Energy Metabolism1

energy metabolism

AP Dr Nugroho Abikusnomedical nutritionTrisakti university

energy metabolism

bull series of processes in energy production released by macronutrients such as carbohydrates fats protein and in certain cases alcohol

bull ATP releases energy in the form of ADP and P

glycolysis

bull piruvatebull mitochondriabull acetyl CoAbull citric acid cyclebull ATPbull electron transport chainbull ADP + P ATP and water

gluconeogenesis

bull deaminationbull acetyl CoA or pyruvate

fatty acids

bull Acetyl CoAbull beta-oxidationbull ketone bodies in access

regulating metabolism

bull liverbull enzymesbull ATPbull minerals

bull micronutrientsbull thiaminbull niacinbull riboflavinbull biotinbull pantothenic acidbull vitamin B6bull magnesiumbull ironbull copper

preserving energy

bull slowing metabolic ratebull reduction in energy requirementbull slowing gluconeogenesisbull nervous system uses less glucose and

more ketone bodiesbull accumulation of body fat

metabolic disorders

bull PKUbull galactosemiabull glycogen storage disease

carbohydratesbull table sugarbull jambull jellybull fruitsbull soft drinkbull ricebull pastabull cerealbull breadbull beans

bull lentilsbull cornbull peasbull dairy products

dietary fiber

bull grainsbull legumesbull tuber

sweeteners

bull Nutritivebull energybull alcoholbull sorbitolbull mannitolbull xylitol

bull Non nutritivebull no energybull artificialbull non or low calorie

glucosebull primary energy sourcebull protein sparringbull prevents ketosis

bull Fiberbull constipationbull diverticular diseasebull body weight blood glucose and

cholesterol

protein

bull Requirements Valine Lysine Glycine Leucine Threonine Glutamine Isoleucine Cysteine Alanine Phenylalanine Arginine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Proline Methionine Histidine

Uses

bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine

food proteins (MW)

bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000

nitrogen balance

bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine

bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses

bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero

protein quality

bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value

protein quality

bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein

bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed

bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed

example

bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82

protein content (g100g)

bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190

key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty

acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed

bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver

bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to

LDL

Lipids functions

bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization

bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis

Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from

remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol

bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries

cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured

and degraded in the liver via a receptor system

in adults

bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat

bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)

bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity

fat in human diet

bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children

bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories

bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content

total fat

bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively

reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10

recommended intake

bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet

bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat

bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

recommended intake

bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total

caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of

preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty

fish twice a week

EPA deficiency

bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04

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energy metabolism

bull series of processes in energy production released by macronutrients such as carbohydrates fats protein and in certain cases alcohol

bull ATP releases energy in the form of ADP and P

glycolysis


gluconeogenesis


fatty acids





preserving energy



metabolic disorders




dietary fiber


sweeteners





cholesterol

protein


Uses


food proteins (MW)


nitrogen balance




protein quality


protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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glycolysis


gluconeogenesis


fatty acids





preserving energy



metabolic disorders




dietary fiber


sweeteners





cholesterol

protein


Uses


food proteins (MW)


nitrogen balance




protein quality


protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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gluconeogenesis


fatty acids





preserving energy



metabolic disorders




dietary fiber


sweeteners





cholesterol

protein


Uses


food proteins (MW)


nitrogen balance




protein quality


protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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fatty acids





preserving energy



metabolic disorders




dietary fiber


sweeteners





cholesterol

protein


Uses


food proteins (MW)


nitrogen balance




protein quality


protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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preserving energy



metabolic disorders




dietary fiber


sweeteners





cholesterol

protein


Uses


food proteins (MW)


nitrogen balance




protein quality


protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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metabolic disorders




dietary fiber


sweeteners





cholesterol

protein


Uses


food proteins (MW)


nitrogen balance




protein quality


protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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dietary fiber


sweeteners





cholesterol

protein


Uses


food proteins (MW)


nitrogen balance




protein quality


protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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sweeteners





cholesterol

protein


Uses


food proteins (MW)


nitrogen balance




protein quality


protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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cholesterol

protein


Uses


food proteins (MW)


nitrogen balance




protein quality


protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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protein


Uses


food proteins (MW)


nitrogen balance




protein quality


protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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Uses


food proteins (MW)


nitrogen balance




protein quality


protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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food proteins (MW)


nitrogen balance




protein quality


protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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nitrogen balance




protein quality


protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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protein quality


protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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protein quality




example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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example








LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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LDL

Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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Lipids functions








in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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in adults




fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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fat in human diet




total fat



recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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total fat



recommended intake




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fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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recommended intake




recommended intake




fish twice a week

EPA deficiency


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recommended intake




fish twice a week

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EPA deficiency


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Energy Metabolism1

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Transcript of Energy Metabolism1