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Energía Solar - Fotovoltaica
Solar Photovoltaics:Powering the planet NOW!
P. Karunakaran Nair, CIE-UNAM
CIE25- 09Aug
2010
Solar photovoltaics..national initiatives….
Nobel laureate Octavio Paz, Mex. Ambassador to
India, 1962-’68, “In Light of India”
Energía Solar - Fotovoltaica
• ---------------------------- Mensaje original ---------------------------
• Asunto: Plática y resumen
• De: Antonio Sarmiento Galán <[email protected]>
• Fecha: Vie, 23 de Julio de 2010, 12:18 pm
• Para: [email protected]
• "P Karunakaran Nair" <[email protected]>
• -------------------------------------------------------------------------
•• Estimado Claudio, te anexo la info que me solicitó Karuna.
• Saludos, Antonio
•• La idea del coloquio es presentar un sistema fotovoltáico con las siguientes características:
•• 16 paneles Kyocera KC-130, de 130 W c/u y un inversor SMA de conexión a red, de 3 kW, mod. 3000 US;
potencia instalada de 2.08 kW que produce en promedio 309.5 kWh al mes (10.77 kWh al día).
• Este sistema lleva casi dos años generando la corriente eléctrica de mi casa (familia de 4 miembros enpromedio; dos adolescentes con fiestas).
•• Se invita a la participación/discusión en cuanto a las ventajas de este tipo de sistemas y los avances
recientes en el campo.
•• Antonio Sarmiento Galán, Unidad Cuernavaca del Instituto de Matemáticas de la UNAM desde 1999;
Instituto de Astronomía de la UNAM(1981-1999); http://www.matcuer.unam.mx/~ansar/life.html
¿realidad?
Energía Solar - Fotovoltaica
Energía Solar - Fotovoltaica
Energía Solar – Fotovoltaica¿realidad?
Casa: Antonio Sarmiento
Galán
Energía Solar –FotovoltaicaClimate – is it changing…by us… or not…
Energía Solar - Fotovoltaica
M. Smoluchowski, Foton 93 (2006)
26
Solar Photovoltaics:Powering the planet NOW!
Fotovoltaico Solar:Electrificando el planeta HOY!
Silicon PV technology
PV efficiency
PV & CIE-UNAM
Powering the planet.. by thepeople
Solar Photovoltaics:Powering the planet NOW!
With contributions from:
M. T. Santhamma Nair
Xavier Mathew
Hailin Hu
Oscar GomezDaza
Funding: PAPIIT-UNAM, CONACyT,ICyTDF
MIT – Chem – July 2009
Solar Photovoltaics… production of
monocrystalline ingots
m.p. Si: 1414oC; growth rate 5 cm/hour;ingots 10-30 cm diameter; 1-2 m length; 250kg!
Solar Photovoltaics
Top 7 polysilicon manufacturers had 2009capacity of 114,500 t, up 98% from 2008,Solarbuzz, March 2010
Solar Photovoltaics: production trends..
• 2009 PV manufacture –China + Taiwan 49%
• Solarbuzz, July 2010
• 2009 PV: 7,500 MWp• 2009 PV: Europe installed
77%; 74% of which wasimported
Solarbuzz, March 2010
• 2010: Half of world’s PVproduction capacity is now inChina and 2/3 growth isthere.
The Economist, April 17th 2010
Solar Photovoltaic: energy & emission pay
back
• PV modules arewarranted at 90% of ratedpower for 10 years and at80% for 25 years.
• In 1-2 years they pay-back the energy at 14%efficiency in sunshinecountries
• At least 89% of airemissions associatedwith electricity generationcould be prevented ifsolar photovoltaicsdisplaces conventionalgrid-electricity.
Fthenakis, Kim, Alsema, Environ. Sci. Technol.,42(2008)2168
Breeding Solar Photovoltaic
modules by the family of natural
green energy
Solar Photovoltaics: energy pay-
back..
Yangtzi, Salween: 13, Mekong: 8, The Economist, July 10th 2010
KedaXu, ICF
congress, 2002
Hugh Rudnick, Aysen, June 2008
Energía Solar – Fotovoltaica…..working …rain or shine…
165cm
99cm
Solar photovoltaics...production, cost
reduction
August 2010 price-quotes for 230-250 Wp 14.5-15.5% modules: USD 2-
4
Dan E. Arvizu, NREL, Feb 2007, Harvard KSG
Why Photothermal conversion is veryWhy Photothermal conversion is very
efficient and Photosynthesis andefficient and Photosynthesis and
Photovoltaic conversions are less so?Photovoltaic conversions are less so?
Google: Photosynthesis Huss PPT
Solar Photovoltaic..why Pt efficiency is
high
Solar Photovoltaic..PV and PS efficiencies
are ‘low’
“America’s sensible
fuel:” Corn ethanol: 20%less GHG-EPAYear 2000: 1%; 2008: 7%Limit: < 10% fuel mix,15%?RFS-2 (July 2010): 15 billionout of 36 billion Gallons RFfor 2022Industrial biotech
business:
Year 2008: US$170bn; 2020:US$680bn; bio-polyethylene! The Economist, 3
July 2010
m-2s-1µm
Carbondioxide
Water Glucose Oxygengas
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
chloroplast
Solar Photovoltaic…not alone with low
efficiency
Google: Photosynthesis Huss PPT, 2009
Solar Photovoltaics..not alone with low
efficiency
M. Smoluchowski, Foton 93 (2006)
26
Solar PV… Celda solar, su funcionamiento, y
semiconductores
1. Absorción de fotones en la unión y creación de pares e-h
2. Separación de e-h a e y h por el campo eléctrico3. Colección de e y h por los electrodos4. Trabajo útil (iluminación, bombeo, batería)
4
1
2
3
Energíasolar
Energíaeléctrica
David E. Carlson talk, March 2006
Solar Photvoltaics…why not more efficient..
Solar photovoltaics…efficiency and current
limits
m-2s-1µm
175 watts of peakelectrical output and 460watts (1,570 Btu/hour) ofthermal output160 watts and the solarthermal output is 610watts (2,080 Btu/hour):80% of PTSolimpeks Volther PowerVolt
collector
Solar Photovoltaics…PVPT..volt-therm
collectors
Solar Photovoltaics…high efficiency
cells
Andreas Bett, Frank Dimroth, Fraunhofer
Inst. ISE, 41.1% effficiency in 20-layer
GaInP-GaInAs-Ge cell, Joseph von
Fraunhofer Prize, June 2010
Kinsey, Edmondson,
Amonix/Spectrolab, Prog. Photovolt.
17(2009) 279
Solar Photovoltaics…higher efficiency by
carrier multiplication in semiconductor nanocrystals?
(G.Nair, 2009)
Figure credit: S. Geyer& group website
-Tunable optical properties
-Bright, stable, emission
-Scalable synthesis
-Soluble & functionalizable
1.9-1.7 eV3.2-2.3eV
2eV
Limitations of conventional solarcells
Energy harvesting by CM
If CM is strong…
Reduce waste to heat.
Narrow gap semiconductors becomefeasible PV materials.
Possibility of exploiting two-electronchemical processes
Solar photovoltaics…CM & high Jsc
from V.I.Klimov Appl. Phys. Lett. 89,123112 (2006)
Very strong enhancement
energy threshold of ~2.5-3Egup to 7 e-h pairs from 1 photon
CM is fast
occurs in < 100 fs
Universal
Similar effects in PbSe and CdSe NCs despite 5x
Reports also in InAs and Si NCs
Solar Photovoltaics…no beneficial CM in
semiconductor nanocrystals (G.Nair.., 2009)
PbX Initially large CM observed by two groups independently.
Studies showing moderate/small CM
InAs CM by non-resonant time-resolved THz.
CM by interband TA
Recent interband TA: no CM observed
THz study retracted
Si non resonant intraband TA
CdSe TA and tPL evidence
Our work: no CM observed.
Schaller and Klimov PRL 92, 186601 (2004)Ellingson et al. Nano Lett. 5, 865 (2005)
Pijpers et al. JPC C 111, 4146 (2007)
Beard et al. Nano Lett. 7, 2506 (2007)
Schaller et al. JPC B 110, 25332 (2006)
Nair and Bawendi PRB, 76, 081304 (2007)
Schaller et al. Nano Lett. 7, 3469 (2007)
Ben-Lulu et al. Nano Lett. ASAP (2008)
Pijpers et al. JPC C 112, 4783 (2008)
Nair et al. PRB, 78, 125325 (2008)
Trinh et al. Nano Lett. 8, 1713 (2008)McGuire et al. Acc. Chem. Res. 14, 1810 (2008)
Ji et al. Nano Lett. 9, 1217 (2009)
Solar photovoltaics…IIM/DES/LES/CIE
1979..
• Thin film photovoltaics
• Si-PV systems
CIGS flexible PVCuInGaSe2/CdS/ZnO
www.cigssolar.com
DSSC scheme: M. R. Jones27 May 2009, Wikipedia S. Babar, Wikipedia 28 Feb ‘10
Celdas solares:posibilidades
sin limites
Solar Cells based on CdTe
• Low carrierconcentration
• Ohmic contacts
• Mis-match betweenCdTe and CdS
• Absorption losses inCdS
• Binary compound
• Easy and scalableprocessing
• Nearly optimumband gap
• Very stable
Problems Advantages
Actual scenario
• Record efficiency-16.5% (NREL)
• Commerciallyproven technology
$1/WattFeb. 2009
CdTe photovoltaics program at CIE-UNAM
CSS system
Thin Films by CSS
CdS, 2-5 min. CdTe, 4 min. Thermal treatments, 5 min.
Fast process, economical in terms of investment/product ratio, and easily adaptable in a production line.
Back contact
Efficiency of small area devices- 10%
CdTe based wide band gap alloys forapplications in Tandem devices
Cd1-xMgxTeEg= 1.5 to 3.5 eV; (x= 0 to 1)
CdTe
CIS
Four -terminal tandem cell based on CdTe and
CIS absorbers
CdTe
CIS
Four -terminal tandem cell based on CdTe and
CIS absorbers
Top-cell
CdMgTe/CdS
Efficiency of the Cd1-xMgx/CdS top-cell
developed at CIE = 9.3%
Band gap vs. x
Eg(x) = 1.5 + 0.3x (1-x) + 2x
Eg (eV) x
1.47 0
1.51 0.02
1.61 0.08
1.7 0.13
1.74 0.15
2.11 0.35
(Hartmann et al, J. Appl. Phys. 80 (1996) 6257)
X. Mathew, J. Drayton, V. Parikh, A.D. Compaan
Proceedings of the IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (IEEE Cat.No. 06CH37747). IEEE. 2006, pp. 6. Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Cd1-xMgxTe
Active projects at CIE
-Scale up to 100 cm2 area modules
-Pilot plant for the in-line production of CdTe/CdS modules.
•Celdas Solares Híbridas preparadas en el CIE-UNAM
Metal
P3OT
CdS
ITO, ITO,
Ag,CuAg,Cu
CdSCdS
4.6-4.7
3.5
EcEc
EvEv
LUMOLUMO
HOMOHOMO
1.9
2.4
4.5
4.2AlAl
5.3
AuAuP3OTP3OT
Ni,Au
5.1-5.3
Unit: eVVacuum level: 0
e-
h+
e-h+
Photocurrent
Transparent conductor
Chemical bath deposition of CdS(Nair et al.):
Cd(NO3)2 0.1 M 25 mlCitrato de Sodio 1 M 15 mlNH4OH 15 M 2 mlTiourea 1 M 5 mlAgua Destilada 53 ml
Total 100 ml
At 60 oC for 3 horas=> Thin films of !200 nm thick.
ITO/glass.
60-80°C
•Depósito por baño químico de películas delgadas de CdS:
S
+ sal de fierro
•1.8 g (0.0111 mol) FeCl3 en 100 ml CHCl3.•2.45 g (0.0125 mol) destilado y frío de 3-octiltiofeno (o 3-hexiltiofeno) en 30 mlCHCl3.•Agitar la mezcla por 24 h.•Poner la mezcla en 500 ml de metanol.•Filtrar la mezcla.•Lavar el precipitado con metanol, HCl (10%), agua destilada y acetona.•Secar el producto (polvo negro).•Disolver el producto en toluene o CHCl3.•Las caracterización de FT-IR and MNR confirma el producto de P3OT o P3HT.
Sn
•Polimerización oxidativa de P3OT or P3HT…. (M.E.Nicho)
P3OT : Tolueno = 1-10mg/1ml
Sustrato (CdS o vidrio)
P3OT solución
Sustrato (CdS o vidrio)P3OT película
Drying
Preparación de películas de P3OT por goteo o spin-coating.
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
Curr
ent D
ensity (
mA
/cm
2
)
Applied Voltage (V)
SC 106 nm SC 186 nm SC 334 nm DC 671 nm DC 2490 nm DC 7521 nm
M.C. Arenas, N. Mendoza, Hugo Cortina, M.E.Nicho and Hailin Hu, to be published in Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 2009.
Origen de bajos valores de FF y Jsc en celdas poliméricas.
ITO/CdS/P3OT/AuSolar cells made inCIE-UNAM.
FF ~0.44-0.50"~ 0.06%, 2008
"~ 0.08, 2009.
Solar photovoltaics…exploring new..
Harumi Moreno G, CIE, 2010
-0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-12.5
-10.0
-7.5
-5.0
-2.5
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
IL [W/m
2] V
oc [mV] J
sc [mA/cm
2] FF ! [%]
1000 630 6 0.28 1.1 3000 620 10 0.28 0.6
1000 W/m2
De
nsid
ad
de
co
rrie
nte
[
mA
/cm2
]
Voltaje [V]
3000 W/m2
PbS (200 nm)
Sb2S
3 (ii) 500 nm
CdS (100 nm)
SnO2
S. Messina, 2009
Solar photovoltaics...meaning of cost ..a PV
technology by the people ..for the people..
Dan E. Arvizu, NREL, Feb 2007, Harvard KSG
Solar photovoltaics…by the people..for the
people..
Solar Photovoltaics… by the
people…?
Solar Photovoltaics:
Powering the planet NOW!
Fotovoltaico Solar:
Electrificando el planeta HOY!
Silicon PV Technology
PV efficiency
PV research - CIE-UNAM
Powering the planet by the people
Solar Photovoltaics…conclusions…launching
initiative
CIE25- 09Aug
2010
25 years…..thank
you!
25 years…15 years…10 years..