70 101.8 0.10 *

Distri-cambosoil

A4- typic 120 8.85 158.0 3.25 *** A5-cryptospodic 98 7.70 137.5 2.10 *** A6-gleized 86 6.50 116.1 0.90 *** A7-lithic 48 6.15 109.8 0.55 ***

Prepodzoil

A8-typic 41 5.65 100.9 0.05 - A9-lithic 32 5.10 91.1 -0.50 000

DL (p 5%) 0.10 DL (p 1%) 0.14 DL (p 0.1%) 0.19



prepodzole, except prepodzole, the other soil types and sub-types favourized, together

with other environmental conditions, bigger volume increases compared to annual

average by classes in this specie.



positive effect of the thickness of the soil on the annual increases in spruce, bigger

increases statistiaclly ssured being recorded on soils with big edaphic volume,


19

districambosoil with 120 cm thickness of profile, 98 cm, 86 cm and 48 cm as well as

eutricambosoil with 90 and 76 cm thickness of profile cu grosimea profilui. The

prepodzole that have a smaller edaphic volume, the average of the volume increases

recorded statistically assured values but smaller compared to control (table 10).

Table 8 The significance of differences of volume increase in spruce by three types of soil

evaluated by Duncan test

Type of soil The average of the annual increases (m3/year/ha)

Classification

A9 5.10 A A1 5.60 B

A8 5.65 B

A3 5.70 B

A7 6.15 C

A6 6.50 D

A2 6.85 E

A5 7.70 F

A4 8.85 G

The influence of the soil type and sub-type on the annual volume increase in beech

In beech, the influence of three soil types and eight soil sub-types on the annual

average volume increase was studied. The control sample is represented by by the averge

by production classes of the anual volume increases of the fir in Romania, whatever soil

type, 4.8 m3/year/ha, respectively.

In conclusion, the productivity of the fir trees from the forestry stations located in

Cuşma Site dipends on the suitability of the environmental conditions, of the utile

edaphic volume, firstly.



prepodzole, districambosoil delvers best conditions for beech trees (table 11).



positive effect of the thickness of the soil on the annual increases in beech, bigger

increases statistiaclly ssured being recorded on soils with big edaphic volume,

districambosoil with 120 cm and 48 cm thickness of profile, and eutricambosoil with 90


20

and 76 cm thickness of profile cu grosimea profilui. The prepodzole that have a smaller

edaphic volume, 41 and 32 cm, respectively, the average of the volume increases

recorded statistically assured values but smaller compared to control (table 10).

Table 11

The influence of the three soil types on the annual volume increase in beech

Type of soil


(cm)

The average of the annual increase/ Difference

± m3/year/ha

The significance

of the differences

(m3/year/ha) (%)

A1-Control 4.80 100 0.00 Mt Eutricambo-soil

A2-typic 90 6.15 128.1 1.35 *** A3-pseudorendzinic

76 5.30 110.4 0.50 ***

Distri-cambosoil

A4- typic A5-cryptospodic A6-gleized A7-lithic

120 98 86 48

7.35 6.50 6.25 5.60

153.1 135.4 130.2 116.7

2.55 1.70 1.45 0.80

*** *** *** ***

Prepodzole A8-typic 41 3.75 78.1 -1.05 000 A9-lithic 32 3.40 70.8 -1.40 000

DL (p 5%) 0.09 DL (p 1%) 0.13 DL (p 0.1%) 0.18

Table12

The significance of differences of volume increase in beech by three types of soil evaluated by Duncan test

Type of soil The average of the annual increases (m3/year/ha)

Classification

A9 3.40 A A8 3.75 B

A1 4.80 C

A3 5.30 D

A7 5.60 E

A2 6.15 F

A6 6.25 G

A5 6.50 H

A4 7.35 I


21

CHAPTER VIII

THE INTEGRATION OF THE CU ŞMA SITE IN THE NATURE 2000 RESERVATIONS - MAPPING BASE

The aim of this chapter was to perform a ,apping base of the Cuşma Site, absolute

novelty for this perimeter.

Based on results obtained in previous chapters, there were positioned on maps the

location on Romaninan territory of the Cuşma Site (Annexe 1), major access ways of the

Cuşma Site (Annexe 2) and hydrographic network (Annexe 3).

The map of the natural protected areas of communitary interest Nature 2000, was

also performed (Annexe 4) together with the map of the protected areas from the Cuşma

Site (Annexe 5).

The reslts allowed the obtaining of the map illustrating the way of fioeld use

(Annexe 6), of the hypsometric map of the altitudes from the Cuşma Site (Annexe 7), of

the map illustrating the versants orientation (Annexe 8) and f the map illustrating the

plants from the site (Annexe 9).

Concerning the soil type, the map of the soil units of the site was obtained

(Annexe 10) and also the map of the textures (Annexe 11).

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The reults obtained within the studyRezultatele obţinute în cadrul studiului

„Research Concerning the Influence of the Pedogenetic Coat on the Production

Capacity of the Forestry Stations From the Cuşma Site, Bistriţa - Năsăud”, as

consequence of the research developed during 2010 - 2012, within the University of

Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Cluj-Napoca, allow us to emphasize

the following conclusions:


22

• The space variability of the geographical conditions and determinant ecological

factors create a stationary diversity within site, it being located by five vegetation

floors:

o Alpine floor (E.A.)

o Sub-alpine floor (FSa)

o Spruce mountain floor (FM3)

o Mixtures mountain floor (FM2)

o Beech mountain – pre –mountain floor (FM1+FD4)

o Durmast and durmast – spruce hilly floor (FD3)

• The general items on the natural basic unit Piatra Mare, found a correlation between

the thermal regime and full the pluviometric vegetation season (favorable temperature

and rainfall) which indicates a high degree of favorability for major species: spruce,

fir, beech and middleweight mixed species: maple, iarch tree. Thermal conditions are

the only well accommodated species are spruce, especially in the areas of interference

with forest-floor. At some lower altitudes resist quite well the fir, beech, and rarely in

areas that meet the mixed pine and pine with hardwood. In the Piatra Mare base have

been determined 9 types of forest resorts and 11 types of forest, and mixed pine and

beech, spruce trees with Vaccinium myrtillus and Oxalis acetosella.

• The full correlation between the thermal regime and the base pluviometric in the

Dealul Negru in the vegetation season indicates a high degree of favorability for

major species: spruce, fir, beech and middleweight mixed species: Maple, larch tree.

In terms of specific staţionale the base unit Dealul Negru were able to form 9 types of

forest-molidete, făgete and mixtures of spruce, beech, fir and 8 types of forest resorts..

• According to the combination of the climate of "Geographic Monography," the basic

unit Dumitriţa of moderate-continental climate, favorable to the forests of spruce, fir

and beech and subdistrictul with sufficient moisture throughout the year, with

hillsides exposed fotogenezei and advecţiei wet air masses from the Northwest, with

intermittent showers. In the base unit were established Dumitriţa 12 types of forest

resorts and 12 types of forests.


23

• Within favorable climatic conditions In the soil remains the fundamental factor that

determines the level of productivity of forest vegetation, acting as support material for

înrădăcinarea and the trees and the environment that stores and provides supply of

trees, water, air, nutrients physiologically active substances under various conditions

of acidity, temperature and consistency, in a bioactivă period longer or shorter.

• Corresponding to the five vegetation floors located in Cuşma Site, in bigger or

smaller shares, the following soi classes and types were identified:

o Class of protisoils: litosoil;

o Class of cernisoils- represented by redzine;

o Class of umbrisoils: nigrosoil şi humosoil;

o Class of cambisoils: eutricambosoil and districambosoil;

o Class of luvisoils: preluvosoil and luvosoil;

o Class of spodisoils: prepodzole;

o Class of andisoils : andosoil;

o Class of hidrisoils : gleiosoil;

o Class of antrisoils: erodosoil.

• The types of soil that predominate in the studied perimeter (10831,2 ha represented by

three basic units: Piatra Mare - 4445.0 ha, Dealul Negru – 3724.0 ha, Dumitriţa -

2662.2 ha) are those belonging to the classes of Cambisoils and Spodosoils,

districambosoils, eutricambosoils and prepodzoles, respectively .

• Eutricambosoils El - exhibits maximum area spread in this perimeter at altitudes of

between 500 and 1000 m parental material that formed this soil ranges from basic,

acidic rocks in the mountain to the sedimentary cover.The variety of the material and

the configuration of the relief causes a differentiation of the ground both in terms of

saturation in the state, as well as the physico-chemical properties and including the

degree of fertility. Profile eutricambosolurilor It shall be as follows:-A/B-Bv-C.

Along with the typical eutricambosoil has met the subtype pseudorendzinic.

• Districambosoils DC - defining for the upper floor pedocambic, at altitudes of

between 1000 and 1300 m. The pedogenesis process of these soils has evolved on the

acidic deposits resulting from alteration and metamorphic and igneous sandstones and

conglomerates on the transition of mountainous area and marginal depressions. The


24

natural vegetation consists of deciduous and pine forests, while flora grass meal under

forests is acidofil, as well as organic debris in the extreme climatic conditions of wet

and cold, are decomposed slowly, resulting in less colloidal humus consisting of

fulvic acids and accumulated in a horizon To short. Profile districambosolurilor It

shall be as follows:-A/B-Bv-C. The following subtypes have been defined: typical,

cryptospodic, and gleized lithic.

• Prepodzoles - appear from 1300-1700 m altitude, with districambosoluri, but the

highest landforms with external drainage. It is characterized by the accumulation of

large quantities of partially decomposed organic matter, from the surface of the soil

and reduced quantities of unsaturated acid humus, in the upper part of the soil profile,

thus creating a horizon organic matter accumulation humificate with distinct

properties. Of this type was determined by the typical prepodzole and lithic.

• Concerning the types of the forestry stations there were inventored 12 types of forest

and 12 types of forest stations as follows:

O In basic unit Piatra Mare were determined 11 types of forest, and mixed pine and

beech, with sprice forests with Vaccinium myrtillus and Oxalis acetosella. In terms

of the structure of the forest fund was a composition in which the predominant

conifers, namely spruce in 71%, 15%, beech tree with 15%, the rest of the species

being 1% and less than 1%.In this area have been identified 9 types of forest

resorts which, in terms of creditworthiness are generally favorable for DIS vol ¬ ¬

development forest species, 6% of the surface is good, 75% 19% lower and

middle.

o In terms of specific conditions of Dealu Mare basic unit formed 9 types of spruce

forests, beech forests and mixtures of spruce, beech, fir. Largest share a forest type

1341-mixture of pine and beech skeletal soils, which is 52% of the surface of the

păduroasă. In this area have been identified 8 types of forest resorts.

o Within the base unit Dumitriţa, depending on the structure and condition of forest

stands, taking into account the changes in relation to the fundamental type 12

types have been identified, the most popular types are: mixture of coniferous and

beech colored soils 34%, and mountain soils with mull flora, 27% of the area

being occupied by forests. Types of resorts in this unit are 12, the most popular


25

being mixture mountain Pm, middle brown edaphic Asperula - Dentaria - (3332)

in share of 42% and Beech mountain – pre - mountain Pm, middle brown edaphic

with Asperula Dentaria – (4420) - 36%.

• General environmental action plan of the regional forest of three base units are

providing protective effects of accumulation, effects of soil and land conservation for

the permanent mull forests situated at high altitude, the protection of forests located

along the communication routes of tourist interest, the preservation of the beauties of

nature, protection of rare species of native fauna.

• In order to supply the protection and preservation evects in bsic units protection and

presrvation units were created, as follows:

O S.U.P."E" – Piatra Mare – rezervations for integral protection of nature that

contains trees from group I, category 5E, with a total area of 225.1 ha;

O S.U.P."M" - Piatra Mare - forests submitted the regimen of special preservation

and include the trees from the group I, categories 2A, 2I, 3F and 5I, with a total

area of 1808.3 ha;

O S.U.P."E" –Dealul Negru - rezervations for integral protection of nature that

contains trees from group I, category 5E, with a total area of 25.0 ha;

O S.U.P."M" - Dealul Negru - forests submitted the regimen of special preservation

and include the trees from the group I, category 2A, with a total area of 1102.7 ha;

O S.U.P. “M” – Dumitriţa - forests submitted the regimen of special preservation and

include the trees from the group I, functional categories 1.2A, 1.3F and 1.5I

• Concerning the influence of the soil type upon the production capacity of the forestry

species, we found the followings:

o the tree productivity from forest resorts of the Cuşma Site depends on the

suitability of environmental conditions, in the first volume of edaphic. Comparing

the results obtained at the level of the soil has found that of the three soils

prevalent in the area namely districambosol, prepodzol, eutricambosol and

districambosolul offer the best conditions for fir.

o the comparison of the results obtained at the level of soil on productivity

arboretelui spruce has found that the three soils prevalent in the area, namely

districambosoil, eutricambosoil and prepodzole, with the exception of prepodzole,


26

the other soil types and subtypes are favored, along with other environmental

conditions, increases in volume larger than the average annual increases at the this

species

o the comparative analysis with the help of Duncan test of the following types of

experimental research of soil thickness profiles superimposed on these soils,

showed the positive effect of the thickness of the soil profile of the annual

increases in beech, with higher elevations provided statistics on soils with high

volume districambosoil the edaphic thickness profile between 120 and 48 cm, and

the thickness of 90 and 76 cm for the profile eutricambosoil For prepodzole with

lowest edaphic volume, respectively 41 and 32 cm, average increases in the

volume of registered insured values statistically smaller than the control.

• Concerning the soil influence at sub-type level on the production capacity of the

forestry stations, the obtained resuls allow us to make the following comments:

o in fire, compared to control, in typic and cryptospodic districambosoil the

significances of the differences were very significant, with an increase difference

of 1.10 m3/year/ha, for typic districambosolil with profile of 120 cm, with an

increase difference of 0.35 m3/year/ha for cryptospodic districambosoil with a

profile of 98 cm. for the geic and lithic profiles, the significances of the

differences were distinct significant, with an increase difference compared to

control of -0.15 m3/year/ha for gleic type and -1.00 m3/year/ha for lthic subtipe

o In spruce, the increases by all three years of study demonstrate differences

between variants, function of the districambosolului types upon the increases in

volume. Compared to control, for all four sub - types of districambosoil

significances of the differences were very significant with an increase difference

of 3.25 m3/year/ha, for typic districambosoil with profile thickness of 120 cm,

with 2.10 m3/year/ha, for cryptospodic districambosoil with profile thickness of 98

cm, 0.90 m3/year/ha, for gleic districambosoil with profile thickness of 86 cm, and

a difference of increase of 0,55 m3/an/ha for lithic districambosoil with profile

thickness of de 48 cm.

o In beech, compared to control, for all four sub - types of districambosoil the

significances of the differences were very significant, with an increase difference


27

2.25 m3/year/ha, for typic districambosolil with profile thickness of 120 cm,

of1.70 m3/year/ha for cryptospodic districambosoil with profile thickness of 98

cm, 1.45 m3/year/ha for gleic districambosoil with profile thickness of 86 cm, and

an increase difference of 0,80 m3/year/ha for lithic districambosoil with profile

thickness of 48 cm.

o The comparison of the current growth indices (m3/year/ha) for three species

(spruce, fir, beech) in three groups, foreign resorts and spas of protection or

conservation have been found that all species recorded the largest increases in

regular forest with resorts and the lowest values recorded in the resorts with forest

areas that require special preservation.

• With regard to the role of the polifuncţional of the forest trees and the fact that they

are subject to special conservation measures conservation has two distinct aspects,

namely:

O measures of general management, forest conservation, keeping them in a good

state by running the hygiene and care whenever needed;

O specific management measures for non-advanced age (conservation cuts) in order

to maintain or improve their health status, the stay of the forest and the continuous

improvement of the protection functions assigned to.

• In order to achieve the functions assigned, the forest stands are to be applied and

differentiated management measures, aiming to optimize the structure in terms of

composition, vertical distribution and density of trees. The works include: cleaning

interventions, care, conservation, cuts, cuts of hygiene;

• For the type of forest with special functions of protection located in resorts with

heavy conditions from ecological point of viewt, as well as other trees for which it is

not possible or permitted harvesting of the main products, only special conservation

worksare imposed.

• În conclusion, the station represnts a forestry category which has as basic traits the

production of wood mass and it was the first ecological grouping treated thoroughly

and studied in its ecological detailed correlation between vegetation and development

environment.


28

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