Energía alternativa a través de Celdas Solares Orgánicas ... · Energía alternativa a través...
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Energía alternativa a través de Celdas
Solares Orgánicas (OPVs)
Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica (CIO) León, Guanajuato, México
www.cio.mx
José-Luis Maldonado [email protected]
Group of Optical Properties of Materials (GPOM)
4to. Curso-Taller Celdas Solares Orgánicas
26-27, mayo del 2016
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No se puede mostrar la imagen en este momento.
CIO: Optical Research Center
CONACyT Leon Guanajuato, Mexico
65 researchers GRADUATE SCHOOL
IN OPTICS
www.cio.mx
DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS (ÓPTICA)
MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS (ÓPTICA)
MAESTRÍA EN OPTOMECATRÓNICA
Duración 4 años en plan cuatrimestral Perfil de Ingreso M. en Ciencias M. en Ingenierías
Duración 2 años en plan cuatrimestral
Perfil de Ingreso Lic. y/o Ing. Física, Matemáticas, Química,
Electrónica, Mecánica, Sistemas, Nanotecnología, Biotech y carreras afines.
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Organic photonics and opto-electronics
New properties:
• Electrical conduction!
• Light emission!
• NL optical properties!
π Conjugated molecules and polymers
Organic PV cells
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π conjugated molecules and polymers
Semiconducting Polymers
Nobel prize of chemistry 2000 Alan Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid (†) and Hideki Shirakawa: 1974: Discovery of metallic conductivity in iodine doped trans-polyacetylene (CH)x
ONL and opto-electronics
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Organic electronics
• Economy • Mechanical properties
• Opto-electronic properties modifications • Bio-degradables
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Organic electronics
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Alternative energy sources: clean, economical, renewable
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Energías renovables: Energía solar
∗ PND incorpora a las Energías Renovables en la política mexicana.
∗ Ley para el Aprovechamiento de las Energías Renovables y el Financiamiento de la Transición Energética: marco legal específico: enorme potencial de la energía solar en México y otras fuentes de energía renovable
∗ México: irradiación promedio al día: 4.4 kWh/m2, en la zona centro, a 6.3
kWh/m2 por día en el norte del país
∗ SENER: nichos económicos: sistemas fotovoltaicos: 700 megawatts (MW) económicamente factible para su explotación frente a una capacidad instalada
29 MW. Estos 700 MW: 5,200 millones de dólares para la industria solar
• “Programa de Fomento de Sistemas Fotovoltaicos en México (ProSolar) “, 2012 Cooperación técnica entre México y Alemania: SENER-GIZ (Cooperación alemana al desarrollo)
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PV: México-Alemania
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Energía PV en México
• “3 dilemas. Un diagnóstico para el futuro energético de México”, 2013: http://reddecompetencia.cidac.org Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo, A.C. (CIDAC)
Programa de Sistemas Fotovoltaicos en México SENER:GIZ-GTCo
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Efficiency: solar cells National renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
Conventional silicon solar cell
Organic solar cell
Dark-grey material with dark-blue to black coating Color adjustable
Average absorption of sunlight – thick (around 1/10 mm) compared to organic solar cells, rigid plates required
Strong absorption of sunlight – very thin material layers (less than 1 micron)
Very long lifetime (20 years) Lifetime depends on substrate – on rigid glass substrates long lifetimes are achievable
Efficiency between 15% and 20% Efficiency approximately 12%, rapid progress
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Organic (Plastic) Solar Cells: OPVs
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DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS (DSSC): Hybrids of nano-porous metal oxides, TiO2, and organic dyes, with solution
electrolytes. Electrochemical cells.
SMALL MOLECULE ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS: Made by vacuum deposition.
POLYMER SOLAR CELLS: Made by solution, low processing.
ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS THREE TYPES
THEY FACE SIMILAR CHALLENGES: To increase efficiency and stability
To develop a technology for large areas
•1975: η = 0.001% • 1986: η = 1.0% • 2006: η = 5.5% • 2009: η = 6.1% • 2014: η = 12.0%
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Technological prototypes
• Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 29–39
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Synthesis Characterization Applications
Organic solar cells (OPVs)
Optics with organics in our group
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Organic solar cells (OPVs)
100 % ×=inc
scoc
IFFJVη
Substrate
Anode
Cathode
HhνHhν
OLED OPV
Organic layer- +
scoc
max
scoc
mm
JVP
JVJVFF ==
• Charge generation • Exciton diffusion • Charge separation • Charge mobility • Charge collection
• F. Herrmann, et al., “The semiconductor diode as a rectifier, a light source, and a solar cell: a simple explanation”, Am. J. Phys. 74, 591- 594 (2006)
• J.L. Maldonado, et al., “Two examples of organic opto-electronic devices: Light emitting diodes and solar cells”, Am. J. Phys. 76, 1130-1136 (2008)
A more general OPV structure
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Bulk hetero junction (BHJ)
SEM Image (Jeol)
A more general OPV structure
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Potential market: OPVs
Knapsack prototype based on OPVs arrays: SOLARMER
Light weigh and flexibiity
Transparency
(electrodes and windows)
Low cost
J.F. Salinas ,…Adv. Mater. 24, 6362 (2012)
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Alternative counter-electrodes : Wood´s (Pb/Bi/Cd/Sn) and Field´s (Bi/In/Sn) metal
• J.L. Maldonado, et al., Am. J. Phys. 76, 1130 (2008) • J.F. Salinas, et al., Sol. Energ. Mat. Solar C 95, 595 (2011) • C. Salto, et al., Synthetic Met. 161, 2412 (2011) • J.-A. Del Oso et al., Synthetic Met. 196, 91 (2014) • E. Pérez-Gutiérrez, et al., Opt. Mater. 36, 1336 (2014) • J. C. Nolasco, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 043308 (2014) • D. Romero-Borja, et al., Synthetic Met. 200, 91 (2015) • S. Romero-Servin, et al., Materials 8, 4258 (2015) • A. Álvarez-Fernández, et al., J. Mater. Sci-Mater. El. 27, 6271 (2016)
Easy and fast deposition
Mp less than 80 °C
Free vacuum process and normal room conditions
Wood´s and Field´s metals
PFN
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Wood´s and Field´s metals
Easy and fast deposition
Mp less than 80 °C
• J.L. Maldonado, et al., Am. J. Phys. 76, 1130 (2008) • J.F. Salinas, et al., Sol. Energ. Mat. Solar C 95, 595 (2011) • C. Salto, et al., Synthetic Met. 161, 2412 (2011) • J.-A. Del Oso et al., Synthetic Met. 196, 91 (2014) • E. Pérez-Gutiérrez, et al., Opt. Mater. 36, 1336 (2014) • J. C. Nolasco, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 043308 (2014) • D. Romero-Borja, et al., Synthetic Met. 200, 91 (2015) • S. Romero-Servin, et al., Materials 8, 4258 (2015) • A. Álvarez-Fernández, et al., J. Mater. Sci-Mater. El. 27, 6271 (2016)
Efficiency record
GPOM-CIO
7 %
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Hybrid solar cells
Perovskite solar cells
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
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-12
-8
-4
0
J (m
A/cm
2 )
Voc=802 mVJsc=17.5 mA/cm2
FF= 0.65η=9.2area=0.06cm2
V (Volts)
ITO/PEDOT/Perovskita/PC71BM/PEIE/FM
“Perovskite solar cells: from materials to devices” Small 11, 10–25 (2015).
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1) Chemistry: Synthesis and design of new organic materials able of absorbing, as much as possible, solar light
(Chemistry and Materials Sciences)
2) Devices: To increase the electrical efficiency and lifetime (Architectures and engineering)
(Engineers and Physicists)
3) Physics: Fundamental comprehension of the involved physical-chemical phenomena (Ultra fast Spectroscopy studies)
(Optics and physics)
Three important facts: Scientific community
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Perspectives
Larger area OPVs
cells
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OPVs cells arrays
To electrical feed leds, motors, etc.
Encapsulation
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OPVs cells arrays To electrical feed smartphones,
motors, etc.
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Conclusions
To make organic solar cells commercially competitive: • materials with low cost and easy fabrication, • higher power conversion efficiency, • larger areas and longer life time (encapsulation) are needed
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Dr. Norberto Farfán and Héctor García FQ-UNAM Drs. Rosa Santillan , Eusebio Juaristi y Giovana Granados CINVESTAV-DF Dr. Bernardo Frontana CCIQS UAEMéx-UNAM Dr. Marisol Guizado CIICAp-UAEM Dr. Guadalupe De la Rosa U. of Gto. Dr. Rosalba Fuentes-Ramírez U. of Gto. Dr. Jairo Nolasco Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg, Germany Grupo de polímeros BUAP Dra. Ivana Moggio CIQA Dr. Eduardo Arias CIQA Dra. Rosa Vázquez UAEH
Collaborations
GPOM Members Dr. Gabriel Ramos-Ortíz Dr. Mario Rodríguez Dr. M.A. Meneses-Nava Dr. Oracio Barbosa,
Dr. Enrique Pérez Postdocs: Dr. Álvaro Romero, Dr. Arián Espinosa. Dr. César
Garcías Several undergraduate and graduate Students:
J.F. Salinas, M. Romero, C. Salto, A. Enendi, S. Naude, U. Mendoza, J. Sarahí, V. Rodríguez, A. Alvarez, L. Abraham, D. Barreiro, L. M.
Encinas, Blanca, Francisco, Leonardo, Diana, Wilson
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Financial Support:
a) CONACyT-SENER 153094 and Ce-MieSol 27
b) U. Gto.-CIO
c) Red de polímeros
Thank you