Endorphins and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatric Research Clinical Implications

Endorphins and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatric Research Clinical Implications

Edited by NANDKUMAR S. SHAH, Ph.D. Chief of Research Services, William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute Research Professor, Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Adjunct Professor, Department of Pharmacology University of South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, South Carolina

and ALEXANDER G. DONALD, M.D. Director, William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute Professor and Chairman, Department oj Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University oj South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, South Carolina

PLENUM MEDICAL BOOK COMPANY New York and London

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

Endorphins and opiate antagonists in psychiatric research.

Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Mental illness-physiological aspects. 2. Endorphins-Physiological effect. 3.

Narcotic antagonists. I. Shah, Nandkumar S. II. Donald, Alexander G., 1928-RC455.4.B5E53 1982 616.89'071 82-11237 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1121-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-14684-1119-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1119-5

© 1982 Plenum Publishing Corporation

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1982

233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013

Plenum Medical Book Company is an imprint of Plenum Publishing Corporation

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

Contributors

B. G. L. ALMAY • Department of Neurology, University of Umea, Umea, Sweden

JAMBUR ANANTH • McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Present address: Department of Psychiatry, HarborlUCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California

N. BARDEN • Departement d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, CHUL, Quebec, Canada

ALiCA BARTOVA • Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

M. BERGMANN • Max-Planck-Institut fOr Psychiatrie, Munich, FRG

G. BESEV • Psychiatric Research Center, Uppsala, Sweden

MONTE S. BUCHSBAUM • Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland

WILLIAM E. BUNNEY JR. • Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland

J. ROBERT CADE • Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida

KENNETH E. CALLEN • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medi­cine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri

v

vi CONTRIBUTORS

DANIEL E. CASEY • Department H, Set. Hans Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark, and Departments of Medical Research, Psychiatry, and Neurology, Veterans Administration Medical Center and University of Oregon Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon

DON H. CATLIN • Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California

THUY T. CHAU • Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia

DORIS H. CLOUET • New York State Division of Substance Abuse Services Research Laboratory, and Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York

E. COSTA • Laboratory of Preclinical Pharmacology, National Insti­tute of Mental Health, Saint Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, D.C.

DAVID H. COY • Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center and Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana

L. CUSAN • Departement d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, CHUL, Quebec, Canada

DAVID DAVIS • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Uni­versity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri

GLENN C. DAVIS • Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine and Cleveland V AMC, Cleveland, Ohio

LEONARD G. DAVIS • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medi­cine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri

HIROSHIDEMURA • Department of Medicine , Tokyo Women's Med­ical College, Tokyo, Japan

REIKO DEMURA • Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medi­cal College, Tokyo, Japan

D. DIETERLE • Psychiatrische Klinik der Universitat, Munich, FRG

CONTRIBUTORS vii

ALEXANDER G. DONALD • Ensor Research Laboratory, William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute and Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medi­cine, Columbia, South Carolina

A. DUPONT • Departement d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, CHUL, Quebec, Canada

H. M. EMRICH • Max-Planck-Institut fUr Psychiatrie, Munich, FRG

FRANK R. ERVIN • Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

IRL EXTEIN • Fair Oaks Hospital, Summit, New Jersey, and Clinical Psychobiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Be­thesda, Maryland

HENRY G. FRIESEN • Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medi­cine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

JES GERLACH • Department H, Sct. Hans Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark

ROBERT H. GERNER • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medi­cine, University of California, Los Angeles, California

MARK S. GOLD • Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, and Psychiatric Diagnostic Laboratories of America, Summit, New Jersey

PHILIP W. GOLD • Clinical Psychobiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland

FREDERICK K. GOODWIN • Clinical Psychobiology Branch, Na­tional Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland

DAVID A. GORELICK • Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacol­ogy, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California

L.-M. GUNNE • Psychiatric Research Center, Uppsala, Sweden

H. J. GURLAND • Medizinische Klinik I, Klinikum Grosshadern der UniversiHit, Munich, FRG

viii CONTRIBUTORS

VIKTOR HAVLICEK • Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medi­cine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

A. HERZ • Max-Planck-Institut fUr Psychiatrie, Munich FRG

JACOB M. HillER • Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York

V. HOll T • Max-Planck-Institut fUr Psychiatrie, Munich, FRG

DAVID F. HORROBIN • Nuns' Island, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

ALEXANDER JAKUBOVIC • Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Col­umbia, Canada

DAVID S. JANOWSKY • Departments of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, and San Diego Veterans Administration Med­ical Center, La Jolla, California

S. JEGOU • Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie, Universite de Rouen, Mont Saint-Aignan, France

F. JOHANSSON • Department of Neurology, University of Umea, U mea, Sweden

lEWIS L. JUDD • Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California

ABBA J. KASTIN • Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center and Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana

NOBUMASA KATO • Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

HERBERT D. KLEBER • Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut

S0REN KORSGAARD • Department H, Set. Hans Hospital, Ros­kilde, Denmark

CONTRIBUTORS ix

DOROTHY T. KRIEGER • Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York

ALBERT A. KURLAND • Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, In­stitute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland

A. LEMAY • Departement d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, CHUL, Quebec, Canada

J. LEPINE • Departement d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, CHUL, Quebec, Canada

CHO HAO LI • The Hormone Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California

L. H. LINDSTROM • Psychiatric Research Center, Uppsala, Sweden

ANTHONY S. LIOTTA • Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York

ALEXANDER M. C. MACGREGOR • Department of Medicine, Uni­versity of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida

PARVIZ MALEK-AHMADI • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri

Y. MERAND • Departement d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, CHUL, Quebec, Canada

DAVID H. MIELKE • Department of Psychiatry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana

DIETER NABER • Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland

VASVAN NAI R • Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Mon­treal, Quebec, Canada

N. NEDOPIL • Psychiatrische Klinik der UniversiUit, Munich, FRG

L. NUSSELT • Bezirksklinik Uhlandstrasse, Munich, FRG

x CONTRIBUTORS

GAYLE A. OLSON • Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana

RICHARD D. OLSON • Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana

ROBERTA M. PALMOUR • Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California

DAVID PICKAR • Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland

A. CARTER POTTASH • Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, and Psychiatric Di­agnostic Laboratories of America, Summit, New Jersey

DONALD A. POWELL • Neuroscience Laboratory, William Jennings Bryan Dorn Veteran's Administration Hospital, Columbia, South Carolina

RAM RASTOGI • Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Mon­treal, Quebec, Canada

D. EUGENE REDMOND JR. • Department of Psychiatry, Yale Uni­versity School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut

CLARICE A. RI ESER • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medi­cine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri

D. ROULEAU • Departement d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, CHUL, Quebec, Canada

ARUNKUMAR B. SHAH • Ensor Research Laboratory, William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute and Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medi­cine, Columbia, South Carolina

NANDKUMAR S. SHAH • Ensor Research Laboratory, William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute and Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medi­cine, Columbia, South Carolina

KAZUO SHIZUME • Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Med­ical College, Tokyo, Japan

CONTRIBUTORS xi

R. SJOSTROM • Psychiatric Research Center, Uppsala, Sweden

MICHAEL I. SORKIN • Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri

TOSHIHIRO SUDA • Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Med­ical College, Tokyo, Japan

RICHARD SUMMERS • Clinical Psychobiology Branch, National In­stitute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland

L. TERENIUS • Department of Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

H. M. VAN PRAAG • Department of Psychiatry, State University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

H. VAUDRY • Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie, Universite de Rouen, Mont Saint-Aignan, France

W. M. A. VERHOEVEN • Department of Psychiatry, State University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

L. VON KNORRING • Department of Psychiatry, University ofUmea, U mea, Sweden

D. VON ZERSSEN • Max-Planck-Institut fUr Psychiatrie, Munich, FRG

HERBERT WAGEMAKER • Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida

A. WAHLSTROM • Department of Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

MICHAEL WEST • Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

B. WISTEDT • Psychiatric Clinic at Vasteras Hospital, Vasteras, Sweden

Foreword

The discovery of new molecules that function in neuronal communication can be viewed as a progression of steps beginning with the identification of the molecular structure, moving to the understanding of the mecha­nisms mediating the synaptic action, and to the appraisal of the involve­ment of the new molecules in various neuronal mechanisms, and finally reaching the evaluation of this molecule's role in brain function and the consequences that are triggered by its abnormalities. Enkephalins have followed such a pattern, and the present publication expresses the salient points of the last two phases in this succession.

Enkephalins were discovered in December 1975; in addition to pain threshold regulation, their participation in other brain functions was soon ascertained. Perhaps, there are multiple recognition sites for multiple molecular forms of endogenous enkephalins; similarly to other transmitter recognition sites, these are coupled with ionic and nucleotide amplifying systems; thus, when activated, they can modify membrane funtion and ionic permeability of membranes. The present publication probes the current status of our knowledge concerning the consequences related to abnormalities in enkephalin storage, release, and synthesis. However, since our basic understanding of enkephalins is incomplete, the views reported should be considered to be in a state of flux. While our under­standing of the neurobiological role of enkephalins is proceeding along a traditional pattern, the theories on the basic mechanisms of neuro­chemical transmission of nerve impulses were thrown into a state of turmoil by recent reports invalidating Dale's principle, an axiom of neu­rochemical transmission theory. This principle upholds the molecular uniformity of the transmitter stored in each neuron. Thus, it is no longer believed that each neuron stores one and only one transmitter. In fact,

xiii

xiv FOREWORD

several neuronal types in central and peripheral nervous systems were shown to contain at least two species of chemicals that could be consid­ered a neurochemical transmitter. Of particular interest to the topic of this publication were the observations that frequently enkephalins and catecholamines coexist in the same neurons. Hence, if there is a cate­cholamine hypothesis of the affective disorders, we must concede that perhaps there is a catecholamine/enkephalin hypothesis of the affective disorders. In order to consider the recent theory on various molecular species of transmitters stored in a given neuron in the context of their impact on the etiology of affective disorders, we must have some idea of how the interaction of catecholamines and enkephalins could trigger men­tal disorders.

Historically, the participation of two molecules into the regulation of a synaptic event was considered for the first time in 1959 by Burn and Rand. They proposed that acetylcholine is stored in sympathetic terminals with norepinephrine, both amines could be released by nerve impulses, but not simultaneously. According to Burn and Rand, acetylcholine could be released by nerve impulses and then by acting on autoreceptors located in the same terminals where acetylcholine is stored, it would trigger the release of catecholamines. A similar mechanism could be invoked as a model to study the interactions between catecholamines and enkephalins as they may be involved in the etiology of mental diseases. Alternatively, one could surmise that each transmitter is released by a characteristic frequency threshold: for instance, with low frequency, only catechola­mines would be released; by increasing the frequencies, enkephalins or another modulator could also be released. The latter would act on the postsynaptic membrane and modify the characteristics of the catechol­amine receptor or that of the receptor for primary transmitters. One could imagine that a deficient release of enkephalins or of another cotransmitter eould cause an inappropriate response to the catecholamines and this discrepancy could trigger a disease state. This type of relationship be­tween a primary transmitter and a cotransmitter appears to be operative in GABAergic synapses. Here, a receptor, to which benzodiazepines bind with high affinity, is present which modulates the affinity characteristics of the GABA receptor for GABA. Whether a similar cotransmitter hy­pothesis applies to catecholamines and enkephalins is still open to spec­ulation. But it is a working hypothesis that can be used as a model to adapt the catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders to the changes in the doctrine of chemical mediation of nerve impulses. Somehow we must cope with the additional complications determined by the mUltiple molecular forms of neuromodulators stored in many eNS neurons; the

FOREWORD xv

solution enkephalins/catecholamines or neuropeptide cotransmitters/cat­echolamines certainly warrants further testing.

E. Costa Washington, D.C.

Contents

INTRODUCTION

Current Status of Endorphins and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatry: An Overview ............................................................... .

NANDKUMAR S. SHAH and ALEXANDER G. DONALD

CHAPTER 1

The Opiate Receptor and its Endogenous Ligands: An Overview ......................................................................................... 15

JACOB M. HILLER

CHAPTER 2

The Endorphins and Analgesia: A Minireview 41

THUY T. CHAU

CHAPTER 3

Central Nervous System Effects after Systemic Injection of Opiate Peptides .............................................................................. 61

RICHARD D. OLSON, ABBA J. KASTIN, GAYLE A. OLSON, and DAVID H. COY

xvii

xviii CONTENTS

CHAPTER 4

Possible Roles of Prostaglandins in Mediating Opioid Actions 75

DAVID F. HORROBIN

CHAPTER 5

Psychoactive Agents and Enkephalin Degradation 89

ALEXANDER JAKUBOVIC

CHAPTER 6

Relationship of Opiate Peptides to Neuroendocrine Functions 99

A. DUPONT, Y. MERAND, D. ROULEAU, L. CUSAN, A. LEMAY, H. VAUDRY, S. JEGOU, J. LEPINE, and N. BARDEN

CHAPTER 7

[3-Endorphin and Central Nervous System

VIKTOR HAVLICEK, MICHAEL WEST, NOBUMASA KATO, and HENRY G. FRIESEN

CHAPTER 8

Biochemical Evidence for a Role for Endorphins in Mental

127

Illness .............................................................................................. 161

DORIS H. CLOUET

CHAPTER 9

Opiate Receptors and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatric and Related Research: A Review............ ............ ........ .......... ............... 179

JAMBUR ANANTH, VASVAN NAIR, and RAM RASTOGI

CONTENTS xix

CHAPTER 10

Endorphins in Psychiatric Research and Treatment .................. 213

W. M. A. VERHOEVEN and H. M. VAN PRAAG

CHAPTER 11

j3-Endorphin-Like Immunoreactivity in CSF and Plasma of Neuropsychiatric Patients ............................................................. 231

V. HOLLT, H. M. EMRICH, M. BERGMANN, N. NEDOPIL, D. DIETERLE, H. J. GURLAND, L. NUSSELT, D. VON ZERSSEN, and A. HERZ

CHAPTER 12

Cerebrospinal Fluid Content of Endorphins in Schizophrenia 245

L. H. LINDSTROM, G. BESEV, L.-M. GUNNE, R. SJOSTROM, L. TERENIUS, A. WAHLSTROM, and B. WISTEDT

CHAPTER 13

Behavioral Effects of j3-Endorphin in Depression and Schizophrenia ................................................................................ 257

ROBERT H. GERNER, DAVID A. GORELICK, DON H. CATLIN, and CHO HAO LI

CHAPTER 14

Effects of Opiate Antagonists and Agonists on Behavioral and Neuoroendocrine Variables ........................................................... 271

DAVID S. JANOWSKY and LEWIS L. JUDD

CHAPTER 15

The Narcotic Antagonists: Implications for Psychiatric Research ........................................... ......... ..... ..... ...... ..................... 291

ALBERT A. KURLAND

xx CONTENTS

CHAPTER 16

The Use of an Oral Opiate Antagonist in Schizophrenia ........... 305

DAVID H. MIELKE

CHAPTER 17

Peptides and Amino Acids in Human Hemodialysate ................. 311

ROBERTA M. PALMOUR and FRANK R. ERVIN

CHAPTER 18

Dialysis of Schizophrenia

J. ROBERT CADE, HERBERT WAGEMAKER, and ALEXANDER M. C. MACGREGOR

CHAPTER 19

333

Hemodialyses and Schizophrenia: Effects of Hemodialyses on Schizophrenic Symptoms and Dialysate Endorphin Levels ...... 347

PARVIZ MALEK-AHMADI, MICHAEL I. SORKIN, LEONARD G. DAVIS, KENNETH E. CALLEN, DAVID DAVIS, and CLARICE A. RIESER

CHAPTER 20

Endorphin Dysfunction in Panic Anxiety and Primary Affective Illness .............................................................................................. 355

MARK S. GOLD, A. CARTER POTTASH, IRL EXTEIN, FREDERICK K. GOODWIN, D. EUGENE REDMOND, JR., and HERBERT D. KLEBER

CHAPTER 21

Endorphins and Affective Illness

DAVID PICKAR, IRL EXTEIN, PHILIP W. GOLD, RICHARD SUMMERS, DIETER NABER, and FREDERICK K. GOODWIN

375

CONTENTS xxi

CHAPTER 22

Enkephalin, Naloxone, and [DES-TYR1 j--y-Endorphin in Tardive Dyskinesia ......................................................................... 399

JES GERLACH, DANIEL E. CASEY, and SQ)REN KORSGAARD

CHAPTER 23

The Importance of the Endorphin Systems in Chronic Pain Patients ........................................................................................... 407

L. VON KNORRING, F. JOHANSSON, and B. G. L. ALMAY

CHAPTER 24

Endorphins and ACTH: Normal Values; Circadian Rhythms ..... 427

JAM BUR ANANTH, ALICIA BARTOVA, and RAM RASTOGI

CHAPTER 25

[3-Endorphin in Human Plasma, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Pituitary, and ACTH-Producing Tumor ......................................................... 439

TOSHIHIRO SUDA, HiROSHI DEMURA, REIKO DEMURA, KAZUO SHIZUME, ANTHONY S. LIOTTA, and DOROTHY T. KRIEGER

CHAPTER 26

A Role for Opioid Peptides in Attentional Functioning: Clinical Implications .................................................................................... 451

GLENN C. DAVIS, MONTE S. BUCHSBAUM, and WILLIAM E. BUNNEY, JR.

CHAPTER 27

Future Scope for Endorphin Research

NANDKUMAR S. SHAH, DONALD A. POWELL, and ARUNKUMAR B. SHAH

459

Index ................................................................................................ 477