Energy scenario and water productivity of maize based CS under CA practices in South Asia. CM...
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Transcript of Energy scenario and water productivity of maize based CS under CA practices in South Asia. CM...
Parihar CM, Jat SL, Singh AK and Jat ML
Directorate of Maize Research(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
Pusa, New Delhi-12, INDIA
Energy scenario and water productivity of maize based CS under CA practices in South Asia
Major challenges for South Asian Agriculture
Climate change: Aberrant rainfall, drought and high
temperature
Low water, energy and nutrient use efficiency
Degradation of natural resources
Biotic stresses
Small land holding
Yield gaps: Wider at research & farm level and yield
stagnation
Yield gaps in major cereal crops
Rice Wheat Maize Rice Wheat Maize Rice Wheat Maize Rice Wheat MaizePunjab Haryana EUP BIHAR
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0Potential yield Attainable yield Average yield Management gap Total gap
Yiel
d (t
/ha)
Yiel
d Ga
p (%
)
1965-66 1975-76 1985-86 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2009-100
50
100
150
200
250
45.0
64.077.5
93.0102.7
110.0119.3
72.4
121.0
150.4
180.4
196.8208.6
230.7
10.40
28.84
47.05
62.1069.68 69.35
81.00
Population (crores) Food grains (mt) Wheat production
Moving ahead yet standing still - India
Modified from: KS Gill, PAU, Ludhiana
1950
-51
1952
-53
1954
-55
1956
-57
1958
-59
1960
-61
1962
-63
1964
-65
1966
-67
1968
-69
1970
-71
1972
-73
1974
-75
1976
-77
1978
-79
1980
-81
1982
-83
1984
-85
1986
-87
1988
-89
1990
-91
1992
-93
1994
-95
1996
-97
1998
-99
2000
-01
2002
-03
2004
-05
2006
-07
2008
-09
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Area (mha) Production (mt) Yield (kg/ha)
Are
a (m
ha)
, Pro
du
ctio
n (
mt)
Yie
ld (
kg/
ha)
Land Races DC Composites & DTC/DC
DC/TWC/SCH/
Composites
SCHCompositesSCH/TWC/
DC/Composites
Growth in Indian maize productivity
Year A (mha) P (mt) Y (kg/ha)2006-07 7.89 15.09 1912.52007-08 8.11 18.96 2337.82008-09 8.17 19.73 2414.92009-10 8.26 16.68 2020.0*2010-11 8.26 21.23 2570.2
3 times 12 times 5 times
Year Yield Increase (kg/ha/annum)
50-51 to 87-88 13 LR, OPV 100%
88-89 to 06-07 46.5 DCH 30%
07-08 to 10-11 164.5 SCH 25%*Severe drought year
Minimum soil disturbance
Rational soil cover
Efficient crop rotations
Immediate economical benefits to the farmers
CA?
Diversified crop
rotation
Minimum soil
disturbance
Permanent soil cover
CA based RCTs
Why CA for South Asian Agriculture?
Due to intensive production system,
Declining water table,
Residue removal and burning,
Depletion of soil organic matter and nutrient imbalance,
Soil salinity and sodicity,
In certain situation, where tillage operations caused delay in sowing and add to the cost of production.
Role of CA
(Adopted from Gupta and Malik, 2009)
Restores soil carbonConserves moistureSaves fuelSaves laborLowers machinery costsReduces erosionImproved soil fertilityPlanting on the best dateImproves wildlife habitat
RCTs
Employment
GenerationNatural
Resource
Conservation
Environmental
Quality
Crop
DiversificationSustainable
Development
Food
&
Livelihood
Security
Biodiversity
&
Agro-ecosystem
Water productivity under different tillage practices
Treatments
Water requirement (m3)
Water Productivity (kg/m3water)
2008-09 2009-10 2008-09 2009-10
Zero till (ZT) 6100 b 5950 b 1.38 b 1.31 b
Permanent Bed (PB) 5100 c 5100 c 1.78 a 1.63 a
Conventional Till (CT) 6800a 6800 a 1.17 c 1.11 c
Water productivity of different maize based cropping systems
TreatmentsWater requirement (m3) Water Productivity
(kg/m3water)
2008-09 2009-10 2008-09 2009-10
Maize-Wheat-Mungbean (MWM) 7200 a 7000 a 1.27 c 1.47 b
Maize-Chickpea-Sesbania (MCS) 4200 d 4200 c 1.75 a 1.68 a
Maize-Mustard-Mungbean (MMM) 5600 c 5600b 1.58 b 1.09d
Maize-Maize-Sesbania (MMS) 7000 ab 7000 a 1.18 d 1.15 c
ZT-MW
M
PB-MW
M
CT-MW
M
ZT-MCS
PB-MCS
CT-MCS
ZT-MM
M
PB-MM
M
CT-MM
M
ZT-MM
S
PB-MM
S
CT-MM
S0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50 2008-09 2009-10
Water productivity of different maize based cropping systems under CA practices
ZT-MW
M
PB-MW
M
CT-MW
M
ZT-MCS
PB-MCS
CT-MCS
ZT-MM
M
PB-MM
M
CT-MM
M
ZT-MM
S
PB-MM
S
CT-MM
S
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Water requirement (M3)
Water requirement of different maize based cropping systems under CA practices
Energy scenario of different tillage practices
Treatments
2008-09 2009-10
Energy output
(MJ/ha)
Energy Productivity
Net Energy (MJ/ha)
Energy output
(MJ/ha)
Energy Productivity
Net Energy (MJ/ha)
ZT 137198 b 4.27 b 105018 b 108004 a 4.56 b 84043 a
PB 149963 a 4.78 a 118609 a 100242 b 5.07 a 79778 b
CT 134307 c 3.88 c 99645 c 87797 c 3.67 c 63553 c
Energy scenario of different maize base cropping systems
Treatments
2008-09 2009-10
Energy output
(MJ/ha)
Energy Productivity
Net Energy (MJ/ha)
Energy output
(MJ/ha)
Energy Productivity
Net Energy (MJ/ha)
MWM 149680 b 4.06 c 112544 b 151079 a 4.10 d 113943 a
MCS 156164 a 4.64 a 122527 a 100976 b 4.27 bc 77268 b
MMM 140467 c 4.61 ab 109835 c 78804 c 4.94 a 62648 c
MMS 115645 d 3.92 d 86122 d 63864 d 4.42 b 49307 d
ZT-MW
M
PB-MW
M
CT-MW
M
ZT-MCS
PB-MCS
CT-MCS
ZT-MM
M
PB-MM
M
CT-MM
M
ZT-MM
S
PB-MM
S
CT-MM
S0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000 2008-09
Net energy output (MJ/ha) of different maize based cropping systems under CA practices
Correlation between system productivity and energy input
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 450000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
f(x) = 0.121525039073203 x + 4958.92892207775R² = 0.486238221828351
Chart Title
Energy Input (MJ/ha)
Syst
em p
rodu
ctiv
ity
(kg/
ha)
Success stories in India
ZT Maize in A.P.
Maize revolution in A.P.
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
600
650
700
750
800
850
900Area ('000 ha)Production ('000 tonnes)Productivity (kg/ha)
Prod
uctio
n an
d pr
oduc
tivit
y
Are
a
Conclusions
CA based crop management is much needed in South Asian agriculture under climate change scenario
Adoption of CA practices enhances energy productivity
Crop establishment in Permanent Beds helps in realizing “more crop per drop”
Future thrusts
Identification of new plant types in location specific CA practices for climate resilient agriculture
CA practices Refinement for large scale adoption using farmers expertise with scientific know-how
Development of new farm implements for small and marginal farmers