EMS Response Time Standards. - National … Response Time Standards. Time to move? Ed Racht, MD...
Transcript of EMS Response Time Standards. - National … Response Time Standards. Time to move? Ed Racht, MD...
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EMS Response Time Standards.
Time to move?
Ed Racht, MD Chief Medical Officer
AMR Medicine
Associate Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine
University of Texas Southwestern School of Medicine
Lee Turpen, CCEMT-P Quality Improvement Manager
AMR
Chairman, State of Indiana EMS Commission
Evansville, Indiana
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EMS is a practice of medicine
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Response interval.
The original clinical
performance metric of an EMS
practice of medicine
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OUR OBJECTIVES…
• Describe the powerful historical role of response time standards
in EMS
• Review the evidence of response time impact on patient
outcome
• Discuss a patient centered approach for response time targets
• Encourage an evolution toward more pertinent outcome based
metrics in EMS
• Present a case study of a clinical approach to monitoring a
change in response time standards
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A QUICK POLL…
• Response intervals in your system are clinically relevant?
• Response expectations are too stringent?
• Response expectations are too lenient?
• Had a role in response time standard determination
• Regularly review “outliers”?
• Break down response intervals by component / responding entity?
• Would feel comfortable increasing response expectations?
• Feel the public would perceive response change as negative?
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The current EMS Climate
Science EBM in EMS
Research targeting OOH care
Significant procedural & cognitive evolution
Technology movement
Art Economic changes – Reimbursement focus
EMS subspecialty recognition
System design implications
Impact of EMS on the healthcare system
Transparency & accountability
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THE IMPACT OF RESPONSE TIMES
• System design
• Deployment strategy
• Staffing
• Communication plan
• Protocol implications
• Delivery & readiness costs
• Performance measurements
• Regulatory compliance
• Legal liability
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PUBLIC PERCEPTION
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NFPA 1710
• “Standard for the organization and deployment of fire
suppression operations, emergency medical
operations, and special operations to the Public by
career fire departments” 2010
• First Responder – 4 minutes / 90%
• ALS – 8 minutes / 90%
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The evidence.
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DATA DEFINITION CHALLENGES
• Call received to PSAP
• Call entered
• Call dispatched
• Unit enroute (wheels moving)
• On scene (wheels stopped)
• At patient’s side
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AVERAGE VS. FRACTILE METHODOLOGY
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“CARDIAC RESUSCITATION IN THE COMMUNITY.
IMPORTANCE OF RAPID PROVISION AND
IMPLICATIONS FOR PROGRAM PLANNING”
JAMA 1979
• Focused on time of collapse to defibrillation
• CPR initiation within 4 minutes
• ALS with defibrillation within 8 minutes
• Generalized response to all patients
Eisenberg MS, Bergner L, Hallstrom A. Cardiac Resuscitation in the
Community. Importance of Rapid Provision and Implications for
Program Planning. JAMA 1979;241:1905-1907.
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EFFECT OF AMBULANCE RESPONSE TIMES ON
CARDIAC ARREST SURVIVAL
• Scottish Ambulance Service
• Estimated the effect of reducing response times on survival
• 14 min / 90% fractile response
• All BLS-D ambulances
• Reducing response times from 14 – 8 minutes:
• Increase survivors from 6% - 8%
• Numerical modeling)
Pell JP, Sirel JM, Marsden AK, Ford I, Cobb SM. Effect of Reducing
Ambulance Response Times on Deaths from Out of Hospital Cardiac
Arrest: Cohort Study. BMJ 2001;322:1385-1388.
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COMPARISON OF RESPONSE TIME & SURVIVAL
• Retrospective review – 6 month period
• 5424 patients in an urban EMS system transported to a Level I
Trauma Center
• Patients categorized as Priority 1 (10:59) or 2 (12:59)
• Mean response times:
• Survivors – 6.9 minutes
• Non-survivors – 7.06 minutes
Blackwell TH, Kaufman JS. Response Time Effectiveness:
Comparison of Response Time and Survival in an Urban Emergency
Medical Services System. Acad Emerg Med 2002;9:288-295
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COMPARISON OF RESPONSE TIME & SURVIVAL
• Mortality:
• 1.58% mortality risk for response intervals greater than 5 minutes
• 0.51% mortality risk for response intervals less than 5 minutes
• Little evidence in these data to suggest that changing this system's response
time specifications to times less than their current, but greater than 5
minutes, would have any beneficial effect on survival.
Blackwell TH, Kaufman JS. Response Time Effectiveness:
Comparison of Response Time and Survival in an Urban Emergency
Medical Services System. Acad Emerg Med 2002;9:288-295
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DOES PARAMEDIC RESPONSE TIME AFFECT
PATIENT SURVIVAL?
• Retrospective cohort study of 9559 unselected patients
transported to a single facility
• Multivariable logistic regression model applied to assess the
effect of response time on survival controlling for age, gender,
scene time, transport time, and 3 categories of condition
severity
• Survival benefit identified in patients with response intervals
less than or equal to 4 minutes
• No survival benefit in medical patients with non-arrest etiology
Pons PT, Haukoos JS, Bludworth W, Cribley T, Pons KA,
Markovchick VJ. Paramedic Response Time: Does it Affect
Patient Survival. Acad Emerg Med 2005;12:594-600
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ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RESPONSE TIMES AND
PATIENT OUTCOMES
• Case controlled retrospective analysis – 2004
• Priority 1 calls (10:59)
• Comparison of cases (patients exceeding 10:59) vs. controls
(random sample of patients within 10:59)
• 373 patients in each group
• Primary outcome = in-hospital death
• Secondary outcome = critical field intervention
Blackwell TH, Kline JA, Willis JJ, Hicks GM. Lack of Association
Between Prehospital Response Times and Patient Outcomes.
Prehosp Emerg Care 2009;13:444-450
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ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RESPONSE TIMES AND
PATIENT OUTCOMES
• Survival to hospital discharge:
• Cases – 80% (95% CI: 76%to 84%)
• Controls – 82% (95% CI: 77%to 85%)
• Critical field procedures:
• Cases - 47.7% (95% CI: 43% to 53%)
• Controls - 45.4% (40% to 51%)
• No evidence of increased mortality for priority patients where ALS response time exceeded 10:59 minutes.
Blackwell TH, Kline JA, Willis JJ, Hicks GM. Lack of Association
Between Prehospital Response Times and Patient Outcomes.
Prehosp Emerg Care 2009;13:444-450
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EMS RESPONSE TIME AND MORTALITY
• One-year retrospective cohort study of adults with a
life-threatening event as assessed at the time of the 9-
1-1 call (MPDS Echo or Delta)
• All-cause mortality at hospital discharge
• 7760 responses evaluated
Blanchard IE, Doig CJ, Hagel BE, Anton AR, Zygun DA,
Kortbeek JB, Powell DG, Williamson TS, Fick GH, Innes GD.
Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012 Jan;16(1):142-51
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EMS RESPONSE TIME AND MORTALITY
• Mortality:
• > 8 minutes – 7.1%
• < 7:59 minutes – 6.4%
• Adjusted odds ratio of mortality for ≥8 minutes was 1.19 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.47)
Blanchard IE, Doig CJ, Hagel BE, Anton AR, Zygun DA,
Kortbeek JB, Powell DG, Williamson TS, Fick GH, Innes GD.
Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012 Jan;16(1):142-51
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EMS RESPONSE TIME AND MORTALITY
• “These results call into question the clinical effectiveness of a dichotomous 8-minute ALS response time on decreasing mortality for the majority of adult patients identified as having a life-threatening event at the time of the 9-1-1 call. However, this study does not suggest that rapid EMS response is undesirable or unimportant for certain patients. This analysis highlights the need for further research on who may benefit from rapid EMS response, whether these individuals can be identified at the time of the 9-1-1 call, and what the optimum response time is”
Blanchard IE, Doig CJ, Hagel BE, Anton AR, Zygun DA,
Kortbeek JB, Powell DG, Williamson TS, Fick GH, Innes GD.
Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012 Jan;16(1):142-51
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…and by the way.
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Perception…
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ACTUAL VS PERCEIVED EMS RESPONSE TIME
• Convenience sample of EMS transported patients
• Survey
• Response time
• Scene time
• Definitive care
• Expectations
Harvey, et. Al. Prehosp Emerg Care 1999 Jan-
Mar;3(1):11-4
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ACTUAL VS PERCEIVED EMS RESPONSE TIME
• Compared to actual intervals:
• Overestimate response times (12.4 v 9.1)
• Underestimate on scene (9.1 v 12.4)
• Underestimate time to definitive care (29.4 v 35.0)
• Actual response times often meet patient
expectations (although perceived not)
Harvey, et. Al. Prehosp Emerg Care 1999 Jan-
Mar;3(1):11-4
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How do we evaluate the clinical impact of
change?
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RAPID ACUTE PHYSIOLOGY SCORE
• Developed and tested as a severity score for critical
care transports
• Abbreviated version of APACHE II using only
parameters available in the field
• Pulse, B/P, RR, GCS
• Scoring 0 (normal) to 16
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RAPS
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Based on Rhee’s Work
y = 0.0000x6 - 0.0009x5 + 0.0304x4 - 0.3320x3 + 0.7168x2 - 2.3529x + 95.9946
R2 = 0.9998
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
RAPS Survival %
0 96
1 94
2 92
3 89
4 83
5 77
6 69
7 58
8 50
9 38
10 29
11 22
12 15
13 10
14 7
15 5
16 3
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Emergent procedure / returns by RAPS 2006-2008
750,000 Patients
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Emergent Return Airway Vascular Access
Medication Critical
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Data
Original Database 11-1-06 to 10-31-08 1,077,666
Remove non emergent calls -423,679
Emergent to Scene 653,987
Remove Non Transported Calls -142,404
Transported 511,583
Record Number used in Report 269,364
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Initial-Ending RAPS by Response Time – All Calls
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
<8 Min 8 Min 9 Min 10 Min 11 Min 12 Min > 13 Min
I RAPS
E RAPS
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Evansville, Indiana
• City Population 117,429 (2010)
• MSA Population 350,261
• 40.7 Square Miles
• 44 Paramedics, 41 EMTs
• 28,000 calls / year
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The Story
• “Costs must be decreased.” – Local
Government
• Can we lengthen response times and do
no harm?
• How do we answer the question?
• The RAPS option
• The First Response Protocol
– Initially cardiac arrest and unconscious
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The Proposal
Lengthen response time requirement (October 09)
Decrease unit hours deployed
Increased first response to EMD Echo / Delta
Use RAPS as the alert mechanism to system degradation
One Standard Deviation
Create clinical oversight board
All clinical participants a part of the initiative
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Priority Drill Down
UCL 6.64
CL 2.20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
RA
PS
Date/Time/Period
All Patients - Priority 1 - Initial RAPS
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Priority Drill Down
All Patients - Priority 1 - Ending RAPS
5.56UCL
1.68CL
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Aug
-09
Oct-0
9
Dec-
09
Feb-1
0
Apr
-10
Jun-
10
Aug
-10
Oct-1
0
Dec-
10
Date/Time/Period
RA
PS
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By Super Group
Sick Person SG - Priority 1 - Initial
5.57UCL
1.68CL
0
2
4
6
Aug
-09
Oct
-09
Dec
-09
Feb-
10
Apr
-10
Jun-
10
Aug
-10
Oct
-10
Dec
-10
Feb-
11
Date/Time/Period
Av
era
ge
RA
PS
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Response Time Overlay
RESP Time Vs. RAPS Initial (Patient Contact)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Aug
-09
Oct-0
9
Dec-
09
Feb-1
0
Apr
-10
Jun-
10
Aug
-10
Oct-1
0
Dec-
10
Feb-1
1
Apr
-11
Date/Time/Period
Valu
es
Resp Time
AVG
Pri 1 RAPS
Pri 2 RAPS
Pri 3 RAPS
Linear (Resp
Time AVG)
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Response Time Overlay
Response Times vs. RAPS Ending (At Hospital)
0.076
2.076
4.076
6.076
8.076
10.076
Aug-0
9
Oct-
09
Dec-0
9
Feb-1
0
Apr-
10
Jun-1
0
Aug-1
0
Oct-
10
Dec-1
0
Feb-1
1
Apr-
11
Date/Time/Period
Valu
es
Resp Time AVG
Pri 1 RAPS
Pri 2 RAPS
Pri 3 RAPS
![Page 52: EMS Response Time Standards. - National … Response Time Standards. Time to move? Ed Racht, MD Chief Medical Officer AMR Medicine Associate Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021801/5b2e3d6c7f8b9ac06e8c576e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
ROSC During Data Collection
UCL
57.99
CL
39.21
LCL
20.42
-6
4
14
24
34
44
54
64
Pe
rce
nt
RO
SC b
y M
on
th
Month
ROSC Control CHART - JAN 2009 to MAY 2012
Contract Start
Cardiac Arrest Protocol Change
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Findings…
• The impact of changing response intervals
can be prospectively evaluated using
historical data
• The impact of changing response intervals
can be monitored using ongoing data
• Response intervals in Evansville were
safely increased with no impact on
system-wide physiologic parameters
![Page 54: EMS Response Time Standards. - National … Response Time Standards. Time to move? Ed Racht, MD Chief Medical Officer AMR Medicine Associate Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021801/5b2e3d6c7f8b9ac06e8c576e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
WHERE TO?
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The Clinical Impact areas (we can make a difference and we aren't doing everything we can)
Cardiac Arrest / Resuscitation
Evaluation and Management of SOB
Airway Management
Significant Trauma
Ischemic Syndromes (STEMI / Stroke)
Evaluation & Management of Pain & Discomfort
Patient Safety
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EMS is a practice of medicine
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THANKS.
THIS WAS A PRIVILEGE FOR
US…