Energy from Biomass Presentation at the seminar Energy, Environment & Sustainability Bad Honnef, 27 May, 2008 Sven Kullander Energy Committee. Insecurity of fossil fuel supply? Bioenergy statistical data. Biomass for food and energy! Brazils potential. Global agricultural production. Forests in the world. Sweden has a zero net emission of CO 2 ! Bioenergy in Sweden. Fertilizers. Concluding statements. Production and price of oil 84Mbd $ 100 3 Not yet developed gas fields Security of supply? Bioenergy share of energy supply in some selected countries Renewables in 2005 EU 25 Germany Sweden Norway Denmark Finland Biomass 4.1% 2.3% 17% 5% 7.1% 15% Hydro 1.5% 0.6% 10%51% 0% 3.6% Geotherm0.3% 0% 0% 0% 0% Wind0.3% 0.7% 0.1% 0% 1.5% 0% Solar 0.04% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6.3% 3.6% 27% EU target for renewables by 2010 is 12% and by 2020 it is 20%! Nordic land areas Sweden Norway Finland Denmark EU-25 Germany Aral land (Mha) Forests (Mha) Assumptions about EU-27 bioenergy potential AEBIOM* assumes that 0.16 hectares/person is enough for food! EU has 106 Mha agricultural land and 490 million inhabitants. Thus 32 Mha should be available for bioenergy from agriculture!? EEA** assumes biomass potential 1) is 188 Mtoe (2010), 236 Mtoe (2020). 1) Includes biomass from forestry, agriculture and biowaste and was 72 Mtoe in 2005 *) European Biomass Association (AEBIOM) **) European Environmental Agency (EEA) Food and energy for a sustainable climate Biomass primarily for food. Electricity for energy. Foods or fuels? A Swede eats every year 50 kg greens 15 kg fish 49 kg meat 37 kg bread 65 kg potato 180 kg milk A persons power dissipation = 100 watt (1 year is 3,1510 7 s) Peoples energy needs = 6,610 9 3150 MWs = TWh/r*) Energy content 3150 MJ = 3150 MWs *)Global energy consumption = TWh/year Energy content per kg Unit is mega joule (MJ) Sugar 17 MJ Bread 12 MJ Ham 11 MJ Whisky 10 MJ Compare Ethanol 27 MJ Gasoline 43 MJ Liquid fuels!? Produced in 2007: 1 billion litres Scotch (40%) from Barley - corresponds to Swedish car ethanol consumption 20 billion litres US ethanol from corn 18 billion litres Brazilian ethanol from sugar cane 1% of worlds motor fuel is ethanol - can it be incresed ten times? Brazils potential* * ) From the presentation by Prof. Donato Aranda, Federal Univ. Rio de Janeiro at the seminar Future of Forest Bioenergy, Royal Swedish Engineering Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 2007 Source: Brazilian Agricultural Ministry Physical Productivity 90 million hectares is two times Swedens size! Sugar Cane production in Brazil * Output/Input Energy ~ billion litres ethanol on 6 million hectars 0.24 % of global oil production *Donato Aranda, Royal Engineering Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 2007 Biodiesel Program From Donato Aranda, February 2007 B2 mandatory at Jan/2008 (850,000 ton/year) B5 mandatory at Jan/2010 (2013, originaly) Now: 10 biodiesel plants working (500,000 ton/year) 2,000 gas stations providing B2 Some transportation companies using B30 Projects: More than 100 new biodiesel plants LOW FEDERAL TAXES FOR SOCIAL PROJECTS AND POOR REGIONS Soybean Biodiesel (Output/input energy ~ 3)* * Donato Aranda, Royal Engineering Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 2007 Biodiversity? Rainforests? Fossil driven! Biodiesel from palm oil? Rainforests are cut down Agriculture Refinement Transport Retail Consumption Waste Life Cycle analysis Resources - Raw material - Energy - Land Emissions to - Air - Water - Soil Nitrogen emissions Nitrogen from fertilizers is converted by microbes to nitrous oxide N 2 O. N 2 O has a 300 times greater Greenhouse forcing than CO 2. IPCC assumes 2 % of nitrogen converted to nitrous oxide. Paul Crutzen et al finds atmosheric pre-industrial N 2 O value from ice cores. Subtracting from the present atmospheric N 2 O value gives 3-5 %. Conclusion is that for ethanol from corn and rapeseed, the relative warming due to N 2 O emission offsets the CO 2 saving from the fuel. Biomass 550 835 Gton C Carbon soil content 1200 2200 Gton C 20 % of photo synthetic bound carbon transported to the soil % of total anthropogenic CO 2 originates from aral land! CO 2 Land breathing 78 Gton C after 1850 After Bengt Lundegrdh Global agricultural production Global agriculture products in 2005 UN Food and Agriculture Statistics Global Oulook Cereals2,228 million tonnes Meat 265 million tonnes Fruits/Vegetables1,392 million tonnes Roots/Tubers 712 million tonnes Pulses 62 million tonnes Oilseeds/Nuts 146 million tonnes Sugar Crops1,532 million tonnes Tobacco 7 million tonnes Fibre Crops 29 million tonnes 6,373 million tonnes 1 ton/capita Energy of all this biomass? tera watt hours (TWh) Global energy supply 2005 Total energy production = TWh 100% Fossil energy production = TWh 80% All agriculture products = TWh 13% Food for 6.6 billion people TWh*) 5% *) 2.4 kWh/day x 365 x 6.6 x 10 9 = TWh High productivity of agriculture products requires cultivation with minimum emissions to the environment! Forests in the world Worlds forests Source UN-FAO 4 10 9 hectars forests (30% of surface) 7.3 10 6 hectars disappearing each year In Africa 90% of all wood produced is burnt 75% of bioenergy comes from forests Bioenergy represents 80% of renewable energy 1 km 2 = 100 hectars (ha) Change of growing forest stock [Mm 3 ] CountryGrowing stock Change/year Brazil China Sweden Nordic forests * USA+Canada 44 10 9 m 3 * European Union 13 10 9 m 3 ** Germany 90 10 6 m 3 SwedenNorwayFinlandDenmark Forest portion of land50%20%68%10% Forest stock (5 10 9 m 3 ) * 50%13%36%1% Growth/year (210 10 6 m 3 ) ** 47%12%40%2% Sweden has a zero net emission of CO 2 ! Swedens energy supply Nuclear Bioenergy Oil Hydro Coal SWEDISH C/CO 2 EMISSIONS Emissions: mega tonnes 1970 95 Mt CO 56 Mt CO 2 Remember 56 Mt Bioenergy in Sweden Bioenergy in Sweden TWh Forest 92 Agriculture 4 Peat 4 Waste 8 Heat 90 Electricity 10 Ethanol 2 Losses 6 TWh STEM statistics elaborated by Harry Frank Skogen, grundbult i svensk vlfrd 36% pulp and paper 23% energy and heat 23% energy and heat Pulp and paper mills 15% chips 8% firewood 46% saw timber 46% pulp wood 16% energy and heat 8% bark and sawdust 20% wood Heat production Saw mills and board industry Forests the major driver of Swedish Economy Forest biomass yield, Sweden, 2004 Per-Olov Nilsson, Report 23, 2006, Skogsstyrelsen 34% 21% 19% 75.9 Mt 380TWh 26 % Use of Swedish forest growth, 2004 Rapport Per-Olov Nilsson Skogsstyrelsen 76 Mt 380 TWh Fellings 61 Mt Annual growth and fellings, Swedish forests Klla: Riksskogstaxeringen, Skogsstyrelsen Fellings Growth Mil. m 3 sk (forest cubic metres) Forest sequestration 1990 was 55 Mt (35 Mm 3 ) Fossil fuel CO 2 emissions was 56 Mt Sweden had zero net emission 1990! Biopower plant Started operation in 2000 Building cost 55 Meuros 0.18 TWh electricity/year 0.33 TWh heat 60 trucks firewood/day Eskilstuna biopower plant provides electricity and heat (During 2005 biopower provided 10 TWh bioenergyin Sweden,1/3 electricity ) Two Swedish biofuel alternatives Ethanol from fermentation of grain or wood including more efficient technologies with enzymes or improved yeast grades* Production of Synthesis gas, Hydrogen and Carbon monoxide in the right proportions for the subsequent processes (normally well known processes) *) In Norrkping there is ethanol production from wheat providing 20% of Swedish needs 2: nd generation biofuels -Three Swedish Pilot Plants Ethanol from cellulose by fermentation,rnskldsvik. Biofuels or electricity from black liquor gasification, Pite. Synthesis gas from biomass for future biofuels, Vrnamo. The objective is to get a production facility within the next 10 years CHEMRECS DP-1 facility in PITE for Black Liquor Gasification An arctic circle facility Black Liquor Gasification - General Scheme Air separation Power Oxygen Rawgas Synthesis gas Gas cooling Gasi- fication and Quench Steam Weak wash Black liquor LS Green liq. Gas Purification White liquor Sulphur Management Poly Sulph. Synthesis- and Distillation Power & Steam Combined Cycle or DME/Methanol or Courtesy: Christer Sjlin Conclusions on Swedish Ethanol production - Ethanol production from primary biomass is not energy efficient - Technology breakthrough is needed even for second generation fuels - Domestic production is more than twice as expensive as import - A substantial competition for the raw material, wood, will take place, especially if Europe will follow the ethanol route Black liquor gasification (BLGCC) Conclusions: - Only a smaller portion of the Swedish demand of fuels can be produced from BLGCC probably at high costs and the raw material is in competition with other use. - It is much more likely that electric power production is the best use of the BLGCC technology. The Industry needs all electric power sources which it can get for reasonable power prices in the future. Fertilisers Fertiliser research The Flakaliden experimental site (8 ha) is situated 60 km west of Ume In 1986 started studies of the growth optimisation of a boreal coniferous forest Irrigation and fertilisers. Initially 100 kg N/ha + other nutrients (P,K,Ca,S,Mg) Project leader: Professor Sune Linder Flakaliden 10 years after start of experiment Stem growth after fertilisation Sune Linder, Flakaliden experiment Current growth rate, m 3 /ha/year After Sune Linder Possible increase of growth After Sune Linder Pine plants grow better with amino acids than with a conventional N fertiliser Courtesy Torgny Nsholm Amino acid fertiliser Conventional N fertiliser Weight per plant in grams Amino acid fertiliser Conventional N fertiliser Increased growth after planting Courtesy Torgny Nsholm Bioenergy now provides ~ TWh/a International Energy Agency (IEA)estimates in their most pessimistic scenario that bioenergy may be doubled, from reidues in forestry and agriculture. A realistic assumption in my opinion. In their most optimistic scenario with intense cultivation on good soils the potential is TWh? Completely unrealistic. But: Biodiversity and climate must not be jeopardized, agricultural land needed for food. Conclusions globally Energy Committees statements on bioenergy November 28, 2007 Worlds agricultural products must meet the increasing demands for food rather than being used for biofuels. Worlds forest cuttings must not exceed the forest growth in order to protect biodiversity and climate. It should be possible to double the global bioenergy production, currently TWh/a, primarily by using residues from agriculture and forestry. Swedish annual bioenergy production being now 100 TWh may increase by 40 %. In the long run additional 20 % from intensified production.