Energy And Environmental Technology

Instructed by: Dr. Sajid Zaidi

PhD in Advanced Mechanics, UTC, France

MS in Advanced Mechanics, UTC, France

B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering, UET, Lahore

B.TECH Mechanical TechnologyIQRA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (ICT)INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

Course OutlineEnergy ResourcesAlternative Energy ResourcesSteam Power PlantsGas Turbine Power PlantsCombine Cycle Power PlantsJet Propulsion PlantNuclear Power PlantEnvironmental Pollution

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Recommended Books

Applied Thermodynamics for Engg Technologists by Eastop and McConkey

Power Plant Technology by M. M. El-Wakil

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Distribution

Mid – Term Exam: 50%Final Exam: 50%

◦Quizzes related to the previous lectures◦Class presence is necessary

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Non-Renewable Energy Resources A non-renewable resource (also known as a finite resource)

is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames.

A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption.

An example is carbon-based, organically-derived fuel. The original organic material, with the aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or gas. 

Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas), and certain aquifers are all non-renewable resources.

Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy. Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource because once the uranium is used, it is gone!

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How is Coal Made ???E

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How are Oil and Gas Made ???E

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Classification of Materials

Metals and AlloysCeramics, GlassesPolymers (plastics)SemiconductorsComposite materials

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Classification of MaterialsMetals and Alloyssteels, aluminum, magnesium, zinc, cast iron,

titanium, copper, and nickelmetals have good electrical and thermal

conductivity

Metals and alloys have relatively high strength, high stiffness, ductility or formability, and shock resistance

useful for structural or load bearing applications

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CeramicsCeramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solidCeramic materials tend to be strong, stiff, brittle,

chemically inert, and non-conductors of heat and electricity

Ceramic materials are brittle, hard, strong in compression, weak in shearing and tension

 They withstand chemical erosion that occurs in an acidic or caustic environment.

Ceramics generally can withstand very high temperatures such as temperatures that range from 1,000 °C to 1,600 °C (1,800 °F to 3,000 °F)

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CeramicsCeramic materials may be crystalline or partly

crystallineUse for paints, plastics, tires, and for industrial

applications such as the tiles for the space shuttle, a catalyst support, and oxygen sensors used in cars

Traditional ceramics are used to make bricks, tableware, sanitary ware, refractories (heat-resistant material), and

abrasives.

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GlassesGlass is an amorphous material i.e., they do not

have a regular, periodic arrangement of atomsThe fiber optics industry is founded on optical

fibers made by using high-purity silica glassGlasses are also used in houses, cars, computer and

television screens, and hundreds of other applications

Glasses can be thermally treated (tempered) to make them stronger.

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GlassesForming glasses and nucleating (creating) small

crystals within them by a special thermal process creates materials that are known as glass-ceramics

ZerodurTM is an example of a glass-ceramic material that is used to make the mirror substrates for large telescopes

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PolymersPolymers are typically organic materials produced

using a process known as polymerization. Polymeric materials include rubber (elastomers) and

many types of adhesives.Many polymers have very good electrical resistivity.

They can also provide good thermal insulation.They are typically not suitable for use at high

temperatures.Many polymers have very good resistance to

corrosive chemicals.

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PolymersPolymers have thousands of applications ranging

from bulletproof vests, compact disks (CDs), ropes, and liquid crystal displays (LCDs) to clothes and coffee cups.

Thermoplastic polymers have good ductility and formability

Thermosetting polymers are stronger but more brittleThermoplastics are made by shaping their molten

form

Thermosets are typically cast into molds.

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SemiconductorsSilicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide-based

semiconductors are part of a broader class of materials known as electronic materials.

The electrical conductivity of semiconducting materials is between that of ceramic insulators and metallic conductors

The level of conductivity is controlled to enable their use in electronic devices such as transistors, diodes, etc., that are used to build integrated circuits.

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Composite MaterialsThe main idea in developing composites is to blend the

properties of different materialsThe composites are formed from two or more materials

producing properties not found in any single material.Concrete, plywood, and fiberglass are examples of

composite materials. Fiberglass is made by dispersing glass fibers in a

polymer matrix. The glass fibers make the polymer matrix stiffer, without significantly increasing its density.

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Composite MaterialsWith composites we can produce lightweight, strong,

ductile, high temperature-resistant materials or we can produce hard, yet shock resistant, cutting tools that would otherwise shatter.

Advanced aircraft and aerospace vehicles rely heavily on composites such as carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers.

Sports equipment such as bicycles, golf clubs, tennis rackets.

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Environmental and other Effects

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Temperature

CorrosionFatigue

Atomic StructureAtom: The atom is a basic unit of matter that

consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

Electron Shell: an orbit followed by electrons around an atom’s nucleus (K, L, M, ……)

◦ Maximum number of electrons in an orbit = 2n2

Subshells: Each shell is composed of one or more subshells (s, p, d, f, …….)

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

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Periodic TableThe periodic table contains valuable

information about specific elements, and can also help identify trends in atomic size, melting point, chemical reactivity, and other properties.

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Periodic TableIN

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Periodic Table (Ceramics)

Periodic Table (Polymers)

Periodic Table (Semicondictors)