Energy Storage Controls Modeling for Distribution … Storage Controls Modeling for Distribution...
Transcript of Energy Storage Controls Modeling for Distribution … Storage Controls Modeling for Distribution...
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Energy Storage Controls Modeling for
Distribution Planning Roger C. Dugan, FIEEE
EPRI, Knoxville, TN
14TD0671
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Distribution Planning and Storage
• What do distribution planners need to include storage?
• EPRI has been doing research since 2009
• Many findings are encapsulate in OpenDSS storage models
• As US states and Canadian provinces push for more storage, there will be more advances in the near future
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“Storage” Element Model in OpenDSS
% Eff. Charge/Discharge Idle | Discharge | Charge
Idling Losses
kW, kvar
kWh
STORED
Other Key
Properties
% Reserve
kWhRated
kWhStored
%Stored
kWRated
etc.
A Generic Storage Model with Key Planning Characteristics
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“StorageController” Element in OpenDSS
Discharge Mode
Charge Mode
kW Target
Discharge Time
Total Fleet kW Capacity
Total Fleet kWh
et. al.
Storage “Fleet” Substation
V, I Comm Link
Time + Discharge rate
Peak Shaving
Load Following
Loadshape
Controls One or More Storage Elements from a Remote or Local Location
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Control Modes in OpenDSS
• Static:
• Time:
• Peak Shave:
• Load Following:
• Loadshape:
• Dynamics:
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We have found the following modes to be useful in
modeling Storage in Distribution System Analysis
Sequential Power Flow
Electromechanical Transients
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Control Modes
• Static: A solution of one power flow state with storage discharging or charging at specified rates or idling. This provides a partial picture of the situation by simulating limiting conditions but does not reveal issues that might be exposed through time-series simulation.
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Control Modes
• Time: Trigger ON at a specified time at a specified constant discharge or charge level.
• Peak Shave: Discharges when load exceeds a specified value and attempts to limit the load current or power to the value. Charges at a scheduled time.
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Control Modes
• Load Following: Triggers ON at a specified time and attempts to limit the load to the value at that time by following the load.
• Loadshape: Storage charge and discharge cycle is determined by a predefined shape.
• Dynamics: For modeling fast-changing phenomena such as frequency control on microgrids.
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SOME EXAMPLES …
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Load Shapes With and Without Storage
Mode=Peak Shave, Target=8000 kW, Storage=75 kWh
Charge=2:00 @ 30%
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Hours
kW
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Base kW
Net kW
kWh Stored
Simple Peak Shave Example with 3-Hour Storage
From EPRI
Smart Grid Demo - AEP
Community Energy Storage
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Load Shapes With and Without Storage
Mode=Peak Shave, Target=8000 kW, Storage=25 kWh
Charge=2:00 @ 30%
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Hours
kW
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Base kW
Net kW
kWh Stored
“Ran Out of Gas”
Simple Peak Shave Example With 1-Hour Storage
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Detail on Peak Shaving Application
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
170 180 190 200 210 220 230
kW
h
kW
Hours into Simulation
Load Following with Storage, 25 kWh Storage UnitsDischarge Trigger @ 1300, 30% charge rate @ 0200
No Storage
Storage
kWh Stored
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Using Storage to Extend Solar PV
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-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1 1441
Demand_wPV+Storage
Demand_wPV
Storage Ouput
PV Output
De
man
d (k
W)
PV
an
d S
otr
age
Ou
tpu
t (k
W)
Minutes
Charging
Discharging
Source: EPRI, 2012, Analysis of Distribution System Effects of Energy Storage Through Simulation and
Modeling, Palo Alto, CA, US. 1024285
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Using Storage for Smoothing PV
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Power Output for the Smoothing Operation
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-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
0 1440 2880 4320 5760 7200 8640
ES O
utp
ut
(kW
)
Minutes
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Dynamics Modeling of VSC-Based DESS Device for Frequency Control
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Signal provided by
external controller
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Inverter: Intelligent Volt-Var Control
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Sunderman, Dugan, Smith, “Open Source Modeling of Advanced Inverter Functions for Solar Photovoltaic
Installations “, Paper No. 14TD0479
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Conclusions
• Static power flows provide a partial picture by simulating limiting conditions
• Does not reveal issues that might be exposed through time-series simulation.
– Storage is a “disruptive” technology that alters the loadshape
• Dynamics simulation capability needed for frequency control of microgrids, etc.
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Questions?
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