End Term Project Mutual Fund

8/6/2019 End Term Project Mutual Fund

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Table of Contents Pages

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Definition

1.2 How an Investor can earn through MFs

1.3 Characteristics of Mutual Fund

1.4 Types of Mutual Funds

1.5 Why invest in a Mutual Funds (Advantages & Disadvantages)

1.6 Structure of Mutual Funds

1.7 Other Types of Investment Companies

1.8 Loads or Fee of Salesperson

Recent Trends in Mutual Funds

Chapter 2 Methodology

Chapter 3 Applications and Interpretation

Chapter 4 Data Analysis

Chapter 5 Conclusion

References


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Acknowledgement


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Abstract

Over the past decades mutual funds have grown intensely in popularity and have experienced a

considerable growth rate. Mutual funds are popular because they make it easy for small investors

to invest their money in a diversified pool of securities. As the mutual fund industry has evolved

over the years, there have arisen many questions about the nature of operations. This Report on

Mutual Funds provides an in-depth coverage of the mutual fund industry and its operations in

an interactive format. It is intended to familiarize with the basic concepts related to mutual funds.

The Report first provides the fundamentals, explaining what mutual funds are and how they

work. Recent trends in Mutual funds have also been shown. Data Analysis of Indian Large-Cap

Mutual fund market has been done to give a comparative analysis of the top 6 funds in the

category. Various factors surrounding the performance of these mutual funds are thenhighlighted along with a brief of various applications. Finally, the report depicts the conclusion.


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1.1 Definition

As per the US Securities and Exchange Commission, a mutual fund is a company that pools

money from many investors and invests the money in stocks, bonds, short-term money-market

instruments, other securities or assets, or some combination of these investments. The combined

holdings which the mutual fund owns are known as its portfolio. Each share represents an

investor's proportionate ownership of the fund's holdings and the income those holdings

generate. Mutual funds have a fund manager who invests the money on behalf of the investors by

buying / selling stocks, bonds etc. Currently, the worldwide value of all mutual funds totals more

than $US 26 trillion. The United States leads with the number of mutual fund schemes. There are

more than 8000 mutual fund schemes in the U.S.A.

1.2 An investor can earn income from a mutual fund in the following ways:

1. Dividends on stocks or interest from bonds: A fund pays out nearly all of the income it

receives over the year to fund owners in the form of a distribution.

2. Capital gains in the form of sale of securities that have increased in price: Most funds also

pass on these gains to investors in a distribution.

3. Higher net asset value (NAV): If the market value of a funds portfolio rises but is not sold by

the fund manager, it increases the funds NAV and the fund's shares increase in price. The

investor can then sell his mutual fund shares for a profit.


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1.3 Characteristics of Mutual Funds

1. Shares of a mutual fund are bought from the fund itself (or through a broker for the fund); they

cant be bought on a secondary market like NYSE or Nasdaq.

2. On purchase, investors pay an amount equal to the fund's per share net asset value (NAV) plusany shareholder fees that the fund imposes at the time of purchase (such as sales loads).

3. Redemption is a feature which allows shares of a mutual fund to be sold back by the investor

to the fund at their approximate per share NAV, minus any fees the fund imposes at that time

(such as deferred sales loads or redemption fees).

4. Being open-ended allows mutual funds to create and sell new shares to accommodate new

investors. In other words, they sell their shares on a continuous basis, although some funds stop

selling when, for example, they become too large.

5. The investment portfolios of mutual funds typically are managed by separate entities known as

"investment advisers" that are registered with the SEC.


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1.4 Types of Mutual funds

There are more than 10,000 mutual funds in North America, each having different risks and

rewards. Each fund has a predetermined investment objective that tailors the fund's assets,

regions of investments and investment strategies. Most mutual funds fall into one of three maincategories equity funds (stocks), fixed income funds (bonds), and money market funds. All

mutual funds are variations of these three asset classes. For example, while equity funds that

invest in fast-growing companies are known as growth funds, equity funds that invest only in

companies of the same sector or region are known as specialty funds.

1.4.1 Money market mutual funds

It consists of short term debt instruments. These mutual funds carry lower risks than other mutual

funds; in USA such funds can invest only in certain high-quality, short-term investments issued

by the U.S. government, U.S. corporations, and state and local governments. Money market

funds dont offer very high returns as they try to keep their net asset value (NAV) which

represents the value of one share in a fund at a stable $1.00 per share. Loss of principle here is

highly unlikely; but the NAV may fall below $1.00 if the fund's investments perform poorly.

Investor losses have been rare, but they are possible. Inflation risk the risk that inflation will

outpace and erode investment returns over time can be a potential concern for investors in

money market funds.

1.4.2 Bond/fixed income funds

Bond funds invest primarily in securities known as bonds. A bond is a type of security that

resembles a loan. When a bond is purchased, money is lent to the company, municipality, or

government agency that issued the bond. In exchange for the use of this money, the issuer

promises to repay the amount loaned (the principal; also known as the face value of the bond)

on a specific maturity date. In addition, the issuer typically promises to make periodic interest

payments over the life of the loan.

A bond fund share represents ownership in a pool of bonds and other securities comprising the

funds portfolio. Although there have been past exceptions, bond funds tend to be less volatile

than stock funds and often produce regular income. For these reasons, investors often use bond


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funds to diversify, provide a stream of income, or invest for intermediate-term goals. Like stock

funds, bond funds have risks and can make or lose money.

Types of Risk

After a bond is first issued, it may be traded. If a bond is traded before it matures, it may be

worth more or less than the price paid for it. The price at which a bond is traded can be affected

by several types of risk.

Credit Risk: It refers to the risk of loss of principal or loss of a financial reward resulting from a

borrower's failure to repay a loan or otherwise meet a contractual obligation. It is lower for funds

investing in insured or Treasury bonds and higher for those investing in junk bonds.

Interest Rate Risk: The risk that the market value of the bonds will go down when interest rates

go up. Because of this, an investor can lose money in any bond fund, including those that invest

only in insured bonds or Treasury bonds. Funds that invest in longer-term bonds tend to have

higher interest rate risk.

Prepayment Risk: The chance that a bond will be paid off early. For example, if interest rates

fall, a bond issuer may decide to pay off (or "retire") its debt and issue new bonds that pay a

lower rate. When this happens, the fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds in an

investment with as high a return or yield.


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1.4.3 Stock funds

It represents the largest category of mutual funds; its objective is long term capital growth since

historically, stocks have done better than other types of investments over the long term. Overall

"market risk" poses the greatest potential danger for investors in stocks funds. Stock prices canfluctuate for a broad range of reasons such as the overall strength of the economy or demand

for particular products or services. Stock funds are of different types, some of which are given

below:

Growth funds focus on stocks that may not pay a regular dividend but have the potential for

large capital gains.

Income funds invest in stocks that pay regular dividends.

Index funds aim to achieve the same return as a particular market index, such as the S&P 500

Composite Stock Price Index, by investing in all or perhaps a representative sample of the

companies included in an index.

Specialty funds invest only in companies of the same sector or region.

Sectorfunds may specialize in a particular industry segment, such as technology or consumer

products stocks.


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1.5 Why Invest in a Mutual Fund?

Mutual funds make saving and investing simple, accessible, and affordable. Mutual fund offers

certain advantages to individual, amateur investors who trade in small denominations.

Professional management: Theoretically, professional money managers research, select and

monitor the performance of the securities the fund purchases. The mutual fund will have a fund

manager that trades the pooled money on a regular basis. Thus investors who dont have the time

or expertise to manage their portfolios find MFs convenient as it is a relatively inexpensive way

of getting a full-time manager to make and monitor investments for them.

Diversification: Mutual funds typically own several different stocks in many different

industries, sometimes going up to a hundred different stocks in large sized mutual funds. It

enables diversification and spreading of risk by investing in a portfolio of securities belonging to

industries having inversely correlated income streams.

Economies of Scale: Since mutual funds buy and sell a large amount of securities at a time,

its transaction costs are lower than what an individual investor would pay for trading in

securities. Also, because of the pooling of funds, individual investors can make investments in

small denominations in the securities market which is not possible if they invest on their own.

Liquidity: Just like an individual stock, a mutual fund allows its investors to readily redeem

their shares at the current NAV plus any fees and charges assessed on redemption at any

time. The price per share at which the investors can redeem shares is known as the funds net

asset value (NAV). NAV is the current market value of all the funds assets, minus liabilities,

divided by the total number of outstanding shares.

Convenience: An investor can purchase or sell fund shares directly from a fund or through a

broker, financial planner, bank or insurance agent, by mail, over the telephone, and increasingly

by personal computer. He can also arrange for automatic reinvestment or periodic distribution of

the dividends and capital gains paid by the fund. Funds may offer a wide variety of other


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services, including monthly or quarterly account statements, tax information, and 24-hour phone

and computer access to fund and account information.

Protecting Investors: Not only are mutual funds subject to compliance with their self-

imposed restrictions and limitations, they are also highly regulated by the federal government

through the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). As part of this government

regulation, all funds must meet certain operating standar

ds, observe strict antifraud rules, and disclose complete information to current and potential

investors. These laws are strictly enforced and designed to protect investors from fraud and

abuse.


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Disadvantages of Mutual funds

Hidden costs: The mutual fund industry tactfully buries costs under layers of jargon. These

costs come despite of negative returns. Examples of such costs include sales charges, annual

fees, and other expenses; and depending on the timing of their investment, investors may also

have to pay taxes on any capital gains distribution they receive even if the fund went on to

perform poorly after they bought shares.

Lack of control: Investors typically cannot ascertain the exact make-up of a fund's portfolio

at any given time, nor can they directly influence which securities the fund manager buys and

sells or the timing of those trades.

Dilution: Because funds have small holdings in so many different companies, high returns

from a few investments often don't make much difference on the overall return. Dilution is also

the result of a successful fund getting too big. When money pours into funds that have had strong

success, the manager often has trouble finding a good investment for all the new money.

Price Uncertainty: With an individual stock, one can obtain real-time (or close to real-time)

pricing information with relative ease by checking financial websites or through a broker, as can

one observe stock price changes by the hour or minute. By contrast, with a mutual fund, the price

at which one purchases or redeems shares will typically depend on the fund's NAV, which the

fund might not calculate until many hours after the order has been placed. In general, mutual

funds must calculate their NAV at least once every business day, typically after the major U.S.

exchanges close.

Taxes: Fund managers don't consider personal tax situation while making decisions regarding

the fund. For example, when a fund manager sells a security, a capital-gains tax is triggered,

which affects the profitability of an individual investor from the sale. It might have been more

advantageous for the individual to defer the capital gains liability.


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1.6 Structure of Mutual Funds

A mutual fund is usually either a corporation or a business trust (which is like a corporation).

Like any corporation, a mutual fund is owned by its shareholders. Virtually all mutual funds are

externally managed; they do not have employees of their own. Instead, their operations areconducted by affiliated organizations and independent contractors.


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1.7 Other Types of Investment Companies

Mutual funds are one of four types of investment companies; the other three are open-end fund,

closed-end funds and unit investment trusts.

An Open-EndFund Company allows the investor to enter and exit at his convenience. Investorscan buy funds even after the New Fund Offer (NFO) period is over. Hence when the fund sells

units, the investor buys the units from the fund and when the investor wishes to redeem the units,

the fund repurchases the units from the investor.

A Closed-End Fund is an investment company whose shares are publicly traded like stocks. As

a result, the price of a closed-end fund share fluctuates based on supply and demand. If the share

price is more than the value of its assets, then the fund is trading at a premium; if the share price

is less, then it is trading at a discount. The assets of a closed-end fund are managed by a

professional or a group of professionals choosing investments such as stocks and bonds to match

the funds objectives.

A Unit Investment Trust (UIT) is an investment company that buys a fixed portfolio of stocks

or bonds. A UIT holds its securities until the trusts termination date. When a trust is dissolved,

proceeds from the securities are paid to shareholders. UITs often have a fixed number of shares

or units that are sold to investors in an initial public offering. If some shareholders redeem

units, the UIT or its sponsor may purchase them and reoffer them to the public.


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1.8 Loads or "Fee for Salesperson"

Loads are just fees that a fund uses to compensate brokers or other salespeople for selling the

mutual fund. Here is how certain loads work:

Front-end loads These are the simplest type of load where an investor pays the fee when he

purchases the fund. This fee compensates a financial professional for his or her services. If he

invests $1,000 in a mutual fund with a 5% Loads also known as "Fee for Salesperson" front-

end load, $50 will pay for the sales charge, and $950 will be invested in the fund. By law, this

charge may not exceed 8.5 percent of the investment although most fund families charge less

than the maximum.

Back-end loads (also known as deferred sales charges) These are a bit more complicated.

In such a fund an investor pays a back-end load if he sells a fund within a certain time frame. A

typical example is a 6% back-end load that decreases to 0% in the seventh year. The load is 6%

if he sells in the first year, 5% in the second year, etc. If he doesnt sell the mutual fund until the

seventh year, he doesnt have to pay the back-end load at all.

A no-load fund sells its shares without a commission or sales charge.

A load is the fee that pays for the service of a broker choosing the correct fund for an investor.

According to this argument, the returns will be higher because the professional advice put

investor into a better fund. There is little to no evidence that shows a correlation between load

funds and superior performance. In fact, when an investor takes the fees into account, the

average load fund performs worse than a no-load fund.


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Recent trends in Mutual Funds Market

With $9.6 trillion in assets, the U.S. mutual fund industry remained the largest in the world at

year-end 2008. Nevertheless, total net assets fell $2.4 trillion from year-end 2007s level, largely

reflecting the sharp drop in equity prices experienced worldwide in 2008. Investor demand formutual funds slowed in 2008 with net new cash flow to all types of mutual funds amounting to

$411 billion, less than half the pace seen in 2007 which was $487 billion. Investor demand for

certain types of mutual funds appeared to be driven in large part by deteriorating financial

market conditions, especially in the second half of 2008. Stock mutual funds suffered substantial

outflows, while inflows to U.S. government money market funds reached a record high. The U.S.

mutual fund market, with $9.6 trillion in assets under management as of year-end 2008,

remained the largest in the world, accounting for 51 percent of the $19.0 trillion in mutual fund

assets worldwide.


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2. Methodology Adopted

Methodology basically means the selection of the various methods and techniques in the

research-conducted. The various steps include:

1. Selection of Sample2. Application of various tools and techniques to obtain relevant information related to the case.

3. Collection of relevant data

4. Analysis and interpretation of data

5. Generation of final report

The comparison of the funds is done using the Bar graphs and thus arriving at a conclusion using

those graphs.

The information in the report is assembled and organized from, US Securities and Exchange

Commission, National Stock Exchange; plus extensive data from various companies are utilized

for both collection and validation of data.


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3. Applications and Interpretations

Calculating net asset value

Entry Loads

How to read a Mutual Fund table..3.1 Calculating Net Asset Value

Assets Rs. Crore Liabilities Rs. Crore

Shares

Debentures

Money MarketInstruments

Accrued Income

Other Current Assets

Deferred Revenue

Expenditure

345

23

12

2.3

1.2

4.2

Unit Capital

Reserves and Surplus

Accrued Expenditure

Other CurrentLiabilities

300

85.7

1.5

0.5

387.7 387.7

Units Issued (Crore)

Face Value (Rs.)

Net Assets (Rs.)

30

10

385.7

Net Asset Value (Rs.) 12.86


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The above table shows a typical scheme balance sheet. Investments are shown under the assets

column. Adding all assets gives the total of Rs. 387.7 crores. From this if we deduct the

liabilities of 2 crores i.e. accrued expenditure + other current liabilities; we get 385.7 Crores of

Net assets scheme.

The scheme has issued 30 crores units @ Rs. 10 each during the New fund offerings. This

translates in Rs. 300 crores being earned by the scheme. This is represented by Unit Capital in

the Balance Sheet. Thus, as of now the net assets worth of Rs. 385.7 crores are to be divided

amongst 30 crore units. This means the scheme has a Net Asset Value or NAV of Rs. 12.86.

NAV per share is the value of one share in the mutual fund, and it is the number that is quoted in

newspapers.


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3.2 Concept of Entry Loads

Loads are charged to a scheme to meet its selling, marketing and distribution expenses. Loads

can be charged at the time of entry, at the time of exit, as a fixed amount every year or in a

staggered manner depending upon the time for which the investor is invested. Loads are charged

as a percent of the NAV. Entry Load is charged when the investor enters the scheme. This is also

known as front end load. Entry load can have an impact on the number of units being allotted to

an investor.

Example:

Without Entry Load With Entry Load

Scheme NAV (Rs.) 10 10

Entry Load 0% 2.25%Buying Price (Rs.) 10 + 10 * 0% = 10 10 + 10 * 2.25% = 10.225Investment (Rs.) 25,000 25,000Units Allotted 25,000/ 10 = 2500 25,000/ 10.225 = 2444.98

Annual Returns = 12%. NAV of the scheme will rise to 10 + 10 * 12% = 11.2

Profit/ Unit 11.2 10 = Rs. 1.2 11.2 10.225 = Rs. 0.975Total Profit 1.2 * 2500 = 3000 0.975 * 2444.98 = 2583.86Return on Investment 3000/ 25,000 = 12% 2583.86/ 25,000 = 9.54%

It can be seen from the illustration that in case, the investor is bearing an entry load, his cost of

buying increases, which translates into lesser number of units being allocated. When the NAV

appreciates, his profit is reduced due to higher buying cost, which results in less Return on

Investment (RoI).


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3.3 How to read a Mutual Fund Table

Columns 1 & 2: 52 Week Hi and Low These show the highest and lowest prices the mutual

fund has experienced over the previous 52-weeks (one year). This typically does not include the

previous day's price.

Column 3: Fund Name This column lists the name of the mutual fund. The company that

manages the fund is written above in bold type.

Column 4: Fund Specifics Different letters and symbols have various meanings. For example,

"N" means no load, "F" is front end load, and "B" means the fund has both front and back-end

fees.

Column 5: Dollar Change This states the dollar change in the price of the mutual fund from

the previous day's trading.

Column 6: % Change This states the percentage change in the price of the mutual fund from

the previous day's trading.

Column 7: Week High This is the highest price the fund traded at during the past week.


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Column 8: Week Low This is the lowest price the fund traded at during the past week.

Column 9: Close The last price at which the fund was traded is shown in this column.

Column 10: Week's Dollar Change This represents the dollar change in the price of the

mutual fund from the previous week.


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4. Data Analysis

The Project elicits an analysis of Equity Large Cap Funds.

EQUITY LARGE CAP FUNDS

These are the funds which have investment predominantly in large cap stock. These are the

stocks which has a solid track record and sound fundamentals. These are the less risky stocks and

hence generally have low growth rates when compares to small and mid-cap stocks.

In this category fund from SBI, Magnum Equity have been taken, since it has significant

exposure to large cap stocks (92.16%)

The following are the top performing funds in the category:

a) Birla sun life frontline equity

b) DSP Merill Lynch Top 100 Equity

c) SUNDARAM BNP Paribas Select Focus

d) RELIANCE VISION

e) KOTAK 30

f) Magnum Equity


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ANALYSIS

1. FUNDS RETURNS

INTERPRETATION:

In past six months, Birla sun life frontline equity is the winner, since it has fallen by only

(9.53%) compared to highest fall in SUNDARAM BNP Paribas select Focus (17.66%). Also,

Magnum Equity from SBI was not able to withstand ups and downs in the market witnessed in

last six months since it has fallen by 16.33% which is the second highest fall.

In one year category, SUNDARAM BNP Paribas Select Focus top the charts, giving the

highest return of 33.05%, when compared to the lowest of 16.26% given by RELIANCE

VISION.

In three year category SUNDARAM BNP Paribas Select Focus top the charts giving solid

return of 43.6% followed closely by DSP Merrill Lynch Top 100 Equity giving a return of

41.42% and KOTAK 30 giving a return of 40.82%.

In five year category KOTAK 30 top the chars giving a return of 50.13% while Magnum

Equity stands at only 5th Position giving the return of 47.22%.

2. RISK ANALYSIS

Standard Deviation is the measure which shows variability in returns from the main return.

Therefore, it is considered to be a direct measure to the risk. As per the Standard Deviation,

SUNDARAM BNP PARIBAS SELECT FOCUS (29.85%) is having the highest risk in the

category compared to lowest risk Birla Sun Life Frontline Equity (21.9%)

Sharpe Ratio means returns per unit of risk that a firm is able to generate. The higher the

ratio better it is. The return per unit of risk is highest in case of Birla Sun Lire frontline Equity

(1.51) while RELIANCE VISION is having one of the lowest Sharpe Ratio (1.18) indicating that

fund is not able o generate enough return compared to the risk is taking while investing.


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Beta shows the co-movement of funds return with Market rate of return. It measures volatility

or risk. SUNDARAM BNP PARIBAS SELECT FOCUS is having highest Beta (1.15) in

category signifying its aggressive nature. Since Beta is more than 1 it signifies the fund is highly

sensitive to the rise or fall in the stock market. Birla Sunlife Frontline Equity is having lowest

Beta (0.84) again signifying that it has the least risky profile in the category.

Alpha measures the excess return over and above the market return. A positive Alpha is a

good sign for the fund. As per Alpha measure of risk, Birla Sun life Frontline equity is again the

best fund in the category, giving the highest excess returns than the market fund, in the category,

giving the highest excess returns than the market (6.46%). On the other hand RELIANCE

VISION is not able to generate Alpha returns with lowest alpha generating fund in the category

(0.09%).

R-Squared explains the change in return caused by market volatility. A moderate R-squared

valued ranging between (65% - 85%) is considered good for portfolio. Among the funds DSP

Merill Lynch Top 100 Equity is having highest values of 0.96 which tells us that all funds are

significantly influenced by Market and thus not taking help of Professional Management at its

optimum.


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3. PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS

INTERPRETATION:

Asper P/E Ratio Magnum Equity is the winner in the category, it is having highest ratio of

48.58 which means the investors are really confident about the fund and they are paying much

higher than the earnings.

Portfolio Turnover measures the extent to which the fund is active in terms of dealings in

the market. However, high turnover also implies that high transaction costs are charged to funds.

In this category Magnum Equity has lowest turnover ratio (5) suggesting that Fund Manager

managing the Fund without much changing in the portfolio and saving the transaction cost. On

the other hand DSP Merill Lynch is having the highest portfolio turnover ratio of (321.82) thus

incurring the highest transaction cost.

As per the fund size RELIANCE VISION is managing the highest fund of (3,864.67 crores)

indicating its brand name and penetration in the market.

Concentration Level: As per this criterion, Magnum Equity is having highest Top five

holdings in the category (36.09%) indicating that it is the least diversified fund in the category.

Birla Sun life Frontline equity is having lowest (20.45%) top five holdings indicating that is the

most diversified fund in the category thus taking advantage of diversification.


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5. Conclusion

The idea of mutual funds came into existence for the layman to get a piece of the market. For this

purpose, they were created by professionals who built a portfolio of stocks based on their

understanding of the market, so that its investors need not spend time buried in financial pages of

Wall Street Journal or any other financial daily. The underlying benefit was risk diversification

without having the need to dedicate any time to studying and following the markets.

Claims of superior performance are frequently made by financial companies to attract investors

to buy shares in their funds. The fund managers claim that they beat the market in the past using

their timing and selectivity skills. Studies find that there is little evidence for superior

performance by mutual funds or their managers on an average. There are, however, periods

during which a fund or a group of funds may perform well. For example, Fidelity's Magellan

Fund produced excellent results during the 1980's. The conclusion most performance

measurement studies draw from long term studies is that the returns an investor earns by

investing in mutual funds are in-line with or less than what the investor should have earned based

on the risk taken. Even if some mutual fund managers have superior skills, they charge fees

commensurate with their skills, so that the benefits of their skills accrue to them and not to the

investors. Investors, therefore, should invest in mutual funds for reasons of diversification, and

not necessarily for superior performance.

After considering all three parameters for data analysis Birla Sunlife frontline equity tops the

chart in investment by investors due to many reasons like highly diversified portfolio, high return

per unit of risk, low standard deviation and its low volatility with change in the market.


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References

http://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/inwsmf.htm

http://www.kotakmutual.com/kmw/product/presentations/Kotak30.pdf

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2007/04/15/stories/2007041500690700.htm

http://www.nse-india.com/

http://www.ici.org/research/stats/trends/trends_10_09

http://new.valueresearchonline.com/

www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

End Term Project Mutual Fund

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