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Energía Solar - Fotovoltaica Solar Photovoltaics: Powering the planet NOW! P. Karunakaran Nair, CIE-UNAM CIE25- 09Aug 2010

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Page 1: Energía Solar - Fotovoltaica -  · PDF fileEnergía Solar - Fotovoltaica Solar Photovoltaics: Powering the planet NOW! P. Karunakaran Nair, CIE-UNAM CIE25- 09Aug 2010

Energía Solar - Fotovoltaica

Solar Photovoltaics:Powering the planet NOW!

P. Karunakaran Nair, CIE-UNAM

CIE25- 09Aug

2010

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Solar photovoltaics..national initiatives….

Nobel laureate Octavio Paz, Mex. Ambassador to

India, 1962-’68, “In Light of India”

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Energía Solar - Fotovoltaica

• ---------------------------- Mensaje original ---------------------------

• Asunto: Plática y resumen

• De: Antonio Sarmiento Galán <[email protected]>

• Fecha: Vie, 23 de Julio de 2010, 12:18 pm

• Para: [email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

• "P Karunakaran Nair" <[email protected]>

• -------------------------------------------------------------------------

•• Estimado Claudio, te anexo la info que me solicitó Karuna.

• Saludos, Antonio

•• La idea del coloquio es presentar un sistema fotovoltáico con las siguientes características:

•• 16 paneles Kyocera KC-130, de 130 W c/u y un inversor SMA de conexión a red, de 3 kW, mod. 3000 US;

potencia instalada de 2.08 kW que produce en promedio 309.5 kWh al mes (10.77 kWh al día).

• Este sistema lleva casi dos años generando la corriente eléctrica de mi casa (familia de 4 miembros enpromedio; dos adolescentes con fiestas).

•• Se invita a la participación/discusión en cuanto a las ventajas de este tipo de sistemas y los avances

recientes en el campo.

•• Antonio Sarmiento Galán, Unidad Cuernavaca del Instituto de Matemáticas de la UNAM desde 1999;

Instituto de Astronomía de la UNAM(1981-1999); http://www.matcuer.unam.mx/~ansar/life.html

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¿realidad?

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Energía Solar - Fotovoltaica

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Energía Solar - Fotovoltaica

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Energía Solar – Fotovoltaica¿realidad?

Casa: Antonio Sarmiento

Galán

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Energía Solar –FotovoltaicaClimate – is it changing…by us… or not…

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Energía Solar - Fotovoltaica

M. Smoluchowski, Foton 93 (2006)

26

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Solar Photovoltaics:Powering the planet NOW!

Fotovoltaico Solar:Electrificando el planeta HOY!

Silicon PV technology

PV efficiency

PV & CIE-UNAM

Powering the planet.. by thepeople

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Solar Photovoltaics:Powering the planet NOW!

With contributions from:

M. T. Santhamma Nair

Xavier Mathew

Hailin Hu

Oscar GomezDaza

Funding: PAPIIT-UNAM, CONACyT,ICyTDF

MIT – Chem – July 2009

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Solar Photovoltaics… production of

monocrystalline ingots

m.p. Si: 1414oC; growth rate 5 cm/hour;ingots 10-30 cm diameter; 1-2 m length; 250kg!

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Solar Photovoltaics

Top 7 polysilicon manufacturers had 2009capacity of 114,500 t, up 98% from 2008,Solarbuzz, March 2010

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Solar Photovoltaics: production trends..

• 2009 PV manufacture –China + Taiwan 49%

• Solarbuzz, July 2010

• 2009 PV: 7,500 MWp• 2009 PV: Europe installed

77%; 74% of which wasimported

Solarbuzz, March 2010

• 2010: Half of world’s PVproduction capacity is now inChina and 2/3 growth isthere.

The Economist, April 17th 2010

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Solar Photovoltaic: energy & emission pay

back

• PV modules arewarranted at 90% of ratedpower for 10 years and at80% for 25 years.

• In 1-2 years they pay-back the energy at 14%efficiency in sunshinecountries

• At least 89% of airemissions associatedwith electricity generationcould be prevented ifsolar photovoltaicsdisplaces conventionalgrid-electricity.

Fthenakis, Kim, Alsema, Environ. Sci. Technol.,42(2008)2168

Breeding Solar Photovoltaic

modules by the family of natural

green energy

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Solar Photovoltaics: energy pay-

back..

Yangtzi, Salween: 13, Mekong: 8, The Economist, July 10th 2010

KedaXu, ICF

congress, 2002

Hugh Rudnick, Aysen, June 2008

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Energía Solar – Fotovoltaica…..working …rain or shine…

165cm

99cm

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Solar photovoltaics...production, cost

reduction

August 2010 price-quotes for 230-250 Wp 14.5-15.5% modules: USD 2-

4

Dan E. Arvizu, NREL, Feb 2007, Harvard KSG

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Why Photothermal conversion is veryWhy Photothermal conversion is very

efficient and Photosynthesis andefficient and Photosynthesis and

Photovoltaic conversions are less so?Photovoltaic conversions are less so?

Google: Photosynthesis Huss PPT

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Solar Photovoltaic..why Pt efficiency is

high

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Solar Photovoltaic..PV and PS efficiencies

are ‘low’

“America’s sensible

fuel:” Corn ethanol: 20%less GHG-EPAYear 2000: 1%; 2008: 7%Limit: < 10% fuel mix,15%?RFS-2 (July 2010): 15 billionout of 36 billion Gallons RFfor 2022Industrial biotech

business:

Year 2008: US$170bn; 2020:US$680bn; bio-polyethylene! The Economist, 3

July 2010

m-2s-1µm

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Carbondioxide

Water Glucose Oxygengas

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

chloroplast

Solar Photovoltaic…not alone with low

efficiency

Google: Photosynthesis Huss PPT, 2009

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Solar Photovoltaics..not alone with low

efficiency

M. Smoluchowski, Foton 93 (2006)

26

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Solar PV… Celda solar, su funcionamiento, y

semiconductores

1. Absorción de fotones en la unión y creación de pares e-h

2. Separación de e-h a e y h por el campo eléctrico3. Colección de e y h por los electrodos4. Trabajo útil (iluminación, bombeo, batería)

4

1

2

3

Energíasolar

Energíaeléctrica

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David E. Carlson talk, March 2006

Solar Photvoltaics…why not more efficient..

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Solar photovoltaics…efficiency and current

limits

m-2s-1µm

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175 watts of peakelectrical output and 460watts (1,570 Btu/hour) ofthermal output160 watts and the solarthermal output is 610watts (2,080 Btu/hour):80% of PTSolimpeks Volther PowerVolt

collector

Solar Photovoltaics…PVPT..volt-therm

collectors

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Solar Photovoltaics…high efficiency

cells

Andreas Bett, Frank Dimroth, Fraunhofer

Inst. ISE, 41.1% effficiency in 20-layer

GaInP-GaInAs-Ge cell, Joseph von

Fraunhofer Prize, June 2010

Kinsey, Edmondson,

Amonix/Spectrolab, Prog. Photovolt.

17(2009) 279

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Solar Photovoltaics…higher efficiency by

carrier multiplication in semiconductor nanocrystals?

(G.Nair, 2009)

Figure credit: S. Geyer& group website

-Tunable optical properties

-Bright, stable, emission

-Scalable synthesis

-Soluble & functionalizable

1.9-1.7 eV3.2-2.3eV

2eV

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Limitations of conventional solarcells

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Energy harvesting by CM

If CM is strong…

Reduce waste to heat.

Narrow gap semiconductors becomefeasible PV materials.

Possibility of exploiting two-electronchemical processes

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Solar photovoltaics…CM & high Jsc

from V.I.Klimov Appl. Phys. Lett. 89,123112 (2006)

Very strong enhancement

energy threshold of ~2.5-3Egup to 7 e-h pairs from 1 photon

CM is fast

occurs in < 100 fs

Universal

Similar effects in PbSe and CdSe NCs despite 5x

Reports also in InAs and Si NCs

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Solar Photovoltaics…no beneficial CM in

semiconductor nanocrystals (G.Nair.., 2009)

PbX Initially large CM observed by two groups independently.

Studies showing moderate/small CM

InAs CM by non-resonant time-resolved THz.

CM by interband TA

Recent interband TA: no CM observed

THz study retracted

Si non resonant intraband TA

CdSe TA and tPL evidence

Our work: no CM observed.

Schaller and Klimov PRL 92, 186601 (2004)Ellingson et al. Nano Lett. 5, 865 (2005)

Pijpers et al. JPC C 111, 4146 (2007)

Beard et al. Nano Lett. 7, 2506 (2007)

Schaller et al. JPC B 110, 25332 (2006)

Nair and Bawendi PRB, 76, 081304 (2007)

Schaller et al. Nano Lett. 7, 3469 (2007)

Ben-Lulu et al. Nano Lett. ASAP (2008)

Pijpers et al. JPC C 112, 4783 (2008)

Nair et al. PRB, 78, 125325 (2008)

Trinh et al. Nano Lett. 8, 1713 (2008)McGuire et al. Acc. Chem. Res. 14, 1810 (2008)

Ji et al. Nano Lett. 9, 1217 (2009)

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Solar photovoltaics…IIM/DES/LES/CIE

1979..

• Thin film photovoltaics

• Si-PV systems

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CIGS flexible PVCuInGaSe2/CdS/ZnO

www.cigssolar.com

DSSC scheme: M. R. Jones27 May 2009, Wikipedia S. Babar, Wikipedia 28 Feb ‘10

Celdas solares:posibilidades

sin limites

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Solar Cells based on CdTe

• Low carrierconcentration

• Ohmic contacts

• Mis-match betweenCdTe and CdS

• Absorption losses inCdS

• Binary compound

• Easy and scalableprocessing

• Nearly optimumband gap

• Very stable

Problems Advantages

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Actual scenario

• Record efficiency-16.5% (NREL)

• Commerciallyproven technology

$1/WattFeb. 2009

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CdTe photovoltaics program at CIE-UNAM

CSS system

Thin Films by CSS

CdS, 2-5 min. CdTe, 4 min. Thermal treatments, 5 min.

Fast process, economical in terms of investment/product ratio, and easily adaptable in a production line.

Back contact

Efficiency of small area devices- 10%

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CdTe based wide band gap alloys forapplications in Tandem devices

Cd1-xMgxTeEg= 1.5 to 3.5 eV; (x= 0 to 1)

CdTe

CIS

Four -terminal tandem cell based on CdTe and

CIS absorbers

CdTe

CIS

Four -terminal tandem cell based on CdTe and

CIS absorbers

Top-cell

CdMgTe/CdS

Efficiency of the Cd1-xMgx/CdS top-cell

developed at CIE = 9.3%

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Band gap vs. x

Eg(x) = 1.5 + 0.3x (1-x) + 2x

Eg (eV) x

1.47 0

1.51 0.02

1.61 0.08

1.7 0.13

1.74 0.15

2.11 0.35

(Hartmann et al, J. Appl. Phys. 80 (1996) 6257)

X. Mathew, J. Drayton, V. Parikh, A.D. Compaan

Proceedings of the IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (IEEE Cat.No. 06CH37747). IEEE. 2006, pp. 6. Piscataway, NJ, USA.

Cd1-xMgxTe

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Active projects at CIE

-Scale up to 100 cm2 area modules

-Pilot plant for the in-line production of CdTe/CdS modules.

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•Celdas Solares Híbridas preparadas en el CIE-UNAM

Metal

P3OT

CdS

ITO, ITO,

Ag,CuAg,Cu

CdSCdS

4.6-4.7

3.5

EcEc

EvEv

LUMOLUMO

HOMOHOMO

1.9

2.4

4.5

4.2AlAl

5.3

AuAuP3OTP3OT

Ni,Au

5.1-5.3

Unit: eVVacuum level: 0

e-

h+

e-h+

Photocurrent

Transparent conductor

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Chemical bath deposition of CdS(Nair et al.):

Cd(NO3)2 0.1 M 25 mlCitrato de Sodio 1 M 15 mlNH4OH 15 M 2 mlTiourea 1 M 5 mlAgua Destilada 53 ml

Total 100 ml

At 60 oC for 3 horas=> Thin films of !200 nm thick.

ITO/glass.

60-80°C

•Depósito por baño químico de películas delgadas de CdS:

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S

+ sal de fierro

•1.8 g (0.0111 mol) FeCl3 en 100 ml CHCl3.•2.45 g (0.0125 mol) destilado y frío de 3-octiltiofeno (o 3-hexiltiofeno) en 30 mlCHCl3.•Agitar la mezcla por 24 h.•Poner la mezcla en 500 ml de metanol.•Filtrar la mezcla.•Lavar el precipitado con metanol, HCl (10%), agua destilada y acetona.•Secar el producto (polvo negro).•Disolver el producto en toluene o CHCl3.•Las caracterización de FT-IR and MNR confirma el producto de P3OT o P3HT.

Sn

•Polimerización oxidativa de P3OT or P3HT…. (M.E.Nicho)

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P3OT : Tolueno = 1-10mg/1ml

Sustrato (CdS o vidrio)

P3OT solución

Sustrato (CdS o vidrio)P3OT película

Drying

Preparación de películas de P3OT por goteo o spin-coating.

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0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2-0.20

-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

Curr

ent D

ensity (

mA

/cm

2

)

Applied Voltage (V)

SC 106 nm SC 186 nm SC 334 nm DC 671 nm DC 2490 nm DC 7521 nm

M.C. Arenas, N. Mendoza, Hugo Cortina, M.E.Nicho and Hailin Hu, to be published in Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 2009.

Origen de bajos valores de FF y Jsc en celdas poliméricas.

ITO/CdS/P3OT/AuSolar cells made inCIE-UNAM.

FF ~0.44-0.50"~ 0.06%, 2008

"~ 0.08, 2009.

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Solar photovoltaics…exploring new..

Harumi Moreno G, CIE, 2010

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-0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

-12.5

-10.0

-7.5

-5.0

-2.5

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

IL [W/m

2] V

oc [mV] J

sc [mA/cm

2] FF ! [%]

1000 630 6 0.28 1.1 3000 620 10 0.28 0.6

1000 W/m2

De

nsid

ad

de

co

rrie

nte

[

mA

/cm2

]

Voltaje [V]

3000 W/m2

PbS (200 nm)

Sb2S

3 (ii) 500 nm

CdS (100 nm)

SnO2

S. Messina, 2009

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Solar photovoltaics...meaning of cost ..a PV

technology by the people ..for the people..

Dan E. Arvizu, NREL, Feb 2007, Harvard KSG

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Solar photovoltaics…by the people..for the

people..

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Solar Photovoltaics… by the

people…?

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Solar Photovoltaics:

Powering the planet NOW!

Fotovoltaico Solar:

Electrificando el planeta HOY!

Silicon PV Technology

PV efficiency

PV research - CIE-UNAM

Powering the planet by the people

Solar Photovoltaics…conclusions…launching

initiative

CIE25- 09Aug

2010

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25 years…..thank

you!

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25 years…15 years…10 years..