ENG 223 Tips Making Sentence Compostion

8/18/2019 ENG 223 Tips Making Sentence Compostion

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NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

COURSE CODE:ENG223

COURSE TITLE:ADVANCED ENGLISH COMPOSITION I


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ENG223 ADVANCED ENGLISH COMPOSITION I

ENG223

ADVANCED ENGLISH COMPOSITION I

Course Team Moji Olateju (PhD! (De"elo#er$%riter! & 'NIIE

Christi)e I O*ulue+ (PhD! (Pro,ramme Lea-er! & NO'N

Pro*essor .a#hael Ato/e (E-itor! & 'NIIE

I/ere Theo-ore (Coor-i)ator! & NO'N


ii

COURSE

GUIDE


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Natio)al O#e) ')i"ersit/ o* Ni,eria

Hea-0uarters

1$1 Ahma-u 4ello %a/

Vi5toria Isla)-

La,os

A6uja O**i5e

7+ Dar es Salaam Street

O** Ami)u 8a)o Cres5e)t

%use II+ A6uja

Ni,eria

e&mail9 5e)trali)*o:)oue-u),

'.L9 ;;;)oue-u),

Pu6lishe- 4/9


irst Pri)te- 2?&


4/125


CONTENTS PAGE

I)tro-u5tio)@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 1

Course Aim@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 2

Course O6je5ti"es@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 2

%ori), throu,h the 5ourse@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 2

Course Materials@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 3

Stu-/ ')its@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 3

TeBt6oos a)- .e*ere)5es@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Assessme)t ile@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Tutor&Mare- Assi,)me)ts@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

i)al EBami)atio) a)- Gra-i),@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Ho; to Get the 4est *rom this Course@@@@@@@@@@@

a5ilitators$Tutors a)- Tutorials@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 7

Summar/@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 7

Introduction

ENG223 is a o)e semester 5ourse o* t;o 5re-it u)its It is -esi,)e- *or

E),lish la),ua,e stu-e)ts a)- others i) other relate- -e#artme)ts

i)"ol"e- ;ith stu-ies o) 5ommu)i5atio) The 5ourse has *ourtee) u)its

;hi5h 5o"er the 6asi5 #ri)5i#les o* 5om#ositio) ;riti),+ -i**ere)t t/#es

o* 5om#ositio)s or essa/ t/#es Some o* these i)5lu-e the #ersuasi"e$

ar,ume)tati"e+ eB#ositor/+ -es5ri#ti"e a)- )arrati"e t/#es o*

i"


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5om#ositio)s The materials a)- eBam#les use- *or this 5ourse are those

suita6le *or Ni,eria) stu-e)ts

Goi), throu,h the ;or o* u)-er,ra-uates a)- e"e) some #ost,ra-uate

stu-e)ts sho;e- that ma)/ stu-e)ts s5ore "er/ lo; mars )ot 6e5ausethe/ -o )ot )o; ;hat to ;rite 6ut 6e5ause the/ ;rite "er/ 6a- a)-

u)5oor-i)ate- E),lish ou still *i)- stu-e)ts ;ho ha"e ,o)e throu,h

*our or *i"e /ears i) the u)i"ersit/ ;ho are )ot a6le to ;rite a) error *ree

#a,e i) E),lish %hat is ;orth -oi), at all is ;orth -oi), ;ell ou

)ee- to )o; the 6asi5s o* ,oo- ;riti), a)- -e"elo# the 5ulture o* ,oo-

;riti), The hei,hts that ,reat me) a5hie"e- to-a/ ;ere )ot 6/ su--e)

*li,ht It starts ;ith a ste# at a time 4ut )ot a) or-i)ar/ ste#+ it is a

5o)siste)t+ 5oor-i)ate-+ -eli6erate a)- s;eat/ ste# S;eat/ i) the

se)se that+ the/ ;ore- ri,orousl/ *or it That is ;h/ ;e -o )ot ;a)t to

lea"e a)/ sto)e u)tur)e- i) ,oi), throu,h all that ;e )ee- to ,o throu,h

so that ;e 5a) a5hie"e our ,oal o* ,etti), /ou to ;rite ;ell+ lie E),lish

la),ua,e stu-e)ts or 5ommu)i5ators as the 5ase ma/ 6e It is there*ore

)e5essar/ that /ou ,o throu,h some as#e5ts o* ,rammar a)- a little 6it

o* leBis so that /ou 5a) 6e ;ell ,rou)-e- i) them ou ma/ 6e thi)i),

that /ou )o; these thi),s alrea-/ That ma/ 6e true 6ut I am almost

sure that there ;ill 6e some thi),s that /ou -o )ot )o; /et+ a)- there

ma/ 6e some thi),s that /ou ha"e *or,otte) that /ou )ee- to 6e

remi)-e- o*

This 5ourse ,ui-e is -esi,)e- to ,i"e /ou a 6rie* -es5ri#tio) o* ;hat the5ourse is all a6out+ the 5ourse materials /ou )ee-+ the ;or /ou )ee- to

-o+ the set teBt6oos a)- the tutor mare- assi,)me)ts This 5ourse,ui-e also ,i"es su,,estio)s o) the amou)t o* time /ou )ee- o) ea5h

u)it a)- the )um6er o* tutor mare- assi,)me)ts /ou )ee- to -o

ou are eB#e5te- to ,o throu,h this 5ourse ,ui-e 5are*ull/ to )o; ;hat

the 5ourse is all a6out Please atte)- /our tutorial 5lasses *or #ra5ti5al

-is5ussio) o* some o* the "arious 5om#ositio)s This 5ourse is eB#e5te-

to #re#are a)- e0ui# /ou *or more te5h)i5al ;riti), i) ENG 223 ;hi5h

is the se5o)- #art o* this 5ourse

"


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Cour! Ai"

This 5ourse is -esi,)e- to tae /ou throu,h the 6asi5s o* ,oo- ;riti), It

is mea)t to9

• remi)- /ou o* some o* the 6asi5 #ri)5i#les o* ,oo- ;riti),+

• a50uai)t /ou ;ith some #re;riti), a5ti"ities+

• e)5oura,e /ou (throu,h tutor&mare- assi,)me)ts! to #ut some o*

these 6asi5 #ri)5i#les to #ra5ti5e+

• e0ui# /ou ;ith s#e5ialise- sills *or -i**ere)t i)-s o* 5om#ositio)+

• mae /ou a) e**e5ti"e 5ommu)i5ator ;ho ;ill 6e a6le to 5o)tri6ute

to )atio)al -e"elo#me)t i) all areas o* huma) e)-ea"our

Cour! O#$!cti%!

O6je5ti"es are the thi),s /ou are eB#e5te- to 6e a6le to -o at the e)- o*

the stu-/ These o6je5ti"es ;ill ,ui-e /ou ;he) ,oi), throu,h the stu-/

a)- the/ ;ill also hel# /ou i) sel* assessme)t a)- ;here /ou )ee- toim#ro"e o) /our lear)i), a)- stu-/ ha6its 4/ the e)- o* the 5ourse+

/ou shoul- 6e a6le to9

• me)tio) some o* the 6asi5 #ri)5i#les o* ,oo- ;riti),+

• -is5uss some o* the *eatures o* )arrati"e+ -es5ri#ti"e+ ar,ume)tati"e

a)- eB#ositor/ i)-s o* essa/s+

• -es5ri6e the te5h)i5al -etails i)"ol"e- i) the -i**ere)t i)-s o* essa/sme)tio)e- a6o"e+

• attem#t the #ra5ti5e eBer5ises that ;ill e)a6le /ou -emo)strate /our

a50uire- sills o) essa/ ;riti),

&or'in( t)rou() t)! cour!

I) this 5ourse+ /ou ha"e *ourtee) stu-/ u)its to ,o throu,h I) ea5h o*

the stu-/ u)its+ /ou are eB#e5te- to stu-/ the 5o)te)ts "er/ ;ell 6e*ore

attem#ti), the 0uestio)s ou shoul- #a/ atte)tio) to the o6je5ti"es o*

ea5h stu-/ u)it so that /ou 5a) 6e #ro#erl/ ,ui-e- throu,h the u)it oushoul- 6e #re#are- to -o a lot o* thi)i), a)- ;riti), i) this 5ourse

6e5ause it is -esi,)e- to mae /ou -o so The assessme)t ;ill 6e

throu,h tutor mare- assi,)me)ts ;hi5h /ou are eB#e5te- to -o a)-

tur) i) at the a##ro#riate time ou are also eB#e5te- to ;rite a *i)aleBami)atio) at the e)- o* the 5ourse The time *or the eBami)atio) ;ill

6e 5ommu)i5ate- to /ou

Cour! M*t!ri*+

The major 5ourse materials /ou ;ill )ee- *or this 5ourse are9

"i


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1 Course ,ui-e

2 Stu-/ u)its

3 TeBt6oos

Assi,)me)t *iles7 Prese)tatio) s5he-ule

Stud, Unit

Ea5h stu-/ u)it is a ;ees ;or a)- this is heral-e- 6/ the o6je5ti"es

;hi5h /ou are eB#e5te- to stu-/ 6e*ore ,oi), throu,h the u)it I) ea5h

stu-/ u)it /ou also ha"e the rea-i), materials a)- the sel* assessme)t

eBer5ises The tutor mare- assi,)me)tsF the stu-/ u)its+ the tutorials all

#ut to,ether ;ill hel# /ou to a5hie"e the state- o6je5ti"es *or this

5ourse

There are *ourtee) u)its i) this 5ourse a)- the/ are as *ollo;s9

Modu+! -

')it 1 Pre %riti), A5ti"ities

')it 2 The E),lish Se)te)5e

')it 3 4asi5 Sim#le E),lish Se)te)5e Patter)s 1

')it 4asi5 Sim#le E),lish Se)te)5e Patter)s 11

')it 7 Co)5or- i) E),lish

Modu+! 2

')it 1 Para,ra#h a)- Para,ra#h De"elo#me)t

')it 2 The Grammar o* Para,ra#hs 1

')it 3 The Grammar o* Para,ra#hs 1

')it 4e/o)- the Se)te)5e 1

Modu+! 3

')it 1 4e/o)- the Se)te)5e 1

')it 2 The Narrati"e Essa/

')it 3 The Des5ri#ti"e Essa/

')it The Persuasi"e$Ar,ume)tati"e Essa/

')it 7 The EB#ositor/ Essa/

T!.t#oo' *nd R!/!r!nc!

"ii


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Ea5h u)it has a list o* re5omme)-e- teBt6oos a)- materials Go

throu,h the re5omme)-e- teBt6oos a)- materials *or )e5essar/

assista)5e ;hile ,oi), throu,h the u)it a)- 6e*ore attem#ti), the

eBer5ises

A!"!nt Fi+!

ou ;ill 6e assesse- i) t;o ;a/s i) this 5ourse& the tutor mare-

assi,)me)t a)- a ;ritte) eBami)atio) ou are eB#e5te- to -o the

assi,)me)ts a)- su6mit them to /our tutorial *a5ilitator *or *ormal

assessme)t i) a55or-a)5e ;ith the state- -ea-li)es i) the #rese)tatio)

s5he-ule a)- the assi,)me)t *ile our tutor mare- assi,)me)ts ;ill

a55ou)t *or


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I) a--itio) to the a6o"e+ u)lie other 5ourses ;here /ou just rea- a)- jot

)otes+ ENG223 is 6asi5all/ a ;riti), 5ourse ou are eB#e5te- to -o a

lot o* thi)i), a)- ;riti), or /ou to 6e e0ui##e- a-e0uatel/ to 6e a6le

to ;rite a)- #rese)t s#e5ialise- ;riti),s i) the -i**ere)t 5om#ositio)s+/ou )ee- a lot o* #ra5ti5e ;hi5h /ou shoul- tr/ to -o

F*ci+it*torTutor *nd Tutori*+

There are ? tutorial hours *or this 5ourse The -ates+ times a)- lo5atio)

o* these tutorials ;ill 6e 5ommu)i5ate- to /ou as ;ell as the )ame a)-

#ho)e )um6er o* /our tutorial *a5ilitator ou ;ill also 6e )oti*ie- o*

/our tutorial ,rou#

As /ou relate ;ith /our tutorial *a5ilitator+ he$she ;ill mar a)- 5orre5t/our assi,)me)ts a)- also ee# a 5lose ;at5h o) /our #er*orma)5e i)

the tutor mare- assi,)me)ts a)- atte)-a)5e at tutorials eel *ree to

5o)ta5t /our tutorial *a5ilitator 6/ #ho)e or e&mail i* /ou ha"e a)/

#ro6lem ;ith the 5o)te)ts o* a)/ o* the stu-/ u)its

Su""*r,

ENG223 is -esi,)e- to i)tro-u5e /ou to the -i**ere)t t/#es o* essa/

;riti), i) E),lish a)- im#ro"e /our #ro*i5ie)5/ i) ;riti), a)-

#rese)ti), them O) 5om#letio)+ /ou shoul- 6e ;ell e0ui##e- ;ith allthe )e5essar/ sills )ee-e- to 5om#ose a)/ t/#e o* s#e5ialise- ;riti),

i) E),lish

I ;ish /ou the 6est as /ou ,o throu,h this 5ourse

iB


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Course Co-e ENG223

Course Title A-"a)5e- E),lish Com#ositio) I

Course Team Moji Olateju (PhD! (De"elo#er$%riter! & 'NIIE

Christi)e I O*ulue+ (PhD! (Pro,ramme Lea-er! & NO'N

Pro*essor .a#hael Ato/e (E-itor! & 'NIIE

I/ere Theo-ore (Coor-i)ator! & NO'N


B


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Hea-0uarters

1$1 Ahma-u 4ello %a/

Vi5toria Isla)-

La,os

A6uja O**i5e

7+ Dar es Salaam Street

O** Ami)u 8a)o Cres5e)t

%use II+ A6uja

Ni,eria

e&mail9 5e)trali)*o:)oue-u),

'.L9 ;;;)oue-u),

Pu6lishe- 4/9


irst Pri)te- 2?&


12/125


CONTENTS PAGE

Modu+! - 44444444444444444444545 -

')it 1 Pre ;riti), A5ti"ities 1')it 2 %or- Stu-/ =

')it 3 4asi5 Sim#le E),lish Se)te)5e Patter)s I 1>

')it 4asi5 Sim#le E),lish Se)te)5e Patter)s II 2

')it 7 Co)5or- i) E),lish 3

Modu+! 2 4444444444444444444445 6-

')it 1 Para,ra#h a)- Para,ra#h De"elo#me)t 1

')it 2 The Grammar o* Para,ra#hs I ?

')it 3 The Grammar o* Para,ra#hs II 7>

')it 4e/o)- the Se)te)5e I Modu+! 3 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 76

')it 1 4e/o)- the Se)te)5e II >

')it 2 The Narrati"e Essa/ ?3

')it 3 The Des5ri#ti"e Essa/ =1

')it The Persuasi"e $Ar,ume)tati"e Essa/ =?

')it 7 The EB#ositor/ Essa/ 1


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MODULE -

')it 1 Pre ;riti), A5ti"ities

')it 2 %or- Stu-/

')it 3 4asi5 Sim#le E),lish Se)te)5e Patter)s I

')it 4asi5 Sim#le E),lish Se)te)5e Patter)s II

')it 7 Co)5or- i) E),lish

UNIT - PRE0&RITING ACTIVITIES

CONTENTS

1< I)tro-u5tio)

2< O6je5ti"es

3< Mai) Co)te)t

31 Pla))i),

311 Materials a)- .esour5es

312 Grou# %or

32 Essa/ %riti), Strate,ies

321 Note Tai),

322 Or,a)ise our %or

323 A)al/se the Title o* our Essa/

32 4uil- u# our Essa/

327 .e"ise32 Errors to A"oi- %hile %riti),

< Co)5lusio)7< Summar/

< Tutor&Mare- Assi,)me)t

>< .e*ere)5es$urther .ea-i),

-58 INTRODUCTION

O)e o* the 6est ;a/s to tae #ossessio) o* )o;le-,e is to ;rite a6out

;hat /ou ha"e hear- At times /ou liste) to a le5ture a)- /ou thi) /oualrea-/ )o; ;hat the ;riter is sa/i), 6ut 6/ the time /ou attem#t to

;rite it out usi), /our o;) ;or-s that is ;he) /ou ;ill -is5o"er that

/ou -o )ot )o; as mu5h as /ou thi) /ou -o ou mi,ht ha"e 6ee)

thi)i), that /ou )o; ho; to ar,ue ;ell o)l/ to -is5o"er ;he) /ou

start ;riti), that /ou -o )ot )o; ho; to #ut /our #oi)ts to,ether That

is ;h/ it is im#orta)t to #ra5ti5e ;riti), -i**ere)t i)-s o* essa/s so that

/ou 5a) 6e #ro*i5ie)t i) almost all i)-s o* ;riti),

Com#ositio) ;riti), is also -esi,)e- to test a 5a)-i-ates a6ilit/ to use

E),lish as a) e**e5ti"e mea)s o* 5ommu)i5atio) i) s#e5i*i5 situatio)sThese t/#es o* 5om#ositio)s are -esi,)e- to mae /ou eB#ress /oursel*

1


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;ith 5larit/ a)- 5ohere)5e i) a ma))er a##ro#riate to the au-ie)5e+

#ur#ose+ to#i5 a)- situatio) ou ma/ 5ome a5ross situatio)s i) li*e

;he) /ou ma/ ha"e to ar,ue+ -es5ri6e+ )arrate a) i)5i-e)5e or -o some

other thi),s that re0uire some sills "er6all/+ )o)&"er6all/ or i) ;riti),

%he) su5h situatio)s o55ur+ /ou are eB#e5te- to 6e a6le to -emo)strate/our )o;le-,e a)- sill 6/ #rese)ti), ;hat is lo,i5al+ a55e#ta6le+

5o)"i)5i), a)- u)-ersta)-a6le to the au-ie)5e+ rea-er or liste)er 4elo;

are some o* the o6je5ti"es o* this u)it

258 O9ECTIVES

At the e)- o* this u)it+ /ou shoul- 6e a6le to9

• #la) a-e0uatel/ *or a)/ t/#e o* 5om#ositio)+

•

-etermi)e the materials )ee-e- *or a)/ ,i"e) t/#e o* 5om#ositio)+• attem#t ;riti), the outli)e o* some 5om#ositio)s a)- the materials+

)ee-e- *or su5h ;riti),s all o) /our o;)

358 MAIN CONTENT

35- P+*nnin(

Pla))i), is a "er/ im#orta)t sta,e i) 5om#ositio) ;riti), I) some

#u6li5 eBams+ some stu-e)ts ,et -istur6e- ;he) the/ see some other

5a)-i-ates s5ri66li), a;a/ almost imme-iatel/ the/ 5olle5t their #a#erThe 5o)*usio) ma/ 6e so mu5h *or some )aJ"e stu-e)ts su5h that the/

too start ;riti), ;ithout #la))i), or thi)i), mu5h a6out ;hat the/

;a)t to ;rite I) a #u6li5 eBam+ /ou ha"e to tae a *e; mi)utes o** to

thi) a6out the to#i5+ the #oi)ts /ou are ,oi), to ;rite a6out+ ho; /ou

;ill arra),e /our #ara,ra#hs+ ;hat /our i)tro-u5tio) ;ill 6e a)- ;hat

/our 5o)5lusio) is liel/ to 6e All this #la))i), shoul- )ot tae more

tha) > mi)utes

I* it is a ,rou# assi,)me)t+ a)- /ou ha"e #ro6a6l/ -e5i-e- o) ;hat to

;rite+ /ou )ee- to #la) a)- -e5i-e o) the *ollo;i),

35-5- M*t!ri*+ *nd R!ourc!

These are im#orta)t 6e5ause /our to#i5 ;ill -etermi)e the i)- o*

resour5es or materials /ou )ee- to loo *or a)- this /ou must -o 6e*ore

/ou start ;riti), I* it is a tae home assi,)me)t+ /ou 5a) "isit /our

-e#artme)tal li6rar/ or the mai) ')i"ersit/ li6rar/ .esour5es 5a) 6e

5lassmates+ le5turers a)- 5om#uters *or materialsF /ou 5a) also 6ro;se

a)- 5he5 the )et *or materials The materials 5a) 6e 6oos+ ha)-outs+

ma,aKi)es+ eBtra5ts+ su6mitte- u)-er,ra-uate o* #ost,ra-uate theses et5The resour5es 5a) 6e "er/ use*ul i) hel#i), /ou to stru5ture /our

2


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thou,hts+ -e5i-e o) the to#i5+ ,et a-e0uate a)- e)ou,h materials *or

re*ere)5e et5 ou also ha"e to -e5i-e ;hether /ou ;a)t to ;or alo)e

or ;ith other #eo#le I) a5tual *a5t+ a) i)stru5tor 5a) ,i"e out a ,rou#

assi,)me)t or i)-i"i-ual ;or %he) this ha##e)s+ /ou ha"e to -e5i-e

;hether the assi,)me)t re0uires that /ou -o it alo)e or ;ith other #eo#le

35-52 Grou 1or'

De5i-i), ;hether /ou ;a)t to ;or ;ith other #eo#le is #art o*

#la))i), Cill Home (see re*ere)5e at the e)- o* the u)it! o) ;riti),

)otes the *ollo;i), as the a-"a)ta,es o* ;ori), alo)e or ;ith other

#eo#le

Ad%*nt*(! o/ (rou 1or'

R!*on /or 1or'in( 1it) ot)!r !o+!:

• /ou ,et more i-eas *rom other #eo#le+

• the/ 5a) su,,est im#ro"eme)ts+

• some other #eo#le 5a) tell /ou i* /ou mae a mistae+

• the/ 5a) e)5oura,e /ou to -o 6et+

• eB#lai)i), thi),s to other #eo#le 5a) hel# /ou u)-ersta)- 6etter+

• shari), hel#s /ou to 6e 0ui5er+

• /ou 5a) share /our thou,hts a)- *eeli),s+• team;or sills a)- eB#erie)5e are im#orta)t *or /our 5areer

R!*on /or 1or'in( *+on!:

• /our ;or ;ill 6e -i**ere)t *rom other #eo#les ;or+

• i* /ou share a tas+ /ou 5a) lear) /our o;) #art o* the tas+

• /ou ma/ )ot ;a)t to 6e i)*lue)5e- 6/ other #eo#le+

• /ou ma/ )ot ;a)t to share /our i-eas ;ith other #eo#le

%hi5h e"er ;a/ /ou -e5i-e to ;or+ #la))i), is im#orta)t The )eBtse5tio) is a6out some essa/ ;riti), strate,ies

SELF ASSESSMENT E;ERCISE -

%hat are some o* the thi),s /ou )ee- to tae i)to 5o)si-eratio) 6e*ore

;riti),

352 E*, &ritin( Str*t!(i!

3


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3525- Not! t*'in(

Note tai), is a) im#orta)t as#e5t o* ;riti), %riti), -o;) the mai)

#oi)ts as it o55urs to /ou ;hile rea-i), is im#orta)t 6e5ause it hel#s /outo remem6er a)- or,a)ise the salie)t #oi)ts i) /our ;or %he) /ou

ha"e to a)al/se /our to#i5+ /ou )ee- to ;rite -o;) the #oi)ts as /ou

ho#e to use them to -e"elo# the #ara,ra#hs as /ou ;rite ou ma/ e"e)

)ee- to resear5h a to#i5 6e*ore /ou start ;riti), a)- tai), )otes as /ou

rea- ;ill hel# /ou ;he) /ou )ee- to a5)o;le-,e the sour5e o* /our

i)*ormatio) althou,h it has 6ee) me)tio)e- earlier o) that /ou )ee- to

;rite i) /our o;) ;or-s as mu5h as #ossi6le

O)e o* the #ur#oses o* tai), )otes is to hel# the stu-e)t re5all at a later

time the esse)tials o* ;hat he$she has rea- The me5ha)i5s o* )otetai), su5h as ,oo- ha)- ;riti),+ use o* a66re"iatio)s a)- la/out are

"er/ im#orta)t -etails to 5o)si-er Mae sure /ou ;rite le,i6l/ so that

/ou a)- other authorise- #eo#le 5a) *i)- /our ;or eas/ to rea- at a

later -ate There ha"e 6ee) 5ases o* stu-e)ts ;ho ha"e ;ritte) a)- ha"e

6ee) 5alle- u#o) to rea- the same ;ors later a)- ha"e )ot 6ee) a6le to

rea- them 6e5ause o* 6a- ha)-&;riti), Goi), throu,h ;hat /ou ha"e

;ritte) shoul- 6e a 5o)sta)t #ra5ti5e a)- this ha6it shoul- 6e 5ulti"ate-

-uri), eBami)atio)s as ;ell ou shoul- 5reate time to ,o o"er /our

;or 6e*ore /ou su6mit There ma/ 6e some I(s! to -ot or some t(s! to

5ross A66re"iatio)s ma/ 6e ,oo- *or #erso)al ;or 6ut )ot *oreBami)atio)s

35252 Or(*ni! ,our &or'

ou shoul- ha"e a) i-ea o* ho; /ou ;a)t /our ;or to 6e or,a)ise-

a)- /ou )ee- to ;or to;ar-s this I* it is a) ar,ume)tati"e essa/+ /ou

shoul- )o; the si-e /ou ;a)t to su##ort E"e) thou,h /ou ha"e to

6ala)5e /our ar,ume)ts+ mu5h o* /our su6missio) still has to re*le5t

/our su##ort *or ;hi5h e"er si-e /ou ;a)t to i-e)ti*/ ;ith ou shoul-

or,a)ise it i) su5h a ;a/ that ea5h #ara,ra#h has a mai) #oi)t ;hile theother se)te)5es are su##orti), our 5o)5lusio) shoul- 6e su5h that ;illsummarise i) 6rie* the ar,ume)t /ou ha"e #rese)te-

35253 An*+,! t)! tit+! o/ t)! E*,

%he) /ou are ,i"e) a) essa/ to#i5+ /ou )ee- to a)al/se the title a)-

mae sure /ou u)-ersta)- ;hat the 0uestio) is tr/i), to sa/ %he) /ou

thi) /ou u)-ersta)-+ /ou 5a) use this )o;le-,e to -ra*t /our

i)tro-u5tio) I* /ou mis*ire ri,ht *rom the 6e,i))i),+ /ou ma/ loose

/our -ire5tio) a)- *o5us there6/ mai), /ou to s5ore lo; mars o) the


17/125


;rite&u# or eBam#le+ some stu-e)ts ;ere ase- to ;rite a) arti5le

sometimes a,o o) the *ollo;i), to#i5s9

1 Shoul- 5a#ital #u)ishme)t 6e a6olishe- i) the 5ou)tr/

2 %rite a) arti5le o) the )ee- to 5ur6 the ;a"e o* "iole)5e i) our5ou)tr/& Ni,eria

ou ma/ 6e sur#rise- to )o; that some stu-e)ts misi)ter#rete- the

t;o essa/ to#i5s i) a "er/ *u))/ ;a/ Some stu-e)ts mistoo the *irst

0uestio) o) 5a#ital #u)ishme)t to 6e 5or#oral #u)ishme)t a)- the/

;rote eBte)si"el/ o) that This ma-e them to loose mars u)-er 5o)te)t+

or,a)isatio)+ eB#ressio) a)- me5ha)i5al a55ura5/ The other set o*

stu-e)ts ;ho a)s;ere- the 0uestio) o) the )ee- to 5ur6 the ;a"e o*

"iole)5e ;ere ;riti), a6out the ;a"es o* the sea at the 6ar 6ea5h i)

La,os It ma/ sou)- *u))/ a)- /ou ma/ 6e ;o)-eri), i* a)/6o-/ 5oul-

-o su5h a thi), 4ut it -i- ha##e) So+ 5orre5t i)ter#retatio) o* the

0uestio) is im#orta)t

At times a) essa/ to#i5 ma/ ha"e t;o or three #arts+ /ou must mae

sure /ou 5o"er e"er/ #art o* the 0uestio) other;ise /ou ;oul- )ot ha"e

-o)e justi5e to the 0uestio) A)al/si), mea)s 6reai), -o;) i)to #arts

a)- -eali), ;ith ea5h o* the #arts to ,et a 5om#a5t ;hole

35256 ui+d u ,our E*,

ou )ee- to 6uil- u# /our essa/ o) i-eas /ou ha"e -e"elo#e- /oursel*

Some o* the i-eas that ;ill o55ur to /ou ma/ 6e those /ou ,ot *rom

6oos /ou ha"e rea- ou shoul- eBami)e those i-eas "er/ ;ell to *i)-

out i* the/ ,o alo), ;ith /our thou,hts a)- i* the/ -o a)- /ou ;a)t to

mae use o* them the ;a/ the/ are+ /ou )ee- to a5)o;le-,e the sour5e

so that /ou ;ill )ot 6e a55use- o* 5o#/i), or #la,iarism A)-re;

.o6erts (i)ter)et+ see re*ere)5e at the e)- o* the u)it! )otes that /ou

shoul- )ot allo; the )otes /ou #ut -o;) o) the 6oos /ou ha"e rea- to

set the #atter) o* /our essa/ our essa/ shoul- eB#ress /our o;)

thou,hts a)- that is ;h/ /ou ha"e 6ee) a-"ise- to ;rite i) /our o;);or-s

3525< R!%i!

ou shoul- re"ise /our ;or 6e*ore /ou su6mit or 6e*ore /ou e"e) ,i"e

it to a)other 5lassmate or *rie)- o* /ours to rea- throu,h *or /ou It is

#ossi6le that /our si##e- some errors ;hile ;riti), a)- ,oi), o"er the

;or *or s#elli), mistaes a)- ,rammati5al errors ;ill -o /ou a lot o*

,oo- a)- sa"e /ou *rom all i)-s o* em6arrassme)t that su5h mistaes

5a) 5ause A*ter the re"isio)+ /ou still ,i"e it to a)other *rie)- to ,othrou,h *or /ou This is #arti5ularl/ im#orta)t i* the ;rite u# is a lo),

7


18/125


19/125


Punctu*tion Error

Pu)5tuatio) errors are errors that shoul- 6e a"oi-e- i) ,oo- ;riti), a)-

some o* these i)5lu-e )o)&use o* *ull sto#s+ 0uestio) mars or

eB5lamatio) mar Misuse or omissio) o* 0uotatio) mars Either si),leor -ou6le 0uotatio) mars 5oul- 6e use- Co)siste)5/ is ho;e"er

im#orta)t i) the use o* either si),le or -ou6le 0uotatio) mars ou

must sti5 to o)e eB5e#t i) *ormal ;riti),s ;here /ou are i)stru5te- to

-o other;ise

Some other #u)5tuatio) errors i)5lu-e the use o* a 5omma ;here a *ull

sto# or semi5olo) is re0uire-+ i)sertio) o* 5omma 6et;ee) su6je5t a)-

"er6 a)- o6je5t+ i)sertio) o* 5omma 6et;ee) su6or-i)ator or

5o)ju)5tio) a)- *ollo;i), 5lause or ,rou# or 6et;ee) a-je5ti"e a)-

)ou) or 6et;ee) "er6 a)- a-"er6 Misuse o* 5a#ital letters shoul- also

6e a"oi-e- i) ,oo- ;riti), ou 5a) ,o throu,h the -etaile- )otes o)

#u)5tuatio)s i) u)its 23 o* mo-ule 2 *or more o) #u)5tuatio)s

S!++in( Error

I) mo-er) E),lish usa,e+ there is a ,reat -eal o* li6ert/ Ne"ertheless+

s#elli), errors shoul- 6e a"oi-e- as mu5h as #ossi6le Mae sure /ou

5he5 u# o) /our s#elli),s 6e*ore a)- a*ter -oi), /our ;rite&u# I) this

5ase+ all s#elli), errors 5a) 6e -ete5te- a)- a--resse- 6e*ore the

su6missio) o* the ;rite u# or eBam#le+ #utti), a h/#he) o) ;or-ssu5h as ho;&e"er+ some&o)e or *ailure to h/#he)ate a -i"i-e- ;or- at

the e)- o* a li)e 5oul- 6e 5o)si-ere- as errors I) a--itio)+ *ault/amal,amatio) e, ;riti), i)s#ite o* i)stea- o* i) s#ite o* shoul- 6e

a"oi-e-

SELF ASSESSMENT E;ERCISE 2

Me)tio) a)- -is5uss some essa/ ;riti), strate,ies that ha"e 6ee)

me)tio)e- i) this u)it

658 CONCLUSION

I) this u)it+ ;e ha"e me)tio)e- some #re&;riti), a5ti"ities a)- the )ee-

to a)al/se the to#i5 so that /our ;riti), 5a) 6e ;ell *o5use- %e ha"e

also tale- a6out some errors to a"oi- ;hile ;riti), Tai), )otes ;hile

/ou rea- is im#orta)t *or -o5ume)tatio) o* i-eas a)- ,oi), o"er /our

;or 6e*ore su6missio) maes /our ;or to 6e *ree o* errors

>


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ED ASSIGNMENT

.ea- the essa/ to#i5 6elo; a)- a)s;er the 0uestio)s that *ollo;

E-u5atio) is a mea)s o* li"elihoo-

1 %hat are the materials a)- resour5es /ou )ee- *or this i)- o*

5om#ositio)

2 I) a)al/si), the to#i5+ ;hat are some o* the #oi)ts /ou )ee- to

tae i)to 5o)si-eratio)

3 Ima,i)e that the assi,)me)t is a) i)-i"i-ual o)e %oul- /ou

;a)t to ,i"e /our ;rite u# to a *rie)- to ,o throu,h *or /ou I*

/es+ ;h/ A)- i* No+ ;h/ %rite a 6rie* i)tro-u5tio) *or the essa/ to#i5 a6o"e

758 REFERENCESFURTHER READING

e5ill:i)et#ol/ue-uu

.o6erts A (.etrie"e- *rom Mi--leseB ')i"ersit/ resour5e!

htt#9$$;;;m-Ba5u$%%%$ST'D$Essa/ slhtm

?


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UNIT 2 &ORD STUDY IN ENGLISH

CONTENTS

1< I)tro-u5tio)

2< O6je5ti"es

3< Mai) Co)te)t

31 Mea)i), o* %or-s

32 Com6i)atio) o* %or-s

33 ormatio) o* %or-s

3 Ori,i) o* SOME ENGLISH %O.DS

31 E),lish %or-s that Come *rom Pla5e Names

32 Names o* Di**ere)t 8i)-s o* Cloth that Ori,i)ate

*rom Pla5e Names

33 %or-s 4orro;e- *rom Other Cou)tries

3 %or-s that O)l/ O55ur i) Plural

< Co)5lusio)

7< Summar/


>< .e*ere)5es$urther rea-i),

-58 INTRODUCTION

The E),lish la),ua,e lie a)/ other la),ua,e is a set o* s/m6ols or

si,)s ma-e u# o* t;o t/#es o* su6sta)5es& sou)- a)- mars The sou)-s

;e mae a)- the mars ;e #ro-u5e ha"e mea)i),s i) #arti5ularla),ua,es -e#e)-i), o) ;hi5h la),ua,e(s! ;e s#ea The sou)-s 5a) 6e

re5o,)ise- i) the s#ee5h me-ia ;hile the mars 5a) 6e re5o,)ise- i)

;riti), 4oth sou)-s a)- mars are or,a)ise- -i**ere)tl/ to ,i"e

mea)i),s To #ro-u5e a messa,e+ 6oth sou)-s a)- mars are #atter)e-

i) *orm o* ;or-s+ se)te)5es a)- the #ara,ra#h The ;or- is the smallest

o* the three a)- it is usuall/ *ou)- 6et;ee) t;o s#a5es

258 O9ECTIVES


• i-e)ti*/ a ;or-

• -es5ri6e ho; ;e arri"e at the mea)i),s o* ;or-s i) E),lish

• re5o,)ise some 5ommo)l/ miss#elt ;or-s

• ,et a50uai)te- ;ith ho; ;e *orm some ;or-s i) E),lish

=


22/125


358 MAIN CONTENT

35- M!*nin( o/ &ord

ou ;ill )oti5e that some o* us just use ;or-s ;ithout )o;i), ho;the/ 5ame to 6e %e see a 6oo a)- 5all it a 6oo %e see a 5hair a)-

5all it a 5hair It is im#orta)t to )ote that there is )o lo,i5al li) 6et;ee)

;or-s a)- ;hat the/ sta)- *or This mea)s+ there is )o reaso) ;h/ a

book shoul- 6e 5alle- a book or a chair 6ei), 5alle- a chair Ea5h o*

them 5oul- 6e 5alle- 6/ a)other )ame a)- the/ are i)-ee- 6ei), 5alle-

6/ other )ames i) other la),ua,es or eBam#le+ a chair is 5alle- aga i)

oru6a la),ua,e ;hile a table is 5alle- tabili. The same la),ua,e ma/

re*er to the same o6je5t 6/ -i**ere)t )ames at -i**ere)t times o* the

histor/ o* its s#eaers

All ;or-s a)- their mea)i),s are arri"e- at throu,h a sort o* 5ommo)

a,reeme)t amo), the #eo#le s#eai), a #arti5ular la),ua,e The

a,reeme)t is )ot a 5o)s5ious o)e+ all #eo#le just a55e#t ;hat others+

*athers+ mothers+ 6rothers sisters+ u)5les sa/ It is 5o)"e)tio)al a)- the

5o)"e)tio) is )ot 6ase- o) the i)here)t )ature o* the o6je5ts or thi),s

6ei), re*erre- to or eBam#le+ a ig is )ot 5alle- a ig 6e5ause it is

-irt/ I* it ha- 6ee) 5alle- a ,oat at i)5e#tio) that ;oul- ha"e 6ee) its

)ame I) *a5t a)imal s5ie)tists ha"e i)*orme- us that a #i, is )ot e"e) as

-irt/ as ;e all thi) It te)-s to sta/ "er/ 5lose to ;here there is ;ater

6e5ause it -oes )ot ha"e #ores o) the si) ;here it 5a) easil/ let outheat a)- that is ;h/ it has to roll i) the ;ater or mu--/ #la5es to 5ool

itsel* -o;) %e are e0uall/ i)*orme- that it -oes )ot uri)ate i) the #o)-

or ;ater i) ;hi5h it 5ools itsel* I* #resse-+ it 5omes out o* the ;ater to

uri)ate o) the ,rou)- So /ou 5a) )o; see that e"e) a #i, 5a) 6e

-is5reet ;he) it 5omes to toileti),

I* /ou tae /oursel* as a) eBam#le+ /ou ;ill -is5o"er that /ou just ,re;

u# to )o; that there is a *i,ure i) the househol- ;here /ou ;ere 6or)

;hom e"er/ 6o-/ 5alls -a--/ a)- /ou joi)e- the others i) 5alli), him

-a--/ too The same thi), ;ith !"!!# a)- all other #eo#le /ou ,re;u# to )o; I) *a5t+ /ou just ,re; u# to )o; that /ou are 5alle-Chi)/ere or 4ola a)- /ou res#o)- to that )ame ;he)e"er /ou are

5alle- %hat ha##e)e- ;as that some #eo#le ,athere- to,ether ;he)

/ou ;ere 6or) to ,i"e /ou that )ame I* /ou ha- 6ee) )ame- Ti)u or

Chu;u-i /ou ;oul- ha"e 6ee) 6eari), that )ame till to-a/ ou 5a)

the) see that it is 6/ a ,e)eral 5o)se)sus It is 5o)"e)tio)al There ;as

)othi), i) /ou ;he) /ou ;ere 6or) to su,,est that the )ame /ou ;ere

,i"e) is the most a##ro#riate *or /ou or that i* /ou ha- 6ee) ,i"e)

a)other+ somethi), terri6le ;oul- ha"e ha##e)e- to /ou Althou,h+ i)

oru6a la)-+ some 5hil-re) are )ame- 6ase- o) some 5ir5umsta)tial*a5ts

1


23/125


La),ua,e 5ha),es a)- the mea)i), o* ;or-s there*ore 5ha),es just lie

*ashio) Mea)i), o* ;or-s ma/ shri)+ eB#a)- or e"e) 6e 5om#letel/

re#la5e-

352 Co"#in*tion o/ &ord

As la),ua,e users+ ;e )ee- to 6e *amiliar ;ith ho; ;or-s 5om6i)e

to,ether i) E),lish *or e**e5ti"e 5ommu)i5atio) a)- ,oo- ;riti), I)

E),lish+ 5ertai) 5om6i)atio) o* ;or-s 6eha"es as i* the/ ;ere si),le

;or-s this 5om6i)ator/ 6eha"iour is 5alle- 5ollo5atio) Collo5atio)s are

o* t;o i)-sF *iBe- a)- u)*iBe- 5ollo5atio)s A *iBe- 5ollo5atio)

6eha"es lie a) i)-i"i-ual ;or- a)- ;here"er o)e is use-+ it must 6e

treate- as a u)it e, throu,h thick a$% thi$. The 5om#o)e)t #arts o*

su5h *iBe- 5ollo5atio)s are u)altera6le ou 5a))ot a-- other ;or-s to ita)- the mea)i), o* the *iBe- 5ollo5atio) has )othi), to -o ;ith the

mea)i), o* the i)-i"i-ual ;or-s

iBe- 5ollo5atio)s are o*te) re*erre- to as i-ioms Phrasal "er6s su5h as

to clea$ "& to look i$to etc+ are also eB#ressio)s ;ith *iBe- mea)i),s

re,ar-less o* the i)-i"i-ual mea)i),s o* the root "er6s a)- #re#ositio)s

To look i$to -oes )ot mea) loo i)to 6ut it mea)s to i)"esti,ate or

eBami)e

The t;o i)-s o* 5ollo5atio)s are )ot *u)5tio)all/ the same i) thela),ua,e 4ut the ha6itual use o* the *irst set shoul- 6e a"oi-e- i) ,oo-

;riti), 6e5ause the/ ha"e 6ee) o"er;ore- a)- ha"e lost their

ori,i)alit/ a)- *or5e The/ are there*ore re*erre- to as clich'( (a)

eB#ressio) that is )o lo),er e**e5ti"e 6e5ause o* o"eruse! O) the other

ha)-+ the use o* #hrasal "er6s shoul- 6e e)5oura,e- or 5ulti"ate- 6/

e"er/ ,oo- user o* the la),ua,e

A#art *rom the *iBe- 5ollo5atio)s+ 5om6i)atio)s o* ;or-s are also

5o)trolle- 6/ their *iel- o* re*ere)5e a)- this is usuall/ re*erre- to as

ra),e o* 5ollo5atio) or eBam#le+ 6utter 5a) ,o ra$ci% ;hile *ruit 6e5omes rotte$. This t/#e o* 5ollo5atio) is a) u)*iBe- o)e


1 Ho; -o ;e arri"e at the mea)i),s o* ;or-s i) E),lish

2 %hat are clich'( i) E),lish

353 For"*tion o/ &ord

I) E),lish+ ;or-s 5a) 6e *orme- 6/ a--i), #re*iBes a)- a**iBes to 6ase*orms o* ;or-s %or-s 5a) 6e ma-e u# o* at most three #ri)5i#al #arts

11


24/125


The 5ore #art remai)s i) the mi--le i* all the three #arts are #rese)t

%he) the three #arts are )ot #rese)t+ the 5ore #art 5a) the) 6e at the

6e,i))i), or e)- The 5ore #art is the 6ase *orm ;hile the other #arts are

5alle- a**iBes Those that 5ome 6e*ore the 6ase *orm are 5alle- #re*iBes

a)- those that 5ome a*ter are 5alle- su**iBes 4elo; are eBam#les9

"$)beat)able

• u) & #re*iB

• 6eat & 6ase

• a6le & a**iB

A) E),lish ;orma/ 6e ma-e u# o* just the 6ase *orm e, Clea$& big&

choice& %irt& the& (ell et5

EBam#les o* ;or-s ;ith #re*iBes o)l/ are9 i$take& re(it& i$bor$ etc.

EBam#les o* ;or-s ;ith su**iBes o)l/ are9 e%"catio$& e%"cate(&

%eliberatel#& !i(take(& *"$ctio$al et5

I) E),lish too+ ;e 5a) ha"e ;or-s ;ith more tha) o)e 6ase *orm This

usuall/ ha##e)s ;ith 5om#ou)- ;or-s e, blackboar%& hea%!a(ter&

+hiteho"(e et5

The *u)5tio) a)- mea)i),s o* ;or-s shoul- 6e lear)t to a"oi- mai),mistaes or ,i"i), ;ro), i)ter#retatio) to ;or-s or eBam#le+ the

su**iB le(( al,a#( ("gge(t the ab(e$ce o* ,hat the ba(e *or! !ea$( a(

i$ !ea$i$gle((& "(ele((& carele((& etc ,hich !ea$( ,itho"t !ea$i$g&

"(e& care& 6ut this is )ot the same ;ith a ;or- lie ricele(( ;here the

su**iB -le(( mea)s the o##osite o* ;hat it mea)s i) the ;or-&

!ea$i$gle((. A #ri5eless thi), is somethi), that is so "alua6le that /ou5a) )ot #ut a)/ #ri5e o) it %he) /ou 5ome a5ross ;or-s lie this a)-

/ou ;a)t to use them i) /our ;rite&u#s+ mae sure /ou 5he5 /our

-i5tio)ar/ *or their 5orre5t usa,e or else /ou ma/ *i)- /oursel* misusi),

them

Si)5e /ou ;ill 6e -oi), a lot o* ;riti), i) this 5ourse a)- some other

5ourses+ /ou )ee- to #a/ atte)tio) to ;or-s a)- the ;a/ to use them

That is ;h/ ;e ha"e tae) time to ,o throu,h this se5tio) a)- the )eBt

t;o se5tio)s 5are*ull/ to sho; /ou that e"e) i) 5om#ositio)s+ as mu5h

as #ossi6le+ errors o* s#elli),s+ ,rammar a)- #u)5tuatio) shoul- 6e

a"oi-e- This is o)e o* the ;a/s 6/ ;hi5h ;e *orm ;or-s i) E),lish

ou ;ill lear) more as ;e ,o throu,h the other 5ourses or u)its

12


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Me)tio) o)e o* the ;a/s 6/ ;hi5h ;or-s are *orme- i) E),lish The

eBam#les /ou ,i"e shoul- 6e -i**ere)t *rom the o)es alrea-/ ,i"e)a6o"e

356 Ori(in o/ o"! En(+i) 1ord

It is i)teresti), to )ote that ma)/ o* us use ;or-s ;hile s#eai), a)-

;riti), a)- ;e thi) the/ are all E),lish ;or-s The E),lish la),ua,e

has 6orro;e- a lot o* ;or-s *rom ma)/ #la5es a)- other 5ou)tries a)-

that is ;h/ at times /ou *i)- it -i**i5ult to *i)- a-e0uate #arts o* s#ee5h

*or some o* them I) this se5tio)+ I ;ill 6rie*l/ tae /ou throu,h some

;or-s ;ith i)teresti), ori,i)s i) E),lish

3565- &ord t)*t )*%! ori(in*t!d /ro" t)! n*"! o/ !o+!

• 4iro (6all#oi)t #e)! )ame- a*ter Laslo 4iro+ its Hu),aria) i)"e)tor

• 4o/5ott (re*use to -eal ;ith! a*ter a la)-lor- i) Irela)- ;ho ma-e

himsel* u)#o#ular 6/ his treatme)t o* his te)a)ts a)- ;as so5iall/

isolate-

• 4raille ()ame o* a raise- ;riti), s/stem use- 6/ 6li)- #eo#le! *rom

the )ame o* its re)5h i)"e)tor& Louis 4raille

•

SaBo#ho)e (musi5al i)strume)t! i)"e)te- 6/ the 4el,ia)& A-ol#heSaB

• %att (u)it o* #o;er! *rom the 1?th 5e)tur/ S5ottish i)"e)tor& Qames%att

• Hooli,a) (a rou,h la;less /outh! *rom the Irish *amil/ )ame&

Hooli,a)

• et5

35652 En(+i) 1ord t)*t co"! /ro" +*c! n*"!

• 4e-lam (5haos! *rom the )ame o* a *amous Lo)-o) me)tal hos#italo)5e situate- ;here Li"er#ool street statio) )o; sta)-s

• S#arta) (se"erel/ sim#le! *rom the a)5ie)t Gree 5it/ o* S#arta+

*ame- *or its austerit/

• Ca)ter (mo"eme)t o* a horse+ *aster tha) a trot 6ut slo;er tha) a

,allo#! a shorte)i), o* Ca)ter6ur/+ a to;) i) South&east E),la)-

• G/#s/ (mem6er o* a #arti5ular ,rou# o* tra"elli), #eo#le! These

#eo#le ;ere o)5e thou,ht to ha"e 5ome *rom E,/#t+ he)5e the )ame

35653 N*"! o/ Di//!r!nt >ind o/ C+ot) t)*t Ori(in*t! /ro"

P+*c! N*"!

13


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• A),ora (A)ara!

• Sati) (Chi)a!

• GauKe (GaKa!

• Sue-e (S;e-e)!

• Damas (Damas5us!

• et5

35656 &ord orro1!d /ro" Ot)!r Countri!

• Tur'!, 0 /o,hurt+ ja5al+ ios+ 5a*ta)+ tuli#

• Ho++*nd 0 /a5ht+ tattoo+ 5ruise

• Ar*#ic 0 mattress+ 5i#her+ al,e6ra+ harem+ mu*ti+

• G!r"*n, 0 i)-er,arte)+ ham6ur,er+ 6litK+ ;altK+ #oo-le+ s)orel+

;a)-erlust+ semi)ar+ -a5hshu)-

• It*+, 0 ,hetto+ #ia)o+ so#ra)o+ 6alleri)a+ 5o)*etti+ *ias5o+ s#a,hetti+

6a)-it+ 5asi)o+ "e)-etta

• Gr!!c! 0 -o,ma+ -rama+ #s/5holo,/+ hi##o#otamus+ #seu-o)/m+

s/)o)/m

• Fr*nc! 0 5uisi)e+ ,ateau+ 5hau**eur+ 6outi0ue+ 5rR5he -u"et 5ou#+

elite+ saut a"a)t&,ar-e+ 5ul&-e&sa5+ 6i,et

The ;or-s are mu5h more tha) these ou 5a) *i)- more o* these ;or-s

a)- their mea)i),s o* the o)es /ou -o )ot )o; i) the -i5tio)ar/ or the

e)5/5lo#ae-ia %e ma/ )ot 6e a6le to -o all o* that i) this u)it A#art

*rom this+ it is #art o* /our trai)i), as a la),ua,e stu-e)t that /ou ,et

use- to usi), /our -i5tio)ar/

3565< &ord t)*t On+, Occur in P+ur*+

S5issors+ #liers+ 6i)o5ulars+ s5ales+ ha)-5u**s+ ,lasses$s#e5ta5les+

T;eeKers+ shears+ #i)5ers (i)strume)ts *or remo"i), shar# o6je5ts!

Clothes+ ti,hts+ #/jamas+ le,,i),s+ shorts+ jea)s+ trousers

Lo-,i),s (e, a room!

Goo-s (arti5les$items! ;he) ;ill the ,oo-s arri"e

Loos loos are more im#orta)t i) a #art)er

E),lish has also 6orro;e- ;or-s *rom 5ou)tries lie Portu,al+ S#ai)+

.ussia Qa#a)+ Esimo+ Nor;a/+ arsi E),lish has tae) o"er ;or-s

*rom most o* the other la),ua,es ;ith ;hi5h it has ha- 5o)ta5t It has

tae) ma)/ eB#ressio)s *rom the a)5ie)t la),ua,es su5h as Lati) a)-

Gree a)- these 6orro;i),s usuall/ ha"e a5a-emi5 or literar/

asso5iatio)s The ;or-s that are tae) *rom re)5h ha"e a lot to -o ;ith

5ooi),+ the Arts a)- a more so#histi5ate- li*est/le i) ,e)eral The

;or-s tae) *rom Ital/ are ;or-s 5o))e5te- ;ith musi5 a)- the #lasti5

arts Germa) eB#ressio)s i) E),lish ha"e 6ee) 5oi)e- 6/ tourists

6ri),i), 6a5 )e; ;or-s *or )e; thi),s the/ sa; or 6/ #hiloso#hers or

1


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Historia)s -es5ri6i), Germa) 5o)5e#ts or eB#erie)5es These

6orro;i),s usuall/ relate to thi),s ;hi5h E),lish s#eaers eB#erie)5e-

*or the *irst time a6roa-

658 CONCLUSION

I) this u)it ;e ha"e trie- to ,o throu,h ho; ;or-s are *orme-+ ori,i) o*

some ;or-s+ 5om6i)atio) o* ;or-s all i) a) attem#t to ,et /ou rea-/ *or

the serious 6usi)ess o* ;riti), ,oo- 5om#ositio)s It is assume- that

he)5e*orth+ /ou ;ill #a/ more atte)tio) to the ;or-s /ou use+ their

s#elli),s a)- use

ED ASSIGNMENT

4elo; are some 5ommo)l/ miss#elt ;or-s ;hi5h ha"e 6ee) -ete5te- i)

stu-e)ts ;riti),s o"er the /ears Corre5t the s#elli),s o* the *ollo;i),

;or-s i* )e5essar/

• Me-e5i)e

• Authe)ti5

• .e*ri,irator

• E)"irome)t

• Ar,ume)t

• O##ortu)it/

• Illiterate

• H/#otesis

• Pri"ile-,e

• ')*oresee)

• I)-ustraliKatio)

• Ar5hite5ture

The 6est ;a/ to ,o throu,h this eBer5ise is to tae u# /our 6iro a)- /our

#a#er a)- tr/ the s#elli), /oursel* ou )o; /ou are ;ori), o) the

)et a)- /ou 5oul- easil/ set /our 5om#uter to s#ell 5he5 *or /ou That

17


28/125


metho- ;ill )ot hel# /ou Tr/ to -o it *irst 6e*ore asi), the 5om#uter to

hel# /ou %ith that metho-+ /ou 5a) 6e sure that i* /ou 5ome a5ross the

;or-s a)/;here /ou ;ill 6e a6le to s#ell them 5orre5tl/ e"e) ;here

a55ess to the 5om#uter is -i**i5ult either 6e5ause o* #o;er *ailure or

)o)&a"aila6ilit/ o* a 5om#uter s/stem


Aremo+ 4 (2! A Ha$%book o* E$gli(h Gra!!ar. Lo)-o)9

Lo),ma) Grou# Limite-

1


29/125


UNIT 3 ASIC SIMPLE SENTENCE PATTERNS -

CONTENTS

1< I)tro-u5tio)

2< O6je5ti"es

3< Mai) Co)te)t

31 4asi5 Sim#le Se)te)5e Patter)s a)- 4asi5 Sim#le

Se)te)5es

32 No)&4asi5 Sim#le Se)te)5es

321 Mo"eme)t

322 I)sertio)

33 No)&Sim#le Se)te)5es

< Co)5lusio)

7< Summar/



-58 INTRODUCTION

A#art *rom )o;i), ho; ;or-s are *orme-+ ;riti), essa/s i) E),lish

also -ema)-s a-e0uate )o;le-,e o* se)te)5e 5o)stru5tio)s a)- #arts

o* a se)te)5e+ their *u)5tio)s+ sim#le a)- 5om#leB se)te)5es et5 I) this

5ourse ho;e"er+ ;e shall -eal mai)l/ ;ith 6asi5 sim#le se)te)5es

6e5ause ;e 6elie"e that i* /ou 5a) ;rite sim#le se)te)5es ;ell the)+ it;ill )ot 6e -i**i5ult *or /ou to ;rite 5om#leB se)te)5es ;he) the )ee-

arises A#art *rom this+ it is 6etter to ;rite a)- 6e u)-erstoo- tha) to ,etthi),s mu--le- u# all i) a) attem#t to im#ress the rea-er 6/ ;riti),

5om#leB se)te)5es There are some other ,rammar 5ourses ;here /ou

;ill 6e tau,ht 5om#leB se)te)5es at a -ee#er le"el It is im#orta)t *or

/ou to 6e 5o)"ersa)t ;ith the -i**ere)5es 6et;ee) sim#le a)- 5om#leB

se)te)5es a)- ho; the #arts *u)5tio) to,ether a)- -i**ere)tl/ 6e5ause

/ou ;ill 6e -oi), a lot o* ;riti), Qust ,o throu,h this u)it ;ith the

*ollo;i), o6je5ti"es i) mi)- so that /ou 5a) 6e *ull/ #re#are- *or the

u)i0ue eBer5ise o* ;riti),

258 O9ECTIVES


• i-e)ti*/ a)- -is5uss 6asi5 sim#le se)te)5e #atter)s i) E),lish

• use 6asi5 sim#le se)te)5es i) E),lish i) ;riti), some o* the sel*

assessme)t eBer5ises i) this u)it

1>


30/125


358 MAIN CONTENT

35- *ic Si"+! S!nt!nc! P*tt!rn *nd *ic Si"+!

S!nt!nc!

There are )i)e 6asi5 sim#le se)te)5e #atter)s i) E),lish a)- 6elo; are

these #atter)s

-5 Su#$!ct Pr!dic*tor

The girl ra#e%.

25 Su#$!ct Pr!dic*tor Dir!ct o#$!ct

The ge$tle!e$ ,atche% the !oie.

Please )ote that the #arts o* the se)te)5es are realise- 6/ or re#rese)te- 6/ #arti5ular i)-s o* ;or-s or ;or- ,rou#s ()ou)$)ou) #hrases+ "er6s$

"er6 #hrases et5!

The "arious #arts o* the se)te)5e are re*erre- to as eleme)ts o* stru5ture

The su6je5t$-ire5t o6je5t 5oul- 6e a )ou) or )ou) #hrase ;hile the

#re-i5ator 5oul- 6e "er6 $"er6 #hrase Patter) 1 has o)l/ t;o eleme)ts

o* stru5ture& su6je5t a)- #re-i5ate Patter) 2 has three eleme)ts o*

stru5ture 4elo; are the remai)i), 6asi5 sim#le se)te)5e #atter)s i)

E),lish

35 Su#$!ct Pr!dic*tor Indir!ct o#$!ct ?Oi@ Dir!ct o#$!ct ?Od@

+e gae Ti$" the ora$ge.

65 Su#$!ct r!dic*tor Su#$!ct co"+!"!nt ?C@ ?no"in*+@

1o" are a !a$.

Nomi)al i) *ro)t o* su6je5t 5om#leme)t *or #atter) is a) i)-i5atio)

that all the items that 5a) o55u#/ that 5olum) are either )ou)s or )ou)

#hrases A#art *rom this+ there is al;a/s a) i)timate relatio)shi#

6et;ee) the su6je5t a)- the su6je5t 5om#leme)t i) that the su6je5t5om#leme)ts 5omme)ts -ire5tl/ o) the su6je5t


Stu-/ #atter)s1& "er/ 5are*ull/ a)- 5o)stru5t 7 se)te)5es ea5h *or ea5h

#atter)


31/125


75 Su#$!ct Pr!dic*tor Dir!ct o#$!ct ?Od@ O#$!ct co"+!"!nt

Hi( cla((!ate( co$(i%er hi! a ge$i"(.

5 Su#$!ct Pr!dic*tor Dir!ct o#$!ct ?Od@ O#$!ct co"+!"!nt?Co@

?*d$!cti%*+@

So!e (ol%ier( *i$% ("ch ,eao$( "(e*"l.

B5 Su#$!ct Pr!dic*tor Dir!ct o#$!ct Ad%!r#i*+

ola "t the "te$(il( i$ the c"boar%.


Stu-/ #atter)s 7 & = "er/ 5are*ull/ a)- 5o)stru5t 7 se)te)5es ea5h *or

ea5h #atter)

The su6je5t a)- #re-i5ator et5+ ;hi5h mae u# ea5h #atter)+ are

o6li,ator/ #arts Ea5h o* them is re0uire- *or the #atter) to 6e 5om#lete

It mea)s the/ are 5om#ulsor/ a)- the/ must 6e i) the stru5ture *or it to

6e 5om#lete Ea5h o* these #atter)s ma/ 6e eB#a)-e- 6/ the a--itio) o*

a) a##ro#riate o#tio)al ()ot 5om#ulsor/! a-"er6ial (ie a) a-"er6ial

;hi5h is )ot o6li,ator/ lie the a-"er6ials i) #atter)s &=!

The *ollo;i), are eBam#les o* #atter)s ;ith o#tio)al a-"er6ials

-5 Su#$!ct Pr!dic*tor ?Ad%!r#i*+@

The girl ra#e% *ere$tl#

35 Su#$!ct Pr!dic*tor Indir!ct o#$!ct ?Oi@ Dir!ct o#$!ct ?Od@ ?Ad%!r#i*+@

+e gae Ti$" the ora$ge *or a "ro(e.

=5 Su#$!ct r!dic*tor Ad%!r#i*+ ?Ad%!r#i*+@

Moi i( i$ the kitche$ $o,.

5 Su#$!ct Pr!dic*tor Dir!ct o#$!ct ?Od@ O#$!ct

co"+!"!nt?Ad%!r#i*+@

?Co@ ?*d$!cti%*+@So!e (ol%ier( *i$% ("ch ,eao$( "(e*"l here.

Please )ote that the o#tio)al a-"er6ials are #ut i) 6ra5ets to sho; that

the/ are o#tio)al a)- that their statuses are )ot the same as the o)es

;ithout 6ra5ets The o#tio)al a-"er6ials are o#tio)al 6e5ause a #atter)

is 5om#lete ;ithout it There ma/ 6e more tha) o)e o#tio)al a-"er6ial

i) a 6asi5 sim#le se)te)5e #atter) as i) the eBam#les 6elo; A) o#tio)al

a-"er6ial is )ot restri5te- to just o)e #ositio) 6ut ma/ o55ur i) "arious

#ositio)s i) the #atter)s as i) the *ollo;i),9

Su#$!ct ?Ad%!r#i*+@ Pr!dic*tor ?Ad%!r#i*+@

1=


32/125


He "("all# (lee( o$ the table.

%hat is im#orta)t i) this stru5ture is that He slee#s The a-"er6ials

usuall/ a)- o) the ta6le are there*ore o#tio)al i) the se)se that ;e

5a) -o ;ithout them i* ;e ;a)t The/ ha"e o)l/ su55ee-e- i) ,i"i),

a--itio)al i)*ormatio) 4elo; is a)other eBam#le

Su#$!ct ?Ad%!r#i*+@ Pr!dic*tor ?Ad%!r#i*+@

Sol%ier( (o!eti!e( *ight ,ith ("ch ,eao$(.

I) this se)te)5e as ;ell+ ;hat is im#orta)t is the *a5t that sol-iers *i,ht

The a-"er6ials sometimes a)- ;ith su5h ;ea#o)s are o#tio)al

a-"er6ials that ;e 5a) -o ;ithout Ha"e a loo at a)other eBam#le9

?Ad%!r#i*+@ Su#$!ct Pr!dic*tor ?Ad%!r#i*+@ ?Ad%!r#i*+@

1e(ter%a# (he ca!e to the hall alo$e.

Qust lie the last t;o se)te)5es+ the i-ea 5o)"e/e- i) the se)te)5e is the

*a5t that she 5ame+ ;hoe"er she ;as The a-"er6ials&/ester-a/+ to

the hall a)- alo)e are o#tio)al a-"er6ials ;hi5h 5a) 6e -o)e a;a/ ;ith

at ;ill


%hat are the #atter) )um6ers o* the last three se)te)5es ;ith o#tio)al

a-"er6ials

352 Non 0#*ic i"+! !nt!nc!

The )o)&6asi5 sim#le se)te)5es 5a) 6e *orme- 6/ alteri), the 6asi5 o)es

i) "arious ;a/s The *ormatio) o* the )o)&6asi5 sim#le se)te)5es *rom

the 6asi5 o)es usuall/ i)"ol"es the *ollo;i), t;o o#eratio)s&i)sertio)

a)- mo"eme)t

3525- Mo%!"!nt

4/ mo"i), the #re-i5ator 6e*ore the su6je5t (a)- usi), a risi),i)to)atio)! ;e 5ha),e the 6asi5 sim#le se)te)5es to )o)&6asi5 as i) the

eBam#le 6elo;9

Su#$!ct r!dic*tor Ad%!r#i*+

T"$%e ,a( i$ the roo!.

The se)te)5e a6o"e 5a) 6e 5ha),e- to &

Pr!dic*tor Su#$!ct Ad%!r#i*++a( T"$%e i$ the roo!4

2


33/125


I) the se)te)5e a6o"e+ the #re-i5ator has 6ee) mo"e- a)- it has 6ee)

ma-e to 5ome 6e*ore the su6je5t He)5e ;e ha"e a 0uestio) arisi), out

o* the mo"eme)t i)stea- o* a se)te)5e All 6asi5 sim#le se)te)5es are

stateme)ts O)5e /ou re"erse the stru5ture a)- /ou ha"e a 0uestio)+ it is)o lo),er 6asi5+ it is )o)&6asi5

35252 In!rtion

ou 5a) ,et a )o)&6asi5 sim#le se)te)5e 6/ i)serti), the item )ot ;ithi)

the #re-i5ator as i) the eBam#le 6elo;


T"$%e ,a( i$ the roo!. (#ositi"e!


T"$%e ,a( $ot i$ the roo!. ()e,ati"e!

353 Non0i"+! !nt!nc!

Please )ote that )o)&6asi5 is -i**ere)t *rom )o)&sim#le The )o)&sim#le

se)te)5es o* E),lish i)"ol"e 5om6i)i), t;o or more sim#le se)te)5es

a)- these are o* three mai) i)-s9

•

5om#ou)- se)te)5es• 5om#leB se)te)5es

• 5om#ou)- 5om#leB se)te)5es

These ha"e to -o ;ith the ;a/s the sour5e se)te)5es are 5om6i)e- i)

the #ro5ess o* *ormi), them

A co"ound !nt!nc! is usuall/ *orme- 6/ 5om6i)i), the sour5e

se)te)5es usi), a 5o)ju)5tio) or li)er su5h as a)-

Sourc! i"+! !nt!nc!a. The bo#( la#e% the i$(tr"!e$t(.

b. The girl( (a$g.

R!u+tin( co"ound !nt!nc!

The bo#( la#e% the i$(tr"!e$t( a$% the girl( (a$g.

A co"+!. !nt!nc! is 5ommo)l/ *orme- 6/ 5om6i)i), the sour5e

se)te)5es usi), a 5o)ju)5tio) su5h as ;he) as i) the *ollo;i),9

Sourc! i"+! !nt!nc!

a. I ,e$t there at (o!e ti!e.

21


34/125


b. I !et hi! the$.

R!u+tin( co"+!. !nt!nc!

I !et hi! ,he$ I ,e$t there.

A co"ound0co"+!. !nt!nc! is *orme- #artl/ lie a 5om#ou)-

se)te)5e a)- #artl/ lie a 5om#leB se)te)5e or eBam#le+ i* a*ter

*ormi), the 5om#leB se)te)5e9

I !et hi! ,he$ I ,e$t there.

%e use the 5o)ju)5tio) a)- (as i) a 5om#ou)- se)te)5e! to 5om6i)e it

;ith the sim#le se)te)5e

He a(ke% !e the 5"e(tio$.

The result ;ill 6e the 5om#ou)- & 5om#leB se)te)5e &

I !et hi! ,he$ I ,e$t there a$% he a(ke% !e the 5"e(tio$.

658 CONCLUSION

I) this u)it ;e ha"e 6ee) a6le to ,o throu,h )i)e 6asi5 sim#le se)te)5es

i) E),lish %e ha"e also ,i"e) eBam#les o* ea5h Ea5h o* the #atter)s

5a) 6e eB#a)-e- 6/ i)serti), o#tio)al a-"er6ials

#atter) > is su6je5t$#re-i5ator$-ire5t o6je5t$ o6je5t 5om#leme)t

()om!

= #atter) ? is su6je5t$#re-i5ator$-ire5t o6je5t$ o6je5t 5om#leme)t

(a-j!

1


35/125


13 A co"ound !nt!nc! is usuall/ *orme- 6/ 5om6i)i), the

sour5e se)te)5es usi), a 5o)ju)5tio) or li)er su5h as a)-

=58 TUTOR0MAR>ED ASSIGNMENT

1 Co)stru5t t;o eBam#les ea5h o* a 5om#ou)- se)te)5e+ 5om#leB

se)te)5e a)- a 5om#ou)- 5om#leB& se)te)5e

2 Me)tio) a)- ,i"e eBam#les o* t;o ;a/s 6/ ;hi5h 6asi5 sim#le

se)te)5es 5a) 6e tur)e- to )o)&6asi5 sim#le se)te)5es


A-e-eji+ EO (2


36/125


UNIT 6 ASIC SIMPLE SENTENCE PATTERNS --

CONTENTS

1< I)tro-u5tio)

2< O6je5ti"es

3< Mai) Co)te)t

31 Patter) 1 EB#a)-e-

311 Nou)s

312 Nou) #hrases

313 Pro)ou)s



3 Patter) EB#a)-e-


371 A-je5ti"es a)- A-je5ti"e Phrases

3 Patter) EB#a)-e-< Co)5lusio)

7< Summar/


>< .e*ere)5es$urther .i-i),

-58 INTRODUCTION

I) this u)it+ the 6asi5 sim#le se)te)5es ;ill 6e eB#a)-e- usi), some

;or-s a)- some #arts o* se)te)5es The "arious items or se5tio)s i) a

se)te)5e are re*erre- to as eleme)ts o* stru5ture I ;ill )ot s#e)- mu5h

time o) this 6e5ause /ou must ha"e 6ee) tau,ht some o* these i) some

other E),lish 5ourses Ne"ertheless+ I ;ill still tae some time to ,i"e

some eB#la)atio) o) the "arious items that mae u# the #atter)s As a

u)i"ersit/ stu-e)t+ /ou )ee- to )o; all these thi),s so that /ou 5a) 6e

;ell e0ui##e-

258 O9ECTIVES


• i-e)ti*/ the )i)e 6asi5 sim#le se)te)5e #atter)s i) E),lish

• use the )i)e 6asi5 sim#le se)te)5e #atter)s i) E),lish

• ;rite se)te)5es usi), the )i)e 6asi5 sim#le se)te)5es i) E),lish

2


37/125


358 MAIN CONTENT

35- P*tt!rn - E.*nd!d

Patter) 1 has just t;o o6li,ator/ #arts a)- these are the su6je5t a)- the

#re-i5ator 4elo; are eBam#les

Su#$ Pr!d5

ir%( *l#.

The roo! (ti$k(.

Petrol b"r$(.

6oh$ *ell.

He %ie%.

The su6je5t is )ormall/ realise- i) a5tual sim#le se)te)5es 6/ )ou)s+

)ou) #hrases or #ro)ou)s The #re-i5ator is realise- 6/ "er6s or "er6

#hrases The eBam#les liste- a6o"e ha"e "er6s 4elo; are eBam#les

;ith "er6 #hrases

Su#$ Pr!d5

ir%( ca$ *l#.

He ha( %ie%.

Aremo (1==7! )otes that the 5ommo)est t/#e o* #atter) 1 is o)e i)

;hi5h the #re-i5ator (realise- 6/ a "er6 or "er6 #hrase! eB#resses a)

a5tio) ;hile the su6je5t is realise- 6/ a )ou)+ )ou) #hrase or #ro)ou)

;hi5h -e)otes the #erso)s or thi),s that #er*orm the a5tio) %ith 5ertai)

"er6s+ the #atter) 1 se)te)5e -oes )ot sa/ that the su6je5t #er*orms a)/

a5tio) Aremo (1==7! )otes the *ollo;i),

1 4ir-s *l/ & the su6je5t #er*orms a a5tio)

2 The room sti)s (sa/s the su6je5t is i) a 5ertai) state or

5o)-itio)!3 Petrol 6ur)s (sa/s the su6je5t #etrol has a 5ertai) #ro#ert/&

(6ur)s!

Qoh) *ell (tells us that a) e"e)t a**e5te- the su6je5t!

7 He -ie- (tells us that a) e"e)t a**e5te- the su6je5t!

%e me)tio)e- the *a5t that the su6je5t is usuall/ realise- 6/ )ou)s+

)ou) #hrases a)- #ro)ou)s As a result o* this+ ;e shall -is5uss )ou)s

6rie*l/ to remi)- oursel"es o* ;hat the/ are a)- ho; the/ are use-

35-5- Noun

27


38/125


Nou)s are ;or-s su5h as 6ir-+ room+ #etrol+ thi),s )ames o* #eo#le a)-

#la5es et5 The/ are mem6ers o* a) o#e) 5lass (ie i)-e*i)ite! Ne;

)ou)s are a--e- to the 5lass ;he)e"er the/ are re0uire- All )ames are

)ou)s There are 5ommo) )ou)s a)- #ro#er )ou)s Commo) )ou)s are

)ou)s that 5a) 6e use- to re*er to a)/ eBam#le o* a 5lass o* #erso)s(6o/$,irl!+ #la5es e, (to;)+ sta-ium! et5 Pro#er )ou)s are use- to re*er

to #arti5ular #erso)s a)- #la5es e, Qoh)+ 4ola+ Li6ert/ sta-ium+ La,os

et5

There are t;o i)-s o* 5ommo) )ou)s&5ou)t )ou)s a)- mass )ou)s

Cou)t )ou)s re*er to e)tities that are re,ar-e- as 5ou)ta6le e, 6ir-+ 6o/

et5 Plural *orms & (6o/s+ ,irls+ ,oats et5! I) the #lural+ most 5ou)t

)ou)s o55ur ;ith a) s su**iB a--e- to the 6ase *orm (;hi5h is the same

as the si),ular *orm! Some others a##ear ;ith e, es as i) 6oBes .

Some a##ear ;ith 7 ie( as i) la%ie( ;hile some ha"e )o #lural

mor#heme e, shee#

Mass )ou)s are 5ommo) )ou)s re*erri), to e)tities that are re,ar-e- as

u)5ou)ta6le e, ;ater a)- #etrol %e 5a) )ot 5ou)t ;ater or #etrol 6ut

;e ma/ sa/ little ;ater+ little #etrol+ mu5h ;ater+ a lar,e 0ua)tit/ o*

#etrol

%ith a #ro#er )ou)+ there is )ormall/ )o )ee- to -isti),uish 6et;ee) a

si),ular *orm a)- a #lural *orm 6e5ause it -oes )ot re*er to 5ou)ta6le

thi),s It is use- to re*er to #arti5ular #erso)s or #la5es et5 The )ou)su65lasses are as *ollo;s9

Cou)t9 6o/+ 6ir-s+ 6oos

Commo)

Mass9 #etrol+ 5hal et5

Nou)s

Pro#er La,os+ Aja/i

35-52 Noun P)r*!

A )ou) #hrase is a se0ue)5e o* ;or-s 5o)sisti), o* a )ou) a)- its

mo-i*ier su5h as The ma) ;hi5h is )o lo),er a )ou) 6ut a )ou)

#hrase I) the )ou) #hrase+ the mo-i*ie- )ou) is re,ar-e- as the hea- or

5e)tral ;or- A )ou) #hrase ma/ 5o)sist o* more tha) o)e mo-i*ier

Please 5he5 /our ENG1


39/125


2 -etermi)ers are mem6ers o* a 5lose- 5lass (ie o)e ;hose

mem6ershi# is limite- or *iBe-!

3 #ro#er )ou)s -o )ot )ormall/ tae a)/ -etermi)er e,

• The 6oh$ *ell

This is a) u)a55e#ta6le se)te)5e i) E),lish a)- that is ;h/ /ou ha"e it

#re5e-e- 6/ a star O)5e /ou see that star 6e*ore a)/ se)te)5e+ it mea)s

it is a) u)a55e#ta6le se)te)5e i) E),lish It is sa- to )ote that ;e still

*i)- stu-e)ts ;ho #ut -etermi)ers 6e*ore #ro#er )ou)s It shoul- )ot 6e

so ou shoul- #a/ atte)tio) to all these rules o* E),lish usa,e so that

/ou ;ill mae *e;er mistaes

A)other 5ommo) -etermi)er ;hi5h stu-e)ts 5o)*use at times is a ()!

The -etermi)er is a 6e*ore ;or-s 6e,i))i), ;ith a 5o)so)a)t sou)- e,

a i),+ a to;) a -ress et5+ 6ut it is a) 6e*ore ;or-s 6e,i))i), ;itha "o;el sou)- (a) oB+ a) e,,+ a) a)s;er et5!

')lie the ;hi5h 5a) 6e use- ;ith si),ular 5ou)t )ou)s+ #lural

5ou)t )ou)s a)- mass )ou)s+ a()! 5a) o)l/ 6e use- ;ith si),ular

5ou)t )ou)s ie9

the room&&&&&

the 6ir-s&&&&&

the #etrol&&&&&


1 %rite out te) ;or-s that 5a) tae a as a -etermi)er

2 %rite out te) ;or-s 5a) tae a) as a -etermi)er

35-53 Pronoun

Pro)ou)s are mem6ers o* a 5lose- 5lass+ lie -etermi)ers The/ are thus

limite- i) )um6er+ a)- )e; mem6ers o* the 5lass are )ot )ormall/

*orme- Commo)l/ use- #ro)ou)s are (I+ ;e+ /ou+ she+ it+ the/+ a)- he(#erso)al!! Ea5h o* these 5a) 6e use- as su6je5t i) the se)te)5e lie a

)ou) #hrase The #erso)al #ro)ou)s are so 5alle- 6e5ause the/ are use-

6/ the s#eaer (or ;riter! to re*er to o)e or other o* the three i)-s o*

e)tities+ #erso)s or thi),s te5h)i5all/ )o;) as #erso)s These three

e)tities are the *irst #erso) the s#eaer himsel* or hersel*+ or the

s#eaer a)- o)e or more others (I a)- %e!+ the se5o)- #erso) (the

#erso) (s! the s#eaer is a--ressi), (ou! a)- the thir- #erso) (o)e or

more other #erso) (s! or thi),s that are me)tio)e- 6/ the s#eaer(He+

She+ It a)- The/!

2>


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352 P*tt!rn 2 E.*nd!d

This #atter) has three #arts 4elo; are eBam#les

Su#$ Pr!d Dir!c O#$!ct ?Od@

ir%( la# Egg(.

+ater ca"(e% the roble!.

The ,o!a$ cooke% 8ice.

Ti$" tha$ke% 6oh$.She rai(e% hi!.

The items use- as #re-i5ators here are all "er6s9 la/+ 5ause-+ 5ooe-+tha)e-+ #raise- The item use- as su6je5t i) ea5h o* the eBam#le

se)te)5es is a )ou) i) eBam#les 1+ 2+ + )ou) #hrase i) eBam#le 3 a)-

#ro)ou) i) eBam#le 7 O#tio)al a-"er6ials 5a) 6e use- to eB#a)- the

se)te)5es 4elo; are eBam#les

1 (O* 5ourse!+ 6ir-s la/ e,,s

2 (A5tuall/!+ ;ater 5ause- the #ro6lem

3 The ;oma) (0ui5l/! 5ooe- ri5e

Ti)u (the)! tha)e- Qoh)

7 She #raise- him *or the e**ort

ou ;ill )oti5e that a-"er6ials ha"e 6ee) a--e- to the se)te)5es a6o"e

to eB#a)- them This sho;s that a-"er6ials are "er/ im#orta)t a)- that

the/ are o* -i**ere)t "arieties ou shoul- 6e a6le to 5o)stru5t se)te)5es

a)- ,oo- ;rite& u#s usi), these -i**ere)t se)te)5e #atter)s so that /our

;or 5a) 6e a) i)teresti), o)e

or more -etails o* these eB#a)-e- se)te)5e #atter)s+ see Aremo (1==>!


Go throu,h the "er6s liste- here a)- 5o)stru5t #atter) 2 se)te)5es ;ith

them+ o)e *or ea5h "er6 Tr/ to eB#a)- these se)te)5es usi), o#tio)al

a-"er6ials o* #our o;) ;or+ #la/+ -i,+ #ull+ -estro/


This #atter) has *our #arts The *irst t;o are a,ai)+ the su6je5t a)- the

#re-i5ator The remai)i), t;o #arts are 6oth o6je5ts& a i)-ire5t o6je5t

a)- the) a) -ire5t o6je5t

2?


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Su#$5 Pr!d Indir!ct O#$!ct Dir!ct O#$!ct

Teacher( b"# the "il re(e$t(.

Ti$" bro"ght 6oh$ ,ater.

The# (ho,e% i(itor( the cae.

Go% (e$t the! Ma$$a.

The !oe gae !"(ic a boo(t.

The #re-i5ators i) the a5tual se)te)5es are all "er6s9 6u/+ 6rou,ht+

sho;e-+ se)t+ ,a"e The su6je5t or -ire5t o6je5t is i) ea5h 5ase a )ou)+ a

)ou) #hrase or a #ro)ou) The i)-ire5t o6je5t is also realise- 6/ a )ou)

i) 2+ 3 a)- 7+ a )ou) #hrase i) eBam#le 1 or a #ro)ou) i) eBam#le

Patter) three se)te)5es 5a) also 6e eB#a)-e- ;ith o#tio)al a-"er6ials4elo; are eBam#les

Teacher( 9o*te$: b"# the "il re(e$t(.

Ti$" bro"ght ;"$le ,ater 9i$ the !or$i$g:.

The# 9"("all#: (ho,e% i(itor( their ,e%%i$g alb"!.

9The$: Go% (e$t the! Ma$$a.

The !oe 9reall#: gae !"(ic a boo(t.

ou 5a) e)ri5h /our ;riti), 6/ "ar/i), /our se)te)5e #atter)s


Patter) has three #artsF su6je5t+ #re-i5ator a)- su6je5t 5om#leme)t

()omi)al!

Su#$ Pr!d Su#$ Co"+!"!nt ?no"in*+@ C ?no"@

ir%( are a$i!al(.

The ,i$$er ,a( I.

+ater (ee!( a roble!.

The $a!e beca!e 6oh$. It i( brea%.

The su6je5t i) ea5h 5ase is a )ou)+ a )ou) #hrase or a #ro)ou) The

items realisi), the #re-i5ator are all "er6s The su6je5t 5om#leme)t

()omi)al! is realise- i) the eBam#les 6/ a )ou) i) eBam#les (1++7 ! a

)ou) #hrase i) eBam#le 3 or a #ro)ou) i) eBam#le 2

EBam#les o* #atter) *our se)te)5es eB#a)-e- ;ith o#tio)al a-"er6ials

are liste- 6elo; %hat has 6ee) i)5lu-e- are the o#tio)al a-"er6ials

• 9I$ a (e$(e:& bir%( are a$i!al(.

2=


42/125


• The ,i$$er ,a( 9al,a#(: I.

• +ater (ee!( a roble! 9i$ to,$:.

• The $a!e 9later: beca!e 6oh$.

• 9O* co"r(e:& it i( brea%.

Please )ote that most o* the eBam#les here are *rom Aremo 1==> a)- *or

-etails o* the eB#a)-e- *orms+ see Aremo 1==>

35< P*tt!rn < E.*nd!d

This #atter) also has three #arts The #arts are su6je5t+ #re-i5ator a)-

su6je5t 5om#leme)t (a-je5ti"al!

Su#$ Pr!d Su#$ Co" ?*d$!cti%*+@ C?*d$@

ir%( are bea"ti*"l.The bo# look( ki$%.

+ater aear( (carce.

The $a!e beca!e er# o"lar.

The ot re!ai$e% hot.

This #atter) is "er/ im#orta)t 6e5ause a-je5ti"es a)- a-je5ti"e #hrases

*u)5tio) as su6je5t 5om#leme)t A-je5ti"es a)- a-je5ti"e #hrases

5ommo)l/ s#e5i*/ the 0ualities or 5hara5teristi5s o* #erso)s or thi),s

4elo; are some #atter) *i"e se)te)5es ;ith o#tio)al a-"er6ials

• ir%( are 9$at"rall#: bea"ti*"l.

• 9Ho,eer:& the bo# look( ki$%.

• +ater aear( (carce 9eer#,here:

• The $a!e 9(oo$: beca!e er# o"lar thro"gho"t Lago(.

• The ot re!ai$e% hot 9*or ho"r(:.

35


43/125


hei,hte) the mea)i), o* the hea- ;or- There are ho;e"er some

i)te)si*iers ;hi5h ha"e more or less the o##osite e**e5t&lo;eri), or

;eae)i), the mea)i), o* the hea-;or- I)te)si*iers o* this later i)-

i)5lu-e& some;hat+ rather a)- #rett/9

It is rather

Some;hat small

She is #rett/ ,oo- ()ot as ,oo- as /ou thi)!

I) -es5ri#ti"e essa/s+ /ou )ee- the master/ o* a lot o* a-je5ti"es *or

/our ;or to 6e i)teresti), or more o) a-je5ti"es+ see uir et al 1=?7

a)- Aremo 1==>

35= P*tt!rn = E.*nd!d

This #atter) has three #arts& su6je5t+ #re-i5ator a)- a-"er6ial %e ha"e

me)tio)e- some o* the uses o* a-"er6ials i) this u)it i) that the/ are

;hat ;e use to eB#a)- the sim#le 6asi5 se)te)5es EBam#les are

Su#$!ct Pr!dic*tor Ad%!r#i*+

The bir%( are i$ the cage.

The bo# ,a( here.

The brea% i( o$ the table.The# aeare% i$ a h"rr#.

6oh$ (ee!( i$ the !oo%.

The a-"er6ial i) the thir- #art i) the #atter) is o6li,ator/ lie ea5h o* the

other t;o #arts This #atter) 5a) still 6e eB#a)-e- ;ith o#tio)al

a-"er6ials5 4elo; are eBam#les

• The bir%( are 9al,a#(: i$ the cage.

• The bo# ,a( here 9la(t ,eek:.

• The brea% i( 9alrea%#: o$ the table.• The# aeare% i$ a h"rr# 9the$:.

• 98ight $o,:& 6oh$ (ee!( i$ the !oo%

The items realisi), a-"er6ial #arts i) this #atter) 5a) 6e a-"er6s a)-

a-"er6 #hrases These are use- to su##l/ "arious i)-s o* i)*ormatio) i)

res#e5t o* time+ #la5e+ ma))er et5

ou ;ill )oti5e that some o* the a-"er6ial #hrases are #re#ositio)

hea-e-& that is+ the/ ha"e #re#ositio) starti), them e, i$ the roo!& at

the %oor& o$ the table& i$ a h"rr#& be(i%e the be%. The/ are o* t;o mai)i)-s& sim#le #re#ositio)s (5o)sisti), o* o)e ;or-! a)- 5om#ou)-

31


44/125


#re#ositio)s 5o)sisti), o* more tha) o)e ;or- The *ollo;i), are

eBam#les o* sim#le #re#ositio)s& aboe& acro((& a*ter& agai$(t& a!o$g&

aro"$%& at be*ore behi$%& belo,& be$eath& be#o$%& b# %o,$& %"ri$g&

*ro! i$(i%e o*& o**& o"t(i%e& oer& a(t& (i$ce& tha$& thro"gh& thro"gho"t&

to to,ar% 9A!erica$: to,ar%( 9riti(h: "$%er& "& "$til& ,ith& ,itho"t

Some 5om#ou)- #re#ositio)s are9

alo$g ,ith& aart *ro!& o"t o*& together ,ith& %"e to& beca"(e o*& i$(tea%

o*.

ou )ee- to master the use o* these *or 5ohesio) i) /our ;or

Patter)s se"e)+ ei,ht a)- )i)e 5a) also a55ommo-ate o#tio)al

a-"er6ials E"e) thou,h #atter) )i)e has o6li,ator/ a-"er6ials+ it 5a)

still a55ommo-ate o#tio)al a-"er6ials or -etails+ see Aremo 1==>

658 CONCLUSION

I) this u)it+ ;e ha"e 6ee) a6le to tae /ou *ull/ throu,h siB o* the

sim#le se)te)5es a)- their eB#a)-e- *orms It is im#orta)t *or /ou to 6e

a6le to 5o)stru5t ,oo- se)te)5es as this is the la--er u#o) ;hi5h

5o)ti)uous ;riti), rests To eB#a)- all the 6asi5 sim#le se)te)5e

#atter)s+ o#tio)al a-"er6ials shoul- 6e a--e-


45/125



A-e-eji+ EO (2


46/125


47/125


358 MAIN CONTENT

35- Concord R!+*tion)i

Aremo (1==7! )otes that the rule o* 5o)5or- 6et;ee) the su6je5t itema)- the #re-i5ator item ,oes thus9

A si),ular su6je5t is use- ;ith a si),ular #re-i5ator

A #lural su6je5t is use- ;ith a #lural #re-i5ator

EBam#le9

1 a )ou) #hrase ;ith a si),ular 5ou)t )ou) as hea-;or- e,

The !a$ (i$g( ,ell.

The ,o!a$ %a$ce( ,ell.

2 a mass )ou) or a )ou) #hrase ;ith a mass )ou) as hea-;or- e,

Petrol b"r$( ea(il#.

The ,ater look( %irt#.

3 a #ro#er )ou) e,

ola hel( "( (o!eti!e(

6oh$ i(it( "( o*te$.

a)/ o)e o* the thir- #erso) si),ular #ro)ou)s he& (he a$% it(5ommo)l/ su6stitute- *or o)e or other o* the items me)tio)e-

i) 1& a6o"e

She %a$ce( ,ell.

It 6ur)s easil/ It 5ries o*te)

Loos -irt/ si),s 6eauti*ull/

She i(it( "( o*te$)She hel( "( o*te$

I) matters o* su6je5t$#re-i5ator 5o)5or-+ mass )ou)s a)- #ro#er )ou)s

are treate- as si),ular )ou)s

A #lural su6je5t mea)s o)e realise- 6/9

1 a #lural 5ou)t )ou) or a )ou) #hrase ;ith a #lural 5ou)t )ou) as

hea-;or-

4o/s lie ri5e

The 6o/s

37


48/125


49/125


50/125


51/125


The ;ome) are )ursi), mothers

The/

The ;ome) ;ere )ursi), mothers

The/

It is im#orta)t to )ote that I (si),ular #ro)ou)! is use- as su6je5t ;ith

am (#rese)t! a)- ;as (#ast! ie

• I a! $o, a b"(i$e(( !a$.

• I ,a( o$ce a b"(i$e(( !a$

ou shoul- also )ote that su6je5ts realise- 6/ /ou (si),ular or #lural!

are use- %ith are (#rese)t! a)- ,ere (#ast!

• Si),ular & ou are )o; a tea5her

• Plural & ou ;ere o)5e tea5hers

658 CONCLUSION

The rule o* 5o)5or- is a "er/ im#orta)t o)e i) E),lish %ithout a ,oo-

master/ o* it+ ;e ;ill all 6e ;riti), a)- mai), all i)-s o* mistaes I)this u)it+ ;e ha"e 6ee) a6le to ,o throu,h some esse)tial thi),s to )ote

o) 5o)5or- Some o* the se5tio)s ma/ loo lie re#etitio)+ ,o throu,h

them all a)- /ou ;ill see the esse)5e o* ;hate"er /ou thi) is re#eate-


52/125


53/125


')it 1 Para,ra#h a)- Para,ra#h De"elo#me)t

')it 2 The Grammar o* Para,ra#hs I

')it 3 The Grammar o* Para,ra#hs II

')it 4e/o)- the Se)te)5e I

UNIT - PARAGRAPHS AND PARAGRAPH

DEVELOPMENT

CONTENTS

1< I)tro-u5tio)

2< O6je5ti"es

3< Mai) Co)te)t

31 Themati5 As#e5t o* a Para,ra#h

311 ')it/

312 Cohere)5e

313 Em#hasis

32 Stru5tural As#e5ts o* a Para,ra#h

321 The To#i5 Se)te)5e

322 Para,ra#h De"elo#me)t

< Co)5lusio)

7< Summar/


>< .e*ere)5es$urther rea-i),

-58 INTRODUCTION

Se)te)5es mae u# a #ara,ra#h a)- #ara,ra#hs mae u# a) essa/ or a

5om#ositio) Para,ra#hs are use- to eB#ress thou,hts a)- there are t;o

as#e5ts o* a ,oo- #ara,ra#h& the themati5 a)- the stru5tural as#e5ts

258 O9ECTIVES


• i-e)ti*/ the esse)tial *eatures o* a ,oo- #ara,ra#h

• ;rite 5ohere)t #ara,ra#hs o) a)/ 5hose) essa/ to#i5 or

5om#ositio)

358 MAIN CONTENT

1


54/125


35- T)!"*tic A!ct o/ * P*r*(r*)

Three thi),s are im#orta)t ;hile -is5ussi), the theme o* a #ara,ra#h

a)- these are u)it/+ 5ohere)5e a)- em#hasis

35-5- Unit,

O)e o* the esse)tial *eatures o* a #ara,ra#h is u)it/ To a5hie"e this+ a

#ara,ra#h must -eal ;ith o)e 5e)tral theme This theme is ;hat ;ill 6e

*ull/ -e"elo#e- throu,h the other se)te)5es i) the #ara,ra#h All the

se)te)5es i) a #ara,ra#h must 6e relate- to the theme that the #ara,ra#h

is em#hasisi), O55asio)all/+ ;riters ,et 5arrie- a;a/ ;ith a) as#e5t o*

the 5e)tral theme o* a #ara,ra#h to the eBte)t that the/ -i,ress This

-i,ressio) ma/ e"e)tuall/ mae their ;rite&u# or #ara,ra#h

u)5oor-i)ate- or -isjoi)te- ou must ,ui-e a,ai)st this 4elo; is a)eBam#le o* a #ara,ra#h that la5s u)it/

The ma)a,eme)t 5ommittee at its meeti), o) De5em6er

?th a,ree- that the #erso))el ma)a,er shoul- 6e i)stru5te-

to em#lo/ more sta** The 5ommittee also re5omme)-e-

that the 5a)tee) 6e 5lose- -o;) 6e5ause o* #oor

ma)a,eme)t The ma)a,i), -ire5tor 5om#lai)e- a6out

the leai), ta# i) his #erso)al o**i5e The ma)a,eme)t

5ommittee 6ooe- a) a##oi)tme)t *or a "isit ;ith the

Ma)a,i), Dire5tor

This #ara,ra#h "iolates #ara,ra#h u)it/ i) that all the se)te)5es loo

lie to#i5 se)te)5es ;hi5h 5oul- 6e *ull/ -e"elo#e- i) se#arate

#ara,ra#hs ea5h Se)te)5e1 tals a6out the a5tio)s o* the 5ommittee

Se)te)5e 2 tals a6out a)other a5tio) o* the 5ommittee ;hi5h loos

u)relate- to the *irst Se)te)5e 3 is )ot a6out the a5tio)s o* the

5ommittee at all I)stea-+ it is a6out the 5om#lai)ts o* the ma)a,i),

-ire5tor 5o)5er)i), the leai), ta# i) his #erso)al o**i5e The #ara,ra#h

looses its u)it/ *urther here The last se)te)5e also me)tio)e- o)e o* the

a5tio)s o* the 5ommittee Go throu,h the #ara,ra#h 6elo; ;hi5h is a)eBam#le o* a #ara,ra#h that has u)it/

The ma)a,eme)t 5ommittee o) De5em6er ?th a,ree- that

the #erso))el ma)a,er shoul- 6e i)stru5te- to em#lo/

more sta** The ma)a,eme)t 5ommittee ha- 6ee) meeti),

*or hours 6e*ore the/ too some "ital -e5isio)s 5o)5er)i),

the 5om#a)/ The 5ommittee )ote- that the 5om#a)/ ha-

6ee) short&sta**e- a)- that #ro-u5tio) ha- -ro##e-

-rasti5all/ The *e; mem6ers o* sta** ha- ;ritte) a letter

o* #rotest o) eB5ess ;or loa- ;ithout #a/ to thema)a,eme)t 5ommittee re5e)tl/

2


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All the se)te)5es i) this #ara,ra#h ha"e somethi), to -o ;ith the 5e)tral

theme o) the -e5isio) o* the ma)a,eme)t 5ommittee A5tuall/+ the *irst

se)te)5e is the to#i5 se)te)5e a)- the other three se)te)5es ;he)

summarise- eB#ress the )ee- *or more sta** as a result o* re5e)tha##e)i),s i) the 5om#a)/ Se)te)5e 2+ eB#lai)s the *a5t that the

5ommittee ha- to meet *or hours 6e*ore the -e5isio) to em#lo/ more

sta** ;as tae)


Go throu,h the #ara,ra#h 6elo; a)- sa/ ;hether it has u)it/ or )ot

Qusti*/ /our a)s;er

Si)5e 5om#ositio)s 6asi5all/ ser"e the #ur#ose o*

5ommu)i5ati), i-eas+ it is #arti5ularl/ im#orta)t that

the/ are ;ritte) i) sim#le a)- strai,ht *or;ar- la),ua,e

The "o5a6ular/ (ie the ;or-s use-! shoul- )ot 6e

u))e5essaril/ -i**i5ult Commo)+ e"er/-a/ ;or-s&&&i*

the/ are e0uall/ e**e5ti"e&&&shoul- 6e #re*erre- to the

rarel/ use- o)es %e shoul- )ot aim at se)-i), the

au-ie)5e to the -i5tio)ar/ ;ith e"er/ ;or- A)- the

se)te)5es use- shoul- ,e)erall/ 6e as short as #ossi6le9

)o)e o* them shoul- 6e so lo), a)- i)"ol"e- that it

6e5omes a major tas ,etti), at the mea)i), it sees toeB#ress %e im#ress )o o)e+ 6ut #erha#s oursel"es+ ;he)

our 5om#ositio) *ails as a #ie5e o* 5ommu)i5atio)Aremo (2


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Em#hasis is a)other 0ualit/ that a #ara,ra#h 5a) ha"e ;hi5h 5a) ,i"e it

#ara,ra#h u)it/ This 5a) 6e a5hie"e- throu,h the use o* 5o)trasti),

se)te)5es+ a)- re#etitio) o* i-eas Loo at the #assa,e 6elo; a)-

-is5uss ho; em#hasis has 6ee) use- to -ri"e home the ;riters #oi)t

Deli"er/ is -eeme- to ha"e tae) #la5e ;he) the "ehi5le

is tae) o"er at the ;orsho# 6/ the 5ustomer or his

authorise- re#rese)tati"e ) 5ase o* -eli"er/ at a #la5e

other tha) the ;orsho#+ this is at the 5ustomers ris I*

the 5ustomer *ails to tae -eli"er/ ;ithi) > -a/s o* 6ei),

)oti*ie- that the "ehi5le is rea-/+ a ,ara,e *ee is

5har,ea6le Des#at5h o* the i)"oi5e to the 5ustomer shall

6e -eeme- to 6e )oti*i5atio) that the "ehi5le is rea-/ *or

-eli"er/

(EBtra5t *romF The use o* E),lish a TeBt (De#artme)t o* E),lish

OA' #, 1=3!


%rite a ;ell 5o)stru5te- #ara,ra#h o* a6out 17< ;or-s o) a)/ o* the

*ollo;i), to#i5s

1 M/ *uture 5areer

2M/ *a"ourite *ilm star

352 Structur*+ A!ct o/ * P*r*(r*)

A #ara,ra#h is a 5om#osite ;hole ;hi5h shoul- i)5lu-e at least three o*

the *ollo;i), #arts&to#i5 se)te)5e+ -e"elo#me)t+ -o5ume)tatio)+

a##li5atio) or 5o)5lusio) (i* it is a) o)l/ #ara,ra#h or a last #ara,ra#h

i) a ;rite u#!

3525- T)! Toic S!nt!nc!

A #ara,ra#h -eals ;ith o)e mai) i-ea ;hi5h shoul- 6e rele"a)t to ;hat

the ;hole essa/ is all a6out This mai) i-ea is 5o)tai)e- i) the to#i5

se)te)5e The other se)te)5es shoul- 6e 5losel/ 5o))e5te- ;ith the to#i5

se)te)5e a)- this ,i"es the #ara,ra#h its u)it/ a)- i)ter)al 5o)siste)5/

The to#i5 se)te)5e )ee- )ot 6e the "er/ *irst se)te)5e The ;riter ma/

-e5i-e to -is5uss a) issue *irst a)- the) 5o)5lu-e to;ar-s the e)- 6/

#utti), the to#i5 se)te)5e last

35252 P*r*(r*) D!%!+o"!nt


57/125


58/125


ou 5oul- start 6/ -e*i)i), a 5o)5e#t that /ou ho#e to ;rite o) or the

eB#la)atio) o* a) i-ea

Conc+udin( P*r*(r*)

The 5o)5lu-i), #ara,ra#h is as im#orta)t as the o#e)i), #ara,ra#h

Ma)/ #eo#le 5o)5lu-e 6/ summarisi), the mai) #oi)ts so that the

rea-er ;oul- 6e remi)-e- o* the ;riters li)e o* thi)i), or ar,ume)t as

the 5ase ma/ 6e A lot ho;e"er -e#e)-s o) the su6je5t matter

658 CONCLUSION

This u)it has 6ee) a6le to eB#ose /ou to the esse)tial -etails o)

#ara,ra#h -e"elo#me)t a)- ma)a,eme)t The -e"elo#me)t o* a

#ara,ra#h is 5losel/ li)e- ;ith the ;riters thou,ht #ro5esses a)-5o)5e#ts I) a) attem#t to -e"elo# a ,oo- #ara,ra#h+ /ou shoul- 6e

5are*ul o* o"er,e)eraliKatio)s a)- u)su6sta)tiate- *a5ts

5ohere)5e has to -o ;ith ha"i), #arts o* a #ara,ra#h i) a

mea)i),*ul or-er+

? 5ohere)5e 5a) 6e a5hie"e- throu,h the use o* 5o)ju)5ts a)-

tra)sitio)al ;or-s su5h as ho;e"er+ )e"ertheless+ i) a--itio)+

5o)se0ue)tl/+ i)-ee-+ as a result&& et5

=58 TUTOR0MAR>ED ASSIGNMENT

%rite a #ara,ra#h o* a6out 1


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> Li"i), i) a "illa,e 5oul- 6e a-"a)ta,eous

? Dail/ eBer5ise is esse)tial to e"er/o)es health

= Shoul- 5a#ital #u)ishme)t 6e i)tro-u5e- as a ;a/ o* 5ur6i),

so5ietal "i5es


The 'se o* E),lish9 A TeBt (Com#ile- 6/ the De#artme)t o* E),lish+

O6a*emi A;olo;o ')i"ersit/!

A-e-eji+ EO (2


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UNIT 2 THE GRAMMAR OF PARAGRAPHS I

CONTENTS

1< I)tro-u5tio)

2< O6je5ti"es

3< Mai) Co)te)t

31 Pu)5tuatio) i) E),lish

311 The ull Sto# (!

312 The uestio) Mar (!

313 The EB5lamatio) Mar (!

31 The Comma (+!

32 Co)ju)5ts

33 Disju)5ts

3 A-ju)5ts< Co)5lusio)

7< Summar/



-58 INTRODUCTION

')lie s#oe) la),ua,e ;hi5h has a )um6er o* -e"i5es throu,h ;hi5h

;e 5a) i-e)ti*/ lo), a)- short #auses or "ariatio)s i) to)e that 5a) hel#

us -etermi)e the mea)i), o* uttera)5es+ ;ritte) la),ua,e -e#e)-shea"il/ o) #u)5tuatio) *or mea)i),*ul i)ter#retatio)

8i), (2


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358 MAIN CONTENT

35- Punctu*tion in En(+i)

The mai) #ur#ose o* #u)5tuatio) mars is to ,i"e /our ;riti), amea)i), 6/ hel#i), /ou to #rese)t /our i-eas i) 5lear+ ;ell -emar5ate-

se)te)5es Pu)5tuatio) mars shoul- )ot 6e use- i)-is5rimi)atel/ The/

shoul- 6e use- ;he) )e5essar/ Some #eo#le are hea"/ #u)5tuators

;hile some are li,ht Le,al la),ua,e ma/ re0uire hea"/ #u)5tuatio)

;hile 5ommo) ;riti),s su5h as letters ma/ re0uire li,ht #u)5tuatio)

E"e) thou,h there are some u)-erl/i), #ri)5i#les /ou must *ollo; to 6e

;ell u)-erstoo-+ #u)5tuatio) 5oul- also 6e a matter o* #erso)al taste

4elo; are some 5ommo) #u)5tuatio) mars i) E),lish

35-5- T)! Fu++ Sto ?5@

The *ull sto# or #erio- is a) im#orta)t #u)5tuatio) mar i) E),lish It is

sur#risi), that ma)/ #eo#le ;rite ;ithout #utti), *ull sto#s at the e)- o*

their se)te)5es I* /ou ;rite a)- /ou -o )ot #ut a *ull sto# or /ou *or,et

to #ut a *ull sto#+ it mea)s /ou ha"e )ot e)-e- that se)te)5e It mea)s

/ou still ;a)t to 5o)ti)ue that se)te)5e 6e5ause there is )othi), lie the

lo),est se)te)5e ou 5a) ee# o) ;riti), a)- as lo), as /ou #ut the

a##ro#riate li)ers+ /ou 5a) ;rite a se)te)5e as lo), as a ;hole room I)

esse)5e+ ;hat I am tr/i), to sa/ is that /ou shoul- al;a/s remem6er to

#ut a *ull sto# ;he) /ou thi) /ou are throu,h ;ith a se)te)5e The *ullsto# 5oul- 6e use- i) the *ollo;i), ;a/s&

a *or mari), the e)- o* a stateme)t e,

=. She %a$ce%.

2. The bo# a$% girl ,a(he% their clothe( i$ the ,ater& *etche%

t,o b"cket( o* ,ater a$% ,e$t ho!e to cook *or their

are$t(.

6 *or mari), the e)- o* a 5omma)- e,

=. Co!e i!!e%iatel#. 2. Sto (ho"ti$g.

3. A$(,er the 5"e(tio$ clearl# a$% %irectl#.

@. Plea(e go (traight to the #oi)t

5 *or i)-i5ati), a66re"iatio)s

i! A5ro)/ms e,

=. O.A. 9Orga$i(atio$ o* A*rica$ $it#: 9Oba*e!i A,olo,o $ier(it#:

2. .N 9$ite% Natio$(: 3. D.G 9Director Ge$eral:

=


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The *ull sto# is ho;e"er o#tio)al here+ ;e ma/ also ha"e OA'+ DG+

'N ;ithout the #erio-s

ii! A #erso)s i)itials e,

=. 6.6 Oko$

2. M.A Olate"

3. T.O Aa#i

The *ull sto# is also o#tio)al here It is there*ore #ossi6le to ;rite& QQ

Oo)+ MA Olateju or TO Aja/i

iii! A66re"iatio)s o) the mo-el o* the *ollo;i),9

=. Vol. 9Vol"!e:

2. Ge$. 9Ge$eral:

3. 6a$. 96a$"ar#!

The *ull sto# is omitte- here o)l/ ;he) the last letter o* the a66re"iatio)

is also the last letter o* the ;or- or eBam#le & Mr(! Mister+ Dr(!

Do5tor

35-52 T)! u!tion M*r' ?@

The 0uestio) mar is a)other im#orta)t #u)5tuatio) mar i) E),lish It

5a) 6e use- i) the *ollo;i), ;a/s9

a to mar the e)- o* a 0uestio) e,

=. +he$ are #o" co!i$g4

2. +hat i( #o"r *ather


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Pu)5tuate the *ollo;i), se)te)5es

1 I ;ill ,o to La,os tomorro;2 %hat is /our Celtel Num6er

3 Gi"e me /our )ote6oo )o; (;ith a risi), to)e!

%hat o* the 6all #oi)t I tol- /ou a6out

7 The ;eather is *i)e to-a/

35-53 T)! E.c+*"*tion M*r' ?@

The eB5lamatio) mar is )ormall/ use- at the e)- o* a) eB5lamatio)F

somethi), o* a ,reat sur#rise o) the )e,ati"e or the #ositi"e si-e e,

=. Ho, ,o$%er*"lB

2. E0citi$gB

3. Ma$& thi( i( a,*"l

Please )ote that the eB5lamatio) mar ma/ also 6e use- to mar the e)-

o* a "i,orous 5omma)-+ stateme)t or 0uestio) These are #ro-u5e- i)

the s#oe) *orm ;ith a raise- "oi5e %here the "i,orous 5omma)-s+

stateme)ts a)- 0uestio)s are re)-ere- as the/ shoul-+ the res#o)se is

al;a/s imme-iate

I o)5e ha- the o##ortu)it/ o* tea5hi), a ,rou# o* stu-e)ts this as#e5t o*

E),lish a)- a set o* stu-e)ts ;ho 5ame late to the 5lass ;ere just

e)teri), the 5lass ;he) I sai- Get o"tB as a) eBam#le o* a "i,orous

5omma)- The stu-e)ts ;ho ;ere alrea-/ at the -oor ;a)ti), to 5ome

i) ;e)t 6a5 imme-iatel/ The other stu-e)ts i)si-e the 5lass room 6urst

i)to lau,hter a)- o)e o* them ;e)t to 5all them i) telli), them I ;as )ot

re*erri), to them 6ut that I just ,a"e a) eBam#le o* a "i,orous

5omma)- So it 5a) 6e "er/ e**e5ti"e i* ;ell re)-ere-

Vi(orou co""*nd

=. Get o"tB

2. Clo(e the ,i$%o,B

3. ;$eel %o,$ thereB

Vi(orou t*t!"!nt

=. I ,ill $ot a$(,er #o"B

2. 1o" !et the ,i$%o, clo(e%B

3. I a! co!i$g to!orro,B

71


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Vi(orou u!tion

=. +hat %i% #o" "(t (a#B

2. Are #o" alright at allB

3. +hat %o #o" ,a$tB

35-56 T)! Co""* ?@

The 5omma is+ a#art *rom the *ull sto#+ the most *re0ue)tl/ use-

#u)5tuatio) mar It is 5ommo)l/ use- &

a or mari), out the e)- o* the *irst t;o 5lauses li)e- 6/ a

5oor-i)ator i) a 5om#ou)- or 5om#ou)- 5om#leB se)te)5e+

#arti5ularl/ ;he) the 5oor-i)ator is b"t.

=. He ca!e& b"t hi( re(e$ce ,a( $ot *elt.2. He a((e%& b"t hi( !other ,a( $ot lea(e% ,ith hi( gra%e(.

3. The (t"%e$t( at NON reall# loe their ,ork& a$% the# hae a

great %eal o* a%!iratio

ENG 223 Tips Making Sentence Compostion

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