Energy Harvesting: introduction Cottone - EH introduction.pdf · Multimodal Energy Harvesting...

Energy Harvesting:

introduction

NiPS Summer School

July 7-12th, 2015

Fiuggi, Italy

Francesco Cottone

NiPS lab, Physics Dep., Università di Perugia, Italy

francesco.cottone at unipg.it

NiPS Summer School 2015 – July 7-12th -Fiuggi (Italy) – F. Cottone 1

Summary

Energy harvesting applications and principles

Fundamentals of vibration energy harvesters

Beyond linear systems: linear and nonlinear

approaches

Conclusions


Energy harvesting applications

02/07/2014 - Belo Horizonte (Brazil)

(birdge collapse at FIAT factory)

Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy Harvesting could enable 90% of WSNs applications (IdTechex)

Environmental MonitoringStructural Monitoring

Transportation

Wearable sensing for health

applicationsEmergency medical response

Monitoring, pacemaker, defibrillators

Military applications


• Ultra capacitors

• Rechargeable

Batteries

• Wireless Sensor

Node

• Piezoelectric

• Electrodynamics

• Photovoltaic

• Hydro Turbine

Wasted thermal energy

Electronic

device

Energy

Harvesting

Generator

Temporary

Storage

system

EM energy

Solar

Vibrations

Traffic

Hydro/wind

Power sources available from the ambient

RF


Biochemical

Thermal

energy Radioactivity

Examples of energy harvesting systems


Crystal radio - 1906

Sailing ship (XVI-XVII century)

Tree - vegetation

Self-charging

Seiko wristwatch

First automatic wristwatch,

Harwood, c. 1929 (Deutsches

Uhrenmuseum, Inv. 47-3543)

First automatic watch.

Abraham-Louis Perrelet,

Le Locle. 1776

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham-Louis_Perrelet

Vibration energy harvesting versus

power requirements

Devic

e P

ow

er

Consu

mpti

on

Time

VEH

sPow

er

Densi

ty

Zero Power ??

100-300W/cm3 ?


Vibration Energy Harvesters (VEHs): basics

Inertial generators are more flexible than direct-force devices because they require

only one point of attachment to a moving structure, allowing a greater degree of

miniaturization.

Load (ULP sensors, MEMS

actuators)

Bridge Diodes

Rectifier

Cstorag

e ZL

Vou

t

AC/DC

converter Vibration

Energy

Harvester

RL

Transducer

k

i

F(t)

zRL d

m

fe

k

i

Transducer

F(t)=mÿ

zd

m

fe

y

zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires

Wang et al. 2008

Energy harvesting from

moth vibrations

Chang. MIT 2013

Energy Harvesting from dancing


Vibration

Harvesting

Generator

Magnetostrictive

Piezoelectric

Electromagnetic

V

Moving magnet

Spring

Coil

(a) (b)

(c)

Electrostatic/Capacitive

Proof mass

Springs

Vb


Vibration Energy Harvesters (VEHs): basics

Piezoelectric conversion

Unpolarized

Crystal

Polarized

Crystal

After poling the zirconate-titanate atoms are off center.

The molecule becomes elongated and polarized

9

Pioneering work on the direct

piezoelectric effect (stress-charge)

in this material was presented by

Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880

In 1903 Pierre received the Nobel

Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie

Skłodowska-Curieand and Henri

Becquerel, for the research on the

radiation phenomena discovered by

Professor Henri Becquerel.

NiPS Summer School 2015 – July 7-12th -Fiuggi (Italy) – F. Cottone


Man-made ceramics

• Barium titanate (BaTiO3)—Barium titanate was the

first piezoelectric ceramic discovered.

• Lead titanate (PbTiO3)

• Lead zirconate titanate (Pb[ZrxTi1−x]O3 0≤x≤1)—more

commonly known as PZT, lead zirconate titanate is

the most common piezoelectric ceramic in use

today.

• Lithium niobate (LiNbO3)

Naturally-occurring crystals

• Berlinite (AlPO4), a rare phosphate mineral that is

structurally identical to quartz

• Cane sugar

• Quartz (SiO2)

• Rochelle salt

Polymers

• Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF): exhibits

piezoelectricity several times greater than quartz.

Unlike ceramics, long-chain molecules attract and

repel each other when an electric field is applied.

direct piezoelectric effect

Stress-to-charge conversion

10

Biological

• Bones

• DNA !!!


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_titanate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_titanate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_niobate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_sodium_tartrate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinylidene_fluoride

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA


31 Mode

FV

+

-

3

1

2

• S = strain vector (6x1) in Voigt notation

• T = stress vector (6x1) [N/m2]

• sE = compliance matrix (6x6) [m2/N]

• cE = stifness matrix (6x6) [N/m2]

• d = piezoelectric coupling matrix (3x6) in Strain-Charge

[C/N]

• D = electrical displacement (3x1) [C/m2]

• e = piezoelectric coupling matrix (3x6) in Stress-Charge

[C/m2]

• = electric permittivity (3x3) [F/m]

• E = electric field vector (3x1) [N/C] or [V/m]

F33 Mode

V-

+

3

12

Strain-charge

t

E

T

S s T d E

D d T E

Stress-charge

E t

S

T c S e E

D e S E

11NiPS Summer School 2015 – July 7-12th -Fiuggi (Italy) – F. Cottone

Conversion techniques comparison

Technique Advantages Drawbacks

Piezoelectric • high output voltages

• well adapted for

miniaturization

• high coupling in single

crystal

• no external voltage source

needed

• expensive

• small coupling for

piezoelectric thin films

• large load optimal

impedance required (MΩ)

• Fatigue effect

Electrostatic • suited for MEMS

integration

• good output voltage (2-

10V)

• possiblity of tuning

electromechanical

coupling

• Long-lasting

• need of external bias

voltage

• relatively low power

density at small scale

Electromagnetic • good for low frequencies

(5-100Hz)

• no external voltage source

needed

• suitable to drive low

impedances

• inefficient at MEMS scales:

low magnetic field, micro-

magnets manufacturing

issues

• large mass displacement

required.


Human activity

Gorlatova, M et al (2013). Movers and shakers: Kinetic energy harvesting for the internet of things.

Example of vibration sources


Example of vibration sources

Chicago North Bridge

http://realvibration.nipslab.org

Car in highway

Walking person


http://realvibration.nipslab.org/

A general model for VEHs

RL

k

i

coil

magnet

ÿ

z

Bz

Electromagnetic transduction Piezoelectric transduction

k

i

Piezo bar or cantilever beam

ÿ

z

RL

Seismic massmagnet

Vibrations

( )

( )

L

L c i L c

dU zmz dz V my

dz

V V z


A general model for VEHs

22

0 2

2

2 2 2

( )2 ( )( )

e

c

L c c

PY m j

R j m d j k j

0

j ty Y e

( )

L

L c i L c

mz dz kz V my

V V z

LINEAR mechanical oscillator 21( )

2U z kz

2

0c c

Z mYms ds k

Vs s

Z mY

det A(s

c)

mY (sc)

ms3 (mc d)s2 (k

c d

c)s k

c

,

V mY

det A

cs

mY cs

ms3 (mc d )s2 (k

c d

c)s k

c

.

Hence, the transfer functions between displacement and voltage over input acceleration are given by

H

ZY(s)

Z

Y, (a) H

VY(s)

V

Y. (b) By substituting s=j in , we can calculate the electrical

power dissipated across the resistive load

Laplace transform



17

22 3131

11 33

.

. E T

El energy dk

Mech energy s

Electromechanical Coupling is an adimensional factor that provides the effectiveness of a

piezoelectric material. IT’s defined as the ratio between the mechanical energy converted and the

electric energy input or the electric energy converted per mechanical energy input

Characteristic PZT-5H BaTiO3 PVDF AlN

(thin film)

d33 (10-10 C/N) 593 149 -33 5,1

d31 (10-10 C/N) -274 78 23 -3,41

k33 0,75 0,48 0,15 0,3

k31 0,39 0,21 0,12 0,23

𝜀𝑟 3400 1700 12 10,5

Strain-charge Stress-charge



y(t)

z(t)

Mt

RL

i

strain

Lb

VL

Piezoelectric

plates

( )

L

L c i L c

mz dz kz V my

V V z

hp

hs

Piezoelectric layer

Subtrate layer

Le

Lm

Ep and Es are the Young’s modulus of

piezo layer and steel substrate

respectively


31 2/ , ,

1 / , 1 / ,

p L

c L p i i p

kd h k R

R C R C

1 2

1 22

3 3

2

,

3 (2 )2, ,

3(2 )2

2

/, 2 ,

2 12 12

p

b m e

b m eb b m

s p b p s p b s

b p

k k k E

b l l lIk k

b l l ll l l

h h w h E E w hb I w h b


Electromagnetic conversion

Equivalent circuit

i(t)

Ri

Lc

RL

RL

k

i

coil

magnet

ÿ

z

Bz

magnet

( )

L

L c i L c

mz dz kz V my

V V z

/ , ,

/ , / ,

L L

c L c i i c

Bl R Bl R

R L R L

𝑘𝑠𝑝

𝑘𝑠𝑡

𝑔0

𝑚𝑠

𝑅𝐿

𝑉0

𝑑

Mathematical modeling

2 2

2 2

( ),a i

d x dx dU x d ym c c m

dt dt dx dt

0( ) ,L

dR C V V U

dt

2 2

0 lim

2 2

0 lim

1 1( ) , for

2 2( )

1 1( ) ( ) , for

2 2

sp

sp st

k x C x U x x

U x

k k x C x U x x

Governing equations

MEMS electrostatic kinetic energy harvester


• narrow bandwidth that implies

constrained resonant frequency-tuned

applications

• Non-adaptation to variable vibration

sources

• small inertial mass and high resonant

frequency at micro/nano-scale -> most

of vibration sources are below 100 Hz

Main limits of resonant VEHs

At 20% off the resonance

the power falls by 80-90%


Beyond linear harvesting systems

Frequency tuning

Wu et al. 2008

Challa et al. 2008

Roundy and Zhang 2004

Piezoelectric cantilever with

a movable mass

Piezoelectric cantilever with magnetic tuning

Piezoelectric beam with a

scavenging and a tuning part

Zhu, et al. (2010). Sensors and Actuators A: Physical



Frequency tuning

Tang et al. 2010


Multimodal Energy Harvesting


Ferrari, M., et al. (2008). Sensors and Actuators A: Physical

Hybrid harvester with piezoelectric and electromagnetic transduction

mechanisms

Tadesse et al. 2009

Shahruz 2006

Piezoelectric cantilever arrays

with various lengths and tip masses


H. Kulah and K. Najafi, IEEE Sensors Journal 8 (3), 261 (2008).

D.G. Lee et al. IEEE porc. (2007)

Frequency-up conversion

Jung, S.-M. et al. (2010). Applied Physics Letters


Le, C. P., Halvorsen (2012). Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and

Structures

Impact electrostatic MEMS generator


Burrow, S.G and Clare, L.R. IEEE porc. (2007)

Nonlinear systems


Cottone, F., H. Vocca & L. Gammaitoni, Nonlinear Energy Harvesting. PRL, 102 (2009).


2 0 1 2

2 2 3/2

1( , )

2 2 ( )eff

M MU x K x

x

Magneto-elastic potential

Governing equations of a single-DOF

piezo-magnetoelastic model

( , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

1( ) ( ) ( );

eff v

c L p

U xmx t x t K x t K V t my t

x

V t V t K x t R C

Mechanical vibrations

Piezoelectric beam

x

ÿ

m

Opposing magnets

Vout

Cottone, F., H. Vocca & L. Gammaitoni. PRL, 102 (2009).

Beyond linear harvesting systemsNonlinear systems for vibration energy harvesting


Bistable oscillators for vibration energy harvesting

Resonant monostableBistable: inter-well and

intra-well oscillations

Bifurcation point

x

U(x,)

=25mm

x

U(x,)

Cottone, F., H. Vocca & L. Gammaitoni, Nonlinear Energy Harvesting. PRL, 102 (2009).NiPS Summer School 2015 – July 7-12th -Fiuggi (Italy) – F. Cottone 28


Resonant monostableBistable: inter-well and

intra-well oscillations

Bandwith enhancement

when interwell jumps occur

x

U(x,)

=25mm

x

U(x,)


Buckled beam piezoelectric harvesters

Snapping between buckled states

Cottone, F., Gammaitoni, L., Vocca, H., Ferrari, M., & Ferrari, V. (2012). Smart materials and structures, 21(3), 035021

stretching

bending

stretching

PP



L L

x

L0

z

w(x,t)

hp

hs

Steel support

Piezoelectric layer

V (t)ip(t) Cp RL

RL

b

zk+1

zk

P

Buckled piezoelectric beams

1( , ) ) ( , )(w x t w v x tx

stretching

bending

stretching

0( ) (1 cos(2 / )) / 2x h x L

the initial buckling shape function is

P

by applying Euler-Lagrange equations

( ), ( )d d

F t I tdt q q dt

L L L L

gives two coupled second order nonlinear differential equations

governing the motion of the piezoelectric buckled beam

Where the output voltage is related to the flux linkage

0 1

33 2 1 0

2

,

2 2 .L p P P

V V

k kV V

R C C C

mq cq k q k k q k z

q qq

P

V



Experimental and numerical results

Cottone, F., L. Gammaitoni, H. Vocca, M. Ferrari & V. Ferrari (2012) Smart materials and structures, 21, 2012.



Nonlinear electromagnetic generators for wide

band vibrational energy harvesting

2 2

3

2 2

( ) 1 ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ,

d q dq d yq q V

d Q d d

2( )( )

1,

em

dV dqV k

d d

0 / ( )R L 2 2

2

1 1

( ).em

c c

Blk

k L k L

22

1 0

pzkk C


Nonlinear electromagnetic generators for wide

band vibrational energy harvesting

Bandwidth

enhancement of 2.5x

with bistability at 0,2 grms


Université Paris-Est, ESIEE Paris,

Silicon MEMS electrostatic harvesters.

• Cottone, F., Basset, P., Guillemet, R., Galayko, D., Marty, F. and T. Bourouina. IEEE TRANSDUCERS 2013.

• R., Guillemet, Basset., P, Galayko, D., Cottone, F., Marty, F. and T. Bourouina. Conf. Proceeding IEEE MEMS 2013.




Basset, P., Galayko, D., Cottone, F., Guillemet, R., Blokhina, E., Marty, F., & Bourouina, T. (2014). Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering

24(3), 035001

Cottone, F., Basset, P., Guillemet, R., Galayko, D., Marty, F., & Bourouina, T. (2013). 2013 Transducers & Eurosensors.

Guilllemet, R., Basset, P., Galayko, D., Cottone, F., Marty, F., & Bourouina, T. (2013).

Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2013 IEEE 26th International Conference on (pp. 817-820): IEEE.


F. Cottone, P. Basset Université Paris-Est, ESIEE Paris,

Silicon MEMS-based electrostatic harvesters.



Cottone, F., Basset, P., Guillemet, R., Galayko, D., Marty, F., & Bourouina, T. (2013).

Transducers & Eurosensors.


Basset, P., Galayko, D., Cottone, F., Guillemet, R., Blokhina, E., Marty, F., &

Bourouina, T. (2014). JMM 24(3), 035001.


Velocity-amplified mulitple-mass EM VEH

1 1 2 1 22

1 2

( 1) ( )i if

e m v m em vv

m m

the final velocity of the smaller mass is

v2f = 2v1f − v2i.

In the case of equal but opposite initial velocities

v2f = − 3v2i,

which represents a gain factor of 3x in velocity.

if 𝑒 = 1 and in the limit of m1 / m2 → ∞,


Electromagnetic generators


For a series of n−bodies of progressively

smaller mass that impact sequentially,

the velocity gain is proportional to n.

(Rodgers et al., 2008)

, 1

1,0

2 , 1

1(1 ) 1

1

nk k

n

k k k

eG e

r



Moving coil

Gap magnet

expansions (iron)

High Q-factor

springs

Linear low friction

guides

Base for clamping

Top cap

NdFeB Magnets

University of Limerick (Ireland) and Bell-Labs Alcatel (USA).

F. Cottone, G. Suresh, J. Punch - “Energy Harvesting Apparatus Having Improved Efficiency”. US Patent n.

8350394B2

Prototype 2 with transversal magnetic flux




Moving coil

Gap magnet

expansions (iron)

High Q-factor

springs

Linear low friction

guides

Base for clamping

Top cap

NdFeB

Magnets


University of Limerick (Ireland) and Bell-Labs Alcatel (USA).

F. Cottone, G. Suresh, J. Punch - “Energy Harvesting Apparatus Having

Improved Efficiency”. US Patent n. 8350394B2

Prototype 2 with transversal flux linkage

Improvement up to a

factor 10x



Comparison of various approaches

Zhu, D., Tudor, M. J., & Beeby, S. P. (2010).


Performance metrics

Mitcheson, P. D., E. M. Yeatman, et al. (2008). Proceedings of the IEEE 96(9): 1457-1486.

Bandwidth figure of merit

Frequency range within which the output

power is less than 1 dB

below its maximum value


Conclusions

o Marriage between Energy harvesting systems and Zero-power

Technology will enable autonomous WSN applications

o Energy harvesting systems can be improved by:

o Nonlinear dynamic: Bistable systems, freqeuncy-up converters,

impacting masses, electrostatic softening

o Innovative electro-active materials (electrets, lead-free piezo)

o Miniaturization

o Zero-Power Technology has plenty of room for improvement at

level of

o Low-consumption components,

o Efficient conditioning.


Current technical challenges

o Miniaturization issues

o Improvements of piezoelectric-material properties

o Improving capacitive design

o Increasing magnetic filed in micro magnets

o Research on electrets materials

o Efficient conditioning electronics

o Efficient Integrated design

o Power-aware operation of the powered device

o Target applications

o Tailoring the WSN technology to specific applications


Acknowledgments

Thank you


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