ENCI 5791 Asphalt Binders. ENCI 5792 Introduction Terminology / Uses Sources / Manufacturing...
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Transcript of ENCI 5791 Asphalt Binders. ENCI 5792 Introduction Terminology / Uses Sources / Manufacturing...
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ENCI 579 1
Asphalt Binders
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ENCI 579 2
Introduction
• Terminology / Uses• Sources / Manufacturing • Composition / Product Types• Temperature Susceptibility• Specifications / Testing• Modifiers / Additives
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ENCI 579 3
Terminology• Asphalt/Bitumen
– A mixture of heavy carbon-based compounds containing a high percentage of multiple-ring aromatics, many involving sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen atoms
– hydrocarbons soluble in CS2
– Brown-Black semi-solid material which is solid at room temp but softens and flows when heated
– Asphalt Cement - binder - oil
• Asphalt Concrete - Pavement– Asphalt Cement plus Aggregate
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ENCI 579 4
Asphalt Uses
• Paving Material
• Preservative / Protection
• Waterproofing / Roofing
• Insulator / Adhesive / Lubricant
• Industrial & Building Material
• Fuel oil - Bunker, LIFO, MIFO
• Conversion Feedstock– produce lighter petroleum products - gasoline, diesel etc
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ENCI 579 5
Asphalt Uses
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ENCI 579 6
Asphalt Uses
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ENCI 579 7
Asphalt Uses
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ENCI 579 8
Asphalt Uses
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ENCI 579 9
Asphalt Uses
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ENCI 579 10
Asphalt Uses
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ENCI 579 11
Asphalt Sources• Native or Natural Asphalts
– bitumens with inorganic impurities• Trinidad lake has 25-50% insolubles
– Asphaltites - no impurities, high asphaltene content• Gilsonite - Eastern Utah
– Rock Asphalts -- asphalt in rock• impregnated sandstones - Oklahoma
• tar sands - Alberta
• oil shales - Colorado
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ENCI 579 12
Asphalt Sources
• Tars - distillation of coal– Pitch is distillation residue of tar
• Petroleum asphalts from crude oil
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ENCI 579 13
Manufacturing
• Asphalts produced from crude oil• Crude Oil Taxonomy - 18 Classes
– Light, Intermediate, heavy
– Sweet, Intermediate, Sour
– Paraffinic, Napthenic
• Best crudes for paving asphalts are heavy napthenic crudes
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ENCI 579 14
Crude Oil• Crude oil is found as a natural deposit on the
earth’s surface or buried up to 18,000 ft deep• First oil wells were drilled in China in 347 AD
using bits attached to bamboo poles and achieved depths up to 800 ft
• Modern oil era was originally driven by kerosene oil for lamps
• Edison’s light bulb reduced demand but was offset by internal combustion engine gasoline
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ENCI 579 15
Petroleum Deposit of Western Canada
• Western Canada has the complete spectrum of hydrocarbons from light sweet crude to tar sands
• Generally oil is heavier towards the northeast. That is the closer to the Rockies, the lighter the crude.
• Lloydminister heavy oil can be produced by conventional means while Cold Lake can only be recovered by thermal stimulation
• The tar sands must be physically mined
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ENCI 579 16
Refining Crude• Most impact on the asphalt properties is from the crude
source but the manufacturing process can also have an effect
• There are 80 refineries in North America producing asphalt - 5 in Western Canada
• Typically integrated refineries produce asphalt as a by-product, but there are dedicated asphalt refineries as well.
• Primary asphalt manufacturing is by fractional distillation
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ENCI 579 17
Refining Crude
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ENCI 579 18
Cracked Asphalts
• Very poor paving materials
• breaking down large hydrocarbons into smaller molecules through the application of temperature pressure and use of catalysts
• Thermal crackers
• Cokers
• Catalytic Cracking
• Hydrocracking
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ENCI 579 19
Constitution of Asphalt
Asphalt - colloid multiphase mixture of millions of different components
Identification by groups of components
Asphalt
heptane
asphaltenesTCE
polar aromatics
toluene
methanol + toluene
saturates naphthene aromatics
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ENCI 579 20
Asphaltenes
• General belief that unaltered asphaltenes have a definite composition
• Notable variation in the proportion of heteroatoms:– Oxygen : 0.3 -4.9%– Sulphur : 0.3 - 10.3%– Nitrogen : 0.6 - 3.3%
• Dark brown or black solids insoluble in nonpolar solvents
• Elemental composition varies only over narrow range
Carbon : 82 3%Hydrogen : 8.1 0.7%
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ENCI 579 21
Asphaltenes
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ENCI 579 22
Resins• Dark semisolid or solid, very adhesive fractions• Soluble in liquids that precipitate asphaltenes
C/H ratio : 7.5 ~ 9.1
Hydrogen : 9.5 ~ 11%• Polycyclic structures with 5~6 rings (2~3 aromatic on which there are
aliphatic substituents
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ENCI 579 23
Oils
• Lowest molecular weight hydrocarbons in asphalt • Similar to lubricating oils - highest boiling
fraction of lubricants• Control the harness of asphalt• Single or condensed naphthene and aromatic rings
with side chains of varying length
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ENCI 579 24
Oils
mono-, di-, polynuclear aromatics
C/H ratio : 6.8 ~ 8
molecular weight : 240 ~ 800, most 360 ~ 500
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ENCI 579 25
Structure and Colloidal Properties of Asphalts
• Physical properties of asphalt = f (dispersion of asphatenes in maltenes)
• Peptizing effect of aromatic and resin portions of maltenes keep the colloidal structure of asphalt
• Prime consideration - rate of absorption of higher MW maltenes on the asphaltene particles = f(time, temperature)
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ENCI 579 26
Structure and Colloidal Properties of Asphalts
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ENCI 579 27
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ENCI 579 28
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ENCI 579 30
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ENCI 579 31
Asphalt Products
• Asphalt Cements– reduce viscosity by heating
• Cutback Asphalts– reduce viscosity by blending with a solvent
– RC, MC, SC
• Asphalt Emulsions– Asphalt in water - or inverted
– Anionic or Cationic - charge of particles
– RS, MS, SS
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ENCI 579 32
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ENCI 579 33
Asphalt Testing
• Penetration• Viscosity (shear rate)• Softening Point (R & B)• Ductility• Flashpoint (COC, PM)• Solubility (TCE)• TFOT, RTFOT• Mass Loss, Aging Index
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ENCI 579 34
Specifications
• Classical Specifications were designed to describe the material not its performance
• Recent specifications (CGSB ) have incorporated some performance criteria
• Superpave specifications are used to define performance using new methods of measuring properties
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ENCI 579 45