Energy Efficient Buildings

Energieinstiut Vorarlberg

1 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn


Energy Efficient Buildings history – lesson learned – developments

Examples from Austria

Helmut Krapmeier, Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Architect



Estonia Vorarlberg

4.600 km on the road

3.300 km straight line

1.000 kg CO2 emission

Average Indian person:

900 kg CO2 per year!

Average Austrian person:

8.000 kg CO2 per year

Average Estonian person:

13.000 kg CO2 per year

Source: wikipedia



Austria is a small country in Europe



Vorarlberg is a very small province of Austria



Vorarlberg Second smallest province

370.000 inhabitants

38 m² living area per person

34,000 kWh PE* Consumption/(p.a)

5,500 Watt PE * permanent per person

6 tons C02 per person per year

85,000 buildings in total

60,000 existing domestic houses

1,000 new homes per year

80 architectural offices

50 technical offices

60 contractors/developers

1,500 craftmen workshops

* PE = primary energy Quelle: Vorarlberg Tourismus; Fotocredits: Thorbecke Luftbild



Schwarzenberg im Sommer

Schwarzenberg, Bregenzerwald, Fotocredits: Franz Oberhauser, Archiv Vorarlberg Tourismus Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 7


Schwarzenberg im Winter

Schwarzenberg, Bregenzerwald, Fotocredits: Franz Oberhauser, Archiv Vorarlberg Tourismus Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 8


Schwarzenberg - Häuser

Schwarzenberg, Bregenzerwald, Fotocredits: Peter Mathis, Archiv Vorarlberg Tourismus Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 9


Rheintalhaus

Rheintalhaus, Fotocredits: Gruppe S.F.&H, Archiv Vorarlberg Tourismus Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 10


Schwarzenberg

Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 11


Gasthaus Bregenzerwald

Gasthaus, Bregenzerwald, Fotocredits: Hans Wiesenhofer, Archiv Vorarlberg Tourismus Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 12


Stube im Montafon

Montafion, Fotocredits: Harald Peter, Archiv Vorarlberg Tourismus Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 13


Christof Linng: Alt und Neu

Quelle: Tourismusbüro Bregenzerwald, Fotocredits: Christof Linng

Alte und neue Häuser



Haus Innfeld, Schwarzenberg, Architekten: Dietrich/Untertrifaller, Holzbau Fetz,

Haus Innfeld, Schwarzenberg




Apartment houses, Architects: Baumschlager – Eberle, Fotocredits: B-E


Panorama Bregenz – Swiss Mountains



World population and crude oil usage

Quelle: Architektenkammer, „Energiegerechtes Bauen und Modernisieren“

Billons people





Billons people

In Asia and Africa

* die Sumerians (about 4000-3000 B.C. - 2004 B.C. in Mesopotamia)

* Elam (about 3500 B.C. until 600 B.C. in Iran)

* Ägypten (about 3150 B.C. until 395 A.D.)

* Indus- or Harappa-culture (ca. 2800 B.C. until 1800 B.C. in India)

* China (ca. 2200 B.C. until about. 1800 B.C.)

* Oasis- or Oxus-culture (ca. 2200 B.C. until 1700 B.C. in Central Asia)

In America

* town Caral in Peru (about 2627 B.C.)

* Olmeks (ca. 1500 B.C. until 400 B.C. in Mexico)




5000 years 5000 years



Billons people


The World's Primary Energy Consumption

Quelle: IEA World energy outlook 2008

25%

34%

22%

5%

14%

coal

oil

gas

nuclear

renewables



Oil rig TRANSOCEAN desaster 1

EIV E-A.1 14a 05/10 Source: IPCC WG1-AR4 Author: EIV - kra April 20th 2010: oil rig „Deepwater Horizon“ owned by „Transocean“ explodes and sinks April 22nd



Nuclear power stations are safe!

Quelle: Internet; Stern.de; Abruf 2011-03-12

Nuclear power station Fukushima, Japan, explosion on 2011-03-11



Primary Power / energy consumption per head

Source: according to [IEA] Author: PHI / PHD

Watt

/ h

ea

d

Country

kilo

watt h

ours

/ h

ead

Estonia



Economics and building industry

ca. 50% of the total capital costs of the devoloped countries are tied

up for housing

ca. 50% of all raw materials are used for buildings

ca. 55% of the waste comes from buildings in Germany (184,9 Mio. t

per year)

ca. 50% of the total energy consumption is used for the production

and transport of building materials, for the construction process, for

the current consumption, for demolition and for disposals

Quelle: Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt; Sabine Dschahanschah; Tri Alpe Adria März 2011



Final energy consumption CH since 1910

Quelle:Bundesamt für Energie BFE, Juni 2010

Buckminster Fuller

1951

“Hobby” 1955



The best solutions for spaceship Earth

Quelle: Internet, Google 7.9.2005



The best solutions for spaceship Earth

Source: Internet, Google 7.9.2005

In 1951, R. Buckminster Fuller

(1895-1983) wrote:

Fossil fuel deposits … must be

conserved … the life-

regenerating processes

exclusively from the power of

the wind, water and the

radiation energy of the sun.

(p. 110 ff)



How will we be living in 20 years time?

Quelle: hobby, das Magazin der Technik, Juli und November 1955



1955: fossil energy sources are no solution





Source: hobby, das Magazin der Technik, Juli und November 1955

… 82% derive from the vast

reservoir that Nature has

deposited over the course of

millions of years. …



1955: fossil energy sources are no soluiton


We are now consuming in a

single year about as much

energy as Nature has

deposited over a period of 5

million years





Seldom has an

inherited fortune been

so wastefully

misspent! Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 33



Source: hobby, das Magazin der Technik, Juli und November 1955

…one can see that the time

when the crude oil, coal and

natural gas deposits are

exhausted is approaching with

the relentlessness of a death-

watch beetle. …



1958: houses of today and tomorrow

Quelle: Populäre Mechanik, Nr. 30, 1958, Seite 114 ff



1958: solar heating system is easy

Quelle: Populäre Mechanik, Nr. 30, 1958, Seite 114 ff





energy crisis 1973

energy crisis 1979



United Kingdom Oil

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030

Dis

co

ve

ry G

b

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Pro

du

cti

on

kb

/d



Norway Oil

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030

Dis

co

ve

ry G

b

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Pro

du

cti

on

kb

/d



Energy Crisis ?

40




energy crisis 1973

energy crisis 1979



Lessons learned 1: windows

• moisture and mould

• Up to 30% proportion of Frames

• Avoid “loophole look”

• Daylight losses

• Masterplan instead of quick fix



Europa is not California

Quelle: Brockhaus

San Francisco 37° 49„ N

Bregenz 47° 27„ N

Quelle: Krapmeier, Bild: Brockhaus

Tallinn 59° 26„ N



Lesson learned 2: Europe is not California



Lesson learned 2: Europe is not California

Quelle: Privatbibliothek Krapmeier

Literatur aus den 70er Jahren,



Adobe architecture – California

Quelle: Home Sweet Dome, 1978, Fricke Verlag

Lehmhaus Architektur der 70er Jahre,



Solar houses for everyone, everywhere?

Quelle: David Pearson, The natural house book, Gaia books

„Wer im Glashaus sitzt ...“




Private House in Germany; Arch. Thomas Herzog; about 1985



„Öko-Partner Haus“ Demonstration House in D-Munich; open to the public from ca. 1989–1995



„Demonstration House in D-Stuttgart; open to the public from ca. 1991–1995; Arch. Syskowic



„Demonstration House in D-Stuttgart; open to the public from ca. 1991–1995; Arch.


Solar Horror

Picture Show

CD1 Bild 19 + 20


„Demonstration House in NL-Amsterdam; open to the public from ca. 1993–??; Arch.: ??


Living in the cold climate in the alps

Grundprinzip: Zwiebelhülle, thermische Zonen, Pufferräume Quelle: „Sol Power“Sophia und Stefan Behling, Prestel Verlag, S. 49



Living: high density, south orientated, traditionel

Links: Dorf in Reristal, Hoher Atlas, Marokko, rechts: Favelas in Rio de Janeiro, Brasilien Quelle: Yann Arthus Bertrand: Die Welt von oben, Geo Verlag



total living - USA

Quelle:

(kra) Amerika, das Land der Einfamilienhäuser; „my home is my castle“, Vorbild Rheintal? Quelle: „Sol Power“Sophia und Stefan Behling, Prestel Verlag, S. 172



Total living? Appropriate living?

Quelle:

(kra) links: Siedlung Brondby/Dänemark; rechts: Miami, Florida/USA Quelle: Yann Arthus Bertrand: Die Welt von oben, Geo Verlag



Priene: Griechenland 4.Jht. v. Chr.

-



Lesson learned 3: less is more


What you do not loose, you do not have to work for

Philips-low energy house

measured: 1975 - 1978

U – wall = 0.17 W/(m²K)

U – roof = 0.23 W/(m²K)

U – floor = 0.30 W/(m²K)

U – window = 1.90 W/(m²K)

heating demand:

3,200 kWh/a for 116 m²

= 27 kWh/(m²WNF*a)



Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn

Konventionelles

Haus

Haus gut dämmen Luftdichte

Gebäudehülle

Quelle: eigene Gestaltung kra

Development from normal to passiv

0

15

30

60

80

100

120

Building code Low Energy House Passivehouse

Houses with different energetical standards

En

erg

ies

[k

Wh

/m²∙

a]

Roof, walls,

windows,

doors,

floors to

unheated

Ventilation

Internal

heating gains

Solar gains

Heating

demand

Heat recvering

from ventilation

Thermal bridges

60


Lesson learned 4: total energy is important


What you do not loose, you do not have to work for


The present-day system is incredibly inefficient

From primary energy to useful energy, a total of 47% is lost.

Primary energy Final energy Useful energy

100%

53%

Losses Losses



2.000 Watt society D 0216 - SIA efficiency track Switzerland (manifesto: „Energie – Schweiz“)



Targets for sustainable development

• 1 ton of CO2-emissions per person,

500 W max. fossile fuels;

1,500 W renewables without any CO2-emissions

• About 2,000 Watt per person (17'500 kWh/a) primary energy,

for the devolopment of a society and for reasonable affluence

• about 600 Watt per person (110 kWh/m2·a) for living in houses,

150 W max. fossile fuels,

450 W renewables without any CO2-emissions

Energy standards and their effects to the enviroment

Quelle: Mark Zimmermann, EMPA; 2007

65

Folie 66

11. Internationale Passivhaustagung, Bregenz, 13.-14. April 2007

Energy standards and their

effects to the enviroment

Pri

ma

ry e

ne

rgy d

em

an

d in

MJ

/m2 E

BF

heating Warm water electricity building retrofit

Energy efficiency in buildings: from 150 to 15 kWh/(m².a) resp. From

15 to 1,5 litres oil for comfortable temperatures in your house

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

SIA380/1 Passivhaus CH Ø

limit:

600 Watt

Folie 67

11. Internationale Passivhaustagung, Bregenz, 13.-14. April 2007

Energy standards and their

effects to the enviroment

Pri

ma

ry e

ne

rgy d

em

an

d in

MJ

/m2 E

BF

heating Warm water electricity building retrofit

Energy efficiency in buildings: from 150 to 15 kWh/(m².a) resp. From

15 to 1,5 litres oil for comfortable temperatures in your house

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

SIA380/1 Passivhaus CH Ø

limit:

600 Watt


Lesson learned 5: there is more than energy

Healthy building

materials

Healthy climate

indoors

Fresh air

Daylight and sun

Quietness living

Barrier free living

Thermal comfort



klima:aktiv haus – focal points

max. 120

max. 600

max. 160

max. 120

klima:aktiv criterias - distribution

A Planung und Ausführung B Energie und Versorgung

C Baustoffe und Konstruktion D Komfort und Raumluftqualität

Planning and workmanship

max. 120 points

Energy and supply

max. 600 points

Building materials, construction

max. 160 points

Healthiness and comfort

max. 120 points

klima:aktiv Haus > 700 points,

klima:aktiv Passivhaus > 900 points

Vorarlberg 2050

Energieautonom

autonomous by energy

Stock taking – status quo in A-Vorarlberg

0.6 m²/p thermal solar collectors

0.2 m²/p photovoltaic solar collectors

60% …. energy efficient (JAZ >4,0) heat pumps

20% …. biomass heating systems for dwellings

15% …. of new houses according to „almost nearly 0-energy houses

> highest density of Passiv Haus in Europe

100% advisory centers; 30,000 consultations

> highest rate of energy efficiency measures in municipalities

> highest rate of bicycling in Austria

> Highest rate worlwide of electric cars and electric pedelecs,

Yet still a long way to go


Lesson learned 6: success by networks


Building construction

subsidy

Consultancy and

information

Public relations

Planners and

craftsmen

Energy concept and

political will

Local authority

activities

Engaged clients



Single Family Passive-House in A - Satteins

Architekt: Walter Unterrainer

73



CEPHEUS: Multi-storeyed houses in A - Hallein

Bauherr: Experta Wohnbau, Architekt: Otmar Essl

74



Bauherr: private Errichtergemeinschaft, Architekt: Gerhard Zweier

CEPHEUS: 8 flats in A –Wolfurt

75



1995

Quelle: Planungsbüro Schmitz Aachen Bundesarchitektenkammer mit Förderung des BMU/UBA, Fortbildung C02-Reduktion 1995

Modernising Energy Standards

76



Before

Quelle: Architekt Schulze-Darup, 7. europäische Passivhaustagung 2003, Hamburg

over

200

kWh

m²a

Investment for total

renovation:

530 €/m² living space

Incl. VAT

Incl. solar, incl. everything

26 kWh/m²a

85%

With

Energy

Effici-

ency

• Thermal insulation roof

• Thermal insulation walls

• Passive-House windows

• Ventilation with heat recovery

• Brennwertgerät

• Solar collectors for dhw.

After

77

../../../../../../../../../../Allgemein/ÖA/PP-Folien CI/03-05-23 Wien AHSmPHP Schulze Darup.ppt


Architekt: Helmut Kuess Fotograf: Helmut Kuess

Faktor 10 Sanierung mit Passivhauskomponenten der Wohnanlage der VOGEWOSI in Dornbirn-Fussenau



Architekt: Helmut Kuess Fotograf: Helmut Kuess




Architekt: Helmut Kuess Fotograf: Robert Fessler




Volksschule/grammar school Mähdle, Austria-Wolfurt, Arch. Gerhard Zweier

Faktor 10 retrofit – Passivhaus components, Herbst 2010; Fotocredits: H. Krapmeier Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 81


Examples of e5 architecture:

e European

e excellent

e ecological

e energy efficient

e economical




Wohnen, Arbeiten, Übernachten, Spielen, Lernen,

Einkaufen und Beten im Passivhausstandard

living, working, sleeping, playing, learning, shopping

and even praying with Passive House Standards

83



Feel comfortable with the

Passive House Standard

Sustainable Buildings

New buildings – 90% energy

Old buildings – 90% energy

Factor 10 for new and old buildings

Everything else is snow from yesterday!

Everything else is water under the bridge!

84


Sonnensymbol Mensch


Energy Efficient Buildings

Documents

Transcript of Energy Efficient Buildings