END-USE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DEMAND RESPONSEmydocs.epri.com/.../Roadmaps/PDU-07-Efficiency.pdf ·...

End-Use Efficiency, Demand Response, and Customer Behavior 121

END-USE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DEMAND RESPONSE

VISION

Envision a future in which utilities employ the demand-side resources of energy efficiency and demand response—through enabling technologies in buildings, homes, and industrial facilities—as the first options to help maintain reliable and afford-able electric service and reduce emissions. A future in which new homes and buildings are designed with energy-efficient principles, constructed with energy-efficient materials, and equipped with energy-efficient systems and appliances to approach net zero energy consumption (in conjunction with on-site generation). A future in which existing homes and buildings are retrofitted with cost-effective envelope improvements and efficient end-use equipment to significantly reduce energy consumption. A future in which industrial facilities employ energy-efficient machinery, including adjustable-speed motor drives and electrotechnologies to reduce operating costs while enhancing product quality, thereby improving com-petitiveness. A future in which homes and buildings are equipped with energy management control systems networked to intelligent end-use appliances to automatically and seamlessly adjust power demand based on signals from the grid, in accordance with user preferences. A future in which consumers can have the flexibility to set preferences for comfort or economy and have their home energy management system automatically learn and optimize accordingly.

These constructs of the future are within the grasp of reality but will not come to fruition on a meaningful scale without the concerted research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) efforts of the utility industry in conjunction with end-use device manufacturers, academia, and government. EPRI’s research in end-use energy efficiency and demand response can play a pivotal role in assessing, testing, and demonstrating measures that can benefit consumers, businesses, utilities, and society.

Power Delivery & Utilization Sector Roadmaps 122

HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)

COMPONENTS OF THE FUTURE STATE

Space conditioning—inclusive of cooling, heating, and ventilation (collectively labeled by convention as “heat-ing, ventilating, and air-conditioning,” or HVAC)—rep-resents fully one third of electricity use in homes and commercial buildings. It is also the principal driver of seasonal peak demand. More efficient methods of, and technologies for, space conditioning will vastly reduce energy intensity and peak demand in homes and build-ings, particularly when coupled with more precise control technologies.

GAPS

Virtually all space-cooling systems, and some space-heat-ing equipment, operate using a vapor compression process by which a circulating refrigerant fluid absorbs and rejects heat to provide cooling or heating. While ubiquitous, most vapor compression equipment operates at efficiency levels significantly below the governing thermodynamic limits of the Carnot cycle and also do not employ control technology that regulates operation without energy waste.

Success will be realized by R&D innovation in four key areas to improve the efficiency of vapor compression equipment for both central-air and room-device applica-tions: (1) improved design and topology of the heat-exchanger coil to provide more efficient heat transfer; 2) improved design of compressor systems to more efficiently pressurize and superheat the refrigerant for the subse-quent condenser and evaporator stages of the vapor com-pression cycle; 3) use of alternative, thermodynamically favorable refrigerants to provide better media for heat absorption and transfer that are at the same time non-corrosive, chemically unreactive, and safe; and 4) appli-cation of superior control technology for optimization to the operating environment.

Additional technological gaps for which innovation can potentially yield considerable gains in energy efficiency include:

• Innovations in integrated design of space-condition-ing and water-heating systems in buildings.

• Innovations in dehumidification technologies have the potential to yield fundamental gains in energy efficiency through decoupling transfer of latent heat (humidity control) from sensible heat (temperature control) in buildings for specific regional climate zones, including dedicated air-treatment systems.

• Integration of evaporative cooling and other hybrid-izing technologies with traditional direct expansion systems.

• Disruptive innovations in space conditioning, such as thermo-electric cooling, vortex cooling, magnetic cooling, and acoustic cooling.

• Integration of refrigeration with HVAC systems.

• Integration of energy storage with space-conditioning systems.

• Grid interactivity of building space-conditioning sys-tems to enable technologies to provide demand response, renewable integration, and ancillary services capabilities.

• Innovations in integration and improvements of ancil-lary systems that will enable techno-economic viabil-ity of ground-source (coupled) heat pumps.

• Innovations in heat-activated cooling in buildings (such as absorption cooling using waste heat).

ACTION PLAN

The following activities can help close these gaps:

• Collaborate with technology developers, national labs, universities, and others.

• Conduct lab and/or field testing of HVAC applications employing micro-channel heat exchangers.

• Determine relevant technology extensions into small and medium compressors.

• Evaluate promising technologies in the field.

• Collaborate with technology developers to identify best technologies/applications for testing.

• Conduct lab and/or field testing of systems that incor-porate magnetic compressors.

• Identify existing and potential regulatory drivers affect-ing restriction of existing refrigerants and adoption of new/alternative refrigerants.

• Conduct lab and field tests of HVAC systems using alternative refrigerants.

• Conduct lab and field tests of systems that incorporate advanced variable-speed compressors.

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• Develop and test next-generation HVAC systems that incorporate grid interactivity.

A graphical representation of the action plan for this road-map (also referred to as swimlanes) is attached.

VALUE AND RISK

The value of these activities is the ability to capture signifi-cant energy savings and reduction in peak demand, because HVAC is the single largest energy end-use category that also drives seasonal peak demand. If research is not conducted to address these gaps, then significant potential energy savings risk being lost. Given the 20+ year operational life of new HVAC equipment, delayed efficiency gains will take a gen-eration to realize as the installed base of equipment turns over.

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Power Delivery & Utilization Sector Roadmaps 124 PDU.EE.01R1.0

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WATER HEATING


Water heating represents about 9% of energy consumed in U.S. buildings. The traditional method of heating water in a storage tank through an electric resistance element has reached its effi-ciency limits. The future of heating water in domestic and com-mercial buildings lies in heat pump water heaters (HPWHs), which draw heat from the air or ground to attain total energy savings of 50%, and potentially much higher. In this regard, heat pump water heaters represent a far more energy-efficient option that either electric resistance or gas tank or tankless water-heating systems. Moreover, systems that integrate solar thermal design with heat pump water heaters can potentially yield even greater levels of energy savings for homes and buildings.

Additionally, in the future, efficient electric water heaters, including HPWHs, will have a communication link to the electric grid and will be used as “storage batteries” to shift peak load and provide ancillary services and help integrate intermittent renewable resources onto the grid.

GAPS

• Market supply gap: A lack of familiarity among plumbers and mechanical contractors on how to properly install, commission, and service HPWHs creates a disincentive for these point-of-sale market actors to carry HPWHs.

• Insufficient pace of technological innovation in the fol-lowing areas impedes potential gains in energy effi-ciency for HPWHs:

− Integrating HPWHs with photovoltaics (PV) and solar thermal systems.

− Application of alternative refrigerants in the U.S. market, including CO2.

− Advaned controls for optimizing efficiency of HPWHs.

− Compression design (such as oil-less compressors like magnetic bearing compressors).

• HPWHs that mitigate load peaking. The EPRI Energy Efficiency Demonstration has revealed that although HPWHs can yield significant energy savings, their peak reduction benefits are marginal at best due to operation of resistive backup. Overcoming this gap would vastly improve the value proposition of HPWHs.

• Performance of systems that integrate space condition-ing with domestic water heating.

• Unknown how HPWHs will perform in grid-con-nected mode to provide demand response, including peak reduction, peak shifting, ancillary services, and renewable resource integration.

ACTION PLAN

Near-term action plans include:

• Continued testing of state-of-the-art HPWHs for both residential and commercial applications.

• Large-scale deployments of heat pump water heaters to help mobilize the local supply chains of contractors and plumbers and stimulate interaction with utilities to educate them on HPWHs.

• Develop, test, and deploy the next generation of higher-efficiency HPWHs that also reduce peak demands.

• Field demonstration of grid-connected smart water heaters and HPWHs for demand response, energy stor-age/renewable integration, and ancillary services.

• Further test and deploy commercial heat pump water heaters.

• Investigation of CO2 and other refrigerants for the U.S. market.

• Testing of advanced control systems in HPWH to opti-mize efficiency.

Key activities for the industry to conduct include:

• Enhance HPWH control and communication capabil-ity to meet electric utility needs

• Determine relevant technology extensions into small and medium compressors for water heating applications.

• Conduct lab and/or field testing of systems incorporat-ing advanced variable-speed compressors.

• Identify potential of cutting edge solar thermal water heating technologies.


VALUE AND RISK

Advancing heat pump water heater technologies can yield significant energy savings. Following the action plan will improve the efficiency and lower the cost of heat pump water heaters, which will accelerate their market adoption. This action plan will validate the performance of HPWH equip-ment to reduce the uncertainty of the net benefits to hasten their inclusion into utility energy-efficiency programs.

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CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR DYNAMIC ENERGY MANAGEMENT


Dynamic energy management will enable integrated build-ings to self-adjust to optimize comfort, energy use, cost, and grid needs; and self-diagnose faults. Key enabling technolo-gies for this vision include advances in wireless sensing, occupant feedback, development of standards control sys-tems, building integration into the electric grid as a dynamic load and advances in computing technology, which have enabled advances such as driverless cars.

Advances in sensors and controls will enable energy manage-ment systems to process diverse inputs (e.g., occupancy, tem-perature, humidity, daylight, and grid signals) and optimize operations to yield substantial energy and demand savings. These systems will also feed back building energy use and demand information to compliant devices to influence con-sumer behavior and facilitate greater energy and demand savings. In this way, home and building occupants can lower electricity bills and reap economic incentives from demand response with minimal inconvenience to occupants.

In parallel, the electric resource mix is becoming more dis-tributed and variable in nature. Demand response will serve a greater role in maintaining and/or enhancing system reli-ability and economics, not only to reduce peak demand, but also to provide local and system-wide services, including bal-ancing energy for renewable integration.

Advanced premise control systems can make demand response a more ubiquitous and reliable resource for power companies to dispatch, as an alternative to supply-side resources. The ability for premises and devices to support grid operations will enhance flexibility and advance strate-gies for grid management.

GAPS

Integrated Buildings

• Open communication standards that respect grid requirements for integration of energy storage and smart inverters in all premise types (e.g., ASHRAE/NEMA Standard 201P, and Smart Energy Profile 2.0).

• Reliable wireless sensors and controls.

• Retrofit control architectures that are cost effective, possibly incorporating wireless sensors and controls.

• Advanced control strategies for high-performance buildings that integrate emerging technologies such as electric vehicles and all forms of energy storage, includ-ing electric, passive and active thermal storage.

• Control systems providing more discrete occupant comfort and reducing overall building energy use for HVAC and lighting.

• Advanced model based continuous commissioning of buildings that enables automated fault detection and diagnosis (AFDD) of buildings as a whole.

Grid Integration

• Development of “DR-Ready” designation, capabilities, and functional requirements by end-use category. These should reflect the perspectives of utilities and manufacturers, serving as a precursor to DR-Ready product designation in the market.

• Development of value propositions for manufacturers to incorporate DR-Ready capabilities into end-use sys-tems and for customers to adopt them.

• Understanding capacity of building loads to be utilized as resources in the ancillary services market for fre-quency control or to balance the intermittency of renewable resources on the grid.

• Case studies clarifying value of various types of demand response capabilities to power companies.

• Demonstration of premise energy management systems with standardized protocols supportive of grid needs (e.g., OpenADR 2.0), and certification of devices to open standards.

ACTION PLAN

• Develop architectures for integration of advanced sen-sor networks into building control systems.

• Evaluate and demonstrate the benefits of energy effi-ciency afforded by advanced building control systems and strategies.

• Advance Model Based Continuous Commissioning (MBCC) to enhance building operational efficiency.

• Gather and prioritize utility requirements for DR appli-cations supportive of grid needs. Develop methodology to value grid services that can be provided by responsive loads.

• Develop frameworks to model information exchange between utility, building systems, and end uses, consid-ering market trends for architectural evolution pathways.

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• Demonstrate capabilities of premise energy manage-ment systems interfacing with DR-Ready end use devices to support system needs.

• Design integration of building controls with electric vehicle infrastructure and local or community energy storage to improve grid utilization.

• Work with organizations such as ASHRAE, AHRI, AHAM, and DOE as well as manufacturers to identify building (and end-use) response capabilities supportive of DR program requirements and evolving needs.

• Assess viability of alternative communication pathways for aggregation of residential and small commercial end-use devices (e.g., smart thermostats, home area networks and premise energy management gateways).


VALUE AND RISK

Concerted industry research and development in control technology can enable more automated, cost-justifiable demand response and dynamic energy management. This can enhance customer choice and support grid needs, thereby improving the viability of demand-side resources and sustainability of DR implementations.

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LIGHTING


A new wave of advanced lighting technologies—such as solid-state (LEDs, for example), electronic high-intensity discharge (HID), and micro-HID plasma—are on the path to widespread market entry in part because of federal stan-dards embedded in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. These advanced sources hold the promise of high efficacy, in terms of light output (as measured by lumens) per unit of input power. With dedicated industry R&D, the total performance of these lighting sources—including photometric/optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties—will be fully vetted prior to wide-spread market adoption, such that these lighting sources will perform reliably and up to customer expectations while delivering expected energy savings.

The following advanced energy-saving lighting technologies will all be available to the consumer:

• Improved-efficacy incandescent lamps

• CFLs

• LEDs

• OLEDs

• Electron-stimulated luminescence (ESL), induction

• Electronic HID

• Micro-HID plasma

• DC lighting

These types of lamps will also begin to feature integrated intelligence that enables dynamic, seamless dimming con-trol of light output in response to a variety of stimuli, includ-ing ambient light levels and utility/ISO price or grid event signals, in conformance with user preferences. Moreover, advanced lighting technologies will demonstrate the smooth dimming profile to which consumers have become accus-tomed with incandescent lamps and will provide energy sav-ings and stable illumination over the dimming range.

Finally, buildings will be designed and constructed to make optimal use of available daylight, through daylight-harvest-ing technologies and passive solar design to reduce the need for electric lighting technologies, which themselves will have higher efficiencies.

GAPS

Over time, manufacturers will endeavor to improve photo-metric and optical properties of advanced lighting technolo-gies, including:

• Lamp and system efficacy

• Luminous flux (lumens)

• Illuminance (lux, foot-candles)

• Lumen depreciation

• Flicker

• Color performance: color rendering index (CRI), cor-related color temperature (CCT)

• Color shift

• Glare

Improve electrical properties of advanced lighting technolo-gies, including:

• Electronic efficiency

• Energy performance

• Immunity to electrical and electromagnetic disturbances

• Power quality grid impact

• Reliability and product life

• Interference control

• Power on/off cycling

Improve thermal properties of advanced lighting technolo-gies, including:

• Operating temperature range (high and low temperatures)

• Thermal cycling

• Component thermal performance

• Heat transfer

• Ambient rating of: (a) fixture; (b) electronics package (such as ballast, driver, and generator); (c) lamps (fluo-rescent, HID, and solid-state)

• Heat sinking of light sources and electronics

• Thermal analysis of hot spots on product cases (metal and plastic)

Improve mechanical properties of advanced lighting tech-nologies, including:

• Mounting of optics lens and diffusers

• Vibration rating

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• Mounting of electronics package

• Weight

• Size

• Corrosion resistance

Improve daylight harvesting technologies and applications that can yield significant energy savings, including:

• Light pipes

• Mirrored ductwork

• Skylights

• Integrated controls

Identify techniques and applications for integrated passive solar design that can optimize use of daylighting and yield significant energy savings for new building construction.

ACTION PLAN

The activities that would be required to bridge these gaps include:

• Independent lab and field testing for photometric/opti-cal, electrical, thermal, and mechanical performance.

• Information sharing between independent test facili-ties, lighting manufacturers, and utilities on product performance.

• Develop high-efficiency power factor correction for all electronic lighting.

• Disseminate results to inform standards bodies for lighting efficiency and performance, including: Ameri-can National Standards Institute (ANSI), U.S. Envi-ronmental Protection Agency (EPA), Institute of Elec-tronics and Electrical Engineers (IEEE), Illumination Engineering Society (IES), International Electrotech-nical Commission (IEC), International Commission on Illumination (CIE), and Emerge Alliance.

• Development of improved heat-sinking techniques.

• Testing and development of mounting and subsystem packaging techniques.

Lighting Controls

• Independent lab testing of dimming performance.

• Development of improved efficiency across dimming range.

• Assessment of compatibility between lighting controls and communications protocols for home or building area networks, such as Smart Energy Profile 2.0.

• Field testing of lighting control systems for demand response (DR) applications.

Daylight Harvesting

• Independent lab and field testing of daylighting tech-nologies and techniques.

• Development of lighting controls and daylighting as an integrated package.

Integrated Passive Solar Design

• Coordination with industry and government experts, domestic and international, including U.S. Depart-ment of Energy (DOE) Building America Program and its Consortium for Commercial Buildings, manufac-turers, designers, and building-construction specialists.


VALUE AND RISK

If lighting performance is too narrowly defined by efficiency and efficacy alone, then total lighting product performance may be overlooked, leading to sub-optimal performance in the field and disappointed customers.

For example, some advanced lighting technologies cannot be used in facilities exhibiting a wide variation in ambient tem-perature. These variations can lead to premature failure and customer frustration, causing customers to return to the lower-efficiency and non-controllable lighting technologies. Other advanced lighting products do not exhibit the smooth dimming profile that customers expect. Significantly, some advanced lighting products are more susceptible to electrical and electromagnetic disturbances, which can adversely affect product life or even allow such disturbances to propa-gate and affect other devices. The photometric, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of emerging technolo-gies will be qualified through lab and field testing. These efforts will accelerate the availability and market acceptance of these energy-saving devices.

Accelerating the availability and performance of advanced lighting technologies through testing, demonstrations, and coordinated deployments that qualify the technologies’ pho-tometric, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties will enhance customer acceptance and subsequent market pene-tration of these energy-saving devices.

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INTEGRATED BUILDINGS


The art and science of high-performance buildings lie in cost-effective integration of innovative technologies. Integrated building design is key to attaining goals to reduce energy use in new and existing buildings. Inte-grated buildings use synergies between building systems to reduce size, cost, and complexity. Examples include using foam insulation in attics to reduce building cool-ing load and using double walls to provide pre-heated ventilation.

The effectiveness of an integrated building is determined at conception. The design process has to be very tightly coordi-nated between all parties—architects, mechanical designers, and contractors. Incentives should drive operational build-ing performance in addition to traditional measures such as aesthetics and cost.

Integrated buildings will deploy advanced controls and involve users in building operation with graphical user interfaces. Controls will manage energy consumption using integrated occupancy, temperature, and daylight sensors. Energy-use feedback through graphical interfaces will increase awareness of energy use and participation in demand-response events, while minimizing occupant inconvenience. Control systems can also provide continu-ous commissioning, optimized operations, and fault detec-tion and diagnostics. Key technical needs would be improvements in wireless sensing and open communica-tion standards.

The integrity of a building’s thermal envelope is a founda-tion of its overall energy efficiency. Both technology and installation impact performance, with primary determinants being walls, doors, windows, ceilings, roofs, attics, associ-ated insulation, and weather-sealing. Innovations in build-ing materials—such as thermally resistive insulation, advanced fenestration products such as dynamic windows. and embedded phase-change materials in wallboards to bet-ter absorb heat transfer—hold the promise of significant energy savings.

Finally, integrated buildings will incorporate local genera-tion such as photovoltaics, along with cost-effective energy storage. This will provide them the ability to reduce net energy use while still being able to integrate with the grid, sustain good load factors, and provide grid services.

GAPS

• Integrated Design-Build process that incentives perfor-mance instead of first cost.

• Accesibility to accurate building modeling software high-end mechanical design firms.

• Building commissioning process that focuses on whole building performance versus sub-systems.

• Business models for retrofits that focus on cash flow and overcome the split incentive and agency issues.

• Reliable and comprehensive data on actual performance of energy retrofits that can enable financing models such as leasing and PPAs that have supercharged the spread of local generation.

• Advanced control systems that implement Model Based Continuous Commissioning (MBCC) and Advanced Fault Detection and Diagnostics (AFDD). These systems will coordinate lighting, mechanical, and other loads in buildings, diagnose faults in equip-ment and controls, and tailor operation to consumer preferences.

• Incorporation of grid integration services such as build-ing load balancing, demand response, Volt/VAR con-trol into control systems.

• Cost effective, and efficient envelope technologies like PCM (phase-change material) embedded walls and electrochromic windows. Cost-effective insulation for deep retrofits such as aerosol-based sealing.

• Next generation architectures such as a DC power backbone for efficient integration of local generation and energy storage.

• Cost- and performance- optimized energy storage that integrates electrical, active thermal, and passive build-ing storage.

ACTION PLAN

Process and Business models

• Highlight case studies of a successful integrated design process and performance-based incentives.

• Obtain data and develop large database of actual per-formance of retrofits of whole buildings and individual measures in various building segments.

• Coordinate with government and industries such as homebuilders, manufacturers, designers, and con-struction trades to identify technology and market barriers.

PDU.EE.05R1.2


• Standardize integration of energy-efficiency devices with building energy-management systems to maxi-mize energy efficiency, demand response, and customer comfort.

Subsystems

• Develop and demonstrate next generation variable speed HVAC technologies that match energy use to loads.

• Advance technologies to reduce HVAC duct losses, including:

− Sealed attics that keep ducts in conditioned space.

− Ductless air conditioning.

− Fast air sealing.

• Reduce AC-to-DC conversion loss using advanced power supplies.

• Develop auto-sleep and hibernate modes for electronics to eliminate phantom loads.

Envelope

• Develop dynamic window technologies (such as Elec-trochromics) that will prevent heat transmission in summer, allow passive heating in winter, and allow adequate daylighting all year.

• Technology commercialization of envelope technolo-gies such as phase-change wallboards and aeroseal insulation.

Whole Building Performance

• Measure performance of current high-performance buildings. Conduct a gap analysis and identify reasons for performance shortfall.

• Understand the role of consumer behavior in operation of low-energy buildings.

Controls and Grid Integration

• Develop strategies that include DR for providing bal-anced load shapes at the distribution level, including controls, energy storage, and electric vehicles.

• Demonstrate whole-building occupancy-based energy management with GUI for consumer control. Improve occupancy-sensor technologies.

• Conduct field trials and evaluate DC power distribu-tion and controls. Develop electrical and communica-tion standards (EPRI, Emerge Alliance, LBNL).


VALUE AND RISK

Integration of building systems brings together the technol-ogy developments—such as controls, sensors, and efficient equipment—to optimize energy use and reduce consumer bills while meeting consumer productivity and comfort needs. However, to achieve ubiquity, a standard approach needs to be proven and accepted by the industry. An inte-grated building will provide intuitive control for occupants while minimizing energy use and grid impact.

The main risks in integrated buildings lie in:

1. Unintended complexity of operation, which may render systems unusable.

2. Lack of business models to promote integration.

3. Lack of standard communication architecture, which reduces system interoperability and ability to upgrade long-term assets.

4. Lack of grid integration, resulting in stranded assets.

PDU.EE.05R1.2

End-Use Efficiency, Demand Response, and Customer Behavior 135 PDU.EE.05R1.2

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CONSUMER ELECTRONICS AND POWER ELECTRONICS IN END-USE DEVICES


Consumer electronics represents the fastest growing seg-ment of electricity consumption in the residential sector. In the commercial sector, growth may be even faster. Industrial applications are increasing also, as process automation becomes more and more pervasive. The past decade has seen a proliferation in the number and variety of electronic devices that are plugged in to charge and operate in the home and the office. Many of these devices are very energy-intensive, such as gaming consoles, large-screen high-defini-tion televisions, set-top boxes, and home theater audio sys-tems. Two set-top boxes consume as much electricity in a year as a typical refrigerator. Commercial applications for high-definition televisions have also taken off, as electronic displays are in extreme demand.

In addition to the energy-intensive examples, the explosion in the number of smaller electronic devices that are charged in the home and office—including smart phones, tablets, and mobile gaming devices—represents significant energy consumption when aggregated.

With regard to energy, consumer and commercial electron-ics have the following generally in common. First, their energy efficiency is driven by the efficiency of their internal power supplies, and because most devices are geared for high performance and user experience, efficiency is typically not a high design priority. Second, compared to more established end-use categories such as refrigerators or air conditioners, efficiency standards are not mature, and even ENERGY STAR labeling is at the early or emerging stages. As a result, there is high upside for gains in energy efficiency in the con-sumer electronics category.

With the benefit of concerted industry R&D efforts, the next generation of end-use electronics will have improve-ments in energy efficiency to match the innovations in prod-uct features and functionality, without compromising the user experience.

GAPS

Technological advances that can improve the active-mode energy efficiency of end-use electronics. Examples include, but may not be limited to:

• Power supply efficiency

• Displays

• Component materials and design

• Motherboard materials and design

• Microprocessor materials and design

• Advanced semiconductors, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN)

Technological advances that can improve the passive-mode energy efficiency of consumer electronics. Examples include, but may not be limited to:

• Integrated sleep-mode applications with standby configurations

• Charging modes (wireless charging and so on)

Technological advances that can improve process efficiencies through the use of electronics. Examples include, but may not be limited to:

• Adjustable-speed drives for motor-driven processes:

− Washers

− Dryers

− Refrigerators

− Furnace fans

− Pool pumps

− HVAC fans, compressors

− Various industrial motor loads

• Process controllers:

− Programmable logic controllers (PLCs)

− Gravity feeders

− Weight measurement

ACTION PLAN

A progressive RD&D agenda can improve the energy effi-ciency of end-use electronics without diminishing the con-sumer experience. Steps to overcome the gaps include:

• Enable the development and assessment of novel power supply applications using advanced materials for switches (principal organizations: EPRI, Transphorm).

• Work with ITIC and CEA on expanding the product list for the 80 PLUS program (principal organizations: EPRI, Ecova).

• Develop applications that control switching frequency with load (principal organizations: EPRI, Fairchild).

• Develop GaN-based motor drives for appliances (principal organizations: Transphorm, Emerson, EPRI).

PDU.EE.06R0


• Develop system-on-chip and server-on-chip (SOC) applications (principal organizations: EPRI, Intel).

• Independent lab and field testing of above developments.

• Develop baseline efficiency database for networking equipment power supplies to inform utility incentive programs.

• Develop baseline efficiency database for uninterrupt-ible power supplies (UPSs) to inform utility incentive programs.

• Develop high-efficiency gaming systems (principal organizations: EPRI, Ecova).

• Develop high-efficiency kiosk and low-end computing devices (principal organizations: EPRI, Ecova).

• Develop right-sized synchronous rectifiers for power supplies (principal organizations: EPRI, Georgia Tech).

• Field trials of memristors.


VALUE AND RISK

If the energy efficiency of end-use electronics does not keep pace with innovations in product features, then utilities risk forgoing significant opportunities for energy savings.

PDU.EE.06R0


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Eval

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Eco

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Cons

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ctro

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Activ

e-M

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Effic

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prov

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ts: A

dvan

ced

Sem

icon

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ors

(SiC

, GaN

) in

Pow

er

Supp

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Pass

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Mod

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tifie

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rials

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Effic

ienc

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prov

emen

ts: M

icro

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eria

ls an

d De

sign

- Lab

and

Fi

eld

Test

ing

of S

yste

m o

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(SO

C) d

esig

ns

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e-M

ode

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ienc

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prov

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ts: P

ower

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ienc

ies

Pass

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ficie

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ovem

ents

: Sm

art

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ging

(Sm

art S

trip

s, e

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Tes

ts fo

r Effi

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er F

acto

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ion

Deve

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ly E

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ent D

esig

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risto

rs

PDU.EE.06R0


DATA CENTERS


IT/Internet data centers are the most energy-intensive subset of buildings on an energy-per-square-foot basis—20 to 30 times more energy-intensive than a typical office building and 100 times more energy-intensive than a typical resi-dence. Today, data centers are estimated to consume approx-imately 100 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year globally. Experts project that electricity consumption in data centers could double every five years, at which rate data cen-ters would represent 20% of total U.S. electricity use by 2030.

Large, new standalone data centers (for example Apple, eBay, Facebook, and Google) are usually extremely efficient but account for less than 1% of all data centers. The other 99% of data centers are buried within commercial office buildings and are not operating as efficiently.

Based on current technology, only 40 watts of every 100 watts of electricity delivered to the data center is actually utilized for computation; the rest is used to cool equipment or lost in multiple conversions between alternating-current and direct-current across equipment power supplies.

Data centers of the future, through concerted industry part-nership in R&D, will feature improved thermal performance through systems that optimize airflow management, high-efficiency computer room air conditioners (CRACs), and techniques to capture waste heat from devices and compo-nents, to yield considerable energy savings.

In addition, data centers of the future will feature highly efficient power supplies. Moreover, data centers of the future may operate at various different voltage levels, for example:

• 400/415 V AC, eliminating step-down transformers, as in Europe

• 480 V AC, eliminating step-down transformers using standard U.S. voltage

• 380 V DC, eliminating the following conversions, thereby reducing the energy losses associated with each conversion:

− Uninterruptable power supplies 88–96% Efficient

− Power distribution 98–99% efficient

− Power supplies 75-90% efficient

In addition, all the lost energy is converted to heat, which must be removed to maintain proper operating temperatures for the servers. This is typically done with air conditioning, requiring 1,000 watts for each ton of cooling, typically at an efficiency of 76%.

GAPS

Technologies and techniques that can significantly improve the energy efficiency of data centers, reduce their heat load, and increase their productivity include:

• Improved air-flow management

• Improved thermal management in IT devices

• DC power distribution to reduce AC-to-DC conver-sion losses

• Better uninterruptible power supply efficiency/design

• Application of virtualization software

• Establishment of standard metric for data center efficiency

• Integration of facility and computer equipment infra-structure management

• Improved power consumption of server and storage array

• Improved cooling for servers

ACTION PLAN

The following progressive agenda of industry R&D can bridge the identified gaps:

• Continue field trials of automated airflow management techniques (EPRI, LBNL).

• Use results to inform utility incentive programs (EPRI).

• Develop DC power distribution standards (EPRI, Emerge Alliance).

• Develop baseline efficiency database for UPS (EPRI).

• Test and verify adequacy of ECO mode UPS.

• Provide estimate of energy savings potential from ECO mode UPS (EPRI, vendors).

• Develop standard metric for data center efficiency that reflects improvements in server efficiency (principal organizations: EPRI, Green Grid).

• Lab and field testing for liquid cooling techniques (heat pipes, immersion) (principal organization: EPRI).

• Establish viability of vibration suppression as efficiency measure for HDD (principal organization: EPRI).

PDU.EE.07R1.0


• Lab testing to compare best HDD with solid-state drives (principal organization: EPRI).

• Lab and field testing of improved conversion devices (server power supplies, rectifiers) using GaN FETs (principal organizations: EPRI, Fairchild).

• Develop new power electronics (GaN) devices for DC power distribution: DC breakers, GFCI, rectifiers, and power supplies (principal organizations: EPRI, Fair-child Semiconductor).

• Coordination of energy efficiency research effort from individual and consortia of IT companies (principal organizations: EPRI, Green Grid, Intel, AMD, HP, Oracle, IBM, EMC).

• Server-on-a-chip prototype performance testing (prin-cipal organizations: EPRI, HP).

• Migration of “mobile” product technologies into data center environments to utilize the energy efficiency benefits designed to extend battery life.

• Field trials of new building control methodologies within data centers (principal organizations: EPRI, Johnson Controls).

• Lab testing of the highest-efficiency power supplies to determine what features could be used to spread this benefit to other applications and products (principal organizations: EPRI, Delta, Emerson).

• Field trials of memristors (principal organizations: EPRI, HP).


VALUE AND RISK

If this agenda of industry R&D is not undertaken, the elec-tricity consumption of data centers may grow unabated to very high levels. This consumption could increase exponen-tially in relationship to the projected geometric growth in Internet bandwidth consumption that is being fueled by greater numbers of people going online and using mobile devices. This leads to ever more data-intensive online activi-ties, such as movie streaming, video conferencing, and social networking.

PDU.EE.07R1.0


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Data

Cen

ter E

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y Ef

ficie

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Lab

and

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of C

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and

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ric fo

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agem

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catio

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ces

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uate

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M

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UPS

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ine-

Inte

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uate

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ratio

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Eval

uate

Dist

ribut

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tora

ge,

Elim

inat

ing

UPS

Eval

uate

Sol

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tate

Dr

ive

Effic

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Fiel

d Te

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of D

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strib

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00 k

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d Te

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ata

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ver o

n a

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Eval

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chni

ques

PDU.EE.07R1.0


MOTORS AND DRIVES


The use of electric motors is ubiquitous across the residential, commercial, and industrials sectors. The overall installed base of electric motors in the U.S. is 90 million, of which the manufacturing sector employs 40 million. A vast majority of these motors are old motors with poor efficiency. According to the DOE, the energy savings from replacing existing elec-tric motors with more efficient motors and motor-drive sys-tems ranges from 11% to 18%. This would yield a potential annual energy savings of 62 to 104 billion kWh per year for the manufacturing sector alone.

Significant additional energy savings can be had with the addition of an adjustable-speed drive (ASD). The use of a drive also improves productivity through increased automa-tion and also contributes to increased sustainability and reduced emissions. Despite these well-documented advan-tages, ASDs contribute only to a small percentage of indus-trial systems. As an example, only 3.2% of pump systems in the U.S. use ASDs.

Increased adoption of high-efficiency motors and adjustable-speed drives can contribute significant energy savings, increased productivity, and high sustainability. Recently developed motor technologies offer the additional advantage of being able to directly drive loads without an intermediate mechanical coupling. This further increases overall system efficiency and reliability.

Several applications could benefit from the use of advanced motor technologies and ASDs. One such area is water man-agement, which uses a large number of motors and pump systems. Use of ASD-driven pumps can contribute to decreased water wastage in addition to energy savings. Opti-mization of water resource management also forms one of the six Strategic Issues identified by EPRI in its overall R&D roadmap.

Other applications in the commercial and industrial sectors include thermal management (heating and cooling), pro-cess-based industries (such as petrochemicals, cement, auto-motive, and aerospace), and constructions (cranes, lifts, and conveyors). In the residential sector, applications of ASDs to pumps and elevators can result in further energy savings.

Electric motors of the future may utilize superior materials, such as rare earth elements, to achieve levels of “ultra-” and “super-” premium efficiency. In addition, variable-speed drives may be retrofitted for motive applications in which partial output is sufficient for the majority of the duty cycle. In addition, where applicable, new motors may couple directly to loads in lieu of traditional mechanical coupling or

gearing arrangements, yielding additional energy savings and improved system reliability.

GAPS

Many industrial applications use line-start induction motors. Replacement of these motors with “ultra” or “super-pre-mium” line-start high-efficiency motor technologies can yield significant energy savings. Motor manufacturers have recently unveiled a slew of new technologies: direct-line-start permanent-magnet machines, copper-rotor induction motors, and synchronous reluctance motors. Additional R&D and field trials will accelerate adoption of such motor technologies. These new motor technologies can also increase energy savings in ASD-driven applications, such as elevators, pumps, and compressors.

Rising material cost, namely that of rare-earth permanent magnets, has been a significant hurdle in increased deploy-ment of high-efficiency motor technologies. R&D in the fol-lowing three areas can significantly address this issue:

• Development of new motor technologies that can pro-vide increased torque and power, thereby decreasing the amount of magnetic material needed (several new axial and transverse flux motors are being researched).

• Development of motors with permanent magnets, such as reluctance motors.

• Development of permanent magnet motors that use alternatives to high-cost rare-earth permanent magnets (for example, ferrites).

One of the key reasons for the low ASD adoption rate is the “perceived” low reliability and high cost. These can be addressed through R&D through new technologies and user application aides. From a technology perspective, several options exist: embedded motor systems that integrate the ASD into the motor, which can significantly reduce issues with long cable and decrease overall cost; the use of ASDs that minimize low life components, such as electrolytic capacitors; and so on.

From an application perspective, perhaps the most impor-tant need of the hour is the development of new software tools (such as ASD Master) and guides that can enable and educate the user on appropriate drive selection, installation, and economic value. The lack of an application guide or soft-ware tool to estimate the net energy savings of adjustable-speed drives, when coupled with electric motors, results in customers making sub-optimal decisions.

PDU.EE.08R1.2


Finally, several new applications have emerged recently that call for complete rethink on motor and drive requirements. Perhaps the most important example of such an application is the plug-in electric vehicle (PEV). Increased R&D will be needed in development of new high-efficiency, high-power/torque density motors for transport applications.

ACTION PLAN

Success will be realized through: (1) accelerating the adop-tion of high-efficiency motors and drive technologies through testing, demonstrations, and coordinated deploy-ments to qualify technical performance and energy savings and (2) the availability of application guides and software tools to help customers and utilities make informed deci-sions on the use of adjustable-speed motor drives to yield energy savings.

A progressive R&D agenda will be needed to bridge the identified gaps to develop high-efficiency motors, including;

Near Term

• Conduct lab tests of new motor technologies; identify the most effective applications for those motors; con-duct the test of new application; and perform prelimi-nary market assessment.

• Identify manufacturers and university partners who are developing high-efficiency, drive-based, wideband gap devices. Conduct laboratory demonstrations of this concept.

• Participate and monitor worldwide developments in the standards and regulation arena. Develop new software tools and application guides for enabling increased ASD adoption.

• Initiate cooperation with DOE and manufacturers with aim to join ongoing research to develop new motor and drive technologies. EPRI cooperation could include identification of new applications, cost/benefit analysis, identification of barriers to success, and laboratory demonstration of new technologies.

• Identify the new applications needed for productivity improvement where integrated motor/drive systems can be a major and new contributing factor for gaining competitive position by utility customers; assess whether that approach can be extended to the 50-hp range while maintaining the same benefits as for lower horsepower range.

• Enable improved rewinding and repair processes to ensure that loss of efficiency and reliability is minimal.

Long Term

• Look at the next generation of motor technologies such as superconducting motors.

• Work with component and system OEMS to incorpo-rate new component technologies that can provide sig-nificantly high energy savings—high band-gap power devices and novel alternatives to passive components such as capacitors.


VALUE AND RISK

Without concerted industry research into more energy-effi-cient motors and better-configured motor-drive systems, vast potential energy savings may be foregone. Despite man-ufacturer efforts to educate potential clients, there is still a need for efficient, easy-to-use assessment tools to minimize the risk of motors/drives misapplications.

PDU.EE.08R1.2


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take

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Key

Mile

ston

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Mot

ors a

nd D

rives

Mot

ors U

sing

Supe

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Char

acte

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Impa

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f 400

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band

Gap

Sem

icon

duct

ors

in

Mot

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ors

PDU.EE.08R1.2


INDUSTRIAL PROCESS HEATING AND WASTE HEAT RECOVERY

FUTURE STATE COMPONENTS

Industrial process heating and waste heat recovery accounts for the largest use of energy in U.S. manufac-turing, and therefore any improvement in these two areas can offer significant energy-savings benefits to industrial customers. In U.S. manufacturing, process heating accounts for over one-fifth of total energy use, making it the largest energy end use. Process heating also accounts for 12% of net electricity consumption in manufacturing and represents up to 15% of total indus-trial production cost. As such, improvements in process heating present opportunities to significantly benefit industrial customers through cost reduction, improved productivity, reduced energy intensity, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

GAPS

• Lack of useful, easy-to-use tools for utility representa-tives and industry customers.

• Lack of centralized knowledge base. A lot of informa-tion related to process heating and waste heat recovery is available, but the industry needs to have all the lat-est information from trustworthy sources in one location.

• Identification of innovative technologies to improve energy efficiency and lower volatile organic com-pounds (VOC), such as low-temperature plasma tech-nologies, Isothermal melting (ITM)process for alumi-num melting, acoustic drying, CO2 based heat pumps for heat recovery.

• Innovations that can enable economically viable hybrid process heating systems that use multiple heat-ing technologies simultaneously (such as infrared [IR] pre-heating, ultra-low-emission [ULE] burner, enhanced fired heater, and high-efficiency heat-recov-ery system).

• Demonstration of new as well as existing technologies for proper application.

• Lack of technology transfer to account executives at utilities, which creates awareness about the existing energy-efficient process heating technologies.

• Retrofit and re-commissioning. These are low-hanging fruit to achieve high energy efficiency with existing technologies.

• Innovations that can lead to waste heat recovery sys-tems that can feasibly reduce plant energy intensity.

• Advanced materials (composites, additive materials, etc) of the future to enable more precise temperature sensors and estimate the associated energy-efficiency benefits.

ACTION PLAN

• Create easy-to-use tools for utility representatives and their industrial customers (tools such as the Power Quality Investigator used by the Power Quality Pro-gram or Industrial Energy Management Tool (IEMT)).

• Create a central repository of all available informa-tion relevant to process heating and waste heat recov-ery, sorted according to the source—such as DOE, CEE, EPA, and CEC—on existing technologies.

• Scout for innovative, state-of-the-art technologies (in the area of process heating and waste heat recovery) with the help and assistance from utilities, manufactur-ers, trade magazines, conferences, and so on.

• Conduct lab testing of the identified technologies or perform on-site demonstration of the technology with a utility champion and industry champion.

• Create case studies out of the successful demonstrations and create awareness among utilities and industrial clients.

• Conduct workshops on efficient process heating elec-trotechnologies to utility representatives and educate them about the losses in the system and how the system efficiency can be improved.

• Develop retrofit and re-commissioning methodologies with existing technologies that provide improvement in energy efficiency.

• Create guidelines for proper waste heat recovery in vari-ous industrial processes and applications.


VALUE AND RISK

Without concerted industry research into advanced electric process heating and waste heat recovery applications, vast

PDU.EE.09R1.3


potential energy savings may be foregone. In addition, novel electric process heating technologies have the potential to enhance productivity, reduce operating costs, and eliminate on-site emissions in many industrial applications.

In addition, rejuvenated industry R&D can yield valuable technology-transfer tools that can help:

• Extend process heating knowledge to utility representatives.

• Position electrotechnologies at the forefront of mea-sures to improve industrial productivity and reduce energy intensity.

• Provide system-level improvement through recovery of wasted process heat.

PDU.EE.09R1.3


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tate

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PDU.EE.09R1.2


LOAD RESEARCH

FUTURE STATE COMPONENTS

While consumers are changing the ways that they use electricity through new technologies, utilities are still relying on outdated and sparse load profile data to under-stand customer behavior.

Utilities in the future need to be able to characterize loads and their constituent elements to a higher level of detail to design customer programs. Then utilities need to offer incentives to modify the level and profile of usage to bet-ter match underlying supply costs and reflect external costs. Moreover, realizing the benefits associated with offering consumers timely and actionable feedback on usage requires establishing a robust characterization of all customer load profiles.

The universal deployment of smart meters provides the utility with the means to more accurately profile house-hold loads and to track changes in those profiles over time at far less expense than in the past. New load research methods are needed to capture this benefit. Additionally, the industry needs robust load research methods that can support other uses of smart meter data, such as support-ing distribution system operations and enabling the adop-tion of distributed generation technologies.

GAPS

There is a lack of established alternatives to sub-metering that reliably and cost effectively disaggregate whole-premise electricity consumption by end-use. It would be beneficial to identify and test innovative technologies and techniques with the potential to be scaled on a regional or national level to acquire more accurate and up-to-date data on end-use load shapes to benefit the industry and their customers. Such techniques may include:

• Waveform signature detection

• Smart power distribution panels (circuit breaker panels)

• Conditional demand analysis (or other analytical techniques)

• Statistical techniques to assimilate, synthesize, and draw meaningful insights on customer behavior and load patterns from fine interval smart meter data.

ACTION PLAN

Disaggregating load shapes into the various end-use com-ponents may be accomplished in several ways, each with

its own level of accuracy and cost. Testing and validating of enabling technologies are needed to confirm the accu-racy. The following steps will be undertaken:

• Survey existing waveform, statistical, and hybrid methods currently being employed.

• Test waveform and voltage methods in the labora-tory for accuracy.

• Employ statistical methods to estimate load shapes in the field and use sample design of participants to confirm accuracy.

• Build an industry load-shape library using available utility advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) data.

The availability of low cost interval load data provides new opportunities for utilities to understand their cus-tomers’ purchasing and energy attitudes:

• Collect survey information of customer demographic and attitudinal data.

• Cross correlate for commercial building types.

• Incorporate into industry load shape library.

A graphical representation of the action plan for this roadmap (also referred to as swimlanes) is attached.

VALUE AND RISK

There is a growing and troublesome disparity between how utilities plan to serve electricity loads—which involves large (and in many cases indivisible) investments in generation, transmission, and distribution plants—and the loads that they will actually serve. The lack of reliable, up-to-date load research data lies at the heart of this disparity, which will only become exacerbated over time without a concerted industry effort to revitalize load research. Specifically, insight into characterizing end-use load shapes is critical to more accurately conducting base-line forecasting and estimating the energy and demand impacts of energy efficiency and demand-response activi-ties. Without such research, variances between estimated and realized loads may lead to less optimal and more costly provisions of resources.

In addition, rejuvenated industry R&D can yield valuable technology-transfer tools that can help:

• Extend process heating knowledge to utility representatives.

PDU.EE.10R1.2


• Position electrotechnologies at the forefront of mea-sures to improve industrial productivity and reduce energy intensity.

• Provide system-level improvement through recovery of wasted process heat.

PDU.EE.10R0


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PDU.EE.10R1.2

END-USE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DEMAND RESPONSEmydocs.epri.com/.../Roadmaps/PDU-07-Efficiency.pdf ·...

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Transcript of END-USE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DEMAND RESPONSEmydocs.epri.com/.../Roadmaps/PDU-07-Efficiency.pdf ·...