En_EnvStand13_Waste Handling & Storage

Environmental Standards

Waste Handling and Storage

KSA Presidency of Meteorology and Environment PME Reference

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Page 1 of 16

Article I Preliminary

1) Definitions

bunds are systems which contain waste in an embankment or secondary container to prevent the waste from travelling or escaping. Competent Agency where referenced, refers to the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment or its designated representative. containers are any portable device in which a material is stored, transported, treated or otherwise handled. They can include drums, pails, skips, bags, wheeled bins, compactors, dustbins, small buckets, test tubes and so on. containment building is a completely enclosed, self-supporting structure used to store or treat non-containerised waste. dikes or berms are walls or man-made mounds surrounding a storage unit. freeboard is the distance between the level of the waste and the top of the container. generator is a commercial or industrial organisation which produces or stores trackable waste and arranges for this waste to be sent for storage, recycling, treatment or disposal at another location via an authorised transporter. hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or capable of having a harmful effect on human health and/or the environment. incompatible wastes are hazardous wastes which, if placed together, could result in potentially dangerous consequences, such as fire, release of toxic gases, etc. KSA refers to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. PME refers to the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment, which is designated as the responsible authority for the protection of the environment and the development of environmental protection standards in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. PPE means personal protective equipment. main storage area is a designated area where waste is held and accumulated for a period of more than 24 hours.

satellite storage area is an area at or near the point of waste generation, under the control of the operator of the process generating the waste, where the wastes are allowed to be temporarily stored. secondary containment is emergency short-term storage designed to hold leaks from hazardous waste storage units. storage means all operations intended to keep or contain wastes and other hazardous, toxic or radioactive substances for the purpose of treatment, transportation, recycling or disposal. surface impoundments are natural topographical depressions, man-made excavations, or dike areas such as holding ponds, storage pits or settling lagoons. tanks are stationary structures, as opposed to portable containers, used to store or treat waste. Tanks can be open topped or completely enclosed, and may be constructed of materials including steel, plastic, fibreglass, and concrete. transporter means a person engaged in the off-site transportation of waste by air, rail, highway or water and is anyone who transports the trackable waste from its place of production or storage to another location. waste handler is a generator, transporter and receiver of waste who has waste responsibilities. waste piles is an open, uncontained pile used for the temporary storage or treatment of solid waste.

2) Citation a) This document may be cited as the National Waste Storage Standard for KSA. This standard revises the current General Standards for the Environment (specifically document number 1409-01) issued by the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment (PME).

3) Timescales for implementation . a) The effective date of this standard is 01/05/1433H

corresponds to 24/03/2012G.

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia National Environmental Standard

Waste Handling and Storage



4) Purpose a) The objective of this standard is to ensure the effective handling and storing of waste so as to prevent and minimise spills and leakages that may pose a threat to the environment and/or human health.

5) Scope a) This standard guides those handling and storing waste in good operating practices, in managing effective waste storage and segregation systems, and in detecting, containing and cleaning up any leaks that may occur. b) This standard applies to Waste Handlers who handle and store waste from the point of generation through to the storage of waste where it is held at a facility prior to its onward transfer for recycling, treatment or disposal. This Standard must therefore be read in conjunction with the specific requirements for dedicated storage facilities which are detailed further in the Waste Storage and Material Recycling Facilities Design and Operation Standard. c) The handling and storage of waste at recycling, treatment and disposal facilities are covered in the design and operation waste standards for these facilities that accompany this series of Waste Standards. d) This Standard does not detail the requirements of protecting employees from the effects of handling hazardous wastes in the workplace such as risk assessments, monitoring, PPE or ventilation systems. These requirements must be complied with separately as per health and safety related Standards.

6) Exemptions a) Specific exemptions may be specified within this standard at any point where relevant to the Article that they are common to.

7) Powers of Authority

a) Within the scope of these standards the Competent Agency may:

i) Prescribe specific requirements as to the

substances and concentrations of wastes that may be stored within the Kingdom;

ii) prescribe specific requirements at any time

as to other characteristics of waste;

iii) authorise such relaxations or departures from, the waste storage standards and make any such authorisation subject to the prescribed conditions, and to modify or revoke any such authorisation or condition; and

iv) authorise a local Concerned Agency to

exercise any power conferred by these regulations by paragraphs i) - iii) above.

b) The Competent Agency may, for the purposes of this Standard, appoint persons to act on their behalf as technical assessors and monitors in relation to the powers and duties conferred on him by this standard and/or its subsequent amendments. c) In addition to the responsibilities conferred by other sections contained within this standard, it shall be the duty of a relevant party;

i) to give the Competent Agency all such assistance; and

ii) to provide the Competent Agency with all such information, as that may reasonably be required for the purpose of carrying out an investigation

d) The Competent Agency or appointed individual for the purpose of waste storage regulation may:

i) Enter any premises for the purpose of carrying out any investigation. ii) carry out such inspections, measurements and tests on premises entered, articles or records found on any such premises, and take away such samples of waste or articles, as may be considered appropriate for the purpose of enabling such investigation; or iii) at any reasonable time require any relevant party to supply him with copies of, or of extracts from, any records kept for the purpose of demonstrating compliance with the waste storage standards.

e) This standard enables the issue of regulations and technical memoranda which are enforceable by the Competent Agency who hold delegated authority under the General Environmental Regulations.

8) Enforcement procedures a) Failure to comply with the requirements of these standards may lead to prosecution by the Competent Agency and those convicted of such failure may be subject to fines or periods of imprisonment as laid out in the General Environmental Regulations.

b) It is anticipated that the requirements of this standard will be enforced nationally with inspections taking place to verify their implementation at a regional and local level.

9) Penalty fines

a) Maximum fines that may be imposed for exceeding the applicable standard, breach of permit and failure



to comply with an abatement notice are set out in the General Environmental Regulations.

10) Appeals

a) A right of appeal exists for any organisation or individual who is required to take action as a consequence of the implementation of the revised standard. b) The right of appeal against conviction or sentence is available through the appropriate judicial system as set out in the General Environmental Regulations.

c) All appeals should be fully supported with a documented case containing as a minimum, the information required under the appeals process of the General Environmental Regulations.

11) Periodic Review a) As a minimum, the Competent Agency shall undertake a periodic review of this standard every 5 years.

b) Where new information suggests that adjustments are required to this standard, all changes will be subject to the appropriate consultation and will be notified to facilities by the Competent Agency. Appropriate implementation time will be allowed.

Article II Duty of Care Requirements

a) The Waste Regulatory Control and Compliance Standard places a Duty of Care on Waste Handlers to ensure that waste within their control does not escape and includes the prevention of:

i) corrosion or wear of waste containers;

ii) accidental spillage, leakage or inadvertent

leaching from waste unprotected from rainfall;

iii) spills or releases initiated by accidents or

weather conditions;

iv) waste blowing away or falling while stored or transported; and

v) scavenging of waste by humans and

animals.

b) Waste Handlers must provide for protection of waste for onward future handling once it has left their control so that it reaches its destination intact and without causing harm to human health and/or the environment.

Article III Waste Segregation and Waste Incompatibility

1) Waste Segregation

a) Segregation reduces the risk of waste being incorrectly classified and ensures that the correct procedures are followed from the point of generation through to final disposal. b) Liquids must be kept separate from solid wastes, and non-hazardous and inert waste must be segregated from hazardous wastes, so as to create effective segregation systems to:

i) prevent unwanted or potentially dangerous reactions;

ii) reduce the rate of accidental exposure to

potentially hazardous substances;

iii) ease handling and disposing of wastes;

iv) increase the diversion of waste for the purposes of recycling.; and

v) keep the cost of waste disposal to a

minimum. c) If the separation of hazardous waste is not possible or practical, the following segregation guidelines must be followed by Waste Handlers when sorting and storing hazardous waste:

i) Inorganic substances must be collected

separately from organic waste types, and solids must not be mixed with liquids.

ii) Halogenated and non-halogenated

organic solvents must be collected in different containers.

iii) Individual non-halogenated organic

solvents must be collected separately; when they must be mixed, each constituent and its percentage composition in the mixture must be clearly stated.

iv) Metals must not be mixed with organic

solvents as such mixtures cannot be incinerated because of the metal or sent to landfill because of the organic solvent.

v) Waste oils must be kept as

uncontaminated as possible in order to be recycled. Waste oils must be segregated from other chemicals, particularly solvents, pesticides and PCBs.

vi) Accumulate waste that is both flammable

and corrosive separately from waste that is either flammable or corrosive.



vii) All mixtures containing mercury in any form must be disposed of as mercury contaminated waste.

2) Hazardous Waste Incompatibility

a) When more than one type of material is being discarded at one time, the integrity of the chemical compatible groups must be maintained. b) An incompatible waste is a hazardous waste which is unsuitable for:

i) placement in a particular device or facility

because it may cause corrosion or decay of containment materials; or

ii) mixing with another waste or material

under uncontrolled conditions because it might produce heat or pressure, fire or explosion, violent reaction, toxic dusts, mists, fumes, or gases, or flammable fumes or gases.

c) Incompatible wastes must be segregated and stored separately. For example, flammable liquids and other organics must be segregated from acidic and caustic wastes. The following wastes must not be mixed or packed together:

i) acids with bases;

ii) flammable or combustibles with oxidizers;

iii) cyanides with other materials;

iv) acids and sulfides;

v) flammable with non-flammable solvents;

and

vi) resins with hardeners or catalysts.

d) The table below illustrates the effects of some common storage incompatibilities of wastes:

ILLUSTRATION OF CHEMICAL

INCOMPATIBILITIES Acid + alkali Heat Acid + hypochlorite Toxic gas Acid + metal Toxic gas/flammable

gas Acid + cyanide/sulfide Toxic gas Oxidising agent + organic solvent

Fire

Reducing agent + organic solvent

Fire

Water + reactive substances

Fire

d) Once the physical and chemical properties of a hazardous waste have been adequately classified,

hazardous waste compatibility must then be assessed. Partial lists regarding chemical incompatibilities and potentially explosive combinations of some common reagents are provided in Appendix I and Appendix II of this Standard.

Article IV General Storage Requirements

1) Storage Areas

a) Storage areas must be located to eliminate or minimise the double handling of waste. b) Storage areas must be clearly marked and signed with regard to the quantity and hazardous characteristics of the wastes stored therein. c) The waste Generator using satellite storage areas and the designated waste manager of the main waste storage are responsible for the proper accumulation, maintenance and housekeeping of their storage areas. They must ensure that:

i) Waste streams do not get mixed and that

no waste other than the normal waste stream, approved for the container, is placed in the collection container.

ii) The waste components are correct and

complete for each waste container.

iii) Accurate records are maintained to ensure compliance with onward transportation of the waste and to minimize analytical costs associated with disposal.

iv) All leaks, spills, and releases are

recorded.

v) Major leaks, releases or spills sufficient to pose a threat to human health or the environment are brought to the attention of the Competent Agency.

vi) All major hazardous spills (>25 litres) are

reported immediately to the Competent Agency and the appropriate evacuation action taken.

d) Storage areas must be constructed such that any spillage or loss of containment of a particular waste type can not spread to other waste types. This is particularly important where flammable materials are involved. e) The total maximum storage capacity of the storage areas must be clearly and unambiguously stated in writing, accompanied with details of the method used to calculate the volumes held against



this maximum. The stated maximum capacity of storage areas must not be exceeded. f) The storage arrangements must be marked on a site plan which clearly shows:

i) waste types to be stored in particular areas;

ii) separation arrangements;

iii) any fire breaks proposed; and

iv) the maximum storage capacity of each

storage area. g) Storage area drainage infrastructure must ensure all contaminated runoff is contained and that drainage from incompatible wastes cannot come into contact with each other. h) There must be vehicular, for example, forklift, and pedestrian access at all times to the whole of the storage area such that the transfer of containers is not reliant on the removal of impediments which may be blocking access, other than drums in the same row. i) Containers must be stored in such a manner that leaks and spillages cannot escape over bunds or the edge of the sealed drainage areas.

2) Inspection Requirements

a) Procedures must be in place for the regular inspection and maintenance of storage areas including drums, vessels, pavements and bunds. b) Inspections must pay particular attention to signs of damage, deterioration and leakage. Records must be kept detailing action taken. c) Faults must be identified to consider whether infrastructure is fit for purpose and this decision must be recorded. Repairs must be made as soon as practicable. If containment capacity or capability of bund, sump or pavement is compromised then the waste must be removed until the repair is completed. d) A formal inspection of the storage arrangements must be carried out at least once a week to ensure compliance with this Standard is met and to assess the condition of containers and pallets. Written records must be kept of these inspections. e) If a container is found to be damaged, leaking or in a state of deterioration, immediate steps must be taken to either over-drum or transfer the contents to another container. Over-drumming must be seen as an emergency measure.

f) Drums must not be stored more than two high and must allow access for inspection on all sides that is, 4 x 205 litre drums on a pallet, stacked no more than 2 x 205 litre drums high, in rows.

Article V Satellite Storage Areas

1) Specific Requirements

a) Satellite storage areas must be located at or as near as reasonable to the generating activity or work place where waste is produced. b) The waste Generator is responsible for the proper accumulation, maintenance, and housekeeping of their satellite storage areas. b) The storage area must be located such that accidental spills and discharge will not flow into sanitary or stormwater run-off systems. Secondary containment must be provided if the storage area cannot be isolated from the drain or run off area. c) To lessen the risk of spillage, one large container from the satellite storage area rather than numerous small container loads must be transported to a main storage area, where practicable. d) Only one container and one waste stream may be in use at a satellite storage area at a time. When necessary, hazardous waste may be held in small containers in individual work areas.

2) Storage Times

a) Waste stored temporarily at a satellite storage area near the point of waste generation, and under the control of the operator of the process generating the waste, can be stored for up to three days before being moved to the main waste storage area. b) A generator of hazardous waste may accumulate up to a total of 0.2 m3 of waste, at or near the point of generation. If a process will generate more than this volume at one time, the waste must be transferred to the main waste storage area or removed off-site. c) Containers holding waste for less than 24 hours and/or attached to a process, which are filled automatically, are exempt from the requirements of the provisions in a) and b) above.

Article VI Main Storage Areas

1) Specific Requirements

a) The main waste storage area can be anywhere at the facility and is where the facility stores waste before being sent off-site for treatment, disposal, or



recycling. There can also be more than one main storage area. b) The main storage area must be located such that accidental spills and discharge will not flow into sanitary or stormwater run-off systems. Secondary containment must be provided if the storage area cannot be isolated from the drain or run off area. c) An outdoor main waste storage area with bulk waste containers shall be identified with a sign specifying that it is a waste storage area and listing instructions for usage and spillage. d) 200 litre drums must be placed and remain on pallets or other special containment support at all times. e) Information on the specific wastes that may be placed in the waste container along with cleanup and personal protective equipment must be posted at or near each waste container.

2) Storage Times a) The total storage time in main storage areas will depend upon the characteristics of a particular site and the waste types being stored. b) Hazardous waste may be stored for up to 90 days at a main waste storage area. However, for a facility situated in a sensitive location handling hazardous wastes, storage times must be limited to 1 month. c) Non-hazardous and inert wastes must be removed off site within a maximum of 6 months from the date of receipt.

Article VII Containers

1) General Provisions for Storage Containers

a) Containers must be in good condition. b) Containers that are deteriorating, cracked, rusted or leaking cannot be used. c) Waste stored in defective containers must be transferred to containers in good condition or managed in another type of unit. d) To prevent containers from spilling their contents, containers holding waste must be kept closed, except when adding or removing waste. e) Containers must not be handled, opened, filled, stored or emptied in a way that might cause them to rupture or leak. f) Funnels must be used when adding waste to containers. They must:

i) fit securely in the container opening;

ii) be compatible with the waste being

entered; and

iii) be removed from the container after transfer of the waste is complete.

g) To ensure that containers are being managed in compliance with the provisions in this Standard, Waste Handlers must visually inspect container storage areas at least weekly for leaking and deteriorating containers. h) Containers holding liquid hazardous wastes must have a secondary containment system which must be free of cracks, able to contain the spill and able to be emptied quickly. i) Waste containers must be filled to not more than 90 percent of the rated capacity of the container. 200 litre drums must have at least 10 cm of freeboard to allow sufficient free space to compensate for expansion due to heating. Small containers must maintain sufficient freeboard for transportation and liquid transfer.

2) Containers for the Storage of Hazardous Waste

a) Containers holding waste must be clean, in good condition, not leaking, and compatible with the waste being stored. b) Hazardous waste must not be placed in unwashed containers that previously held an incompatible material (see Appendix I and Appendix II). c) If a container holding spent hazardous material begins to leak, the Waste Handler must transfer it to a container that is in good condition or manage the material in some other way to prevent the potential for release or contamination. d) A storage container holding a hazardous waste that is incompatible with any waste or other materials stored nearby in other containers must be separated from the other materials or protected from them by means of a partition, wall or other device. e) Containers must be filled to a safe level - not beyond the bottom of the neck of the container or 10 cm of freeboard space for 0.2 m3 containers. f) Sharps containers for medical waste or asbestos bags must not be used for hazardous chemical waste collection.

3) Empty Containers and Container Residues

a) Empty containers of waste can be discarded as solid waste if they are properly managed. The prescribed management for an empty container varies depending on the type of waste.



b) A container of hazardous waste is empty if:

i) all wastes have been removed using common practices for the type of container;

ii) no more than 2.5 cm of residue remains

on the container bottom;

iii) if the container is smaller than 0.4 m3 and no more than 0.3% residue by weight remains in the container;

iv) if the container is larger than 110 gallons

and no more than 0.3% residue by weight remains in the container.

c) Compressed gas cylinders are empty when the container pressure equals atmospheric pressure.

4) Over-Drumming

a) Over-drumming should take place in a designated location equipped with local exhaust ventilation (LEV) if necessary. This may require the use of mobile equipment which can be positioned at the location of any necessary over-drumming, in order to avoid transporting damaged containers around the site. b) All appropriate information should be transferred onto the label of the new container. c) Large quantities of wastes in over-drums should be avoided by re-drumming once the incident leading to over-drumming has been dealt with. d) Pallets damaged to the extent that the stability of the containers is or may become compromised should be replaced. e) Plastic shrink wrap should only be used to provide secondary stability to drum or container storage in addition to the use of sound pallets.

Article VIII Containment Buildings

a) To ensure that a containment building meets structural soundness and hazardous waste leak prevention, a qualified engineer must certify that the unit is designed and installed according to the following specifications:

i) The containment building must be

completely enclosed with four walls, a floor and a roof.

ii) The floor, walls and roof must be

constructed of man-made materials with enough strength to withstand movement of

wastes, personnel and heavy equipment within the building.

iii) Dust control devices, such as air-lock doors

or negative air pressure systems must also be used as necessary to prevent hazardous waste dust from escaping through these building exits.

iv) All surfaces in the containment building that

come into contact with wastes during treatment or storage must be chemically compatible with such wastes.

b) If the containment building is used to store hazardous waste with visible liquids, or if waste treatment being conducted in the building requires the addition of liquids to the waste, the Waste Handler must equip the building with the following:

i) a primary barrier constructed of materials

to prevent migration of the waste into the barrier;

ii) a liquid collection system to minimise

standing liquids in the containment building and to facilitate liquid removal;

iii) a leak detection system located

immediately beneath the floor to indicate any weakness in the floor and leaks of hazardous waste from the building; and

iv) a secondary barrier, such as a liner,

constructed around the building to contain any leaks and to facilitate cleanup before they reach nearby soils, surface water or groundwater.

Article IX Tanks

1) General Provisions for Storage Tanks a) Tanks for the storage of waste must be designed with an adequate foundation, structural support and protection from corrosion to prevent them from collapsing or leaking. b) To prevent leaks, tanks must be constructed from materials appropriate for the service that incorporate corrosive protection methods including:

i) construction materials that are corrosion

resistant;

ii) corrosion resistant coating in combination with cathodic protection; and/or

iii) electrical isolation devices.

c) The provisions detailed in (b) do not extend to tanks already installed prior to the date of implementation of this Standard due to the high cost



of installing corrosion protection on tanks in situ. These tanks must be inspected to assess their structural integrity to ensure they can contain the wastes without failing, collapsing or rupturing. d) All new hazardous waste tank systems must have leak detection and secondary containment before being placed in service. Existing systems must be equipped with secondary containment, based on a phased-in schedule determined by the age of the tank as determined by PME. e) Hazardous waste tanks must be equipped with a leak detection system able to detect failure in either the main tank or secondary containment system generally within 24 hours. f) Hazardous waste tanks must be operated in a manner that minimises or eliminates releases. Chemicals that may cause any part of a tanks system to fail must not be placed in the unit. g) Spills or overflows from the tank system must be prevented by using, as a minimum:

i) spill prevention controls, such as valves

designed to prevent the backflow of waste during fill-up of the tank;

ii) overfill prevention controls, such as

alarms that sound when the waste level in the tank gets too high and valve systems that automatically close when overfill is likely;

iii) 60 centimetres of freeboard at the top of

uncovered tanks, unless the tank is equipped with a containment structure, drainage systems or a standby tank with adequate capacity; and

iv) if hazardous waste is continuously fed into

a tank, it must be equipped with a means of stopping inflow, such as a waste feed cut off or a bypass system to a standby truck.

2) Inspection of Storage Tanks a) Inspections of tanks must thoroughly identify leaks, deterioration, corrosion or structural fatigue in any portion of the tank or system components. b) In addition to visual inspections, inspections must also take into account any data received from leak detection monitors and other tests. c) At least daily, inspections must be made to check:

i) discharge control equipment;

ii) data gathered by monitoring equipment;

and

iii) the level of waste in the tank.

d) At least weekly, inspections must be made to check:

i) construction materials of the tank to see

if it is corroding or leaking; and

ii) construction materials of the area surrounding the tank for signs of corrosion or leaks.

3) Secondary Containment of Storage Tanks a) To ensure that the tank system performs properly, secondary containment systems must be designed, installed and operated so that:

i) No waste is released to the surrounding soil, groundwater or surface water.

ii) Construction materials or liners are

compatible with the waste to be stored or treated in the tank.

iii) The tank is capable of containing

accumulated material until it is promptly removed, generally within 24 hours.

iv) The capacity of the secondary

containment for single tanks must be a minimum of 110% of the capacity of the tank.

v) The foundation can resist failure due to

normal movement of the surrounding soils such as settlement, compression or uplift.

vi) The containment must be constructed so

as to be strong enough to hold the capacity of the storage tank in the event of a leak.

b) Acceptable secondary containment may be constructed from steel, concrete, earthen liner or other systems such as:

i) an external liner that completely surrounds the tank with an impermeable material;

ii) a vault (the tank rests in an underground

chamber usually constructed with concrete floors and walls and an impermeable cover);

iii) a double-walled tank (the tank is

completely enclosed inside another tank with a leak detection monitoring system installed between the two); or

iv) a PME approved alternative design.

c) In addition to the tank itself, all ancillary equipment, such as pipes, valves, trenches



connected to the tank or tank system, must have full secondary containment. d) When storing larger quantities of hazardous waste in containers, the secondary containment features should be constructed to a minimum height of 15 cm above the surrounding floor or grade. This may be achieved by the inclusion of non-combustible sills, kerbs, ramps or dykes (steel or concrete) as part of the facility's construction. Other types of dyke and liner systems may also be acceptable in certain instances. e) The secondary containment area must be free of drains which connect directly or indirectly to a surface or foul sewer system.

Article X Surface Impoundments

a) A Surface Impoundment is a natural topographic depression, man-made excavation or diked area, which must be lined to store liquid hazardous wastes. b) To minimize the potential for leachate to leak from a Surface Impoundment, the following must be employed, where appropriate to newly constructed impoundments:

i) double liners;

ii) leachate collection and removal systems;

iii) leak detection systems;

iv) dikes, berms and freeboards; and

v) construction quality assurance. c) A leachate collection system collects any leachate that has leaked through the top liner and pumps it out to a collection tank. The system must be designed with:

i) a minimum bottom slope to help drainage;

ii) materials that will not chemically react with the wastes placed in it; and

iii) the ability to remove the liquids at a

specified minimum rate. d) The flow of liquids over the top of Surface Impoundment must be prevented by constructing and maintaining dikes or berms and ensuring a minimum distance between the surface of the waste and the top of the impoundment to prevent overflow during high winds or rainstorms. e) Inspections must be carried out to ensure that the liners and leachate collection and removal systems are working properly.

Article XI Waste Piles

a) A Waste Pile may be used for the temporary storage and treatment of waste only. These provisions do not therefore cover waste accumulated in piles for disposal, such as landfills, though many of the requirements are similar. b) The potential for leachate to leak from a Waste Pile must be minimized by employing the following, where appropriate:

i) double liners;

ii) double leachate collection and removal

systems;

iii) leak detection systems;

iv) run-on, run-off, and wind dispersal controls; and

v) construction quality assurance.

c) Under no circumstances can liquid waste be placed in a Waste Pile.

Article XII Labelling

a) All containers and drums containing waste must be clearly labelled with:

i) the chemical identity of the hazardous waste they hold;

ii) the composition of the waste;

iii) the relevant hazard code(s) (see Waste

Classification Standard); and

iv) the appropriate hazard warning sign, which must be displayed on containers and drums containing hazardous waste for onward transportation (see Waste Transportation Standard).

b) All labelling must be resilient enough to stay attached and legible throughout the entire time of storage at the facility. c) Any labelling that does not relate to the contents of the container or drum at the time it is stored within the waste facility is to be removed before it is accepted onto the site. d) Containers and drums must be stored so that labels can be seen clearly at all times.



Article XIII Safe Handling of Hazardous Waste Materials

1) Accident Prevention a) Whenever hazardous waste is stored at a facility the potential risks from fires, explosions or other accidents must be minimised. b) All facilities that store hazardous waste on site must be equipped with the following:

i) an internal communications or alarm system capable of providing immediate emergency instruction (voice or signal) to all personnel;

ii) a device, such as a telephone

(immediately available at the scene of operations) or a hand-held, two-way radio, capable of summoning emergency assistance from local police and fire departments or emergency response teams;

iii) portable fire extinguishers, fire control

devices (including special extinguishing equipment, such as that using foam, inert gas or dry chemicals), spill control materials and decontamination supplies; and

iv) water at adequate volume and pressure to

supply water hose streams, foam-producing equipment, automatic sprinklers, or water spray systems.

c) All equipment must be tested and maintained to ensure proper operation. d) Sufficient aisle space must be allowed to permit the unobstructed movement of personnel, fire protection equipment, spill control equipment and decontamination equipment to any area of the waste storage area.

2) Precautionary Measures

a) Smoking and the consumption of food or drink must be prohibited in any area in which hazardous substances or hazardous wastes are used, handled or stored. b) Staff must be reminded regularly of the need for good personal hygiene, in particular washing of hands after handling chemical substances or hazardous wastes. c) Hazardous wastes must always be handled with care and registered transporters used for transporting waste off-site.

d) Personnel must always wear personal protective clothing and equipment, for example, eye protection, face protection, aprons, gloves, Wellington boots, whenever handling or using dangerous chemical substances or hazardous wastes. e) Any injury must be treated promptly, particularly skin wounds and abrasions. f) Responsibility for safe working must be identified at senior management level and written procedures published and used in the training of personnel.

Article XIV Spill Prevention

1) General Spill Provisions

a) Contingency planning must be employed by Waste Handlers to minimize potential problems when spills of hazardous wastes occur to reduce the potential for the development of harmful effects depending on the chemical involved and the associated hazards. b) All spillages must be dealt with as soon as practicable from when they are first observed and remedial action logged. c) Records must be reviewed on a regular basis to ensure any common causes are identified.

d) Any release or spill must be contained and cleaned up as safely and quickly as possible.

2) Small Spillages

a) Other personnel in the immediate area must be notified about the spill and, if necessary, evacuated from the area. b) In case of injury or potential exposure, victims must be attended to immediately and, if necessary, help requested from the designated emergency coordinator. c) Appropriate steps must be taken to confine and limit the spill if this can be done without risk of injury or contamination.

d) Small leaks or spills around the bungs or openings of containers can be absorbed with absorbent material or rags. The materials used to pick up the spill must be disposed of as a solid hazardous waste and must be properly packaged and labeled.

3) Spill Kits

a) All hazardous waste storage areas must have spill kits to deal with the potential hazards of the substances being handled or stored.



b) A typical spill control kit must include the following depending on the hazardous wastes being handled or stored:

i) spill control pillows used to absorb

solvents, acids and alkalis;

ii) inert absorbents such as vermiculite, clay, sand, kitty litter and oil-dri;

iii) neutralizing agents for acid spills such as

sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate;

iv) neutralizing agents for alkali spills such as

sodium bisulfate or citric acid; and

v) plastic scoops and other equipment such as brooms, pails, bags, dust pans, as appropriate;

c) Appropriate warnings, barricade tapes and protection against slips or falls on wet floors during and after clean up episodes should be employed. d) The appropriate personal protective equipment should be employed, as a minimum, every time a spill kit is opened, such as gloves, overalls and eye protection.

4) First Aid Provisions

a) In case of injury or potential exposure, victims must be attended to immediately as outlined below:

i) For spills affecting small portions of skin, immediately flush with flowing water for at least 15 minutes. If no visible burn exists, wash with warm water and soap, removing any jewelry.

ii) For spills on clothes, do not attempt to

wipe the clothes. Quickly remove all contaminated clothing, shoes and jewelry. It may be necessary to cut the clothes off in some instances to prevent contamination of the eyes.

iii) Do not use creams, lotions or salves.

iv) Avoid breathing the vapours of spilled

substances.

v) Contaminated clothes must be discarded or laundered separately from other clothing.

vi) For splashes into the eye, immediately

flush with tepid potable water for at least 15 minutes. Hold the eyelids away from the eyeball, moving eye in all directions to wash thoroughly behind the eyelids. Use an eyewash for this purpose.

vii) In all cases, seek medical attention.

Article XV Emergency Procedures

1) Emergency Planning

a) Waste Handlers must be prepared for emergencies involving hazardous waste. b) A designated emergency co-ordinator, and an alternate, must be identified as to who is on the premises or on call at all times. c) Where facilities handle over 1000 kg of hazardous waste at any one time, a written contingency plan must be prepared designed to minimise hazards from fires, explosions or any unplanned release of hazardous waste or hazardous waste constituents into the environment. The plan must be:

i) kept on site at all times; and

ii) an additional copy must be submitted to

all local emergency service providers.

d) For facilities which handle less than 1000 kg of hazardous waste at any one time, basic safety and response procedures, as detailed in this Standard, must be established.

2) Emergency Training

a) Prior to commencing work involving handling chemical substances or hazardous wastes, all personnel must be familiar with the relevant hazardous properties and instructed on what to do in case of emergency. b) Such instruction or training must include, as a minimum, the following:

i) how to report a fire, injury, chemical spill or other emergency;

ii) the location of emergency equipment,

such as safety showers and eyewashes;

iii) the location of fire extinguishers and spill control equipment;

iv) the locations of all available exits for

evacuation; and

v) names and phone numbers of the designated emergency co-ordinator and an alternate. Such information must be posted on or by the point of generation and at waste storage areas.

3) Responding to Emergencies



a) If a Waste Handler considers that an emergency situation has arisen, the Competent Agency must be contacted immediately. b) In the event of a fire, explosion or other release of hazardous waste that could threaten human health outside the facility, or if a spill has reached surface water, the Competent Agency must be contacted to report the emergency. The Competent Agency will evaluate the situation and help make appropriate emergency decisions.



Appendix I

Incompatible Chemicals

Chemical Is incompatible with: Acetic Acid Nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds,

ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates

Acetylene Chlorine, bromine, copper, fluorine, silver, mercury

Alkali Metals Water, carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, the halogens

Ammonia, Anhydrous Mercury, chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, hydrofluoric acid

Ammonium nitrate Acids, metal powders, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrites, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials

Aniline Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide Bromine Same as chlorine: ammonia,

acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane (or other petroleum gases), hydrogen, sodium carbide, turpentine, benzene, finely divided metals

Butyl lithium Water Carbon, activated Calcium hypochlorite, all oxidizing

agents Chlorates Ammonium salts, acids, metal

powders, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials

Chromic Acid Naphthalene, camphor, glycerin, turpentine, alcohol, flammable liquids in general

Chlorine Same as bromine: ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane (or other petroleum gases), hydrogen, sodium carbide, turpentine, benzene, finely divided metals

Chlorine dioxide Ammonia, methane, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide

Copper Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide Cumene hydroperoxide:

Acids, organic or inorganic Cyanides (Na, K) Acids Flammable liquids Ammonium nitrate, chromic acid,

hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sodium peroxide, halogens, other oxidizing agents

Chemical Is incompatible with: Fluorine All other chemicals Hydrocarbons Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic

acid, sodium peroxide Hydrocyanic acid Nitric acid, alkalis Hydrofluoric acid Ammonia, aqueous or anhydrous Hydrogen peroxide Copper, chromium, iron, most metals

or their salts, alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline, nitromethane, flammable liquids, oxidizing gases

Hydrogen sulfide Fuming nitric acid, oxidizing gases Iodine Acetylene, ammonia (aqueous or

anhydrous), hydrogen Mercury Acetylene, fulminic acid, ammonia Nitric Acid Acetic acid, aniline, chromic acid,

hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, flammable liquids, flammable gases

Oxalic acid Silver, mercury Perchloric acid Acetic anhydride, bismuth and its

alloys, alcohol, paper, wood, sulfuric acid, organics

Potassium Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water

Potassium permanganate: Glycerin, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulfuric acid

Silver Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, ammonium compounds

Sodium Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water

Sodium peroxide Ethyl or methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerin, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural

Sulfuric acid Potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium permanganate (or compounds with similar light metals, such as sodium, lithium, etc.)

Source Safety in Academic Chemical Laboratories, American Chemical Society.



Appendix II

Potentially Explosive Chemicals The following is a partial list of chemical compounds and mixtures that are known to have explosive properties:

Alkali metal dinitrophenolates (dry or containing less than 15 percent water, by mass)

Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture Ammonium nitrate mixtures (containing more than

0.2 percent combustible substances) Ammonium perchlorate Ammonium picrate (dry or containing less than 10

percent water, by mass) Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) Barium azide (dry or containing less than 50

percent water, by mass) Barium styphnate Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine Deflagrating metal salts of aromatic nitro derivatives 2-Diazo-1-naphthol-4-sulfonyl chloride 1-Diazo-2-naphthol-4-sulfonyl chloride Diazodinitrophenol (containing less than 40 percent

water or a mixture of alcohol and water, by mass) Diethylene glycol dinitrate Dinitroglycoluril (Dingu) Dinitrophenol (dry or containing less than 15

percent water, by mass) Dinitroresorcinol (dry or containing less than 15

percent water, by mass) N,N'-Dinitroso-N,N'-dimethylterephthalamide N,N'-Dinitrosopentamethylenetetraamine Dinitrosobenzene Dipicryl sulfide (dry or containing less than 10

percent water, by mass) Guanyl nitrosaminoguanylidene hydrazine

(containing less than 30 percent water, by mass) Guanyl nitrosaminoguanyltetrazene (containing less

than 30 percent water or a mixture of alcohol and water, by mass)

Hexanitrodiphenylamine (Dipicrylamine; Hexyl) Hexanitrostilbene Hexatonal Hexolite (dry or containing less than 15 percent

water, by mass) Lead azide (containing less than 20 percent water

or a mixture of alcohol and water, by mass) Lead mononitroresorcinate Lead styphnate (lead trinitroresorcinate) (containing

less than 20 percent water or a mixture of alcohol and water, by mass)

Mannitol hexanitrate (Nitromannite) (containing less than 40 percent water or mixture of alcohol and water, by mass)

5-Mercaptotetrazol-1-acetic acid Mercury fulminate (containing less than 20 percent

water or mixture of alcohol and water, by mass)

Nitrourea 5-Nitrobenzotriazole Nitrocellulose (dry or containing less than 25 percent water or

alcohol, by mass or plasticized with less than 18 percent plasticizing substance, by mass)

Nitroglycerin (containing less than 40 percent of a non-volatile water insoluble desensitizer, by mass or containing less than 90 percent alcohol, by mass)

Nitroguanidine (Picrite) (dry or containing less than 20 percent water, by mass)

Nitrosoguanidine Nitrostarch (dry or containing less than 20 percent water, by

mass) Nitrotriazolone (NTO) Octolite (Octol) (dry or containing less than 15 percent water,

by mass) Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (pentaerythrite tetranitrate, PETN)

(containing less than 25 percent water, by mass or containing less than 7 percent wax, by mass or containing less than 15 percent of a suitable desensitizer, by mass)

Pentolite (dry or containing less than 15 percent water, by mass)

Potassium salts of aromatic nitro-derivatives, explosive. RDX and HMX mixtures (containing less than 15 percent

water, by mass or containing less than 10 percent of a suitable desensitizer, by mass)

Sodium dinitro-o-cresolate (dry or containing less than 15 percent water, by mass)

Sodium picramate (dry or containing less than 20 percent water, by mass)

Sodium salts of aromatic nitro-derivatives Tetranitroaniline Tetrazol-1-acetic acid Trinitro-m-cresol Trinitroaniline (picramide) Trinitroanisole Trinitrobenzene (dry or containing less than 30 percent water,

by mass) Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzoic acid (dry or containing less than 30 percent

water, by mass) Trinitrochlorobenzene (picryl chloride) Trinitrofluorenone Trinitronaphthalene Trinitrophenetole Trinitrophenol (picric acid) (dry or containing less than 30

percent water, by mass) Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl) Trinitroresorcinol (styphnic acid) (dry or containing less than 20

percent water, or mixture of alcohol and water, by mass) Trinitrotoluene (TNT) (dry or containing less than 30 percent

water, by mass) Tritonal Urea nitrate (dry or containing less than 20 percent water, by

mass) Zirconium picramate (dry or containing less than 20 percent

water, by mass)

Source - US Bureau of Tobacco, Alcohol and Firearms, List of Explosives Materials

En_EnvStand13_Waste Handling & Storage

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