Endanger Species

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Endangered speciesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Endangered species (disambiguation).

"Endangered" redirects here. For other uses, see Endangered (disambiguation).

The Siberian tigeris a subspecies of tiger that is critically endangered; three subspecies of tigerare already extinct.[1]

The most endangered Asiatic top predator, thedhole, is on the edge of extinction.

Conservation status

by risk of extinction


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Extinct

Extinct in the Wild

Critically Endangered

Endangered

Vulnerable

V

T

E

An endangered species is a population of organisms which is facing a high risk of becoming extinct because it

is either few in numbers, or threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters. The International

Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has calculated the percentage of endangered species.

Many nations have laws offering protection to conservation reliant species: for example, forbidding hunting,

restricting land development or creating preserves.

Only a few of the many species at risk of extinction actually make it to the lists and obtain legal protection like

Pandas. Many more species become extinct, or potentially will become extinct, without gaining public

notice.[citation needed]

Contents

[hide]

1 Conservation status

2 IUCN Red List

o 2.1 United States

2.1.1 NatureServe conservation status

3 Climate change

4 Impact on biodiversity and endangered species

5 Importance of maintaining species

6 Conservation

7 Captive breeding

8 Private farming


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9 Gallery

10 See also

11 Notes

12 References

13 External links

[edit]Conservation status

Main article: Conservation status

The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that endangered species

becoming extinct. Many factors are taken into account when assessing the conservation status of a species,

including statistics such as the number remaining, the overall increase or decrease in the population over time,

breeding success rates, known threats, and so on.

[2]

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system.[3]

It has been estimated that over 40% of all living species on Earth are at risk of going extinct.[4] Internationally,

199 countries have signed an accord agreeing to create Biodiversity Action Plans to protect endangered and

other threatened species. In the United States this plan is usually called a species Recovery Plan.

[edit]IUCN Red List

IUCN Red List refers to a specific category ofthreatened species, and may include critically endangered

species. The IUCN Red List uses the term endangered species as a specific category of imperilment, rather

than as a general term. Under the IUCN Categories and Criteria, endangered species is between critically

endangeredand vulnerable. Also critically endangeredspecies may also be counted as endangered

species and fill all the criteria

The more general term used by the IUCN for species at risk of extinction is threatened species, which also

includes the less-at-risk category ofvulnerable speciestogether with endangered and critically endangered.

IUCN categories, and some animals in those categories, include:

Extinct: Examples:Atlas bear,Aurochs, Bali Tiger, Caribbean Monk Seal, Carolina Parakeet, Caspian

Tiger, Dinosaurs, Dodo, Dusky Seaside Sparrow, Elephant Bird, Golden Toad, Great Auk, Haast's

Eagle, Japanese Sea Lion, Javan Tiger, Moa, Passenger Pigeon, Pterosaurs, Saber-toothed cat, Short-

faced bear, Steller's Sea Cow, Thylacine, Toolache Wallaby, Western Black Rhinoceros, Woolly

Mammoth, Woolly Rhinoceros, Yangtze River Dolphin


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Extinct in the wild: captive individuals survive, but there is no free-living, natural population.

Examples: Barbary Lion (maybe extinct), Catarina Pupfish, Hawaiian Crow, Northern White

Rhinoceros,Scimitar Oryx, Socorro Dove, Spix's Macaw (maybe critically endangered), Wyoming Toad

Critically endangered: faces an extremely high risk ofextinction in the immediate future.

Examples:Addax,African Wild Ass,Alabama Cavefish,Amur Leopard,Arakan Forest Turtle,Asiatic

Cheetah,Axolotl, Bactrian Camel, Brazilian Merganser, Brown Spider Monkey, California Condor, Chinese

Alligator, Chinese Giant Salamander, Ethiopian Wolf, Gharial, Hawaiian Monk Seal, Iberian Lynx, Island

Fox, Javan Rhino, Kakapo, Leatherback Sea Turtle, Mediterranean Monk Seal, Mexican Wolf, Mountain

Gorilla, Philippine Eagle, Red Wolf, Saiga, Siamese Crocodile, Spix's Macaw (maybe extinct in the

wild), Sumatran Orangutan, Sumatran Rhinoceros, Takhi, Vaquita

Endangered: faces a very high risk of extinction in the near future. Examples:African Penguin,African

Wild Dog,Asian Elephant,Asiatic Lion, Blue Whale, Bonobo, Bornean

Orangutan, Chimpanzees,Dhole, Giant Otter, Giant Panda, Goliath Frog, Gorillas, Green Sea

Turtle, Grevy's Zebra, Hyacinth Macaw, Japanese Crane, Lear's Macaw, Malayan Tapir, Markhor, Persian

Leopard, Proboscis Monkey,Pygmy Hippopotamus, Rothschild Giraffe, Snow Leopard, Steller's Sea

Lion, Tasmanian Devil, Tiger, Volcano Rabbit, Wild Water Buffalo

Vulnerable: faces a high risk of extinction in the medium-term. Examples:African Elephant, Clouded

Leopard, Cheetah, Dugong, Far Eastern Curlew, Fossa, Galapagos Tortoise, Gaur, Giant Oceanic Manta

Ray, Golden Hamster, Great White Shark, Crowned Crane, Hippopotamus, Humboldt Penguin, Indian

Rhinoceros, Komodo Dragon, Lion, Mandrill, Maned Sloth, Mountain Zebra, Polar Bear, Red Panda, Sloth

Bear, Takin, Yak

Near threatened: may be considered threatened in the near future. Examples:African Grey

Parrot,American Bison,Asian Golden Cat, Blue-billed Duck, Eurasian

Curlew, Jaguar, Leopard, Magellanic Penguin, Maned Wolf, Narwhal, Okapi, Solitary Eagle, Southern

White Rhinoceros, Striped Hyena, Tiger Shark

Least concern: no immediate threat to the survival of the species. Examples:American

Alligator,American Crow, Indian Peafowl, Baboon, Bald Eagle, Brown Bear, Brown Rat, Brown-throated

sloth, Cane Toad, Common Wood Pigeon, Cougar, Emperor Penguin, Eurasian Lynx, Giraffe, Grey

Wolf, House Mouse, Human,[5]Humpback Whale, Mallard, Meerkat, Mute Swan, Platypus, Red-tailed

Hawk, Rock Pigeon, Scarlet Macaw, Southern Elephant Seal Milk shark Red howler monkey

[edit]United States


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"Endangered" in relation to "threatened" under the ESA

Under the Endangered Species Act in the United States, "endangered" is the more protected of the two

categories. The Salt Creek tiger beetle (Cicindela nevadica lincolniana) is an example of an endangered

subspecies protected under the ESA.

In the United States alone, the "known species threatened with extinction is ten times higher than the number

protected under the Endangered Species Act" (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 414). The US Fish and Wildlife

Service as well as the National Marine Fisheries Service are held responsible for classifying and protecting

endangered species, yet, adding a particular species to the list is a long, controversial process and in reality it

represents only a fraction of imperiled plant and animal life (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 414).

Some endangered species laws are controversial. Typical areas of controversy include: criteria for placing a

species on the endangered species list, and criteria for removing a species from the list once its population has

recovered; whether restrictions on land development constitute a "taking" of land by the government; the

related question of whether private landowners should be compensated for the loss of uses of their lands; and

obtaining reasonable exceptions to protection laws. Also lobbying from hunters and various industries like

the petroleum industry, construction industry, and logging, has been an obstacle in establishing endangered

species laws.

The Bush administration lifted a policy that required federal officials to consult a wildlife expert before taking

actions that could damage endangered species. Under the Obama administration, this policy has been

reinstated.[6]

Being listed as an endangered species can have negative effect since it could make a species more desirable

for collectors and poachers.[7] This effect is potentially reducible, such as in China where commercially farmed

turtles may be reducing some of the pressure to poach endangered species. [8]

Another problem with the listing species is its effect of inciting the use of the "shoot, shovel, and shut-up"

method of clearing endangered species from an area of land. Some landowners currently may perceive a

diminution in value for their land after finding an endangered animal on it. They have allegedly opted to silently

kill and bury the animals or destroy habitat, thus removing the problem from their land, but at the same time

further reducing the population of an endangered species.[9]

The effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act,

which coined the term "endangered species", has been questioned by business advocacy groups and their

publications, but is nevertheless widely recognized as an effective recovery tool by wildlife scientists who work


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with the species. Nineteen species have been delisted and recovered[10] and 93% of listed species in the

northeastern United States have a recovering or stable population.[11]

Currently, 1,556 known species in the world have been identified as endangered, or near extinction, and are

under protection by government law (Glenn, 2006, Webpage). This approximation, however, does not take into

consideration the number of species threatened with endangerment that are not included under the protection

of such laws as the Endangered Species Act. According to NatureServe's global conservation status,

approximately thirteen percent of vertebrates (excluding marine fish), seventeen percent of vascular plants, and

six to eighteen percent of fungi are considered imperiled (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 415-416). Thus, in total,

between seven and eighteen percent of the United States' known animals, fungi, and plants are near extinction

(Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 416). This total is substantially more than the number of species protected under

the Endangered Species Act in the United States.

[edit]NatureServe conservation status

NatureServe and its member programs and collaborators use a suite of factors to assess the conservation

status of plant, animal, and fungal species, as well as ecological communities and systems. These

assessments lead to the designation of a conservation status rank. For species these ranks provide an

estimate of extinction risk, while for ecological communities and systems they provide an estimate of the risk of

elimination. Conservation status ranks for how ecological systems in North America are currently under

development.

Conservation status ranks are based on a one to five scale, ranging from critically imperiled (G1) to

demonstrably secure (G5). Status is assessed and documented at three distinct geographic scales-global (G),

national (N), and state/province (S). The numbers have the following meaning:

1 = critically imperiled

2 = imperiled

3 = vulnerable

4 = apparently secure

5 = secure

For example, G1 would indicate that a species is critically imperiled across its entire range (i.e., globally). In this

sense the species as a whole is regarded as being at very high risk of extinction. A rank of S3 would indicate

the species is vulnerable and at moderate risk within a particular state or province, even though it may be more

secure elsewhere.

Species and ecosystems are designated with either an "X" (presumed extinct or extirpated) if there is no

expectation that they still survive, or an "H" (possibly extinct or extirpated) if they are known only from historical

records but there is a chance they may still exist. Other variants and qualifiers are used to add information or


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indicate any range of uncertainty. See the following conservation status rank definitions for complete

descriptions of ranks and qualifiers.

For more information, view:

Interpreting NatureServe conservation status ranks[12]

Global, national, and subnational assessments[13]

Assessment criteria[14]

Relationship to other status designations[15]

[edit]Climate change

Before anthropogenic global warming species were subjected mainly to regional pressures, such as

overhunting and habitat destruction. With the acceleration of anthropogenic global warming since the industrial

revolution, climate change has begun to influence species safety. Nigel Stork, in the article "Re-assessing

Extinction Rate" explains, "the key cause of extinction being climate change, and in particular rising

temperatures, rather than deforestation alone." Stork believes climate change is the major issue as to why

species are becoming endangered. Stork claims rising temperature on a local and global level are making it

harder for species to reproduce. As global warming continues, species are no longer able to survive and their

kind starts to deteriorate. This is a repeating cycle that is starting to increase at a rapid rate because of climate

change therefore landing many species on the endangered species list.[16]

[edit]Impact on biodiversity and endangered species

In order to conserve the biodiversity of the planet, one must take into consideration the reasons why so many

species are becoming endangered. "Habitat loss is the most widespread cause of species endangerment in the

U.S., affecting 85% of imperiled species" (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 416). When an animal's ecosystem is not

maintained, they lose their home and are either forced to adapt to new surroundings or perish. Pollution is

another factor that causes many species to become endangered. Also, over-exploitation, disease (Wilcove &

Master, 2008, p. 416), and climate change (Kotiaho et al., 2005, p. 1963) have led to the endangerment of

several species.

Humans have an impact on the species and their environment. "As human use of resources, energy, and

space intensified over the past few centuries, the diversity of life has been substantially diminished in most

parts of the world" (Ishwaran & Erdelen, 2006, p. 179).

Humans also set standards for which species they think should be saved and which species they find

unimportant or undesirable. For example, the coqu frog, an invasive species in Hawaii, is so common there

that its "nocturnal singing" reduces the value of homes and prevents hotels from using rooms near forests.

Hawaiians have proposed eliminating the frog, and several wildlife managers want to release a pathogen to kill


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the frogs (Minteer & Collins, 2005, p. 333). The frog has decreased the value of homes and caused a loss of

business for several hotels, so the Hawaiians decided it was acceptable to get rid of the group of coqu frog

living near them.

Another example where the human impact affected the welfare of a species sex in the instance of non-native

mute swans establishing themselves at Arrowhead Lake in Vermont. When the population of swans grew to

eight birds, the Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department decided to take action. Two swans were eventually

killed, angering animal welfare organizations and people living near the lake (Minteer & Collins, 2005, p. 333).

Yet another example of the human impact in the lives of endangered species is that of the Preble's meadow

jumping mouse. Research has shown that the mouse is not taxonomically different from the Bear Lodge

meadow jumping mouse and the US Fish and Wildlife Service has proposed removing the Preble's mouse from

the endangered species list based on this information (Minteer & Collins, 2006, p. 333).

[edit]

Importance of maintaining species

This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on

Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (June 2012)

"Diversity of life and living systems are a necessary condition for human development" (Ishwaran & Erdelen,

2006, p. 179). Many question the importance of maintaining biodiversity in today's world, where conservation

efforts prove costly and time consuming. Species should be saved for "aesthetic and moral justifications; the

importance of wild species as providers of products and services essential to human welfare; the value of

particular species as indicators of environmental health or as keystone species crucial to the functioning of

ecosystems; and the scientific breakthroughs that have come from the study of wild organisms" (Wilcove &

Master, 2008, p. 418). In other words, species serve as a source of art and entertainment, provide products

such as medicine for human well-being, indicate the welfare of the overall environment and ecosystem, and

provided research that resulted in scientific discoveries. An example of an "aesthetic justification" in conserving

endangered species is that of the introduction of the gray wolf into Yellowstone National Park. The gray wolf

has brought numerous amounts of tourists to the park and added to the biodiversity in the protected region

(Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 418).

Another example, supporting the conservation of endangered species as providers of products for human well-

being, is the scrub mint. It has been found that the scrub mint contains an anti-fungal agent and a natural

insecticide (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 418). Also, the deterioration of the bald eagle and the peregrine falcon

"alerted people to the potential health hazards associated with the widespread spraying of DDT and other

persistent pesticides" (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 418).

This serves as an example of how certain fish can serve as identifiers of environmental health and protect

human life as well as other species. Finally, an example of species providing for scientific discoveries is the


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instance of the Pacific yew which "became the source of taxol, one of the most potent anticancer compounds

ever discovered" (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 418-419). Endangered species could prove useful to human

development, maintenance of biodiversity and preservation of ecosystems.

Another approach is known as ecosystem conservation, where a focus is placed less on preserving any

individual given species than on preserving the proper functioning of the ecosystem as a whole.[17]

[edit]Conservation

This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on

Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (June 2012)

It is the goal of conservationists to create and expand upon ways to preserve endangered species and maintain

biodiversity. There are several ways in which one can aid in preserving the world's species who are nearing

extinction. One such way is obtaining more information on different groups of species, especially invertebrates,

fungi, and marine organisms, where sufficient data is lacking.

For example, to understand the causes of population declines and extinction an experiment was conducted on

the butterfly population in Finland. In this analysis, the butterflies' endangered list classification, distribution,

density, larval specificity, dispersal ability, adult habitat breadth, flight period and body size were all recorded

and examined to determine the threatened state of each species. It was found that the butterflies' distribution

has declined by fifty-one and a half percent, and they have a severely restricted habitat. One example of

specific butterflies who have a declining distribution rate are the Frigga's Fritillary and Grizzled Skipper, who

have been affected by habitat loss due to extensive draining of the bogs where they live (Kotiaho et al., 2005,

p. 19631967). This experiment shows that when we know the causes of endangerment, we can successfully

create solutions for the management of biodiversity.

Another way to help preserve endangered species is to create a new professional society dedicated to

ecological ethics. This could help ecologists make ethical decisions in their research and management of

biodiversity. Also, creating more awareness on environmental ethics can help encourage species preservation.

"Courses in ethics for students, and training programs for ecologists and biodiversity managers" all could

create environmental awareness and prevent violations of ethics in research and management (Minteer &

Collins, 2005, p. 336). One final way in which one can conserve endangered species is through federal agency

investments and protection enacted by the federal government. "Ecologists have proposed biological corridors,

biosphere reserves, ecosystem management, and ecoregional planning as approaches to integrate biodiversity

conservation and socioeconomic development at increasingly larger spatial scales" (Ishwaran & Erdelen, 2006,

p. 179).

One example of a federal mandated conservation zone is the Northwest Hawaiian Islands Marine National

Monument, the largest marine protected area in the world. The monument is essential to the preservation of


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underwater communities and overfished regions. Only researchers working in the area are permitted to fish, no

corals may be removed, and the Department of Homeland Security will enforce restrictions on vessels passing

through the waters via satellite imaging. The monument will serve as a home to an estimated seven thousand

species, most of which cannot be found anywhere else in the world (Raloff, 2006, p. 92). This environmental

monument demonstrates the fact that it is possible to create a safe environment for endangered species, as

well as maintaining some of the world's largest ecosystems.

[edit]Captive breeding

Main article: Captive breeding

Captive breeding is the process of breeding rare or endangered species in human controlled environments with

restricted settings, such as wildlife preserves, zoos and other conservation facilities. Captive breeding is meant

to save species from going extinct. It is supposed to stabilize the population of the species so it is no longer at

risk for disappearing.[18]

This technique has been used with success for many species for some time, with probably the oldest known

such instances of captive mating being attributed to menageries of European and Asian rulers, a case in point

being the Pere David's Deer. However, captive breeding techniques are usually difficult to implement for highly

mobile species like some migratory birds (e.g. cranes) and fishes (e.g. Hilsa). Additionally, if the captive

breeding population is too small, inbreeding may occur due to a reduced gene pool; this may lead to the

population lacking immunity to diseases.

[edit]Private farming

Whereas poaching causes substantial reductions in endangered animal populations, legal private farming for

profit has the opposite effect. Legal private farming has caused substantial increases in the populations of both

the southern black rhinoceros and the southern white rhinoceros. Dr Richard Emslie, a scientific officer at the

IUCN, said of such programs, "Effective law enforcement has become much easier now that the animals are

largely privately owned... We have been able to bring local communities into the conservation programmes.

There are increasingly strong economic incentives attached to looking after rhinos rather than simply poaching:

from eco-tourism or selling them on for a profit. So many owners are keeping them secure. The private sector

has been key to helping our work."[19]

Conservation experts view the effect of China's turtle farming on the wild turtle populations of China and South-

Eastern Asiamany of which are endangeredas "poorly understood".[20]

While they commend the gradual

replacement of wild-caught turtles with farm-raised turtles in the marketplace (the percentage of farm-raised

individuals in the "visible" trade grew from around 30% in 2000 to around 70% in 2007),[21] they are concerned

with the fact that a lot of wild animals are caught to provide farmers with breeding stock. As the conservation

expert Peter Paul van Dijk noted, turtle farmers often believe in the superiority of wild-caught animals as the


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breeding stock, which may create an incentive for turtle hunters to seek and catch the very last remaining wild

specimens of some endangered turtle species.[21]

In 2009, researchers in Australia managed for the first time to coax southern bluefin tuna to breed in landlocked

tanks, opening up the possibility of using fish farming as a way to save the species from the problems

ofoverfishing in the wild.[22]

[edit]Gallery

The endangered island fox

The endangered Sea Otter

American Bison skull heap. There were as few as 750 bison in 1890 from economic-driven overhunting.

Immature California Condor


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Loggerhead sea turtle

Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander(photo courtesy of Don Roberson)

AnAsian arowana

Iberian Lynx, Europe's most endangered mammal

[edit]See also

Ecology portal

Environment portal

ARKive

Biodiversity


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Critically Endangered

Endangered plants of Europe

Endangered Species Act

Endangered Species Coalition (ESC)

Ex-situ conservation

Extinction

Holocene extinction

Habitat fragmentation

Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation

In-situ conservation

IUCN Red List

IUCN Red List Critically Endangered species

IUCN Red List endangered animal species

The Last Paradises: On the Track of Rare Animals (1967 film)

List of endangered species in India

List of endangered species in North America

List of National Wildlife Refuges established for endangered species

Overexploitation

NatureServe conservation status

Rare species

Red Data Book of the Russian Federation

Red and Blue-listed

Threatened species

United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species

World Conference on Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity as an Aid to their Survival (WCBESCAS)

World Conservation Union (IUCN)

World Wide Fund for Nature

[edit]Notes

1. ^"The Tiger". Sundarbans Tiger Project. Retrieved 2 June 2012.

2. ^"NatureServe Conservation Status". NatureServe. April 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2012.

3. ^"Red List Overview". IUCN. February 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2012.

4. ^"Threatened Species". Conservation and Wildlife. Retrieved 2 June 2012.


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5. ^ Abramov, A., Belant, J. & Wozencraft, C. (2009). "Gulo gulo". IUCN Red List of Threatened

Species.Version 2009.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2010-01-25.

6. ^FWS.gov

7. ^ Courchamp, Franck; Elena Angulo, Philippe Rivalan, Richard J. Hall, Laetitia Signoret, Leigh Bull, Yves

Meinard. "Rarity Value and Species Extinction: The Anthropogenic Allee Effect". PLoS Biology. Retrieved

2006-12-19.

8. ^ Dharmananda, Subhuti. "Endangered Species issues affecting turtles and tortoises used in Chinese

medicine.". Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. Retrieved 2006-12-19.

9. ^"Shoot, Shovel and Shut Up". Reasononline. Reason Magazine. 2003-12-31. Retrieved 2006-12-23.

10. ^"USFWS Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS)". U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved

2007-08-06.

11. ^Success Stories for Endangered Species Act

12. ^Natureserve.org


14. ^Natureserve.com


16. ^ Stork, Nigel (Feb 2010). Re-assessing Current Extinction Rates.

17. ^"Ecosystem Conservation".

18. ^"Captive Breeding Populations - National Zoo| FONZ". Nationalzoo.si.edu. Retrieved 2009-12-06.

19. ^He's black, and he's back! Private enterprise saves southern Africa's rhino from extinction, The

Independent, June 17, 2008

20. ^ Shi, Haitao; Parham, James F.; Fan, Zhiyong; Hong, Meiling; Yin, Feng (2008-01-01). "Evidence for the

massive scale of turtle farming in China". Oryx(Cambridge University Press) 42: pp. 147

150.DOI:10.1017/S0030605308000562. Retrieved 2009-12-26.

21. ^ab

"Turtle farms threaten rare species, experts say". Fish Farmer, 30 March 2007. Their source is an

article by James Parham, Shi Haitao, and two other authors, published in Feb 2007 in the

journalConservation Biology

22. ^The Top 10 Everything of 2009: Top 10 Scientific Discoveries: 5. Breeding Tuna on Land, Time

magazine, December 8, 2009

[edit]References

Glenn, C. R. 2006. "Earth's Endangered Creatures", Accessed 9/30/2008

Ishwaran, N., & Erdelen, W. (2005, May). Biodiversity Futures, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(4),

179. Retrieved September 23, 2008


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Kotiaho, J. S., Kaitala, V., Komonen, A., Pivinen, J. P., & Ehrlich, P. R. (2005, February 8). Predicting the Risk

of Extinction from Shared Ecological Characteristics, proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the

United States of America, 102(6), 1963-1967. Retrieved September 24, 2008

Minteer, B. A., & Collins, J. P. (2005, August). Why we need an "Ecological Ethics".

Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(6), 332-337. Retrieved September 22, 2008

Raloff, J. (2006, August 5). Preserving Paradise, Science News, 170(6), 92. Retrieved September 22, 2008,

Wilcove, D. S., & Master L. L. (2008, October). How Many Endangered Species are there in the United

States? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(8), 414-420. Retrieved September 22, 2008.

[edit]External links

List of species with the category Endangered as identified by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

Endangered Species from UCB Libraries GovPubs

Endangered Species & Wetlands Report Independent print and online newsletter covering the ESA,

wetlands and regulatory takings.

USFWS numerical summary of listed species in US and elsewhere

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