Energy Efficiency: Challenges and Opportunities
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Transcript of Energy Efficiency: Challenges and Opportunities
Leading Global Energy Solutions
Energy Efficiency:
Challenges and Opportunities
David AustonExecutive Director,
Institute for Energy Efficiency
University of California
Santa Barbara
Leading Global Energy Solutions
The Energy Crisis – An Overview
Leading Global Energy Solutions
Energy Efficiency– 5 Dimensions
3
Economic: Our current use of energy is highly inefficient --- less
than half does useful work!
Environment: Greenhouse gases from fossil fuels are changing
the earth’s climate.
Resources: In a few hundreds years we are depleting natural
resources that took millions of years to form.
Security: Our dependence on imported oil and gas from politically
unstable regions poses major security risks.
Health: Burning fossil fuels is a major source of respiratory
illness.
Leading Global Energy Solutions
Evolution of Energy Consumption
0 50 100 150 200 250
Primitive
Hunting
Primitive Agriculture
Advanced Agriculture
Industrial Era
Technological Era
x1000 kCal per Day
Food
Home and Commerce
Industry and Agriculture
Source: “The Flow of Energy in
an Industrial Society”, Earl
Cook, Scientific American 1971
Leading Global Energy Solutions
U.S. Historical Energy Consumption
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1635
1655
1675
1695
1715
1735
1755
1775
1795
1815
1835
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1949
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
Wood
Hydroelectric
Nuclear
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
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Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
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Global Temperature & CO2
Source: World Bank: “Development and Climate Change Report”, 2010
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Per Capita Emissions vs Population
Source: World Bank: “Development and Climate Change Report”, 2010
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CO2 Emissions Per Capita by State
•Electricity •Industrial •Transport •Commercial •Residential
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Location, Type, and Size of U.S. Power Plants
Source: Benchmarking Air Emissions,
M. J. Bradley & Assoc. 2010
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Global Oil Reserves, 2004
Source: World Resources Institute
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World Coal Reserves
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
United States
Russia
China
India
Australia
South Africa
Poland
Brazil
Germany
Canada
Indonesia
Turkey
Pakistan
Bulgaria
% Share of World Coal Reserves
12
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Pollutants from Fossil Fuels
Pollutant Natural Gas Oil Coal
Carbon Dioxide 117,000 164,000 208,000
Carbon Monoxide 40 33 208
Nitrogen Oxides 92 448 457
Sulfur Dioxide 1 1,122 2,591
Particulates 7 84 2,744
Mercury 0.000 0.007 0.016
13
Source: DOE Energy Information Administration
Source: Over View & Summary, America’s Energy Future, NAS 2010 (Based on LLNL Data)
U. S. Energy Consumption 2007 (quads)
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Global Access to Energy
Leading Global Energy Solutions
Global Access to Energy
1.4 billion people have no access to electricity,
and they are most in rural areas.
3 billion people continue to rely on solid fuels
(traditional biomass and coal) for cooking and
heating – at very high cost to productivity and
health.
Source: “ENERGY POVERTY: How to make modern
energy access universal?”, International Energy Agency 2010
Center for Energy Efficient MaterialsAn Energy Frontier Research Center of the
Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Sciences
17
Leading Global Energy Solutions
Number and share of population relying on
biomass for cooking, 2009
Source: “ENERGY POVERTY: How to make modern energy access
universal?”, International Energy Agency 2010
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Premature annual deaths from
household air pollution and other diseases
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Institute for Energy Efficiency
Solar Powered Reading LightSolar Powered Reading Light
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Ghana Rollout (July 18)Distributed through Churches in Ghana
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Communicating Energy Efficiency to the Public
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Public Priorities – U.S. 2010
Source: Pew Foundation
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Should Economy or the Environment have Priority?
Source: Gallup 2010
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Public Support for Mitigation (U.S)
Source: Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change; NAS 2010
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Investment by Country & Sector 2009 ($B)
Source: “Who’s Winning the Clean Energy Race”, Pew Foundation 2010.
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U.S. Industrial R&D Spending as % Sales
U.S. Federal Budget 2010 ($Billions)
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Federal Subsidies (2002-2008)
29
Source:
Environmental
Law Institute
2010
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Low Cost Efficient Renewable Energy
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Cost of Electricity, U.S. (2007)
Source: Overview & Summary,
America’s Energy Future, NAS 2010
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DOE $1 per Watt PV Goals
Photovoltaic at $1/watt (installed):
By 2017, demonstration of all key components
and installation methods in systems at least 5MW in size and initial
production orders made
Target could be met with systems installed on the ground or on
buildings
Earth-abundant materials and recyclable components
Meets all applicable safety and environmental standards
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Worldwide Solar Pv is Growing Rapidly
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PV Module Costs Falling, but Slowly
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Multi-junction Solar Cells
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Alan Heeger – Nobel Laureate 2000
Jan 4 2010 36
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Concepts and Opportunities
37
Leading Global Energy Solutions
38
Leading Global Energy Solutions
39
Leading Global Energy Solutions
Konarka Plastic Ribbon Solar Cell
Jan 4 2010 40
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Solar Bikini
Jan 4 2010 41
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Window/Solar Cells
Jan 4 2010 42
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"Treat the earth well: it was not given to you by your parents,
it was loaned to you by your children. We do not inherit the
Earth from our Ancestors, we borrow it from our Children.”
Native American Proverb
Science and Technology for a Sustainable Energy Future
UC Santa Barbara
44