Energy Transfer. ATP z“Energy Currency” zPotential energy in ATP used for all energy requiring...
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Transcript of Energy Transfer. ATP z“Energy Currency” zPotential energy in ATP used for all energy requiring...
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Energy Transfer
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ATP
“Energy Currency”
Potential energy in ATP used for all energy requiring processes of cells
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Energy Transformation
Formation of ATP from food
Use of chemical energy in ATP for metabolic work
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ATP Hydrolysis
ATP + H2O ADP + Pi – 7.3 kcal/molATPase
• Anaerobic Process – generates energy for immediate use
• Energy Liberating
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Energy Currency
ATPADP + Pi
CHO, Lipids, and Proteins + O2
CO2 + H2O
PrecursorsSynthesized End Products
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ATP
stored only in cells
total quantity 3.5 oz.
energy for few seconds
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ATP Generation
ATP-CP system
glycolytic system
oxidative system
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Creatine Phosphate
ATP ADP + P + EnergyEnergy
CP C + P + Energy
Biological Work
CK
ATPase
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Creatine Phosphate
4 - 6x conc. of ATPEnergy released when C & P bond
brokenEnergy used to phosphorylate ADPUsed in activities < 15-20 sec.Anaerobic
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Cellular Oxidation – Aerobic Metabolism
Cellular oxidation-reduction is the mechanism for energy metabolism
Electron Transport
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Electron Transport
Oxidation of hydrogen
Exergonic transport of electrons to oxygen electrons oxygen H2O
ADP is phophorylated (energized)
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Electron Transport (Respiratory Chain)
NADH + H+
FADH2
Coenzyme Q
Coenzyme b
Coenzyme c
Coenzyme c1
Coenzyme aa3
H2O
ATP
ATP
ATP
NAD+
FAD
2H+
2e- ½ O2
2e-
2e-
2e-
2e-
2e-
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
10 means for extracting & trapping energy (PO4)
>90% of ATP synthesis takes place in respiratory chain via oxidative reactions w/ phosphorylation
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP is synthesized when electrons transferred from NADH to O2
NADH + H+ + 3ADP +3P + ½ O2
NAD+ +H2O + 3ATP
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Electron Transport-Oxidative Phosphorylation Efficiency
Oxidation of 1 mole of NADH 52 kcal
3 moles of ATP regenerated (3 moles * 7 kcal/mole = 21 kcal)
21/52 = 40% efficient
60% dissipates - body heat
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Role of Energy Release from Food
Phosphorylate ADP ATP
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Regeneration of ATP
Liver- amino acid- glycogen glucose
Adipocytes fatty acidsMitochondrionMuscle
- ATP, CP, triglycerides, glycogen, AA
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Energy Release - CHO
Only macronutrient to generate ATP anaerobically
Light-moderate exercise provides ½ of energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O – 689 kcal/mol
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Glycolysis - anaerobic
Glycolysis- glucose pyruvate (2)
Pyruvate lactic acid (2)
net gain 2 ATP 5% of total ATP generated in glucose breakdown (rapid)
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Lactic Acid
If energy demands exceed O2 supply or
rate of H+ production exceeds usage
High intensity exercise LA in muscle blood (buffered) lactate energy metabolism
used during moderate exercise
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Aerobic Metabolism
Kreb’s Cycle (2 ATP)
Electron Transport (2 ATP)
Oxidative Phosphorylation (32 ATP)
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Lipid Catabolism
Greatest source of potential energy
90,000 - 110,000 kcal
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Sources
Triglycerides stored in muscle
Triglycerides in lipoprotein complexes
FFA (triglyceride + 3 H2O glycerol + 3 FA)
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UtilizationFA diffuse from adipocytes FFA
controlled by epi, norepi, glucagon, GH
Meal triglyceride synthesis
Moderate exercise FA utilization triglyceride breakdown
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Energy Transfer - Lipid
18 carbon FA 146 ATP (438 ATP total) + 19 ATP (glycerol)
40% efficiency
30-80% of energy for biological work is provided by lipids
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Energy Release - Protein
20 sustained exercise / intense training
AA (deaminated) carbon skeleton Kreb’s cycle
AA (deaminated ) pyruvate (gluconeogenesis)
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Interrelationships
Kreb’s Cycle- link between food energy & chemical energy- provides intermediate substances mitochondria bionutrients for growth & maintenance
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Interrelationships
Lipids more efficiently used in presence of CHO
lipid catabolism is dependent on oxaloacetate (Kreb’s - generated from pyruvate in CHO catabolism)
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Interrelationships
Power output by lipids alone is only 1/2 that of when CHO is primary source
serve CHO depletion acetyl-CoA & FFA ketone bodies (ketosis)
Liver