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Transcript of Energy Literacy Energy IQ Game What questions were most difficult for your group? What answers...
Energy Literacy Energy IQ Game
What questions were most difficult
for your group? What answers surprised you? What energy topics do you
want to
learn more about?
Energy Literacy What does it mean to be a literate person? What comes to mind when I say “energy
literate person”? If someone is an “ energy literate citizen”
What knowledge does this person possess? What issues is this person familiar with? What energy choices does this person make?
Energy Literacy Do we have an energy literate society? What is the cost of energy illiteracy? What is the relationship between energy
literacy and energy practices (our personal choices and actions?
Energy Literacy “ Americans are, in general, the least
energy-conscious people on the planet. We are not only profoundly ignorant about what energy is, and the critical role it has played and continues to play in economics and politics, but most of us simply don’t care about energy.
Paul Roberts, The End of Oil
Fossil FuelsChapter 19
Energy Sources Videoclip (7 minutes)
YouTube - 300 Years of FOSSIL FUELS in 300 Seconds
Energy Consumption Per capita energy consumption
Highly developed nations represent ~ 20% of the world’s population, but consume ~ 60% of commercial energy (energy sold in the marketplace)
Each person in developed countries use ~ 8x as much energy as a person in a developing country
See Figure 19.2 (page 531) See Figure 19.5 (page 534)
Energy requirements for food production Farmers in developing nations rely on their own
physical energy or that of animals to plow and tend fields
Agriculture in developed countries requires many energy-consuming machines
(tractors, automatic loaders, combines) Energy is needed to produce fertilizers and
pesticides.
Energy Consumption in the United States Industry – 42% Buildings – 33% Transportation 25% Most of the energy in North America is
supplied by fossil fuels (See figure 19.3)
Fossil Fuels Non-renewable resource Composed of the partially decayed
remnants of organisms Grades of coal (figure 19.6)
Peat Lignite Bituminous Anthracite
Availability Most abundant fossil fuel in the world Known coal reserves could last for ~ 200
years at present rate of consumption Largest deposits found in U.S. , Russia,
China (See Table 19.2) Supplies ~20% of energy used worldwide Table 19.3
Coal Recovery
Mining Underground
If coal is within 100 feet of the surface -- strip mining, mountain top removal
II. Fossil Fuels A. Coal
4. Safety Problems/Environmental Impact a. Underground mining is hazardous. b. Toxins prevent new colonization of plants. c. Acid mine drainage d. CO2 causes global warming e. SO2 and NOx contribute to acid deposition.
f. Coal Ash Ponds
Black Lung Disease
One of the most hazardous occupationsMiners are at risk of cancer and black lung disease
Acid Mine Drainage
Pollutes steams when rainwater seeps through mine waste and carries sulfuric acid to nearby bodies of water.
Is There Coal Ash Near Us?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJ_d28mAXYUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nd3luqE3fw
Acid Deposition
Burning coal releases sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, contributing to acid deposition
Solutions a. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act b. Scrubbers c. Clean coal technologies
i. fluidized bed combustion ii. coal gasification and liquifaction
Solutions
Scrubbers Desulfurization systems installed to clean power plant
exhaust. As polluted air passes through, chemicals in the scrubber react with the pollution and cause it to settle out.
Creates Sludge that must be disposed of or sold through resource recovery.
Clean Coal Technologies
Fluidized bed combustion Crushed coal is mixed with limestone so as the coal
burns most of the sulfur dioxide in the coal is neutralized
Coal gasification and liquefaction – See page 546 - 547
Refining Oil Petroleum (crude oil) is a liquid composed of hundreds
of hydrocarbon compounds; during petroleum refining, the compounds are separated into different products such as gases, gasoline, heating oil, diesel oil, and asphalt
Oil can also be used to produce petrochemicals used in the production of fertilizers, plastics, paints, pesticides, medicines, and synthetic fibers
Natural gas is separated into:
Liquefied petroleum gas – propane and butane; used as fuel for heating and cooking
Methane – used for heating, generating electricity, and in the organic chemistry industry
Availability – supplies ~ 62% of energy used
worldwide
Oil 65% of the world’s known oil reserves are located in
the Persian Gulf (CLICK, CLICK) Oil production is expected to peak sometime during
the 21st century and will then enter a decline
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries includes:
Algeria, Angola, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela Hubbert curve
Natural Gas Almost half of the world’s known natural gas
reserves are located in Russia and Iran Reserves are more plentiful than oil and
could continue to rise Because it is a gas, it costs 4x more to
transport through pipelines and is therefore often not
Oil and Natural Gas Recovery a. Geologic exploration b. Wells drilled c .”Fracking” - My Water's On Fire Tonight (The Fracking
Song) - YouTube
4. Environmental Impact a. CO2 = Global Warming b. NOX = Acid Deposition and Photochemical Smog c. Transportation = Risk of spill d. Offshore Oil Wells = Contamination e. Oil Exploration = Threats to ecosystems and Wildlife
Solutions
Natural gas is cleaner burning and more plentiful than oil
Cogeneration – natural gas is used to produce both electricity and steam, providing electricity cleanly and efficiently
Synfuels – derivatives of fossil fuels
Tar sands / Oil sands - underground sand deposits permeated with a thick, asphalt-like oil called bitumen; once obtained, bitumen must be refined like crude oil
Oil shales – rocks containing a mixture of hydrocarbons known as kerogen; rocks must be crushed and heated, then keragen must be refined
Synfuels Gas hydrates – reserves of ice-encrusted
natural gas located deep underground in porous rock
Coal liquefaction – process of producing a liquid fuel out of coal, that can be cleaned before burning
Coal gasification – production of methane gas from coal
III. Synfuels A. Tar Sands / Oil Sands B. Oil Shales C. Gas Hydrates D. Coal Liquefaction E. Coal Gasification
An Energy Strategy for the United States A. Reasons
1. Limited Fossil Fuel Supply 2. Fossil Fuels = Pollution 3. Dependence on Foreign Oil = Economic Vulnerability
B. Proposed Objectives 1. Increase Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Decrease government subsidies 2. Secure Fossil Fuel Energy Supplies 3. Develop Alternative Energy Sources 4. Use Cost/Benefit Analysis
An Energy Strategy for the United States
Reasons for a comprehensive energy policy The supply of fossil fuels is limited The production, transport, and use of
fossil fuels pollutes the environment Our heavy dependence on foreign oil
makes us economically vulnerable
An Energy Strategy for the United States Secure fossil fuel energy supplies – domestically
produced fossil fuels (especially natural gas) are a temporary
strategy that will give us time to develop alternate energy strategies for the long term
Develop alternative energy sources –a long-term goal to shift to renewable forms of energy
Accomplish the first three objectives without further damaging the environment – use cost/benefit analysis when considering particular energy sources
Proposed objectives
Increase energy efficiency and conservation
Reduce government subsidies (support in the form of monetary payments, public financing, tax benefits, and tax exemptions) keep energy prices artificially low; when prices reflect the true costs of energy, including the environmental costs incurred in its production, transport, and use, energy will be used more efficiently by individuals, corporations, and industries