Energy Conversion lab manual

Sampoorna Institute of Technology and Research

PENSKY MARTEN'S APPARATUS

AIM: - To determine the flash and fire point of an oil.

THEROY: - Flash Point: - Flash point of an oil is the lowest temperature at which the oil

gives sufficient amount of vapour and gives a momentary flash when a test flame brought

near it.

Fire point:- Fire point is the lowest temperature at which the oil gives sufficient

amount of vapour and burns continuously when a test flame brought near it. This apparatus is

used to determine the flash and fire point of an oil, if the fire point is less than 70°c

APPARATUS:- The apparatus consists of a cup in which the given oil is filled up to the

mark. The cup is surrounded by water jacket. Heat is supplied by the water to the oil through

a metallic wall. The cup is provided with a cover through which a stirrer, provision to insert

thermometer and slit to open and close. The thermometer is inserted such that the

thermometer bulb should measure oil temperature and should not touch the wall of the cup.

Water is heated by electrical resistance. Pensky martens is a closed cup apparatus.

PROCEDURE:-

Clean the cup and fill the given oil up to the mark. Close the cup and the slit. Introduce the thermometer of correct range. Put on the electric plug and regulate the power supply to the water. At a regular interval of rise in temperature of 2--3°c test the vapour with a test flame

whether flash occurs. After getting the flash point continue heating by regulating the power. Vapour is tested

for Fire point by testing with a test flame at an interval of 2--3°c. Note down the fire

point.

Energy Conversion Laboratory Manual 1


Oil used:_________________________

OBSERVATION:-

SL NO TEMPERATURE FLASH/FIRE



CLEVELAND OPEN CUP FLASH AND FIRE POINT TEST

AIM:- To determine the flash and fire point of the given oil.

APPARATUS:- Cleveland open cup is used to determine the flash and fire point of all

petroleum products. It consists of a cup contains oil is heated by an electrical heater. Power to

the heater is regulated.

PROCEDURE:-

Clean the cup and fill the oil to be tested up to the mark. Insert a thermometer so thatit should not touch the bottom of the cup as shown.

Supply the electrical supply through a regular so that temperature of oil increasesslowly.

With a test flame, vapour above the cup is tested at an interval of 2°c rise of oiltemperature. Note down whether flash occurs or not.

Note down the flash pint. After getting the flash point continue to heat the oil andvapour is tested at an interval of 2°c until fire point noticed

Note down the fire point.

Apparatus:- Cleveland open cup

OBSERVATION:-

SL NO TEMPERATURE OBSERVATION



SAY BOLT VISCOMETER

AIM:- To determine the viscosity of the given lubricating oil at different temperature.

THEORY:- Viscosity is the property of fluid which offer resistance between the two layersof fluid when it is moving relative to each other. From Newton's Law of viscosity.

τ = µ*(du/dy) where µ = coefficient of viscosity

τ = Shear stress between the two layer

Units are N/m² = µ*(m/sec)/m

Unit of µ in SI unit N sec/m², unit of µ in CGS is 1poise = 1 dyne sec/cm², 10poise = 1 Nsec/m², Kinematic viscosity = µ/ρ

Property of fluid viscosity is very important because the load a shaft carries is proportional tothe viscosity. When the oil is used as fuel (diesel or furnance) oil viscosity is responsible inatomize the fuel into time spray for efficient combustion.

APPARATUS:- It consists of viscometer tube of capacity 60±5ml viscometer tube issurrounded by water bath. Water is heated using electrical resistance. Water is provided witha stirrer so that heat is supplied to oil uniformly and to conduct the experiment at differenttemperature. At the bottom of viscometer tube an orifice is fitted and the orifice is opened orclosed using a ball, which fits exactly to the orifice.

PROCEDURE:-

Clean the viscometer tube using kerosene. Don't use waste or any dirty cloth. It mayblock the orifice of the viscometer and close the orifice with the block.

Fill the oil up to the mark and a thermometer into tube. Note down the temperature also note down the mass of empty 60ml specific gravity

bottle. Keep the specific bottle just below the orifice and open the orifice by lifting the ball. Note down the time taken to collect 60ml of oil. Next note down the mass of specific

gravity bottle with oil. Empty the specific gravity bottle and clean, fill oil to the viscometer tube. Switch on the power supply to heat the water through a regular and regulate the

temperature of oil in the viscometer tube Repeat the procedure 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, for different temperature and calculate the

viscosity of the given oil.



TABULATION:-

SL NO Mass of empty Sp.gravity bottle (m1)

Mass of Sp. Gravitybottle with 60ml oil(m2)

Temperature Time taken tocollect 60ml ofoil " T"

(m2 - m1) = Mass oil collected

V = Volume of the oil = 60cm3

ρ = Density = mass/volume = ((m2 - m1) x100³)/60……kg/m³

S' = Saybolt second = Tx1.005

υ = Kinematic Viscosity = (0.22S - (135/S))x10^-6……. m²/sec

Absolute viscosity = ρυ…… N sec/m²

µ = (ρυ/6)x10…… poise



REDWOOD VISCOMETER

AIM:- To determine the viscosity of the given oil using redwood viscometer.

APPARATUS:- Redwood viscometer consists of a copper cylinder and has a set of fixedorifice at the bottom. The orifice is closed using a rubber stopper copper cylinder issurrounded by water bath and is heated by supplying electrical power to the heater. Thetemperature of water bath and oil is measured using thermometer fitted to it.

PROCEDURE:-

Clean the viscometer copper cylinder using kerosene by opening the stopper at thebottom. Close the stopper.

Fill the oil to the mark and note down the temperature. Note down the mass of empty 50cc specific gravity bottle and keep the bottle at the

bottom of viscometer just below the orifice. Open the stop cock and allow the oil to run into specific gravity bottle. Note down the

time taken to collect 50cc oil in the specific gravity bottle. Note down the ass of specific gravity bottle with 50cc of oil. Again fill oil into

viscometer. Switch on the electric power to the heater and note down the temperature of water

bath and oil when it remain constant w.r.t. time. Repeat the experiment for the serial number 2to6 and tabulate the results



TABULATION:-

SL NO Temperature Mass of Sp. Gravity bottle Time takenfor 50cc of oilT

M1(Empty Bottle)

M2(With 50cc ofoil)

ρ = Density = mass/volume = ((m2 – m1) x100³) / 50……kg/m³

Redwood number = (100xTxρ) / (535 * 0.915)

υ = Kinematic Viscosity = (0.247xT - (190/T)) x10^-6……. m²/sec

Absolute viscosity = ρυ

100 strokes = 1 m²/sec

1 stroke = 1 cm²/sec



BOY'S GAS CALORIMETER

AIM:- To determine the calorific value of the gaseous fuel.

THEORY:- calorific value of solid fuel is the amount heat released when 1kg of fuel is burnt,completely expressed in K.J/kg (complete combustion of fuel)

Calorific value of gaseous fuel is the amount heat released by 1 m³ of gaseous fuel atNTP when it is burnt (complete combustion of fuel) expressed K.J/m³at NTP

APPARATUS:- It consists of a central funnel in the middle of which, and at the bottom, isfilled with burners. The funnel is fitted with cooling coil around it. The cooling water inletpasses through the calorimeter at the bottom and the outlet is at the top. Thermometers areinstalled to measure the inlet and outlet temperature of water. The gas is supplied at thebottom and the outlet is at the top. Water is circulated through the coil at constant head. Gasgovernor is provided to supply the gas at constant pressure

PROCEDURE:-

Check the flow rate of water and gas. Allow the gas through the burner for initial value by adjusting the control valve. Put on the burner and raise the burner into the calorimeter. Allow the gas to burn until

steady state is reached. Note down the temperature of the water at inlet and outlet



TABULATION:-

SL NO Volume flow rateof gas Vg

Volume flowrate of waterVw

Temperature of water

Inlet Ti Outlet To

Volume flow rate of gas and water temperature of gas at inlet Ti

V1=volume of gas at room temp.. T1= m³/min

P = pressure of gass at inlet

V = volume of the gas at 760 mm of Hg and 25°c

= (P/760)x(298/(T+273))xV1 = m³/min

M = mass floe rate of water ….Kg/min

VxH.C.V = mCpw(To -Ti)

H.C.V = mCpw (To -Ti) / V……………… KJ/m³

Cpw = Sp. Heat of water = 0.287 KJ/sec



TORSIONAL VISCOMETER

AIM:- To determine the viscosity of the oil at different temperature using torsionalviscometer.

APPARATUS:- It consists of a wire fixed at the top and the other end of the wire is attachedto a mass. Mass is dipped in oil, of which viscosity of oil to be determined.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Adjust the viscometer to zero and clamp it.

2. Rotate the cylinder (disc) through on revolution i.e. 360° and clamp it.

3. Release the cylinder to rotate. Note down the angle through which it rotate and alsothe temperature of the oil.

4. Repeat the experiment for different temperature of the oil and tabulate the results.

TABULATION

SL NO TEMPERATURE READING INDEGREE

REDWOODSSECOND 'R'

CALCULATION

υ = (0.247R-(50/R))x10^-6.......... m²/sec

µ = ρ υ............... N sec/m where ρ = density of oil.



VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM FOR 4-STROKE ENGINE

AIM:- To determine the valve timing diagram for 4-stroke engine.

THEORY:- Valve timing diagram gives the phasing of the valve operation with respect tothe angular position of the crank.

Figure showing the valve timing diagram for a four stroke cycle engine. This diagramconsists of two circles, one superimposed on the other, since the cycle of four, stroke engineis completed in two revolution of the crank. Inlet and exhaust valve operates before the deadcenters.

The inlet valve opens before T.D.C (Top dead center) and closes after B.D.C (bottomdead center). This position has been made to get as much change (air fuel mixture or air) intothe cylinder as possible the product of combustion, the exhaust valve opens early to B.D.Cand closing the exhaust valve after T.D.C.

1. Inlet valve opens

2. Inlet valve closes

1-2 Induction during which change is taken into the cylinder

I – point at which combustion slant

3 – exhaust valve opens.



I-3 Expansion stroke

4- Exhaust valve closes.

3-4 exhaust stroke

Angle between 1 and 4 is called over lap during which both inlet and exhaust valves areopened.

PRODUCER:-

1. Rotate the flywheel and bring the piston to TDC position and coresponding to thesuction stroke

2. Rotate the flywheel and observe the inlet valve when the inlet valve starts opening,note down the reading.

3. Now rotate in clock wise, during which the inlet valve opens completely and closesafter few degree of rotation. When inlet valve closes completely note down thereadings.

4. When flywheel rotated further, both the valve are in closed position representscompression stroke from 2 to I, where the ignition take place.

5. After the point I, expansion stroke take place and exhaust valve opens at 3 beforeB.D.C. When the exhaust valve starts opening note down the reading.

6. For further rotation of fly wheel the exhaust valve will be in open position.Coresponding to point 1, inlet valve starts open coresponding to the next cycle duringwhich exhaust valve is also in open position. Note down the reading when the exhaustvalve closes completely

7. Draw the valve timing diagram using the above reading.

READINGS:-

Inlet valve open............ °c before TDC

Inlet valve closes...........°c after BDC

Exhaust valve opens.........°c before TDC

Exhaust valve opens.........°c after BDC



PORT TIMING DIAGRAM

AIM:- To draw port timing diagram for two stroke internal combustion engine.

THEORY:- Explain the working of two stroke engine top of the piston of a two stroke engineis as shown in the figure. As the piston moves up and down, the exhaust port and the inletport are opened and closed. The position of exhaust port is slightly above the inlet port.

Port timing diagram for a two stroke engine is as shown in the figure and represented bya circle.

POINT 1:- represent the start opening of exhaust port. Since the exhaust port is above inletport, exhaust port opens first as the piston moves down.

POINT 3 :- Represent the starts opening of inlet port.

POINT 4 :- As the piston moves up the inlet port closes first since the inlet port is below theexhaust port. Point 4 represents the closing of inlet port completely.

POINT 2:- Represents the closing of exhaust port completely when the piston moves up.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Bring the piston to TDC, and see the reading on the circular scale reads zero.

2. Rotate the flywheel clockwise and observe the piston of piston, when it starts openingthe exhaust port as the piston moves downwards. Note down the reading.

3. As the piston start moving further downwards the inlet port start opening. Note downthe reading

4. As the piston moves further downwards, both inlet and outlet ports are opened. Butthe shape of the piston prevents the mixing of change from inlet port with exhaust gasthrough exhaust port.



5. Further movement, piston start moving up and closes the inlet port first and then theexhaust port. Note down the reading when both inlet port and exhaust port are closedcompletely.

6. Draw the port timing diagram from the above reading.



TWO STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE

AIM:- To conduct experiment on two stroke petrol engine.

THEORY:- Sketch and explain the working of two stroke engine.

DESCRIPTION OF TWO STROKE ENGINE :-

Thermodynamic cycle Otto

Rated load 2.2KW

No. of cylinder One

Rated speed 3000rpm

Bore 57mm

Stroke 66.7mm

Fuel used Petrol

Orifice dia 20mm

(For the measurement of air flow)

Type of ignition Spark ignition

Type of cooling Air cooled

Type of Starting Kick Starting

Transmission efficiency η=0.8

Loading Electrical loading

Air flow Measurement:- It consists of inlet air tank. Air to the engine is drawn from the airtank

through an orifice. The manometer is connected to note down the pressure of air in the airtank,

from which volume flow rate of air can be measured.

Fuel Measurement:- Fuel measured to the engine is measured by supplying the fuel througha



burette. Time taken for known quantity of fuel is taken. Knowing the specific gravity of thefuel, means of fuel supplied to the engine can be calculated.

Loading:- Electrical loading is done by introducing resisters. Resisters are cooled by a fan.The output from the electric motor is measured by noting down the current and voltage.

Temperature at various points are measuring thermocouples. Speed of theengine is measured by digital RPM indicator.

PROCEDURE:-

1) The clutch is released and check the fuel supply to the engine.

2) Start the engine by kick starting and engage the clutch. At no load take the followingreading.

* Time taken for 20cc of petrol

* Manometer reading

* Speed

* Output current and Voltage

* Exhaust gas temperature

3) Apply the load and repeat the experiment for serial No. 2

4) Tabulate the reading and calculation. Draw the Graph of BP Vs η, BP Vs SFC, BP Vsηmech.



TABULATION OF READING AND CALCULATION

Sl. No. Speed in

rpm (N)

Time takenfor 20cc offuel t in sec

Out Put Exhaust gastemperatureTg

Manometerreading h

V I

FORMULA :-

* Mf = 20*s*3600/ 1000*t Kg/hr

Mf= Mass of fuel supplied

s= Specific gravity of petrol = 0.72

* BP = V*I / 1000*ηT in Kw

* SFC = Mf / BP in Kg / Kw hr

*ηmech.= BP / IP *100

* IP = BP+FP from graph.

* ηBP = (BP*3600) / (Mf * Cv) * 100

ηT = 0.8

DRAW HEAT BALANCE SHEET :-

Ma = Mass of air supplied = ρair *A * Cd √ 2gH in Kg /sec

H = Air head causing the flow = h* ρw / ρa

ρa = Kg / m³, ρw = 1000 Kg / m³.

Cv = Calorific value of petrol.



4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

AIM: To conduct the performance test on four stroke diesel engine and to draw heat balancesheet

THEORY: Explain the working of four stroke diesel engine

APPARUTUS: It consist of

diesel engine kirlosker AV1

B.P 5hp,1500rpm(4kw)

Compression ratio 16.5:1

Bore and stroke 85mm 110mm

cooling water cooling

Loding rope brake drum

Engine is coupled to rope drum loading arrangement connected tospring balance

Digital kpm for fuel measerment

Digital temperature with thermocouples with channel sector

Manometer connected to air box with orifice for air flow

Engine frame is mounted on anti vibration mounts

Dia of brake drum = 340 mm

Dia of rope = 20 mm

Hanger weight = 1 kg

Calorific value of fuel = 46057 J/Kg

Dia of orifice = 16 mm

Density of air = 1.17 Kg/m3

Density of water = 1000 Kg/m3

Specific value of water = 4.187 KJ/Kg K

Specific value of gas = 1.005 KJ/Kg K



PROCEDURE:

check the water supply and fuel supply to the engine.

Check the manometer connection and release the load on the brake drum.

By relationship the compression, crank the engine to attain mometum and turn the lever forcompression. Engine starts.

At no load take the following readings

a) speed of the engine

b) inlet and outlet temperature of cooling water

c) exhaust gas temperature

d) time taken for 10 cc of fuel supplied

e) spring balance reading of brake dynamo meter

f) manometer readings

g) mass flow rate of water to cool the engine.

Load the engine for different load and repeat the experiment for serial no 4. and tabulate thereadings.

Release the load and stop the engine by cut-off fuel to the engine.

TABULATION COLUMN

Sl no Speed in rpm Manometerreadings

Time takenfor 10 cc ofdiesel in t

Load onbrake drum

w / s

Mass flowrate ofwater inliters

Air headcausing theflow in h

Exhaust gascalorimeter

Mc= Tgi-Tgo



FORMULA

Mf = fuel used = 10*s*3600/ 1000* t

B.P = 2 Π N T/60 K.W

where T =( R+r)*((W-S)+hanger weight)* 9.81

R+r = ((340+20)/2)mm or 360/(2*1000) m

Specific fuel consumption =Mf/Bp Kg/Kg-m

IP =FP + BP

η mech =BP/IP

η BP = BP * 3600 /Mf * CV

Mw =mass of water/min for cooling

V =velocity of air = Cd √2gH

H= h ρw/ ρa

Ma = ρa * area of orifice * V

DRAW HEAT BALANCE SHEET



VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO PETROL ENGINE

Aim:- to conduct experiment on four stroke variable compression petrol engine at various compression ratio.

Theory:-

define

(i) octane number and cetane number.

(ii) Explain how cetane and octane ratio of a fuel are determine experimentally.

(iii) Explain the phenomena of knocking in S1 and C1 engine.

Apparatus:- engine specification

B P 2.5kw

Speed 3000rpm

No of cylinder one

Compression ratio 2to10

Bore 70mm

Stroke 66.7mm

Orifice diameter 20mm

Type of ignition spark ignition

Cooling air cooling

Fuel used petrol

Specific gravity & -----------

Calorific value -----------



Procedure:-

1. Check the lubricating system and fuel level allow the water to cool the bottom of the cylinder.

2. Choose a particular valve of compression ratio by rotating the wheel provided on the engine head, & lock the wheel.

3. Start the engine at no load and just the speed to the rated speed.

4. Note down the following readings: (i) Speed (ii) current & voltage (iii) time taken for 10cc of fuel (iv) manometer reading (v) Exhaust gas temperature (vi) inlet and outlettemperature of cooling water circulation (viii) Speed

5. load the engine for different load, note down the reading as per item no.(4)

6. stop the engine and change the compression ratio repeat the experiment for different compression ratio from item no. (3),(4),& (5)

7. tabulate the reading and draw the graph of compression ratio Vs η thermal

C.R Vs B.P

Draw heat balance sheet

Tabulation of results and calculation

Sl no Speed

N

Time taken for 10c.c. of oil “T”

Manometer reading

“H”

Output Compressedratio

Exhaust

Terms

Cooling water

V I Cv Mw Inlet (Twi)

Outlet

(Two)



Calculation:-

a) mf = mass of fuel supplied = 10*s*3600 kg/hr

--------------

1000* t

b) BP = V * I

-------- KW

ηT * 1000

c) SFC = mf / BP Kg /KW hr

d) IP= BP+FP

e) ηmech = BP/IP*100

f) ha=air head consumption flow = h * ρ water

-----------------------

ρ air

g) V= velocity of air = Cd√2gha

h) mw = mass of water flow for cooling the cylinder

i) ma = mass of air= ρ air * area * Volume

j) ms = mass low of water through calorimeter

k)

Tci = inlet temperature of water

Tco = outlet temperature of water

Tqi = Inlet temperature of gas

Tqo= outlet temperature of gas

Ta= atmospheric temperature



Q3 = Heat carried away by Exhaust gas = me Cpw (Tco-Tci)(Tqi-Ta)

-----------------------------

(Tgi-Tgo)

Fuel air ratio = mf / ma

Heat balance sheet

mf= mass of fuel supplied kg/min

CV = calorific value of fuel

Input KJ/min % output KJ/min %

Heat supplied to the engine

Q= mf*CV

1) heat equivalent of BP

Q1= BP *60

2) heat carried away by cooling water

Q2= mw*Cpw*(Two-Twi)

3) heat carried away by exhaust gasses Q3

4) heat loss by radiation and unaccounts

Q4 = Q – (Q1+ Q2+ Q3)

Q1/ Q

Q2/ Q

Q3/ Q

Q4/ Q



Multi-Cylinder Petrol Engine

Aim: to conduct Morse Test and to determine the indicated power to the engine

Engine Details:

BP 10hp (7.5 KW)

Speed 5000 rpm

No of Cylinder 4

compression Ratio 7.8:1

Bore 84 mm

Stroke 82 mm

Type of Cooling water cooled

Loading Hydraulic Dynamo meteer

Starting Self

Procedure:

1) check the fuel supply, water supply to the engine and dynamo meter

2) Disengage the clutch, start the engine

3) engage the clutch and ta constant speed load the engine. Note down the reading on thedynamometer and speed of the engine.

4) Now disengage cylinder No. 1 without altering the load on the engine and fuel supply. Thespeed of the engine dicreases. Now increase the speed by reducing on the engine. Note downthe dynamometer reading to the rated speed.

5) Now engage cylinder No. 1 and disengage cylinder No.2. Repeat the procedure No.4 forcylinder No. 2,3 and 4.

6) tabulate the reading and calculate the BP.

READING AND CALCULATION

N= Speed of the engine.



W= Load on the engine when all 4 cylinder are working.

W1= Load on the engine when the cylinder is cut off and other cylinder are working.

W2= Load on the engine when cylinder 2 is cut off and other cylinder are working.



BP= WN/K

where K= dynamometer constant.

BP1=W1N/K

BP2=W2N/K;

BP3=W3N/K;

IP1 = Indicated power ofengine= BP-BP1

IP2 = BP-BP2

IP3 = BP-BP3

IP4 = BP-BP4

IP = IP1+IP2+IP3+IP4

ηmech = BP/IP*100

rc = compression ratio = 7.8

ηair = Thermodynamic cycle

η = 1- 1/(rc)γ-1

mf = mass of fuel supplied = 10*s*3600 kg/hr

--------------

1000* t

ηther= BP /(mf*CV)

ηrelative= ηther/ηair


Energy Conversion lab manual

Engineering

Transcript of Energy Conversion lab manual