Encountering Islam: The Politics of Religious Identities ...
Transcript of Encountering Islam: The Politics of Religious Identities ...
Index
A“A Day in the Life of Dr Karim” story
(Mustafa), 319Abdullah administration, 160, 173,
179Abdullah, Munshi, 50Abdullah, Taufik, 195Abdul Majid, Haji, 51ABIM. See Angkatan Belia Islam
Malaysia (ABIM)accommodation, 305n29
political participation and. See electoral politics participation, Thailand
Acehnese wars, 277Aceh, suicide attacks in, 277Administration of Muslim Law
Enactment 1952, 114“Aesthetics” story (Jamil), 328Aeusrivongse, Nidhi, 278–79Afghanistan terrorist network, 342AGC. See Al-Arqam Group of
Companies (AGC)Ahmadiyah
ban of, 223, 227, 233–35, 238–39beliefs, 219campaign against, 225–26community, 227critics’ argument on, 237government’s toleration of, 228
history in Indonesia, 220–21, 224mosques, 232, 238origins in British India, 223populations, 220protecting, 233religious freedom for, 218, 235–38
Ahmadiyah Muslim Community, 218, 219
Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama’at. See Ahmadiyah
AKKBB. See Aliansi Kebangsaan untuk Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan (AKKBB)
Al-Arqam Group of Companies (AGC), 79
Al Fata At Tamimi, 83Al-Furqan incident, 11, 279–80Al-Helmy, Burhanuddin, 69, 70, 88n7Aliansi Kebangsaan untuk Kebebasan
Beragama dan Berkeyakinan (AKKBB), 228–29, 237, 242n33
alim, 27, 35aliran (streams), 252
in contemporary Indonesia, 265n7aliran kepercayaan, 221, 228Al-Ittihad, 74Al-Ittihadiyyah, 74aL.I.V.E. programmes, 364Allah, 89n18
and Muhammad, 224, 227
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378 Index
al-Qaeda, 342, 355Amangkurat I, 22, 25Amangkurat II, 39American colonialism in the
Philippines, 314, 316–17, 320American feminist movements, 258American imperialists, 316Amin, Ma’ruf, 225, 231amir, 27Anderson, Benedict, 56Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia
(ABIM), 103, 108, 352Anglo-Siamese agreement, 272Annabel Gallop of British Library, 50anti-Ahmadiyah agenda, 226anti-Ahmadiyah sentiment, 233–35anti-pornography bill, 10, 258anti-prostitution laws, 258–59anti-religion stance, 207Anwar sodomy trial, 127Appiah, Anthony, 314Arabicization of women, 259archipelago pilgrims, 50–51Arjomand, Said Amir, 32–33Arnada, Erwin, 256–57Asain, Calbi, 319asatizah, 364Asatizah Recognition Scheme, 360Ashaari Muhammad, Ustaz, 76–79, 86Asian economic crisis, 249assimilation of Muslim immigrants, 9assimilation policies, Thailand,
271–72, 303n2Astana, 318, 331n3Aurad Muhammadiah congregation,
72, 85in Malaysia, 77–84in Singapore, 74–77
aurat, 256Australian feminist movements, 258authoritarianism, 206–7
Ayat Lima, 73Ayutthaya kings, 272Aziz, Nik, 352
BBabad ing Sangkala, 22Badan Koordinasi Pengawas Aliran
Kepercayaan Masyarakat. See Bakorpakem
Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI), 201
Badawi, Abdullah, 141, 162–63, 165, 181n7
Badie, Betrand, 28Bakorpakem, 221–22, 227, 240n6Bali bombings, 292Barisan Nasional (BN), 171Barisan Revolusi Nasional-Coordinate
(BRN-C), 280Bashir, Abu Bakar, 226Basyumi, Muhammad M., 243n46Batak account, 56Batavia, 19, 24, 38Batu Caves temple, 142–43bay bithaman ajil, 117Berjaya administration, 169–70,
172–74“Berjihad Di Patani”, 277Beyer, Peter, 40Bijapur, 31blasphemy, 230Blue Blood of the Big Astana (Jubaira),
317BNBC. See British North Borneo
Company (BNBC)bomohs, 301Boonyaratkalin, Sonthi, 285–86Borneonization of Sabah civil service,
176Brahmins, 28–29, 38
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British colonial rulers, 31British India, Ahmadiyah’s origins
in, 223British North Borneo Company
(BNBC), 166BRN-C. See Barisan Revolusi
Nasional-Coordinate (BRN-C)Buddhism, 38, 125
in South Asia, 29bumiputra, 70, 140, 159, 165–66,
173–75, 177bumiputraism, 150bureaucratization of Islam, 105
CCarita Sultan Iskandar, 21, 23Catholic Filipinos, 315Central Java, 19Chakri dynasty, 30chauvinism, 369n1chauvinists, ethnic, 141children, Indonesia, 260
dignity of, 257immorality and safeguarding, 260Islamic discourses, 257moral protection, 262protection, 258, 262–63
Chinese communities, demographics of, 134
Chinese populations, 335, 355Chinese War, Islamizing trend in, 24Christian Filipinos, 316, 324, 331n2Christianity, Islam and, 343Chularatmontri, 291, 293citizenship, Islamization and, 160–65civilizational conflict, 344civil laws, 119, 125
civil definition of Malay-Muslim, 125
harmonization of, 117–18syariah and, 119
civil rights of Muslim citizen, 105civil society
Muslim, 345, 357organizations, 35
clash of civilization, 344Cobbold Commission, 168Colonialism, American. See American
colonialismcolonial rule in the Philippines,
316–21common penal code in Malaysia, 114Community Engagement Program
(CEP), 358community, Indonesia, 254, 257, 263Confederation of Muslim Graduates
of the Peninsula, 108conflict in Muslim stories/lives,
326–29confrontations. See violent
confrontationsconstitutional rights in Indonesia, 249contemporary Indonesia, 19, 34–38,
44n10aliran in, 265n7religion and politics in, 249, 253
Contract Act 1950, 118conversion law, 135Coordinating Board for Monitoring
Mystical Beliefs in Society, 221Crescent Star Party, 233cultural identity in Java, 22, 25culturalist approach in Muslims
9/11 and, 340–44impact of, 354mirror image of, 362pervasiveness of, 342traits of, 337–40
culture talk, 339
DDahlan, Kyai Haji Ahmad, 212n7
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380 Index
Dahm, Bernhard, 194dakwah, 27, 73, 78, 182n22, 227Daratista, Inul, 255Darul Arqam, 76–79, 82, 92n41, 110Darul Islam movement, 25Da’wa. See Tablighi Jama’at (TJ)DDII. See Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah
Indonesia (DDII)Defenders of Islam Command, 229de-Indianization of Malay culture,
139democracy, 286
criticisms of, 206definition, 206guided, 198, 205–6Islam and, 197–98, 211, 251Islamic, 206, 207of Malaysia, 115and Natsir, 206, 211religion and, 206Siamese, 284and social justice, 266n10and Sukarno, 211Western characteristics, 199wild or unfettered, 207without an opposition, 210
Democrat Party, 234, 281–82Department for the Development of
Syariah Judiciary in Malaysia, 111
Department of Home Affairs, 225Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia
(DDII), 25, 221–22, 225, 227, 240n8
Dewan Pertimbangan Presiden (DPP), 225
divine justice, 146–47Djamaluddin, Amin, 221–22, 226, 237,
240n10dual-jurisdiction system, 118Dusun Nyior clash, 283
Dutch colonial army, suicide attacks, 277
Dutch colonialism, 202PNI’s condemnation of, 193
Dutch colonialists, 277Dutch colonial rule, 277Dutch East India Company (VOC),
19–20alliance, 22attacking garrison, 24
Dutch-Indonesian relationship, challenges in, 204
EEastern democracy, 206. See also
Western democracyegalitarian marriages, 263Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, 252Election Commission of Thailand,
285electoral politics participation,
ThailandConstitutional Court for electoral
fraud, 286Malay-Muslim community, 284–86Malay-Muslim politicians, 281–82New Aspiration Party (NAP), 282People’s Power Party, 285Tak Bai massacre, 284Thaksin’s Thai Rak Thai (TRT),
283–85Wahdah members, 282
Embassy of Saudi Arabia, 222“endangered identity”, 159Engineer, Ali Asghar, 251English common law, 116–17ethnic chauvinists, 141ethnic consciousness in Malaysia,
135ethnic factor, 168ethnic groups, 335
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ethno-nationalistic urgency, 133extrajudicial killings in South
Thailand, 284extremism, 339, 359extremist Muslims
moderates vs., 344–46struggle with rationalist Muslims,
343
F“fantasized homogeneity”, 119Fatayat, 265n5
demonstrations, 258gender equality and Islamic
feminism, 251pornography debate in Indonesia,
255understandings of Islam, 251Wahhabism, 259for women, 250
Fatayat Nahdlatul Ulama, 248fatwa, 27, 81, 85, 119, 128n1, 221, 224,
228fatwa councils, ban of religious
practices of Muslims, 120–22fatwas, 221–22, 224Faza’il A’maal, 294, 309n74Federal Constitution, 126
Article 11 of, 180n1Article 11(1) of, 123Article 121(1A) of, 113, 129n4
federal law, 181n10Federal Reserve Units (FRU), 142–43,
148feminism, 314Feminist scholars, 248, 254, 256fiqh, 250–52“First Reaction to the President’s
Concept”, 206fitrah, 197force of law, 153
Forum Ulama Umat Indonesia (FUUI), 241n20
Forum Umat Islam (FUI), 225–26Forum Umat Ulama Islam (FUUI),
225FPI. See Front Pembela Islam (FPI);
Islamic Defenders Front (FPI)Franssen, Pieter, 20freedom of speech, 258Front of the Defenders of Islam, 225Front Pembela Islam (FPI), 35, 45n13,
225, 229FRU. See Federal Reserve Units
(FRU)FUI. See Forum Umat Islam (FUI)fundamentalist Muslims and
modernist Muslims, 343FUUI. See Forum Umat Ulama Islam
(FUUI)
Ggangsterism, 142Garcia Villa, Jose, 313Gasche, Rodolphe, 147gender, 262–64
equality and Islamic feminism, 254global discourses of, 251in Indonesian public debates,
254–55media discourses on, 254and religion, 253religious and secular discourses of,
248–49separation of, 252structure of society, 248
gender ideologies, 248, 262, 264nationalism and statemaking, 254symbolic boundaries of community,
254Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Patani
(GMIP), 280
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382 Index
Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza, 219, 222, 227, 235
Global Ikhwan, 83, 93n62globalization, 67, 265n4“glum Darussalam”, 285GMIP. See Gerakan Mujahidin Islam
Patani (GMIP)Goh Chok Tong, 337, 341, 369n6,
370n7, 370n8, 370n13Gonda, Jan, 28Guided Democracy, 198, 205–7“Guide for Tableegh Journey and Six
Points”, 294
HHadith, 219hajj
accounts of, 47, 50housewives on, 57journey, 7occupation, 56–57pilgrims, 48, 52–59sacred sites, 51–55and the self, 55–60
Hajji Ishok, 307n51hajj memoirs, 47–48
from pre-independence period, 48–51
Hang Tuah, 61“haram zone”, 52Harmonization of Civil Laws and
Syariah in 2007, 117, 129n5harmonization of civil legal and
syariah systems, 110, 116–18Hassan, Ahmad, 193
beliefs of, 213n11Hasyim, Wahid, 27, 36Hatta, Mohammad, 202, 203headscarves. See tudungHejaz
archipelago pilgrims, 50
holy sites of, 61Southeast Asian pilgrims in, 48
“heroines of Islam”, 58Herzog, Chaim, 341Hijaz, Wahhabi conquests of, 70“Hikajat Prang Sabi”, 277Hikayat Hang Tua, 49Hikayat Patani, 304n20Hikmat Allah Abadan, 304n12Hindraf. See Hindu Rights Action
Force (Hindraf)Hinduism, 38
in India, 28Tamil, 151, 154
Hindu lunisolar era, 20Hindu Rights Action Force
(HINDRAF), 8, 10, 135, 138–40, 151–52, 154n7
Ramaji, spiritual advisor to, 143–47Regu, leader and co-founder of,
140–43Hindus, marginalization of, 128n2Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, 34–35Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), 226Holy War, 18, 24, 219homogenization of Islam, 118–19
and ring-fencing, 105HTI. See Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia
(HTI)Hujjatul Islam, 89n15Human Rights
breach of regulations on, 225declaration, 226
human societies, religion functioning in, 39
IIbrahim, Khalid, 136Ida Leman, 58Identity, Malay. See Malay identityideologization of kebangsaan, 195
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Index 383
ihram, 53ijazah, 69ijtihad, 76, 343ijtimas in Thailand, 295Ilyas, Mawlana Muhammad, 296imam, 71IMM13 document, 175, 183n32Imtiyaz Yusuf, 303n8, 304n18India
Ahmadiyah populations in, 220Hinduism in, 28Tablighi Jama’at (TJ) in, 297–98
Indian Ocean, 49–50“Indian origin” theory, 87n5Indians, marginalization of, 142Indo-European kingship, 28Indonesia
Ahmadiyah’s history in, 220–21, 224
claim of religious freedom, 235–38communities in, 84constitution and laws, 236constitution of, 236contemporary, 19, 34–38, 44n10debates on public sphere, 253freedom of speech, 258future of, 254gender and religion, 253histories of, 19–26Islamic groups, 5–6Islamic organization in, 81Islam in, 5, 7–8, 191–92, 252Islamist parties in, 233Islamization in, 249marriage age in, 254, 263media, 253, 263moral debates in, 253–55mosques in, 356Muslim modernism, 252Muslims in, 195, 343nationalism, 201
nationalist and Islamic movements in, 199
political and religious elites in, 26–34
political decentralization, 249political party in, 44n4politics, 7–8, 10pornography debate in. See
pornography debate in Indonesia
process of redefinition, 254religion and politics in, 249–50religions in, 266n10religious freedom in, 228–29social and economic change in, 254social and political change in, 263stability and economic growth, 249traditional culture and fine arts,
257violence in, 249women’s rights proponents in, 258
Indonesian children, 260Indonesian Constitution, 225, 237,
239Indonesian Council of Ulamas, 256Indonesian Independence
Preparatory Committee, 202Indonesian Islamic Propagation
Council, 221–22Indonesian Mujahidin Council, 226Indonesian Muslim women activists,
248Indonesian National Party, 26, 192–93Indonesian Survey Institute, 232Indonesian Ulama Council, 36, 221Institute for the Study and Teaching
of Islam, 221Internal Security Act (ISA), 69, 127,
140International Crisis Group, 225, 280,
304n12
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384 Index
International Islamic University, 112, 129n5
Inter-Racial Confidence circles (IRCC), 357
interregional mobility, 67Iranian Muslim feminists, 254Iranian revolution, 32Iraq terrorist network, 342IRCC. See Inter-Racial Confidence
circles (IRCC)ISA. See Internal Security Act (ISA)Islam, 3, 212n3, 336
bureaucracy and legal institutions in, 8
bureaucratization of, 105and Christianity, 343in civil society, 259–60concept of Islamic statehood, 107culturalist approach in, 337, 339,
340custodians of, 124and democracy, 197–98, 211global resurgence of, 340, 346homogenization of, 105, 118–19ideologies of, 5, 262Indonesia, 5institutionalization of, 160legal-bureaucratic, Malaysia. See
legal-bureaucratic Islam in Malaysia
legal system in, 162Malaysia, 5moderate, promotion of, 358–60and nationalism, 195, 200–201and Natsir, 196, 198–201in Netherlands East Indies, 192pillars of, 219political commitment to, 163political dimension of, 6public role of, 160–61, 166, 173, 177,
179–80purification of, 266n9
and racism, 195radical political, 344religious belief, 348religious pluralism and tolerance
in, 10role in politics, 12Salafi-Wahhabi movement, 291Saudi Arabia and, 287and social movement activism, 253in Southeast Asia, 6Sufi variety of, 126and Sukarno, 193–94, 199, 211Syariah Court, 124Tablighi Jama’at (TJ), 296, 299teachings of, 348, 360theological interpretation of, 343traditional heterodox form of, 287UMNO, 104and United States, 341
“Islam Hadhari”, 163, 165, 180n7Islamic Advancement Department of
Malaysia, 73Islamic affirmation, 123Islamic and Martial Arts Association
of Singapore, 76Islamic Banking Act of 1983, 117–18Islamic bureaucracy, 128Islamic Centre, 111Islamic civilization, 165Islamic civil society, 109Islamic community, 27, 135Islamic conversion, 169Islamic Council(s), 307n56
of Pattani, 282of Songkhla province, 289
Islamic criminal code, 114Islamic Deep South of Thailand, 11Islamic Defenders Front (FPI), 256Islamic democracy, 206–7Islamic Development Bank (IDB),
90n21Islamic dress in schools, 353
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Index 385
Islamic economy, 117Islamic education, 74, 88n13, 289Islamic eschatology, 90n26Islamic family laws, 114–15Islamic favouritism, 229–33Islamic feminism, gender equality
and, 254Islamic hardliners, 141Islamic headscarf. See tudungIslamic institutions, 106
centralization of, 108, 111federal-level, 110–12proliferation and multiplication of,
110, 112–13Islamic jihadist groups, 249Islamic jurisprudence, 250, 252Islamic kingship, 18Islamic law, 8, 124, 126, 251, 254–56,
258, 261, 272Administration of Muslim Law
Enactment 1952, 114syariah institutions, 112
Islamic leadership, 173Islamic legal-bureaucracy, 105, 110
civil legal system with Syariah system, 116–18
federal-level Islamic institutions, 110–12
homogenizing Islam, 118–19laws under Syariah statutes, 113–16proliferation and multiplication of
Islamic institutions, 112–13ring-fencing the Muslim subject,
119–26Islamic missionary movement,
293–94Islamic moderation, 104
UMNO, 104Islamic modernism, 134Islamic modern, Michael Peletz’s
concept of, 104Islamic morality, 9–10
Islamic norms of modesty, 248Islamic orthodoxy, 10, 119Islamic principles, 163Islamic rebellion, 25Islamic reformers, 135Islamic Religious Council of
Singapore, 73Islamic religious laws, 105Islamic revivalism, 179, 182n22Islamic sects, 9, 119, 120–22
marginalization of, 12Islamic shari‘ah laws, 249, 258–59Islamic society, 248–49, 253, 265n2Islamic state, 209Islamic teachings, 119, 120–22Islamic women’s groups, 10Islamic youth movement, 103Islamist civil society groups, 218Islamist groups, 226Islamist Jama’at Islami, 297Islamist parties, Indonesia, 233Islamist political parties, 34Islamist politicians, 26Islamists’ zakat agenda, 38Islamization, 66–67, 110, 117, 125, 138,
176, 179of bureaucracy, 112and citizenship, 160–65conditions of, 166–68in Indonesia, 249of laws, 112legislative phase of, 125local leadership of, 168–72in Malaysia, 126, 139politics of, 159process of, 159of society, 292syariah Islamists, 109syariah legal system, 110UMNO’s legitimacy, 104
“Islam’s attitude toward Freethinking”, 194
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386 Index
JJabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia
(JAKIM), 111, 119, 129n7Jabatan Pembangunan Persekutuan
Sabah (JPPS), 171, 183n26Jakarta Charter, 26, 44n4
seven words of, 202, 207JAKIM. See Jabatan Kemajuan Islam
Malaysia (JAKIM)Jama’ah Ahmadiyah Indonesia, 220Jama’at Islami, 309n77Jamilm, Arifah, 328Japakiya, Ismail Lutfi, 288–89
Amir al-Haj, 291contemporary puritan movement,
288, 301Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), 292Kaum Muda reformists, 303puritan reformism in Thailand,
289Japanese Occupation, 202
in Malaya, 166, 176Java
cultural identity in, 22, 25monarchs, 18
Javanese calendrical system, change in, 20
Javanese historical traditions, 22Javanese kingship, 18, 21Javanism, 201Jawatankuasa Kemajuan dan
Keselamatan Kampung (JKKK), 171
Jawi community, 69Jeddah, 48, 51
airport in, 52, 59communication in, 52
Jemaah Islah Malaysia (JIM), 108Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), 241n27, 281,
292, 335, 341dangers of ideology, 361
parliamentary debate on arrests, 346
terrorists, 35jihad, 304n14
denunciation of, 219against Dutch, 277in South Thailand, 275, 281
JIM. See Jemaah Islah Malaysia (JIM)JKKK. See Jawatankuasa Kemajuan
dan Keselamatan Kampung (JKKK)
Joaquim, Nick, 324Joint Madrasah Scheme, 368Joint Resolution, 232“joint statements”, 233JPPS. See Jabatan Pembangunan
Persekutuan Sabah (JPPS)Jubaira, Ibrahim, 323–24, 331n2judicial partiality in Malaysia, 135–36Justice Prosperity Party, 248, 251
Kkadi (Islamic judges), 112–13kafirs, 22Kahn, Joel, 134Kalla, Jusuf, 231Kampung Dusun Nyior, 304n20Kampung Medan attacks of 2001, 138kaoem Muslimin, 212n8karamah, 71kebangsaan. See nationalismKelantan, 114
syariah laws in, 115Kemal, Mustafa, 196–98kenduri, 288, 307n53kerajaan, 50khalifah, 69, 73, 77Khamanei, Ali, 32khanqahs, 69Khomeini, Ayatollah, 32, 39khuruj, 294–95, 301
14EncounteringIslam.indd386 10/11/123:34:55PM
Index 387
Tablighis, 297Thai army soldiers, 297
Kingdom of Patani, 271–72, 277King Mongkut, 30King Rama I, 30Kitab Usulbiyah, 21, 23konsepsi, 206, 210Korean War, 25Krue Se incident
sociological perspective on, 277–78violent events, 275
Ksatriyas, 28–29, 38KTHCF. See Kudat Thean Hou
Charitable Foundation (KTHCF)Kudat Thean Hou Charitable
Foundation (KTHCF), 184n41kwaampenthai, 303n5kyai, 21–22, 35
Llabour migration, 160, 163Lahore Ahmadiyah Movement, 219Laskar Komando Islam, 229Lee Kuan Yew, 340, 343, 345, 352, 355,
369n5legal-bureaucratic Islam in Malaysia
expansion, elevation and empowerment of, 110–18
homogenization, 105, 118–19political islam and state-society
relations, 105–10ring-fencing Muslim subject,
119–26legal recognition for Ahmadiyah, 218Legge, John, 210Lembaga Dakwah Islam Indonesia,
35Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengkajian
Islam (LPPI), 221–22, 225Lewis, Bernard, 370n10Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, 144
lifestyle, Islamic identity and, 347Lord’s Resistance Army in northern
Uganda, 276–77Lubis, Sobri, 269Lutfi Japakiya, Ismail, 301, 308n60,
308n64, 308n65Lutfi’s movement, 289
MMadale, Abdullah T., 316madhahib, 307n54madrasa
and 9/11, 366and compulsory education, 367development of, 366–68part-time, 364
Madrasah Al-Ma’arif, 75–76, 90n22Mahathir, Mohamad, 162, 163, 170Mahdi, 219Mahendra, Yusril Ihza, 232Mahfudh, Sahal, 235Majelis Mujaheedin Indonesia (MMI),
34, 226, 241n27Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI),
36–37, 221, 226–27, 240n5, 256campaign, 225executives, 224fatwa, 235, 256
Majlis Ugama Islam Sabah (MUIS), 169
Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS), 73, 81, 351–52, 357, 360
Majul, Cesar, 316, 326Malacca, Islam in, 68Malaya
Japanese Occupation in, 166, 176non-Muslim communities in, 160traditional customs in, 160
Malayanization of Sabah civil service, 176
Malay-based opposition party, 348
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388 Index
Malay community, 135, 271, 336, 340, 344
characterizing, 342elite, 358
Malay cultureaspects of, 135de-Indianization of, 139
Malay identity, 133–34, 150, 178aspects of, 135and culture, Islam’s impact on, 336intractable hold of, 137
Malay-Islamic nationalism, 151Malay leadership, 348Malay loyalty, 340
debates concerning, 341Malay Muslim, 340Malay-Muslim community, 278–79,
281, 286electoral politics participation,
Thailand, 284–85madrasa education, 373n31
Malay-Muslim constituency, 104Malay-Muslim culture, 290Malay-Muslim politicians in South
Thailand, 281, 286Malay-Muslim separatists, 281Malay Muslims in South Thailand
abolition of shari’a law, 272Al-Furqan mosque, 279aspirations of, 283assimilationist policies, 272identity of, 272–73political participation and
accommodation, 281–92population of, 287, 289puritan Islamic reformist
movement. See puritan Islamic reformist movement
in Siam, 272struggle for independence, 274–75Tablighi Jama’at, 293–99Thai-Buddhist dominance, 281
TRT, 283violent confrontations, 274–81
Malay protesters, 136Malay schism, 107Malaysia
Aurad Muhammadiah congregation in, 77–84
citizens in, 163common penal code in, 114constitutional monarchs of, 111Darul Arqam controversy in, 76democracy, 108demolition of temple in, 1422008 election campaign, 127ethnic consciousness in, 135ethnic group in, 161fatwa councils of, 120–22Hindu tamils in, 8Hindu temples in, 135, 137Islam, 5Islamic bands in, 86Islamic bureaucracy, 128Islamic groups, 5–6, 108as Islamic state, 163Islamization, 126, 139, 159judicial partiality in, 135–36lawmaking institutions in, 111legal-bureaucratic Islam in. See
legal-bureaucratic Islam in Malaysia
Muslims in, 182n22, 343non-Muslims in, 135, 160political equality in, 180political struggles, 106politics development in, 134politics in, 160public caning in, 115racialism in, 150racialized thinking and
identification in, 153religio-cultural identity, 109religious conversion in, 125
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Index 389
religious group in, 161revenues of, 168secular state in, 161–62, 178self-rationalization in, 134socio-economic reality in, 153state governments in, 85syariah system in, 116Tamils in. See Tamils in Malaysiatransformation of land usage in, 133urban development in, 134
Malaysian common law, 117Malaysian Constitution, 160, 165Malaysian developmentalism, goal of,
133–34Malaysian Federation, 164, 166–67,
173, 179Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC),
138, 148–49Malaysian National Fatwa Council,
129Malaysian society
Muslim citizens in, 162non-Muslim citizens in, 162
Malaysian syariah laws, 115Malay supernaturalism, 287Malay Tamil, demographics of, 134Malay University Leader, 147–52Mannheim, Karl, 363Marcos, Ferdinand, 326marginalization
Hinduism, 148of Indians, 142political Islam, 106
ma’rifah, 87n3“Mari Pertahankan Indonesia Kita”,
242n34marriage of convenience, 301martial law, 286, 321
in Thailand, 272Marxist theory, 309n81Masroor Ahmad, Mirza, 219Masyumi party, 25, 27, 35, 220, 240n8
Mathuphum, 300, 306n42Maududi, Abul A’la, 25, 67Maulid, 89n19Maulid an-Nabi, 288Mawdudi, Abul A’la, 25“May 1969 racial riots”, 107Mecca, 7, 48, 52
ban for visiting, 219Hang Tuah pilgrimage to, 49Jawi community in, 88n10pilgrims, 53, 69religious studies in, 71
Media Dakwah journal, 222media in Indonesia, 253–54Medina, 7, 48, 54
Prophet’s mosque in, 89n19MENDAKI, 372n23mengacak-acak, 237“men of prayer”, 17–18, 25Mernissi, Fatima, 251MIC. See Malaysian Indian Congress
(MIC)Michael Peletz’s concept of “Islamic
modern”, 104militant groups, 301militant violence, 299–300Mina, 48
stone pillars in, 54Mindanao, violence in, 328Minister-in-Charge of Muslim Affairs,
357–58Ministry of Home Affairs, 232Ministry of Religion, 227, 232Ministry of Religious Affairs, 36minority fikh, 362, 366minority Muslims, 363moderate Islam, promotion of,
358–60moderates vs. extremists, 344–46modernism, Islamic, 134modernist Muslims and
fundamentalist Muslims, 343
14EncounteringIslam.indd389 10/11/123:34:56PM
390 Index
modernity, 51modernization, benefits of, 85modesty
concept of, 263Islamic ethic of, 263
Mohamad, Mahathir, 133–34Mojares, Resil, 321monarchs of Java, 18morality in Indonesia, 253–55, 260,
262–64pornography debate in Indonesia.
See pornography debate in Indonesia
public regulation of, 262state regulation of, 264
morality laws, 258–59Mosque Building Fund, 355, 368mosques
Ahmadiyah, 232impact of, 355–56and interfaith dialogue, 363–64
Mubarok Ahmad, Mirza, 240n4mufti, 105, 112Muhammadan Marriage Ordinance
1946, 114Muhammadiyah, 34, 196, 201, 220,
235, 238, 240n3, 250, 252Muhammadiyah National Congress,
220MUI. See Majelis Ulama Indonesia
(MUI)MUIS. See Majlis Ugama Islam
Singapura (MUIS)mujaddid, 83multiracial principles, 169musharakah, 117Muslim Ahmadiyah Community, 220Muslim citizen, civil rights of, 105Muslim civil society, 357Muslim community, 11, 224, 238, 336,
344characterizing, 342
cultural identifier of, 338impact on, 358–64impact on remedies, 344–46leaders, 340tudung issue in, 347–55
Muslim conversion, 123Muslim Court (Criminal Jurisdiction)
Act 1965, 113Muslim Courts (Criminal
Jurisdiction) Act 1984, 113Muslim elite, members of, 358Muslim Filipinos, 314, 316–17, 329–30,
331n2English-language educated, 314–15to publish magazine in Philippines,
321Muslim girls, issue of headscarves,
347Muslim identity, self-conscious,
development of, 316Muslim immigrants, 9Muslim Lawyer’s Association, 108Muslim leaders, 168–69Muslim lives, conflict and violence in,
326–29Muslim minorities, 10–11
Singapore, 11–12Muslim modernism, 252Muslim movement, 201Muslim nation, 209Muslim organizations, 196, 218–19
Indonesia’s, 220, 222with pluralist credentials, 239ulama from, 221
Muslim population in Southeast Asia, 5
Muslim Professional Forum, 108Muslim Religious Council of
Singapore (MUIS), 351, 363Singapore Muslim identity project,
364–66Muslims, 9
14EncounteringIslam.indd390 10/11/123:34:56PM
Index 391
mainstream, 219, 229pro-pluralist, 237proportion of, 177religious practices of, 120–22social behaviour of, 12Syariah Court, 109
Muslim separatists and the Philippines Government, 319
Muslims in the Philippines, 11American colonialism, 316–17, 320brutal military campaign, 317conflict and violence in Muslim
stories/lives, 326–29emergent national cultural form,
321–26languages of, 314–15political integration of, 317schooling, language and
negotiations of culture, 316–21short story writers, formation of,
316–21Muslims in Singapore, 336
culturalist approach in, 337, 339leadership, 348and non-Muslims, 338religious belief of, 340–41restrictions, 346terrorist ideology, 345
Muslims’ religiosity, 346–47impact of mosques, 355–56tudung issue, 347–55
Muslims’ sympathy, 341Muslim stories, conflict and violence
in, 326–29Muslim traders, 68Muslim women activists, 247–64
and pornography debate in Indonesia. See pornography debate in Indonesia
Muslim writers, 314, 321–22Muslim Youth Movement, 352Mustafa, Noralyn, 319, 322–23
Muzadi, Hasyim, 234anti-pornography movement, 256
mysticism, 301
NNahdlatul Ulama (NU), 10, 81, 238,
250, 265n7anti-pornography movement, 256central leadership of, 234–35East Java branch of, 235fifth National Congress in
Pekalongan, 220gender equality, 252general liberalization of, 251kyai of, 34, 36religious elite of, 27Wahhabism, 259
NAP. See New Aspiration Party (NAP)
nasionalisme, 195National Day Rally Speech, 343, 346National Economic Policy (NEP), 79National Fatwa Council (NFC), 73nationalism
Islam and, 195, 200–201Malay-Islamic, 151Natsir and, 193, 195and religion, 200of Sukarno, 193
Nationalist Party, 26National Land Code 1965, 118National Reconciliation Commission,
278National Registration Identity Card
(NRIC), 125national schools, tudung issue in, 353Natsir, 9, 10, 25, 35. See also Sukarno
arguments with Kemal, 198beliefs of, 213n11and characteristics of Western
democracy, 199and democracy, 206, 211
14EncounteringIslam.indd391 10/11/123:34:56PM
392 Index
ideologization of kebangsaan, 195imprisonment, 210and Islam, 196, 198–201, 211kaoem Muslimin, 212n8oemmat, 212n8opposing Western democracy, 199and Pancasila, 207–8recognizing and criticizing
Sukarno, 199speech to Constituent Assembly,
207–8and Sukarno, 192, 197–99, 203–5,
209–11Western classical education,
199–200NEP. See New Economic Policy (NEP)New Aspiration Party (NAP), 282New Economic Policy (NEP), 107, 164Ninth Buddhist Council, 30non-Malays, 134non-Muslim leaders, 183n24non-Muslims, 35, 37
in enhancing social cohesion, 357in Malaysia, 135Muslims and, 338
non-Muslim vote bank, 127non-state Islamism, 86n1Nor Matta, Wan Muhammad, 283“no-tudung” policy, 350
in schools, 354NRIC. See National Registration
Identity Card (NRIC)NU. See Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)Nusantara, 67
OObama, Barack, 43“Obituary for Today” story (Mustafa),
322objet petit a, 137oemmat, 212n8
OIC. See Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)
Orang Asli, 154n3Orang Asli communities, 137Organisations in Defence of Islam,
128n3Organization of the Islamic
Conference (OIC), 223–24, 240n12
orientalism, salient traits of, 339ormas, 232orthodoxy, 42orthopraxy, 42Ottoman Turkey, 49
PPadang Jawa
demolition of temple in, 142, 145temple, reconstitution of, 152
Pakistan, Ahmadiyah populations in, 220
Paknam crisis, 309n82Pakubuwana II, 18, 22–24, 38Pakubuwana, Ratu, 18, 22–23Pancasila, 201–2, 207–8, 235–36, 238Pandji Islam (Natsir), 194, 196–97Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan
Indonesia (PPKI). See Indonesian Independence Preparatory Committee
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party. See Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS)
pan-Muslim identity, 316Partai Bulan Bintang (PBB), 233Partai Demokrat, 34Partai Keadilan (PK), 226Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS),
34–35, 226, 233, 248, 265n5aliran, 253democratic rights of provinces, 261electoral democracy, 252
14EncounteringIslam.indd392 10/11/123:34:56PM
Index 393
moral behaviour, 261national votes in elections, 251politics, 261pornography, 255–56religion, 253, 261women’s support for pornography,
259–60Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB), 36Partai Kebangkitan Nasional Ulama,
36Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI). See
Indonesian National PartyPartai Persatuan Pembangunan
(PPP), 34Partai Persaturan Pembangunan
(PPP), 233–34Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia, 201Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS), 170Parti Bulan Bintang (PBB), 34Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS), 103,
130nIslamic bureaucracy, 128Islamization of Malaysia, 127–28Malay nationalism, 106
Parti Islam SeMalaysia’s (PAS), 352Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR), 136PAS. See Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS)Pasundan movement, 201Patani Darussalam, 309n70Patani Kingdom, 271–72Patani United Liberation
Organization (PULO), 280PBB. See Parti Bulan Bintang (PBB)PBS. See Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS)Pembela Islam (Natsir), 195Penang Syariah Appeals Court, 125Pencak Sunda, 73, 76–77Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan atau
Penodaan Agama, 221People’s Consultative Assembly
(MPR), 35
peranakan, 139PERGAS, 348, 351PERIPENSIS. See Persatuan Islam
dan Pencak Silat Singapura (PERIPENSIS)
Permi party, 200Persatuan Islam, 192, 195Persatuan Islam dan Pencak Silat
Singapura (PERIPENSIS), 76, 81, 84
Persatuan Islam organization, 25Persatuan Umat Islam (PUI), 235pesantrens, 69Phak Palang Prachachon (PPP), 285Phibun regime, 303n5Phibunsongkhram, Plaek, 272Philippines
American colonialism in, 316–17, 320
English-language magazines established in, 321
Muslims in. See Muslims in the Philippines
vernacular narrative traditions in, 313
Philippines Free Press, 321, 323–24pilgrimage
to Medina, 54memoirs of, 50notion of place (topos) in, 48occupation of, 56Southeast Asian memoirs of, 55
pilgrims, hajj, 48, 52–59Pitsuwan, Surin, 305n32PKB. See Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa
(PKB)PKR. See Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR)PKS. See Partai Keadilan Sejahtera
(PKS)plain of Arafat, 48, 53Playboy magazine, 256
14EncounteringIslam.indd393 10/11/123:34:57PM
394 Index
pluralism, 251political authority, 39
in precolonial Java, 24primacy of, 31
political elite, 18, 26, 38, 40comparative primacy of, 41conflict or challenge, 42problem with religious agendas, 43
“political game”, 80political integration of Muslims, 317political Islam, 105–6
centralization, 108–9contestation, 106–8expansion, 109–10impact of, 357marginalization, 106radical, 344
politicsof Indonesia, 263religion and, 6role of Islam in, 9
pondok, 69, 71, 88n13, 307n55pornography debate in Indonesia, 247
context and research methods, 249–53
moral debates, gender and nation, 253–55
religion, gender and morality, 262–64
rights and freedoms, 248women activists and moral
debates, 255–62PPP. See Partai Persatuan
Pembangunan (PPP); Phak Palang Prachachon (PPP)
Prachatham, 307n48pre-Obama Democratic Party, 282Presidential Advisory Council, 225Presidential Resolution, 232Prevention of Misuse or Desecration
of Religion, Law No. 1/PNPS/1965 on, 221, 237
print capitalism, 56, 61Prophet Muhammad, 194
and Allah, 224, 227biography of, 74
Prosperous Justice Party, 10, 248, 251Protestants, 39psychological defences against
terrorism, 357public caning, 115PULO. See Patani United Liberation
Organization (PULO)puritan Islamic reformist movement
cooperation with Thai Government, 291–92
educational and religious structures, 289
kenduri, 288Maulid an-Nabi, 288Salafi characteristics, 289Thai preference for, 292–93traditional heterodox form of
Islam, 287puritan reformist movement, 297,
301puritan reformists, 302pusaka, 20Putrajaya, developments of, 133–34
QQadiyaniah, 218, 223Qardhawi, Sheikh Yusof, 366Qur’an, 222, 237, 252, 261, 265n3, 288
Ahmadiyah teachings based on, 219
Rracialism in Malaysia, 150racism, Islam and, 195radicalism, 364, 366
problem of, 343–44, 359radical political Islam, 344Ramadan, 305n21
14EncounteringIslam.indd394 10/11/123:34:57PM
Index 395
Ramaji, spiritual advisor to Hindraf, 143–47
Rancangan Undang-Undang (RUU) Pornografi, 247
liberalized version of, 257Rasadorn (People) party, 286Rashtriya Swamysevak Sangh (RSS),
145rationalist Muslims and extremist
Muslims, 343Razak, Najib, 141, 163rebellion, 20
Islamic, 25Red Shirts, 310n83Regent of Bandung, 51regional autonomy of Indonesia, 249Regu, leader and co-founder to
Hindraf, 140–43Relative Deprivation Theory, 280,
305n25religion, 3, 39, 262–64
arguments in favour of, 208concept of, 4and democracy, 206dispute in, 42functions in human societies, 39gender and, 253nationalism and, 200and politics, 6, 192pornography debate in Indonesia.
See pornography debate in Indonesia
relationship between state and, 196role of, 192, 197and secularism, 4
religion conversion in Malaysia, 125religious activists, 19religious authority, 19, 24religious classes, part-time, 364religious diversity, 254religious education, 71religious elite, 18, 25
authority of, 41claims, 43definitions, 26disputation among contending, 42general pattern of, 38–39in Indonesia, 26–34, 38Muslim community impact,
360–63Shi‘ite, 33
religious freedomfor Ahmadiyah, 218claim of, 235–38in Indonesia, 218, 230
religious hegemony, 254religious orthodoxy, 33religious pluralism, 9
in Indonesia, 10Religious Rehabilitation Group
(RRG), 361–62religious schools, 88n13, 366–368religious teachers, accreditation of,
360–61reverse patrimony, 151Reynolds, Craig, 30Rida, Rashid, 200Ridwan, Kholil, 226ring-fencing
homogenization and, 105Muslim subject, 119, 122–26
Risalah, 365, 366Risalah for Building a Singapore
Muslim Community of Excellence (2006), 365
Rizieq Shabib, Habib, 229Roman Catholic Church, 45n15Round Table Conference 1949, 204RRG. See Religious Rehabilitation
Group (RRG)RSS. See Rashtriya Swamysevak
SanghRufaqa’ Corporation, 77, 81ruling elite, 28, 300
14EncounteringIslam.indd395 10/11/123:34:57PM
396 Index
SSabah
authorities in, 166Chief Ministers of, 164, 168Chinese immigrants to, 169conditions of Islamization in,
166–68education in, 166ethnic and religious constitution
of, 9ethnic composition in, 173–74ethnicity by, 172ethnic state of, 180High Courts in, 162illegal immigrants in, 173–76indigenous people in, 165Islamic leadership in, 170Islamization in, 159, 166–68Malaysian administrations in, 177non-Muslim communities in, 168policies in, 169politics in, 159, 171population in, 173remote villages in, 169two-year rotation system of, 171–73
Sabah politics, federalization of, 172–78
Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP), 176Salafi, 308n60Salafism, 87n4Salafi-Wahhabi movement, 291sangha
reformation of, 29religious objectives of, 31
SarawakHigh Courts in, 162indigenous people in, 165non-Muslim communities in, 168
Sarekat Islam, 196Saudi Arabia, 287
ban of Ahmadiyah in, 220Saudi purification movement, 259
Sayyid, Ayatollah, 32Second Malaysian Plan (1971), 91n30secular bureaucracy, role of, 125secularism, 158–59, 180, 208
religion and, 4secular law, 265n3secular state, 158, 163
principle of neutrality in, 161Selangor
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment 1952, 114
syariah laws in, 115self-rationalization in Malaysia, 134self-validation Appiah, 31411 September (9/11), 335–36, 346,
356–57culturalist approach, 337–44
Serat Yusuf, 21, 23sesat, 220shahadah, 227Shah Alam
developments of, 133Hindu temples in, 137, 142land use patterns in, 135
Selangor State Government Secretariat in, 136
Shah Sibghat Allah, 31, 39Shariah Court in Singapore, 76, 89n16shari‘ah law, 19, 26, 249, 265n3Sheykh ul-Islam, 291Shi‘ite group, 31, 33Shi‘ite Sacred Law, 33Shinawatra, Thaksin, 280, 283, 300
People’s Power Party, 285Tak Bai massacre, 279, 284
short story writers, formation of, 316–21
Siamese democracy, 284Siamization, 282–83Singapore
Arab Muslims in, 88n11attack by Muslim aggressor, 340
14EncounteringIslam.indd396 10/11/123:34:57PM
Index 397
Aurad Muhammadiah congregation in, 74–77
British colonial rule in, 369n1Chinese population from, 167ethnic relations, 335federal-state relations in, 168Islamic education in, 75Muslim minorities, 11–12political harassment in, 74Rufaqa’ Corporation in, 77, 81Shariah Court in, 76, 89n16tudung, 370n15, 370n17, 370n18,
370n19, 370n20Singaporean Muslims
conflicts for, 341minority community, 364religiosity of, 346–56sentiments of, 342
Singapore Government, 352Singapore Malay National
Organisation, 348Singapore Muslim identity project,
364–66Singapore Religious Teachers’
Association, 348, 351SKB. See Surat Keputusan Bersama
(SKB)SKP. See Surat Keputusan Presiden
(SKP)slametan, 307n53social cohesion, 356–58social contract, 163, 178social defences against terrorism, 357Socialist Party, 25–26social order, 86n1socio-economic reality in Malaysia, 153Soeharto, 191–92, 247, 249, 251
pornography debate, 250Soon Singh A/L Bikar Singh V
Pertubuhan Kebajikan Islam Malaysia (PERKIM) Kedah & Anor (1999), 123
South AsiaBrahmin in, 29Buddhism in, 29
Southeast AsiaBrahmin in, 29diffusion of Aurad Muhammadiah
in, 70–74Islam in, 6, 66–68Muslim population, 5profile of, 66prominence of Islam, 5religion and politics, 4, 12Sufi orders in, 68transnational Sufism in, 67–70
Southeast Asianhajj, 48–49, 60Muslims, 50, 56pilgrims, 48
Southeast Asian Islam, 67–70south of Thailand
assimilation policies, 272constitutional set-up of, 280cultural assimilation, 272foreign jihadi groups, 281Malay Muslims. See Malay
Muslims in South Thailandmartial law in, 2721988 parliamentary elections, 282political participation and
accommodation, 281–82separatist groups, 272suicidal mission, 277TJ. See Tablighi Jama’at (TJ)
South Sumatra, ban of Ahmadiyah in, 233, 243n54
Special Assistance Plan (SAP) schools, 353–54
“Spirits in the Box” story (Sadain), 326
state authority, 19, 24state-controlling elites, 17–18, 39, 40
authority of, 41
14EncounteringIslam.indd397 10/11/123:34:57PM
398 Index
state elitecomparative primacy of, 41general pattern of, 38–39and religious elite, 27–28
state-society relations, 105–6centralization, 108–9contestation, 106–8expansion, 109–10marginalization, 106
statist Islam, 104, 108–9Sufi movements, 7Sufi practices, 276Sufism, 21, 67, 85, 87n3, 90n26, 126
influence of, 87n4Suhaimi, Muhammad Fadhlullah,
74–75Suhaimi, Muhammad Taha, 76–77, 81,
89n16, 90n24Suhaimi, Sheikh, 70–78, 80, 86, 88n11,
89n19suicide attacks in Aceh, 277Sukarno, 9–10
arrest of, 193and characteristics of Western
democracy, 199and democracy, 211Five Principles/Pancasila of, 201–2,
207–8Guided Democracy, 198, 205–7idealization of Kemal’s rule, 197and Islam, 193–94, 199, 211and Natsir, 192, 197–99, 203–5,
209–11opposing Western democracy, 199separation of religion, 196
Sukarno’s National Party (PNI), 193Sulong, Haji, 283Sultan Agung of Mataram, 18–19sultanate of Patani, 303n3Sultan Ibrahim II, 31Sulu Islands, violence in, 328Suluk Garwa Kencana, 21, 23
Sunan Bayat, 21Sundanese account, 56Sunnah, 265n3Sunnah Wal Jammah, 119, 126Sunni Islam, 119, 126Surat Keputusan Bersama (SKB), 232
government’s critics of, 233government’s decree, 232, 237,
239Surat Keputusan Presiden (SKP), 232Susuhunan, 22Syaikh Daud, 49Syamsuddin, Din, 235Syariah and Civil Technical
Committee, 112Syariah Court, 8, 110, 112–13, 166
“cautious” tolerance, 126elevation of, 113institution-building process, 113Islamic banking and finance, 117Islamic religious laws, 105jurisdiction of, 123–24legal institution for Muslims, 109levels, 112–13procedures, 114public caning, 115punishments, 113strengthening of, 109
syariah crimes, laws on, 114–16syariah criminal enactments, 115–16Syariah Criminal Offence Enactment
(Takzir), 124Section 25 of, 129n12
syariah judicial process, 111syariah laws, 105, 112, 119
in Kelantan, 115in Selangor, 115
syariah legal system, 110–11syariah legislations, 114Syariah Lower Court, 112–13syariah system in Malaysia, 116“system of symbols”, 4
14EncounteringIslam.indd398 10/11/123:34:58PM
Index 399
TTablighi Jama’at (TJ), 11, 279, 293,
301–2administration of, 298followers from Pakistan and China,
295in India, 297–98Islam, 296, 299khuruj, 294Malay Muslims, 296organizational structure of, 298puritan reformist movement, 299in South Thailand, 296Thai Government, 296–97violence in South Thailand, 296
Tadzkirah, 222, 227Tahlil, 89n18Tahrir, Hizbut, 226Takaful (Islamic Insurance) Act of
1985, 118Tak Bai massacre, 11, 278–79
Chulanont, Surayud, 285Thaksin’s credibility, 284
Tale of Hang Tuah, 49Tamil community, 8–9Tamil folklore, 151Tamil Hinduism, 151, 154Tamil protesters, 143Tamils in Malaysia
Batu Caves temple, 142–43demolition of temple in Shah Alam,
142, 145economic marginalization of, 135Hindraf, 138–40“Makkal Sakti” campaign, 142–43,
145Ramaji, spiritual advisor to
Hindraf, 143–47Regu, leader and co-founder to
Hindraf, 140–43tariqahs, 69, 71, 85teachings of Islam, 348, 360
“Termites” story (Mustafa), 323terrorism, 339
and radicalism, 343social and psychological defences
against, 357terrorist organizations, 35terrorist violence in Thailand, 11Thahir Ahmad, Mirza, 224Thai Buddhist legal system, 272Thai Buddhists, 279
police arrest, 279Thai-Buddhist state, Malay Muslims
and. See Malay Muslims in South Thailand
ThailandBali bombings, 292electoral politics participation. See
electoral politics participation, Thailand
ijtimas in, 295Malay-Muslim politicians in, 281martial law in, 272Muslim students, 2921988 parliamentary elections, 282puritan Islamic reformist
movement. See puritan Islamic reformist movement
puritan reformism in, 289south of. See south of Thailandterrorist violence and separatist
ambitions, 11Theravada Buddhism in, 30
Thai Muslims, 11politico-religious influences on,
273Thai parliament, 283Thai police, 278–79Thai political system, 281Thai politics
Democrat Party, 282by Malay-Muslim politicians, 2811988 parliamentary elections, 282
14EncounteringIslam.indd399 10/11/123:34:58PM
400 Index
Thai security forces, 275–76, 279Thai security services, 292Thaksin’s Thai Rak Thai (TRT), 283,
285–86anti-Thaksin coup, 285
Theravada Buddhism in Thailand, 30
Third Javanese War of Succession, 24
Threat of Terrorism, parliamentary debate on, 346
Tiamson, Alfredo T., 325TJ. See Tablighi Jama’at (TJ)Tohmeena, Den, 283tok guru, 307n55“Toleransi Sosial Masyarakat
Perkotaan” survey, 243n48“tomboys”, 129n11Toqueville, Alexis de, 39traditional culture of Indonesia, 257Transnational Sufism, overview of,
67–70tudung, 347, 370n15, 370n17, 370n18,
370n19, 370n20ban on, 353in school, 349–50, 353theological opinions on, 351
Tuhfat al-Nafi, 50Tukku Paloh, 69Twenty Points agreement, 170
Uulama, 19, 21, 25, 35, 69, 76, 277, 296,
307n54MUI and, 37from Muslim organizations, 221politics, 34religious elite of NU, 27
umma, 341, 342ummah, 66
concept of, 86n2
United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), 79, 103, 136, 142, 144, 165, 171, 173, 175, 179
institutionalization of Islam by, 126
Islamic moderation, 104lawmaking and policymaking, 104legitimacy, 104state promotion of Islam by, 110statist Islam, 108
United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organization (UPKO), 177
United Sabah Islam Association (USIA), 169
United Sabah National Organization (USNO), 168–69, 173
United states, 11 September (9/11), 335–36, 346, 356–57
Unity Development Party, 233UPKO. See United Pasokmomogun
Kadazandusun Murut Organization (UPKO)
USIA. See United Sabah Islam Association (USIA)
USNO. See United Sabah National Organization (USNO)
Vvan Goens, Rijklof, 22Vejjajiva, Abhisit, 286Verelendung, 300, 309n81Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations, 304n13violence
in Indonesia, 249, 257on Islam, 339in Muslim stories/lives, 326–29
violence in South Thailand, 292economic situation, 280escalation in 2004, 292, 294
14EncounteringIslam.indd400 10/11/123:34:58PM
Index 401
Malay-Muslim struggle, 274security forces, 278Tablighi Jama’at (TJ), 296
violent confrontations in South Thailand
Al Furqan incident, 279–81extrajudicial killings, 274Krue Se incident, 275–78Malay Muslims and Thai-Buddhist
state, 275Narathiwat province, 274separatist groups, 274Tak Bai incident, 278–79
violent jihadi movements, 275Vishnu Hindu Parishad, 145
WWahab, Ahmad, 287Wahdah, 300, 305n30Wahdah, Thai politics
New Aspiration Party (NAP), 282–83
separatism, 284Tak Bai massacre, 300TRT, 285
“Wahhabi”, 87n4Wahhabi-Salafi, 67, 80, 84–85Wahhabism, 87n4, 259, 266, 308n60Wahid, Abdurrahman, 224–25, 258Wahid, Hidayat Nur, 35Wahid Institute, 236, 239n1, 242n35,
242n41, 243n52Wali Songo, 68Wan Nor, 300, 306n35, 306n37
Western Christian societies, 28Western democracy, 206West Irian, 204–5Wirjosandjojo, Sukiman, 26women activists, pornography bill in
Indonesiaaurat, 256debates in parliament, 255demonstrations, 255–56Internet, 255in Muslim political parties, 257–58public outcry, 256
women’s rights in Indonesia, 251–52, 257–58, 263
individual freedom and, 262Wood, Leonard, 317World Mosque Council, 223
YYala Islamic University, 289–91Yellow Shirts, 310n83Yeo, George, 343Yeong Yoon Ying, 372n31yoga, ban of, 126, 129n11Yogyakarta, 220Yongchaiyudh, Chavalit, 282Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 34, 37,
40, 218, 224–25, 238Yusuf, Mawlana Muhammad, 296
Zza‘im, 27zakat, 197zuama, 25, 27, 43
14EncounteringIslam.indd401 10/11/123:34:58PM