Eng 102 Appendix Fallacies
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Transcript of Eng 102 Appendix Fallacies
ENG 102
Appendix Fallacies
Fallacies of Pathos
Argument to the people (stirring symbols)
Appeal to ignorance
Bandwagon
Appeal to pity
Red herring
Fallacies of Ethos
Appeal to false authority
Ad hominem
Poisoning the well
Straw man
Fallacies of Logos
Hasty generalization
Part for the whole
Post hoc
Circular reasoning/begging the question
False Dilemma
Slippery Slope
False analogy
Son sequitur
Loaded Label/Definition
Slippery Slope (Logos)
Based on the fear that once we put a foot on a
slick mountainside, we are doomed to slide right
out of sight
Once we allow medical use of marijuana, we’ll
eventually legalize it for everyone, and then
cocaine and heroin will gain social acceptance.
Red Herring (Pathos)
Throwing an audience off-track by raising an
unrelated or irrelevant point
Debating a gas tax increase is valuable, but I
really think there should be an extra tax on SUVs.
Non Sequitur (Logos)
Means “it does not follow”
Any claim that doesn’t follow from its premises
or is supported by irrelevant premises
I should not receive a C in this course because I
currently have a 3.8 GPA
Post hoc (Logos)
Means “after this, therefore because of this”
Occurs when a sequential relationship is
mistaken for a causal relationship
Cramming for a test really helps because last
week I crammed for my psychology test and I got
an A on it.
A might have been caused by something other
than cramming, must consider all factors
Bandwagon (Pathos)
Appeals to popularity
Popularity of something is irrelevant to its actual
marriage
Living together before marriage is the right thing
to do because most couples are now doing it.
Ad hominem (Ethos)
Means “to the person”
Argument directed at the character of an
opponent rather than at the quality of the
opponent’s reasoning
False Authority (Ethos)
Use famous people to testify on issues about
which these persons have no special competence
Joe Quarterback says Gooey Oil keeps his old
tractor running sharp; therefore, Gooey Oil is a
good oil.
Hasty Generalization (Logos)
Someone makes a broad generalization on the
basis of too little evidence
Evidence needed to support a generalization
must meet the STAR criteria (sufficiency,
typicality, accuracy, and relevance
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXLTQi7vVsI
Appeal to the People (Pathos)
Appeal to the fundamental beliefs, biases, and
prejudices of the audience
Sway opinion through a feeling of solidarity
among those of the group
“Support Our Troops” bumper sticker, often
including American flag, creates an initial feeling
of solidarity among almost all citizens of
goodwill
Car owner may have deeper intention of
meaning “support the war”
Appeal to Ignorance (Pathos)
Persuades audience to accept as true a claim that
hasn’t been proved false or vice versa
UFOs, ghosts, and the abominable snowman do
exist because science hasn’t proved that they
don’t exist.
Appeal to Pity (Pathos)
Arguer appeals to audience’s sympathetic
feelings in order to support a claim that should
be decided on more relevant or objective grounds
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MiZ8i_Ra4M
Poisoning the Well (Ethos)
Close to ad hominem
Arguers discredit an opponent or an opposing
view in advance
Before I yield the floor to the next speaker, I must
remind you that those who oppose my plan do
not have the best interests of working people in
their hearts.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5ywg4Zc2w4
Straw Man (Ethos)
Occurs by oversimplifying an opponent’s
argument to make it easier to refute or ridicule
Rather than summarize opposing view fairly and
completely, the arguer makes up the argument
they wish the opponent had made because it’s
easier to knock over
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=923UR_-pHsc
Part for the Whole (Logos)
Arguers pick out a part of the whole and then
claim that what is true of the part is true for the
whole
Arguer picks only the best examples to make a
case and conveniently forgets about examples
that weaken the case
http://vimeo.com/17359765
Circular Reasoning (Logos)
Provide a reason that simply restates the claim in
different words
That person is obese because he is too fat.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CVbku6nxhU
False Dilemma (Logos)
arguer oversimplifies a complex issue so that
only two choices appear possible
One of the choices is made to seem unacceptable
It’s my way or the highway.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dln3DJEcghY
False Analogy (Logos)
Has to be some similarities between objects being
compared
Has to appeal to audience’s logic
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8LydU2P7Yw
WHICH FALLACY IS BEING COMMITTED?
Read each item. Identify and explain the fallacy of
each statement.
Activity
Wednesday 4/30 Synthesis essay due Play jeopardy
Monday 5/5 Grammar Final
Wednesday 5/7 Writing final (9AM class meets 8-
10AM)
(11AM class meets 10:30AM – 12:30PM)