Enabling Global Open Access through Collaboration
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Transcript of Enabling Global Open Access through Collaboration
Enabling Global Open Access through Collaboration
Leslie ChanInternational StudiesNew Media studiesUniversity of Toronto at Scarborough
Opening Doors, Open Minds - The Open Access MovementSpecial Libraries AssociationWashington, DC ChapterApril 6, 2006
Agenda
• Motivations for OA• International Initiatives• The Dual Road to OA
– Institutional Repositories - Current Status– Open Access Journals - Bioline
International as a case study
• Roles of Libraries in the Global OA Movement
Why Open Access?
Open Access is intended to improve research access, thereby maximizing research impact
Equalize the north-south flow of knowledge, thereby creating a truly global knowledge commons
The countries that move early to build a 21st century Research Communications System – harnessing the full power of “open access” – will be the leaders in building tomorrow’s knowledge economies and innovative societies
Arthur J. CartyNational Science Advisor to the Prime Minister, CanadaInternational Association of Technological University Librarie, Quebec 31 May 2005
Opportunities ?
“African countries need to have in place appropriate mechanisms and infrastructure for training and exploitation of knowledge. This will enable them to make meaningful evidence-based policy, in order adequately to address local needs and participate in the international community on science and technology issues.”
Network of the African Science Academies and the science academies from the G8 countries (2005)http://www.scidev.net/pdffiles/jointstatement.pdf
Challenges ?
Paradox of R&D and Scholarly Communications
Emphasis on generation of research - lack of attention to its dissemination, even less attention on preservation and stewardship
Publicly funded research results privately owned
Eagerness to translate university research into marketable products
Growing “enclosure” of the knowledge commons
Open Access ? Scholarly literature that are freely
available online Primarily peer-reviewed journal
publications Directed at publicly funded research Free from price barrier Free from permission barrier Free to copy and reuse Free to distribute
But who pays?
Government and other funding bodies
Commercial Publishers
Universities and Researchers
$
Primary Content
“Value-added” Content
$
From a closed loop…
Government and other funding bodies
Commercial Publishers
Universities and Researchers
$
Primary Content
“Value-added” Content
$$
$
Libr
arie
s
Government and other funding bodies
Commercial Publishers
Universities and Researchers
$
Primary Content
“Value-added” Content
$$
$
Open AccessArchives
Open AccessJournals
Value-added service
Libr
arie
s
Government and other funding bodies
Commercial Publishers
Universities and Researchers
$
Primary Content
“Value-added” Content
$
$
Open AccessArchives
Open AccessJournals
Value-added service
Libraries$ From a closed
loop…to a open circle
Other problems
Data, information, knowledge highly fragmented High cost of research literature Divergence of information systems Lost of digital information Indigenous knowledge systems poorly represented -
“lost” science
Lost of research impact worldwide and Incomplete view of science and scholarship
Added benefits of OA
Increase citation impact and hence return on investment
Raise institutional prestige New usage of research results Promote collaboration and broaden
participation Enable new service and business models Enhance public subsidies
International Initiatives
• Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002)• Berlin Declaration on Open Access (2003)• World Summit on the Information Society, Geneva (2003):
Principles and Plan of Actions; Tunis Commitment, Tunisia (2005)
• OECD Ministerial Declaration on Access to Research Data (2004)
• IFLA Statement on Open Access (2004)• Funding agencies moving towards open access policies
– Wellcome Trust (UK)– RCUK (UK)– NIH (US)– SSHRC (Canada) – German Research Council
• Salvador Declaration on Open Access: the developing world perspective (Sept. 2005)
Most recent developments
• European Commission– Economic and Technical Evolution of the
Scientific Publication Markets in Europe (April, 2006)
• Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR)– Committee to draft OA policy on publicly
funded health research in Canada (April 2006)
Recent OA Meetings• Open Access for Developing Countries, 9th International
Congress on Medical Librarianship, 20-23 September 2005, Salvador, Brazil– http://www.icml9.org/meetings/openaccess/public/document
s/declaration.htm• International Conference on Strategies and Policies on Open
Access to Scientific Information, Beijing, China (2005)• Workshops on Open Access Repositories, MS Swamanathan
Research Foundation, Chennai, India, 2003• OSI organized workshops in S. Africa (2003), Ukraine (2005),
Lithuania (2005)• Series of OAI meeting in Geneva and Berlin meetings
How to provide Open Access?
Budapest Open Access InitiativeBOAI
Recommends two complementary strategies to open access: 1. Publish in Open Access Journals 2. Publish in conventional journal and
Self-Archive a copy of the published paper in one’s institutional archive
There are variations and hybrid approaches to the above
Implementing the dual open-access strategies:Gold and Green
Open-Access Journals(OAJ) (BOAI-1)
Open-Access Institutional Self-Archiving
(OAA) (BOAI-2)
Implementing the dual open-access strategies:Gold and Green
Open-Access Publishing(OAJ) (BOAI-1)
1. Create or Convert to open-access journals
2. Ensure contents are accessible
3. Persuade funding bodies to support open access journals
4. Encourage authors to submit to OA journals
But worldwide, only ~18%
(4000/22000) of peer-reviewed
journals areOpen Access. The remaining
72% are still toll access.
Implementing the dual open-access strategies:Gold and Green
Open-Access Publishing(OAJ) (BOAI-1)
1. Create or Convert to open-access journals
2. Ensure contents are accessible
3. Persuade funding bodies to support open access journals
4. Encourage authors to submit to OA journals
Open-Access Institutional Self-Archiving
(OAA) (BOAI-2)
1. Scientific bodies, research and HE institutions to set up digital repositories and collect papers from their members .
2. Encourage researchers to deposit their paper as a matter of course
Open Access Literature
Non-Open Access
Literature
Open Access Literature
Non-Open Access
Literature
Open Access Literature
Non-Open Access
Literature
Open Access Literature
Non-Open
Access Literature
Open Access Literature
Non-Open Access
Literature
Open Access Literature
Non-Open Access
Literature
Open Access Literature
Non-Open Access Literature
How many authors are self-archiving?
Location Pre-print Post-print
Personal web page 16% 26%
Institutional (or departmental) archive
15% 22%
Centralised (subject-based) archive
9% 13%
Study on Study on open access publishingopen access publishing funded by funded by UK JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee) UK JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee)
(Key Perspective Ltd. Feb 2004)(Key Perspective Ltd. Feb 2004)
Top 10 countries with the most registered archives
Data from the Registry of Open Access Repositories, March 30, 06
Warm and Hot Spots of Open Access
Brazil
• SciELO• IBICT (Brazilian Institute of Information on Science and Technology) Instituto
Brasileiro de Informacao em Ciencia e Tecnologia
India
• IAS
• INSA
• IISc
• MedKnow
• Medler Centre
Part 2 Bioline International http://www.bioline.org.br
Core Partners
EPT, UK
CRIA, Brazil
UT, Canada
Funding Support
• University of Toronto Libraries
• Department of Social Sciences, U of T at Scarborough
• Open Society Institute. Information Access Program
What is Bioline International?• Electronic aggregator of full text
journals from developing countries• OAI data provider• Development project - using open
source software and open standards• Aims to influence scholarly
communication practices and access to research literature
• Will open access improve the visibility and impact of journals from developing countries?
Journals from developing worldLimited circulation
Poor visibility and readership
Limited recognition
Fewer citations
Fewer authors and subscriptions
Circle oflimited
accessibility
Why Bioline International?
• Publications from developing countries are poorly represented in the “big deal”
• Making the “lost science” visible
• Bridging the South-North knowledge gap
• Better understanding of global science
Increased visibility
• Traditional directories and indexes ( e.g. EBSCO’s A-Z service, Ulrich’s Serials Directory)
• Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ), African Journal Online (AJOL), Virtual Health Library of Latin America and Caribbean (BRIME), ISI Web Content
• Accessibility from library catalogs through OpenURL
• Soon accessible through HINARI and AGORA
• OAI compliant search services (e.g. Oaister, Google, Scirus)
Journal Articles* 2002** 2003 2004 2005Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2,247 11,526 33,001 111,626 362,511
African Journal of Biotechnology 296 249 11,948 42,012 117,696Neurology India 682 N/A 13,295 39,156 108,527Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 592 2,635 28,187 40,975 102,999Agricultura Técnica (Chile) 297 856 9,946 25,812 95,454Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 239 N/A 9,169 34,637 94,582African Crop Science Journal 368 6,319 18,556 35,474 88,878Indian Journal of Surgery 327 N/A 11,256 35,399 61,822
Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 222 N/A 7,894 42,402 52,666Indian J. of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 381 N/A 1,489 13,649 50,179
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
• Quarterly journal• Print circulation <400
– Limited to school
• Paid subscription <50– Majority from India
• 50-80 articles published / year
www.jpgmonline.comwww.jpgmonline.com
Making more accessibleJPGM at BiolineJPGM at Bioline
Archived at multiple placesJPGM at OAI serverJPGM at OAI server
JPGM at PubMedJPGM at PubMed
On click accessOn click access
JPGM at DOAJJPGM at DOAJ
Circle of Accessibility
JPGMPubMed
Directories e.g. DOAJ
OAI serversEprints, T-Space
Bioline International
SearchEngines
Librarycatalogues
OAI servicese.g. OAIster.org
Downloads and visitors
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-05 Oct-05 Nov-05
Monthly visitorsArticle downloads
Data: D.K. Sahu
Geographic distribution of visitors Geographic distribution of visitors (n = 500)(n = 500)
Article submissions
140186
312
436
620
780
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
International submissions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
From IndiaOverseas
Projected Impact Factor
0.02
0.11
0.24
0.41
0.82
0.95
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Economics of OA-P for India
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Print Mailing Web
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Effect of OA on subscriptions
OA as a tool for disseminationOpen access
Increased visibility
Larger readership
Wider recognition
Increased citations
More authors
and other benefits
Circle ofaccessibility
Conclusions• OA is increasing the visibility, accessibility
and impact of some of the journals from developing countries
• Google is king?• Need to develop value-added service with
OA databases and Open Standards• Alternative measure of research impact is
emerging but OA is the foundation
Questions?