S. HRo. 100-445, Pr. 33

EMPLOYMENT-UNEMPLOYMENT

HEARINGSBEFORE THE

JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEECONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES

ONE HUNDREDTH CONGRESS

SECOND SESSION

PART 33SEPTEMBER 2, OCTOBER 7, NOVEMBER 4, AND DECEMBER 2, 1988

Printed for the use of the Joint Economic Committee

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

98-835 WASHINGTON: 1989

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales OfficeU.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402

q8-835 - 89 - 1

JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE

[Created pursuant to sec. 5(a) of Public Law 304, 79th Congress]

SENATE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVESPAUL S. SARBANES, Maryland, LEE H. HAMILTON, Indiana,

Chairman Vice ChairmanWILLIAM PROXMIRE, Wisconsin AUGUSTUS F. HAWKINS, CaliforniaLLOYD BENTSEN, Texas DAVID R. OBEY, WisconsinEDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts JAMES H. SCHEUER, New YorkJOHN MELCHER, Montana FORTNEY H. (PETE) STARK, CaliforniaJEFF BINGAMAN, New Mexico STEPHEN J. SOLARZ, New YorkWILLIAM V. ROTH, JR., Delaware CHALMERS P. WYLIE, OhioSTEVE SYMMS, Idaho OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, MaineALFONSE M. D'AMATO, New York HAMILTON FISH, JR., New YorkPETE WILSON, California J. ALEX McMILLAN, North Carolina

JUDITH DAVISON, Executive DirectorRICHARD F KAuFMAN, General Counsel

STEPHEN QuicK, Chief EconomistRoaERT J. TOSTERUD, Minority Assistant Director

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CONTENTS

WITNESSES AND STATEMENTS

FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 2, 1988

PageSarbanes, Hon. Paul S., chairman of the Joint Economic Committee: Opening

statement........................................................................................................................ 1Proxmire, Hon. William, member of the Joint Economic Committee: Opening

statem ent....................................................................................................................... 2Norwood, Hon. Janet L., Commissioner, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Depart-

ment of Labor, accompanied by Kenneth V. Dalton, Associate Commission-er, Office of Prices and Living Conditions; Thomas J. Plewes, AssociateCommissioner, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics; andGeorge L. Stelluto, Associate Commissioner, Office of Wages and IndustrialRelations........................................................................................................................ 19

FRIDAY, OcTOBER 7, 1988

Sarbanes, Hon. Paul S., chairman of the Joint Economic Committee: Openingstatem ent....................................................................................................................... 63

Roth, Hon. William V., Jr., member of the Joint Economic Committee: Open-ing statement .72

Obey, Hon. David R., member of the Joint Economic Committee: Openingstatem ent....................................................................................................................... 73

Norwood, Hon. Janet L., Commissioner, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Depart-ment of Labor, accompanied by Thomas J. Plewes, Associate Commissioner,Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics; and Thomas R. Tib-betts, Assistant Commissioner, Division of Industrial Prices and Price In-dexes .74

FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 1988

Sarbanes, Hon. Paul S., chairman of the Joint Economic Committee: Openingstatem ent....................................................................................................................... 119

Norwood, Hon. Janet L., Commissioner, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Depart-ment of Labor, accompanied by Kenneth V. Dalton, Associate Commission-er, Office of Prices and Living Conditions; and John E. Bregger, AssistantCommissioner, Office of Current Employment Analysis .120

FRIDAY, DECEMBER 2, 1988

Proxmire, Hon. William, member of the Joint Economic Committee, presid-ing Opening statement............................................................................................... 149

Obey, Hon. David R., member of the Joint Economic Committee: Openingstatem ent....................................................................................................................... 150

Norwood, Hon. Janet L., Commissioner, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Depart-ment of Labor, accompanied by Thomas J. Plewes, Associate Commissioner,Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics; and Kenneth V.Dalton, Associate Commissioner, Office of Prices and Living Conditions . 154

SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD

FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER, 2, 1988

D'Amato, Hon. Alfonse M., member of the Joint Economic Committee: Writ-ten opening statem ent................................................................................................. 16

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IVPage

Fish, Hon. Hamilton, Jr., member of the Joint Economic Committee: Writtenopening statement........................................................................................................ 9

Norwood, Hon. Janet L., et al.:Table reflecting unemployment rates of all civilian workers by alterna-

tive seasonal adjustment methods ............................................................ 21Press release No. 88-430 entitled "The Employment Situation: August

1988," Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor, September 2,1988 ............................................................ 23

Symms, Hon. Steve, member of the Joint Economic Committee: Written open-ing statement................................................................................................................ 11

Wylie, Hon. Chalmers P., member of the Joint Economic Committee: Writtenopening statement........................................................................................................ 4

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 7, 1988

D'Arnato, Hon. Alfonse M., member of the Joint Economic Committee: Writ-ten opening statement, together with an attachment .......................................... 65

Norwood, Hon. Janet L., et al.:Table reflecting unemployment rates of all civilian workers by alterna-

tive seasonal adjustment methods ............................................................ 76Press release No. 88-498 entitled "The Employment Situation: September

1988," Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor, October 7,1988 ............................................................. 78

Response to Senator Sarbanes' request for the unemployment rates in thePacific Rim countries........................................................................................... 114

FRIDAY, NovnaEM 4, 1988

Norwood, Hon. Janet L., et al.:Table reflecting unemployment rates of all civilian workers by alterna-

tive seasonal adjustment methods ............................................................ 122Press release No. 88-553 entitled "The Employment Situation: October

1988," Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor, November 4,1988 ............................................................ 124

Response to Senator Sarbanes' query regarding the proportion of marriedcouples with children under 6 years old with both parents employed ...... 146

FRIDAY, DECEMBER 2, 1988

Norwood, Hon. Janet L., et al.:Table reflecting unemployment rates of all civilian workers by alterna-

tive seasonal adjustment methods ............................................................ 157Press release No. 88-603 entitled "The Employment Situation: November

1988," Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor, December 2,1988 ............................................................ 159

Response to Representative Obey's request for over-the-year and percentchange in the civilian labor force from 1970 to 1988 ..................................... 183

Response to Representative Obey's request for labor force projections forthe next 5 years.................................................................................................... 185

Response to Representative Obey's request regarding the impact ofBureau of Labor Statistics' data on the economy .................... ...................... 199

Sarbanes, Hon. Paul S., chairman of the Joint Economic Committee: Writtenopening statement........................................................................................................ 152

EMPLOYMENT-UNEMPLOYMENT

FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 2, 1988

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,JOINT ECONOMIC CoMMiTIEE,

Washington, DC.The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 9:30 a.m., in room SD-

628, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Paul S. Sarbanes (chair-man of the committee) presiding.

Present: Senators Sarbanes and Proxmire.Also present: William Buechner, professional staff member.

OPENING STATEMENT OF SENATOR SARBANES, CHAIRMANSenator SARBANES. The committee will come to order.I am very pleased once again to welcome Commissioner Janet

Norwood before the Joint Economic Committee to discuss the latestemployment and unemployment figures, in this instance for themonth of August.

Let me simply make this observation. We meet today as theNation approaches its annual observation of Labor Day, and Ithink it might serve us well to take just a moment to think in abroader context of what Labor Day really means and how durablean institution it is.

The first celebration of Labor Day took place more than a centu-ry ago, in 1882. It consisted of a march of 10,000 workers in NewYork, followed by an afternoon of speeches and an evening of fire-works and dancing.

The holiday officially dates back nearly a century, to 1894, whenPresident Grover Cleveland signed into law a bill formally desig-nating the first Monday in September as the Federal Labor Dayholiday.

For working America in particular, 1988 marks several impor-tant anniversaries. It was 75 years ago that President Wilson estab-lished the Labor Department as a separate government agencywith Cabinet membership.

The first Secretary of Labor was William B. Wilson, an immi-grant who had left-school at the age of 9- to work in the coal mines,went on to become a union organizer and then a Member of Con-gress.

Since Secretary Wilson there have been 18 Secretaries of Labor,including the current Secretary, Anne McLaughlin.

Further, 1988 is the 50th anniversary of the enactment of theFair Labor Standards Act, landmark legislation passed in 1938which restricted the use of child labor and established the mini-mum wage.

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So, I think it is important to pause and think for a momentabout Labor Day. Of course we will be focusing this morning on theunemployment figures, and in the questioning I also want to ad-dress the status of our working people in our economy currently.

Finally, I do not want to let this week draw to a close and ourown Labor Day weekend begin without commenting very briefly onrecent developments with respect to the Solidarity trade unionmovement in Poland.

Eight years ago this week the Solidarity movement, reflectingthe aspirations and determination of Polish working men andwomen for a better, fuller, and freer life, was established. Lessthan a year after its founding, it was brutally and ruthlessly sup-pressed; but the principles which led to Solidarity were not extin-guished, and in recent days we have seen a courageous and elo-quent reassertion of those principles.

There is a powerful reminder in the current Polish experiencethat a nation's working men and women are its most precious re-source, the backbone of its economy, and that a free and vigoroustrade union movement is an integral and indispensable part of ourmodern industrial democratic society.

Senator Proxmire, do you have any opening comments?

OPENING STATEMENT OF SENATOR PROXMIRESenator PROXMIRE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Chairman, I

will be very brief.I just wanted to point to the fact that we have what seems to be

a very slight, but nevertheless a steady increase over the last 3months of the unemployment figures. They have gone from 5.2 per-cent, seasonally adjusted, in June to 5.4 percent in July to 5.5 per-cent in August. They are now above what they were in the secondquarter of 1988, and it seems that some people think that the factthat unemployment is increasing is good news.

What makes me say that is that the New York Times in an arti-cle explaining what happened to the stock market yesterday saidthat stock prices plunged across a broad front yesterday, leavingthe Dow Jones Industrial Average barely above the 2,000 mark.The traders said stocks were hurt throughout the session by anervousness before today's release of U.S. unemployment data forAugust and about developments for the Tokyo market and by someprogram trading late in the day.

I can't recall a time in the 17 years we have been holding thisevery single month when the newspapers have said the Dow JonesIndex went up or down because of the anticipation-now it may goup or down on Monday because of what you are revealing today-but anticipation of what you might have, and I am interested inknowing and I will ask about what I think has been the excellentjob you have done in concealing this information until it is releasedto everybody at the same time.

And then I also want to ask you about that remarkable state-ment by the Vice President of the United States in his speechbefore the Republican Convention that we could have 30 millionnew jobs in the next 8 years.

Senator SARBANES. Thank you, Senator Proxmire.

3

I have written opening statements by Congressmen Wylie andFish and Senators Symms and D'Amato to be included in therecord, and they will be so included.

[The written opening statements follow:]

4

WRITTEN OPENING STATEMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE WYLIE

GOOD MORNING, COMMISSIONER NORWOOD.

ONCE AGAIN I WELCOME YOUR APPEARANCE BEFORETHE JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE. I DON'T THINKTHERE'S A MEMBER OF THIS CONGRESS WHO DOESN'T PRIZEAND RESPECT YOUR OBJECTIVE AND TIMELY REPORTS ONTHE U.S. LABOR MARKET. YOU ARE THE RIGHT PERSON,AT THE RIGHT PLACE, AT THE RIGHT TIME AS THECONGRESS AND THE PUBLIC STRUGGLE TO UNDERSTANDDEVELOPMENTS IN OUR LABOR MARKET. YOURCONSISTENTLY NON-PARTISAN APPROACH TO THIS OFTENCONTROVERSIAL ISSUE IS A STANDARD TO BE PURSUED BYALL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES.

ALONG THIS LINE I WANT TO ADDRESS MY REMARKSTHIS MORNING TO A RECENTLY RELEASED STUDY PREPAREDFOR THE JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE BY ROBERT M.COSTRELL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS. THESTUDY IS TITLED, "THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRYEMPLOYMENT SHIFTS ON WAGE GROWTH: 1948-1987."

5

I ADMIT, AS RANKING REPUBLICAN MEMBER OF THE

JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE, THAT THE TIMING, THE

SOURCE, AND THE SPONSORSHIP OF THIS STUDY CONCERNS

ME. I RECALL AN EARLIER STUDY COMING FROM

MASSACHUSETTS UNDER THE SAME SPONSORSHIP ON

ESSENTIALLY THE SAME TOPIC. THIS "BLUESTONE STUDY"

WAS SUBSEQUENTLY TOTALLY DISCREDITED BY THE

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AMONG OTHER EXPERTS.

LIKE ITS INFAMOUS PREDECESSOR, THE OBJECTIVE

OF THIS LATEST MASSACHUSETTS STUDY IS TO CONVINCE

THE AMERICAN ELECTORATE THAT THE 16 MILLION JOBS

CREATED BY THE ECONOMY DURING THE REAGAN ECONOMIC

EXPANSION HAVE BEEN LOW-PAYING, MENIAL JOBS.

IN A "NUT' SHELL, THE COSTRELL STUDY ASSERTS

THAT BETWEEN 1981 AND 1987 CERTAIN CONTRACTING

INDUSTRIES HAVE "LOST' ALMOST TWO MILLION JOBS

PAYING AN AVERAGE OF $32,387 PER YEAR WHILE CERTAIN

EXPANDING INDUSTRIES GAINED IN EMPLOYMENT ALMOST

EIGHT MILLION JOBS PAYING AN AVERAGE OF $21,983 PER

YEAR. IN OTHER WORDS, BETWEEN 1981 AND 1987, FOR

EVERY ONE JOB "LOST' PAYING $32,387, FOUR WERE

CREATED PAYING $21,983. (PARENTHETICALLY, THE

FIGURE $21,983 CONFIRMS THE ESTIMATE VICE PRESIDENT

BUSH USES IN GAUGING THE VALUE OF NEWLY CREATED

JOBS.)

6

I'M CONFIDENT THAT IN THE WEEKS TO COME THISCOSTRELL-MASSACHUSETTS STUDY WILL DRAW A GREAT DEALOF ATTENTION BY THE ECONOMIC PROFESSION ANDEVENTUALLY WRONGS OF OMISSION AND COMMISSION WILLBE RIGHTED. UNFORTUNATELY THESE REVELATIONS, ASWAS THE CASE WITH THE BLUESTONE-MASSACHUSETTSSTUDY, WILL BE INVISIBLE RELATIVE TO THIS MORNING'SHEADLINES.

FOR MY PART, AT THIS TIME I WISH TO RAISE BUTTWO CONCERNS REGARDING THE METHODOLOGY OF THECOSTRELL-MASSACHUSETIS STUDY. AS IS VIRTUALLYALWAYS. THE CASE, CONCLUSIONS CAN BE HIGHLYINFLUENCED BY THE CHOICE OF THE TIME PERIOD TO BEANALYZED. MR. COSTRELL CHOSE 1981-1987 WHICH, OFCOURSE, INCLUDES THE RECESSION YEAR OF 1982 DURINGWHICH UNEMPLOYMENT ROSE DRAMATICALLY, AND EXCLUDESTHE SUBSTANTIAL EMPLOYMENT GAINS REALIZED THUS FARIN 1988. I STRONGLY SUSPECT THAT THE COSTRELLANALYSIS USING THE TIME PERIOD 1982 TO JULY, 1988WOULD REVEAL COMPLETELY DIFFERENT RESULTS. SINCETHE RECESSION, EMPLOYMENT IN GOODS-PRODUCINGINDUSTRIES -- WHICH INCLUDES MANY OF COSTRELL'SCONTRACTING INDUSTRIES - HAS RISEN BY 2.2 MILLION.

AND ALL THE ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS IN THE WORLD-- FROM MASSACHUSETTS OR ANY OTHER PLACE -- CANNOT

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TAKE AWAY THE REAL AND SUBSTANTIAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS

OF OUR FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM. IrS A FACT THAT

BETWEEN 1980 AND JULY 1988, THE U.S. ECONOMY

CREATED 15.8 MILLION JOBS. IT'S A FACT THAT SINCE

RONALD REAGAN BECAME PRESIDENT THAT PERSONAL INCOME

IS UP 79 PERCENT; WAGE AND SALARY DISBURSEMENTS ARE

UP 77 PERCENT; AND AVERAGE GROSS WEEKLY EARNINGS IN

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IS UP 45 PERCENT.

FACTS ARE STUBBORN THINGS.

ALSO, THE COSTRELL STUDY FAILS TO ADJUST FOR

THE IMPACT ON LABOR MARKETS OF THE COMING OF AGE OF

THE "BABY BOOM" GENERATION. THIS IS A PROFOUND

FLAW THAT CRITICALLY DISABLES THE STUDY AS A

PROFESSIONAL PRESENTATION.

FOR MILLIONS OF YOUNG WORKERS GRADUATING FROM

HIGH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE AND ENTERING THE LABOR

FORCE THE CHALLENGE TO THE ECONOMY AND OUR FREE

ENTERPRISE SYSTEM WAS TO PROVIDE FULL-TIME

EMPLOYMENT AT WAGES AND SALARIES YOUNG WORKERS

WOULD ACCEPT FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO BEGIN THEIR

WORK CAREERS.

8

MR. COSTRELL WOULD HAVE US BELIEVE THAT THESEYOUNG PEOPLE WERE SHORT CHANGED BECAUSE THEY TOOKJOBS THAT PAID BELOW AVERAGE WAGES. IN HISCONCLUSION HE STATES, "...MUCH OF THIS SHIFT EFFECTMAY REPRESENT THE LOSSES OF THE YOUNGER GENERATIONWHO ARE UNABLE TO ENTER OR MOVE UP TO THE JOBS OFTHEIR RETIRING PARENTS." [P.19]. THE IMPLIEDNOTION THAT 18-25 YEAR OLDS SHOULD BE PAID AVERAGEANNUAL WAGES OR BElTER IS NOT ACCEPTABLE TO THEIRPARENTS OR GRANDPARENTS, AT LEAST FROM WHERE ICOME.

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WRITTEN OPENING STATEMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE FISH

I WOULD LIKE TO MAKE A FEW COMMENTS ON THE STUDY RELEASEDLAST NIGHT '3Y THE DEMOCRATS OF THE-JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE OFCONGRESS ENTITLED 'THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT SHIFTS ONWAGE GROWTH: 1948-1987- BY ROBERT COSTRELL.

AMID 3iE FLURRY OF STATISTICS ONE FACT IS PARAMOUNT: BETWEEN1980 AND JULY 1988 THE U.S. ECONOMY HAS CREATED 15.8 MILLIONJOBS, 90% 0O WHICH ARE FULL TIME.

WHOEVER THE NEXT PRESIDENT IS, FORECASTS SHOW THATEMPLOYMENT :;ROWTH WILL BE IN SERVICE INDUSTRIES. THESE JOBS CANBE TECHNICAL AND REQUIRE HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED SKILLS. WITHDECLINING SMOKESTACK INDUSTRIES AND A RISE IN SERVICE INDUSTRIES,IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT AT LEAST SOME OF THE NEW JOBS WILL NOTSTART AT A PAY SCALE REFLECTING THE BENEFITS ACHIEVED OVER 30YEARS BY ORGANIZED LABOR.

THE COSTRELL STUDY'S MAIN CONCLUSION IS THAT DURING THEPERIOD 1981-1987, INDUSTRIES WITH EXPANDING SHARES OF EMPLOYMENTPAID AN AVERAGE OF $10,404 LESS PER YEAR THAN INDUSTRIES WHOSEEMPLOYMENT SHARES WERE CONTRACTING. THE BASIC IMPLICATION I GETFROM THE STUDY IS THAT BECAUSE OF INDUSTRIAL SHIFTS DURING THE1980S, NEW JOBS CREATED DURING THE CURRENT EXPANSION ARE "BAD-JOBS BECAUSE THEY PAY LESS THAN OLD JOBS. IT IS MY BELIEF THATTHE RESULTS CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT CANNOT BEGIN' TO SUPPORT THATCONCLUSION.

FIRST IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT PRECISE FIGURES DO NOT EXISTON THE PAY OF INDIVIDUALS WHO GAINED AND LOST JOBS DURING THECURRENT EXPANSION. WE HAVE THE FINEST LABOR STATISTICS IN THEWORLD, BUT THEY DO NOT REACH THAT LEVEL OF DETAIL.

AS A RESULT, ANALYSTS ARE FORCED TO COME UP WITH OTHER WAYSOF ESTIMATING COMPENSATION FOR NEW EMPLOYEES. THE COSTRELLREPORT USES AVERAGE PAY LEVELS FOR VARIOUS INDUSTRY GROUPINGS.THERE ARE TWO PROBLEMS WITH THIS APPROACH. FIRST WE HAVE NO IDEAWHETHER EMPLOYMENT GAINS IN AN INDUSTRY ARE A RESULT OF EMPLOYEDWORKERS CHANGING CAREERS OR NEW WORKERS ENTERING THE LABOR FORCE.

THE OTHER MORE SERIOUS PROBLEM IS THAT WE DO NOT KNOW WHATTHE NEW WORKERS WERE HIRED TO DO. WE DO NOT KNOW WHETHER THEYWERE PAID ABOVE'OR BELOW THE AVERAGE WAGE FOR THE INDUSTRY. A

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CEO AND A SECRETARY RECENTLY HIRED BY A COMPUTER COMPANY WILLBOTH BE RECORDED AS ENTERING 'BUSINESS SERVICES"--A LOW WAGEINDUSTRY.

TELLING US THAT A LOT OF PEOPLE ENTERED LOW WAGE INDUSTRIESDOES NOT SAY ANYTHING ABOUT THEIR OCCUPATIONS, WHAT THEIR CAREERPROSPECTS ARE OR.WHAT THEY ARE BEING PAID. IN FACT ACCORDING TOMR. COSTRELL'S OWN FIGURES, REAL AVERAGE COMPENSATION GROWTHDURING THE 1980S WAS S126 PER YEAR COMPARED WITH $80 PER YEAR FORTHE PERIOD 1973-1981. WITH SO MANY WORKERS ENTERING LOW WAGEINDUSTRIES, WHY IS THIS FIGURE RISING?

IN CONCLUSION I WOULD ADVISE CAUTION IN INTERPRETING THESERESULTS AND HOPE THAT ELECTION YEAR ENTHUSIASM DOES NOT IMPEDESOUND ECONOMIC JUDGEMENTS.

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WRITTEN OPENING STATEMENT OF SENATOR SYMMS

As always, it is a pleasure for this committee to receive

the testimony and good counsel of Dr. Janet Norwood.

The Census Bureau reported Wednesday, in the Current

PoDulation Report on "Consumer Income" that inflation-adjusted

median family income in 1987 is at the highest level in history.

The Carter stagflation years robbed American families of

thousands of dollars of purchasing power and burdensome tax

increases. ,We reversed those trends plain and simple, and

prosperity is the result. And we have 16 million productive,

meaningful and well paying new jobs to prove it, and an economy

growing at a 4.2 percent annual pace for six straight years.

This hearing today coincides with the release of a

publication entitled, "The Effects of Industry Employment Shifts

on Wage Growth, 1948-1987," written by Robert Costrell of the

University of Massachusetts. For the record, the Republican

members of the committee were not consulted, nor were our

comments or recommendations for such a study sought.

Consequently, we are in no position to endorse the document.

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This report appears to be yet.another attempt to cloak the

Reagan era economic expansion as a sham. The focus of this one

is alleged compensation disparagement. In the last few years,

this committee has engaged in subsequently disclaimed, disputed

studies alleging only low-paying, menial job creation. Another

study alleged a flagrant increase in the concentration of wealth

in America. The deliberate attempts to deride a record-breaking

economic expansion extend way beyond the bounds of partisan

politics. As students of economics, we must always be alert to a

famous quotation from Mark Twain about statistics.

In the spirit of open, rigorous debate, I offer my initial

reaction to the Costrell study. Let's start first with the

"loss" of two million jobs. How many of these positions are the

result of natural attrition? For example, since 1981, millions

of workers have retired. Are they job "losers?" There are many

painful stories about factory closings and mine shut-downs, but a

study such as the one released today cannot be taken as "proof"

that the "plant closing problem" has somehow been given a firm

statistical foundation. How many of the report's job losses are

authentic, in terms of abrupt termination? It doesn't tell us.

Furthermore, the alleged $10,000. pay gap is the illusory

result of a fancy econometric model. However, this data cannot

actually trace compensation trends of individuals in job

13

transition. That is the only true test of pay gaps, and this

study fails on that ground.

The crucial question in economic policy is whether workers

are better off than they were before. Look at Table A4 in the

Appendix of the study: Line 8, Average Compensation Growth"

says the average worker is better off in this decade, and I agree

with that. The table shows compensation growth of $80 per year

from 1973 to 1981. In the Reagan years, however, that growth

accelerated, increasing by 50 percent, to $126 per year.

Costrell's own data suggest that even if a worker lost a

$32,000 job, that doesn't prove he is worse off today. That

"average' worker also has an "average" many years of work

experience making him a more valuable worker. Contracting and

expanding industries alike have improved compensation to their

employees over the years. To the point, again using Costrell's

data, of the 28 contracting industries specified in the report,

at least 24 improved their compensation over the period. Of the

30 industries whose employment share expanded or remained the

same, 20 sicnificantlv improved compensation to their employees.

The growing sectors of our economy, where most of the new jobs

are, are also increasing wages and benefits rapidly. Again,

American workers are better off today than they were in 1981.

14

Next, let's examine.the time intervals of the study. The

author suggests that they represent comparable business cycles.

Yet the peculiar stagflation-recession period of 1979-82 is

arbitrarily divided. If 1982 had been chosen as the beginning of

the last interval, many of the "contracting' industries would

have to be moved to the-"expanding, column;

A year-by-year pay gap analysis would reveal a vastly

different picture from the impression of this document, which is

based on those arbitrary intervals.

My main concern about the study goes well beyond what it

says. It's what goes unsaid -- the political interpretations

that this study will feed. After creating an alarming crisis on

paper, it provides no recommended public policy course of action

to remedy the problem -- nor does it allege any public policy

failures that the Reagan Administration has committed. It is

clear that the Costrell study is just another general thematic

appeal for government "management" or "planning" to "do things

differently" from the free market. It is another tub-thump for a

government-imposed and regulated industrial policy. This time,

it zeroes in solely on the allocation and function of labor

resources in the economy.

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Changes in economic inputs and outputs have occurred since

the wheel was invented. Technology is at the heart of industrial

change. The U.S. economy is the largest, strongest and most

efficient because of our free market principles. Mobility of

resources is the key -- both labor and capital -- to be used in

their most economic, most "demanded" capacities. America is

more productive because its laborers are equipped with tools that

make them more proficient. Impeding technology to justify

policies to "stabilize industrial employment can only impair our

economy and lower our standard of living, permanently.

I would be remiss in my constructive criticism without

recommending a different approach to this employment shift

issue. This important issue was discussed at length in the

Republican Views of the 1988 Joint Economic Report. Using

industrial classification to analyze the workforce is becoming

increasingly inaccurate. For example, the economic activity of a

custodian working for General Motors appears in the manufacturing

category. If instead GM contracted out its custodial services,

that same custodian's activity would appear in a service industry

category. For this reason, an analysis based on occupation is

more relevant for policymakers. Perhaps the chairman would

consider a follow-up study pursuing the pay gap between

"contracting" and "expanding, occupations. There would be the

opportunity for bipartisan support of that endeavor.

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WRITTEN OPENING STATEMENT OF SENATOR D'AMATO

MR. CHAIRMAN, I WOULD LIKE TO WELCOME DR. NORWOOD TO THEJOINT ECONOMIC HEARING THIS MORNING. COMMISSIONER NORWOOD, I

LOOK FORWARD TO HEARING YOUR OBSERVATIONS ON AUGUST'S

EMPLOYMENT FIGURES.

AT LAST MONTH'S HEARING, YOU REPORTED TO THE COMMITTEETHAT THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION CONTINUED TO LOOK BRIGHT. AT5.4 PERCENT, JULY'S UNEMPLOYMENT RATE REMAINED NEAR JUNE'SLOW RATE OF 5.3 PERCENT. CIVILIAN EMPLOYMENT STAYED AT THEPREVIOUS MONTH'S RECORD HIGH OF 115 MILLION.

FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST, THE OVERALL JOBLESS RATE EDGED

UP ONE PERCENT TO 5.5 PERCENT. THE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEDPERSONS, AS SHOWN BY BUSINESS PAYROLLS, INCREASED BY220,000. CIVILIAN EMPLOYMENT REMAINED NEAR 115 MILLION.

t THE CONTINUED ROBUST PERFORMANCE OF OUR NATION'S ECONOMYAND STEADY EMPLOYMENT GROWTH ARE ENCOURAGING. THE INCREASEPARTICULARLY IN JOBS REQUIRING HIGHER SKILLS AND EDUCATION ISLIKELY TO IMPROVE THE EARNING POWER AND WELL-BEING OF WORKERSFOR DECADES TO COME. WE ARE NOW IN THE SEVENTIETH MONTH OFTHE LONGEST PEACETIME ECONOMIC EXPANSION IN OUR NATION'S

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HISTORY, AFFORDING UNPRECEDENTED OPPORTUNITIES FOR AMERICAN

WORKERS. SIXTEEN MILLION JOBS HAVE BEEN CREATED DURING THIS

PERIOD. WHO CAN ARGUE WITH SUCH SUCCESS?

WELL, APPARENTLY, SOME TRY TO. A JOINT ECONOMIC STUDY

RELEASED JUST LAST NIGHT ATTEMPTS TO REFUTE THE FACTS OF

PROSPERITY. THE STUDY, "THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRY EMPLOYMNET

SHIFTS ON WAGE GROWTH, 1948-1987," WRITTEN BY ROBERT COSTRELL

OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, IS FURTHER PROOF, IF ANY

WERE NEEDED, THAT WITH SUFFICIENTLY STRAINED STATISTICAL

ANALYSIS, UP CAN BE MADE DOWN, AND WHITE BLACK - AND THE

EARTH ONCE AGAIN PROVES TO BE FLAT. THE REPUBLICAN MEMBERS

OF THIS COMMITTEE WERE NOT CONSULTED ABOUT THE PREPARATION OF

THIS STUDY. THE NATURE OF THIS STUDY AND THE TIMING OF ITS

RELEASE SUGGEST A TRANSPARENT - AND DEEPLY DISAPPOINTING -

PARTISANSHIP.

THE COSTRELL STUDY MAINTAINS THAT THERE IS A TREND

TOWARDS LOW-PAYING JOBS THAT SIMPLY DOES NOT EXIST. ALTHOUGH

"DECLINING " INDUSTRIES" LOST TWO MILLION JOBS PAYING AN

AVERAGE OF $32,000 BETWEEN 1981 AND 1987, "EXPANDING"

INDUSTRIES CREATED EOUR JOBS PAYING $22,000 A YEAR.

A $22,000 PER YEAR JOB IS HARDLY LOW-PAYING,

PARTICULARLY IF THE HOLDER OF IT HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY UN-OR

UNDEREMPLOYED.

18

THE STUDY EXCLUDES THE REMARKABLE GAINS WE HAVE SEEN INTHE PAST TWELVE MONTHS. NINETY-ONE PERCENT OF THE JOBSCREATED HAVE BEEN IN MEDIUM AND HIGH-PAYING JOBS.

IT IS TRUE THAT WE HAVE SEEN SHIFTS IN EMPLOYMENT FROM

THE MANUFACTURING TO THE SERVICE SECTORS. THIS IS AN

INEVITABLE RESULT OF ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY AND REFLECTS A

GLOBAL PHENOMENON. AMERICA IS MORE PRODUCTIVE THAN EVERBEFORE. SHOULD ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY HAVE BEEN IGNORED SO

THAT MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT COULD HAVE REMAINED STABLE?

THE BOTTOM LINE IS: "ARE WORKERS BETTER OFF NOW THANTHEY WERE IN 1980?" THE ANSWER IS CLEAR: MORE PEOPLE AREEMPLOYED TODAY THAN IN OUR NATION'S HISTORY; PERSONAL INCOME

IS UP 79 PERCENT SINCE 1980; MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME IS AT AN

HISTORIC HIGH; UNEMPLOYMENT IS AT A FOURTEEN YEAR LOW.

I LOOK FORWARD TO DR. NORWOOD'S TESTIMONY THIS MORNING

AND HOPE IT WILL CONTAIN EVEN MORE ENCOURAGING EMPLOYMENT

INFORMATION.

THANK YOU, MR, CHAIRMAN.

19

Senator SARBANES. Please proceed, Commissioner Norwood.

STATEMENT OF HON. JANET L. NORWOOD, COMMISSIONER,BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, AC-COMPANIED BY KENNETH V. DALTON, ASSOCIATE COMMIS-SIONER, OFFICE OF PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS; THOMASJ. PLEWES, ASSOCIATE COMMISSIONER, OFFICE OF EMPLOY-MENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT STATISTICS; AND GEORGE L.STELLUTO, ASSOCIATE COMMISSIONER, OFFICE OF WAGESAND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONSMrs. NORWOOD. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.Ken Dalton and Tom Plewes and I are all pleased to be here to

add just a few comments to our news release and perhaps also topoint out that just 2 years after that first get-together for a LaborDay celebration the Bureau of Labor, which has become theBureau of Labor Statistics, was established in 1884 to try to findout about the working conditions of men and women in this coun-try.

Employment grew modestly in August, and the number of unem-ployed persons rose. The increase in payroll jobs in the businesssurvey was 220,000, considerably less than the monthly averageduring the first half of the year.

Employment in the household survey, which has been outpacedall year by the business survey, changed very little from July toAugust. The overall unemployment rate was 5.5 percent in August,and the civilian worker rate was 5.6 percent; both rates had been5.4 percent in July.

Growth in the private nonfarm sector was relatively weak, onlyabout 150,000. For the first time since last January, no over-the-month employment gain occurred in the goods-producing indus-tries.

Continued job gains in such export-related manufacturing aselectrical equipment and machinery were offset by small declinesin 12 of the 20 manufacturing industries for whch we publish datain our release.

Jobs were lost in the oil and gas component of the mining indus-try, and construction employment was unchanged over the month.

The growth in payroll employment from July to August was con-centrated in the service sector, where job increases were fairlywidespread and about in line with the average monthly gains ofthe nearly 6 years of the current expansion.

Employment in retail trade and in finance, insurance and realestate was little changed over the month, an important exceptionto the service sector trend.

The relatively slow employment growth in August was accompa-nied by a reduction in weekly hours. The average workweek in theprivate nonfarm economy fell by three-tenths of an hour to 34.6hours. This decline resulted in a broad-based reduction in the indexof aggregate weekly hours.

The factory workweek and overtime in manufacturing also de-clined, but both of these important indicators remain at extremelyhigh levels by the standards of the past two decades.

20

In the household survey, the lack of real movement in employ-ment reflected a gain among adult women that was largely offsetby a small decline among men and teenagers. The proportion ofworking-age persons holding jobs remained at its record level of62.3 percent.

Among the employed, the number working part time involuntar-ily returned to the bottom of the 5.2 to 5.6 million range withinwhich it has been fluctuating for more than a year.

While overall growth in the household surveys has been slowthroughout most of this year, the payroll survey grew rapidlythrough June and has shown slower growth during the last 2months.

The number of persons unemployed rose by 225,000 in August.Most of this increase occurred among adult men; there was littlechange in employment among women and teenagers.

Among the major racial and ethnic groups, the number of unem-ployed whites rose, whereas neither black nor Hispanic workerssaw much change.

The unemployment rate-perhaps the most closely watched ofour labor market indicators-has edged up over the past 2 months.Looked at over a somewhat longer period, however, the rate hashovered in the 5.3 to 5.6 percent range since last March and wasfour-tenths of a percentage point below the level of a year ago.

In summary, the labor market showed less strength in Augustthan earlier in the year. Unemployment moved up slightly. Factoryand construction employment held steady, but we continue to seejob growth in several of the key export-led manufacturing indus-tries. Employment in services continued to grow, maintaining itsexpansion period pace.

We would be glad to try to answer any questions you may have.[The table attached to Mrs. Norwood's statement, together with

the Employment Situation press release, follows:]

Unemployment rates of all civilian workers by alternative seasonal adjustment methods

X-11 ARImA method X-11 methodMonth Unad- Concurrent 12-month (official Rangeand justed Official (as first Concurrent Stable Total Residual extrapola- method (cols.

year rate procedure computed) (revised) tion before 198 2-9)(1) ( (3 (6 (7)UF (8) (9) (10)

1987

August ...... 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0 .1September ... 5.7 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 .1October ..... 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 .1November.... 5.6 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 -December.... 5.4 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 .1

1988

January*.... 6.3 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.8 .2February.... 6.2 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.8 .2March....... 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.6 .2April ....... 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 .1Hay ......... 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.6 .2June ........ 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3 .1July ........ 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 .1August ...... 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.6 .2

SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABORBureau of Labor StatisticsSeptember 1988

I-.

22

(I) Unadjusted rate. Unemployment rate for *11 civilian workers, not seasonally adjusted.

(2) Official procedure (X-llMnA _uthod). Ta published seasonally adjusted rate forall civilian workers. Each of the _jor civilian labor force components-agriculturalemployment, nongricultural ployment and nmploymnat-for 4 a*sges groups-males andfemales agps 16-19 and 20 years and over-are seasonally adjusted Independently using datafrom January 1974 forward. The data series for each of these 12 components are extended bya year et each and of the original series uaing AlIA (Auto-Regressive. Integrated. MovingAverage) models choen apecifically for each series. Rach extended series Is then seasonallyadjusted with tbm 1-11 portion of the X-il ARIMA program. The 4 teenage unemployment andnonagricultural esployment components re adjusted with the additive adjustment model,while the other ceponents are adjusted with the multiplicative model. The unemploymentrate Is ceuted by eming the A seasonally adjusted loyment components and calculatingthat total as a percent of the civilian labor force total derived by owning all 12 seasonallyadjusted components. All the seasomally adjusted series are revised at the and of each year.Extrapolated factors for January-June are computed at the beginning of each year; extrapolatedfactors for July-December are computed in the dddle of the year after the June data becomeavailable. Each aet of 6-month factors ar publiahed in advance, In the January and JulyLsuma. respectively, of ployment and Sernings.

(3) Concurrent (es first comuted. X -li AINm method) The official procedure forcmputaion of the rate for al cvlian workers using the 12 components is followedexcept that extrapolated factors are not used at all. Each component is easoanally adjustedwith the X-1l AKINA program each month as the mnet recent data become available. Rates foreach month of the current year are shown as first computed; they are revised only once eachyear, at the end of the year when data for the full year become available. For example,the rate for January 1984 would be based, during 1984, on the adjustment of data fromthe period January 1974 through January 1984.

(4) Concurrent (revised. X-li AlmA method). The procedure used Is identical to (3)above, and the rate for the current onth (th last month displayed) will always be thesame In the two columns. bwever, al previous months are eubject to revision each monthbased on the asonal adjustment of all the components with data through the current month.

(5) Stable (X-ll AIMA Method). Each of the 12 civilian labor force components Is extendedusing ARIA models as In the official procedure and then run through the K-li partof the program using the stable option. This option assumes that seasonal patternsare bhsically constant from year-to-year and computes final seasonal factors asunvighted averages of all the seasonal-Irregular components for each month acrossthe entire span of the period adjusted. As in the official procedure, factors areextrapolated in 6-moath Intervals and the series are revised at the and of each year.The procedure for computation of the rate from the seasonally adjusted componentsis also identical to the official procedure.

(6) Total (X-li AURA method). This Is one alternative aggregation procedure, Inwhich total unemployment and civilian labor force levels are extended with ARIMA modelsand directly adjusted with multiplicative adjustment models In the X-li pert of theprogram. The rata is computed by taking seasonally adjusted total unemployment as apercent of seasonally adjusted total civilian labor fore*. Factors are extrapolatedin 6-montb Intervals and the series revised at the end of each year.

(7) Easidual (X-11 ARIMA method). This is another alternative aggregation method, inwhich totl ivilan employment and civilian labor force levels are extended using ARlMAmodels and then directly adjusted with multiplicative adjustment models. The seasonallyadjusted unemployment level is derived by subtracting seasonelly adjusted employmentfrom seasonally adjusted labor force. The rate Is then coputed by taking the derived

loyment level as a percent of the labor force level. Factors are extrapolated in6-month intervals and the series revised at the end of each year.

(8) 12-montb extravolation -ilt A A *ethod). This approacb is the eme as the officialprocedure except that the factor ar erapolated in 12-montb Intervals. The factors forJanuary-December of the current year are cputed at the beginning of the year based on datathrough the preceding year. The values for January through June of the current year are theeme as the official values since they reflect the e factors.

(9) X-li method (official method before 1980). The method for computation of the officialprocedure La used except that the aeries are not extended with AbIWA models and the factorsare projected in 12-matb Intervals. The standard K-Il program is used to perform theseasonal adjustment.

of Adustment: The K-it ARIKA method was developed at Statistics Canada by thelii ifi Adjustment end Time Series Staff under the direction of Stele Doe Dagun. Themethod is described in The X-ll IIA Sesonal Adustment ethod, by Estele Se Dagum,Statietics Canada Catalogue No. 12-54I Febrary 1980.

The standard X-li method is described In K-ll Variant of the Census Method 11 SeasonalAd~u tnPro r, by Juliu Sbikin Allan Young and John Musgrave (Sechical Paper

or the Census. 1967).

23

MR A Si L%- United StatesNensDepartmentluv V %'"7 of Labor PBureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212

Technical information: (202) 523-1371 USDL 88-430523-1944523-1959 TRANSMISSION OF MATERIAL IN THIS

Media contact: 523-1913 RELEASE IS EMBARGOED UNTIL8:30 A.M. (EDT). FRIDAY,SEPTEMBER 2, 1988

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: AUGUST 1988

The number of nonfarm payroll jobs grew moderately in August, andunemployment edged up, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S.Department of Labor reported today. The overall jobless rate was 5.5percent and the civilian worker rate 5.6 percent, compared with 5.4 percentfor both measures in July.

Nonagricultural payroll employment, as measured by the monthly surveyof business establishments, increased by 220,000 in August to 106.5million, substantially less than the average monthly gain so far this year.Total civilian employment, as measured by the monthly survey of households,was about unchanged at 115.2 million in August.

Unemployment (household Survey Data)

Both the number of unemployed persons and the unemployment rate edgedup in August. About 6.9 million persons were unemployed, and the civilianworker jobless rate was 5.6 percent, seasonally adjusted. Since March, therate has moved within the narrow range of 5.3 to 5.6 percent. (See tableA-2.)

Most of the over-the-month increase in joblessness occurred amongadult men, whose unemployment rate rose 0.4 percentage point to 4.9percent. In contrast, the rate for adult women edged down to 4.8 percent.The incidence of joblessness rose slightly for whites to 4.9 percent, whileit was little changed for.blacks (11.3 percent), teenagers (15.8 percent),and Hispanics (8.4 percent). (See tables A-2 and A-3.)

Civilian Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)

Civilidn employment was about unchanged at 115.2 million in August,and the employment-population ratio remained at its high of 62.3 percent.The civilian labor force rose substantially--by almost 350,000--as thelabor force participation rate edged up to 66.0 percent, matching the highreached in February. (See table A-2.)

24

Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)

Employment in nonagricultural establishments increased moderately inAugust, as payroll jobs rose by 220,000 to a level of 106.5 million,seasonally adjusted. This gain, and July's increase of 200,000, followedlarger increases during the first half of the year. Employment in privatenonfarm industries rose only modestly (155,000), and the goods-producingsector did not increase for the first time since January. (See table B-1.)

Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted

Labor force 1/.........Total employment 1/..

Civilian labor force...Civilian employment..Unemployment ....... .

Not in labor force.....Discouraged workers..

Unemployment rates:All workers 1/.......All civilian workers.

Adult men.........Adult women.......Teenagers.........White.............Black.............Hispanic origin....

ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Nonfarm employment..;..Goods-producing.....Service-producing....

Average weekly hours:Total private.......Manufacturing.......

Overtime ...........

*66:006115,954121,142114,214

6,92862,825

1,027

116,352121,258114,642

6,61663,131

910

* .J , a J

116,703121,472115,018

6,45563,090

N.A.

123,357116,732121,684115,059

6,62563,045

N.A.

* 6J, I 6.

116,872122,031115,180

6,85162,799

N.A.

140347121226

-246N.A.

Percent of labor force

5.6 5.4 5.2 5.4 5.5 0.15.7 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.6 .25.0 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.9 .45.0 4.9 4.9 5.1 4.8 -. 3

16.0 15.0 13.6 15.2 15.8 .64.8 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.9 .2

12.5 12.0 11.5 11.4 11.3 -. 17.9 9.1 9.0 8.0 8.4 .4

Thousands of jobs104,670 105,609 106,057 p106,257 plO6,476 p21925,260 25,498 25,392 p2 5 , 6 5 5 p25,647 P-8

79,410 80,111 80,465 p8 0 ,6 0 2 p80,829 p227

Hours of work

34.7 34.8 34.7 p3 4 .9 p34.641.0 41.1 41.1 p4 1 .2 p4 1.0

3.8 3.9 3.9 p3 .9 p3 .8

p-0.3p-. 2

p-. 1

1/ Includes the resident Armed Forces.p.-preliminary.

N.A.-not available.

25

After 4 months of fairly strong growth, factory employment wasunchanged in August, on a seasonally adjusted basis. Although job gainswere registered in the machinery, electrical equipment, and printing andpublishing industries, these were offset by. a drop in textile employmentand smaller declines in 11 other industries. Elsewhere in the goods-producing sector, employment in the oil and gas component of the miningindustry edged down. Construction industry employment, which has risenrather vigorously over the past year, was unchanged in August.

In the service-producing sector, the services industry rose by 95,000in August, about in line with the recent average for that industry. Both

business and health services, however, posted below-average increases.Wholesale trade added 20,000 jobs, nearly all in its durable goodscomponent. Over the year, employment in that industry has risen by300,000, more than three-fourths of which was in durable-goodsdistribution. After 2 months of strong growth, employment in retail tradeshowed little over-the-month movement, as only food stores posted asubstantial job increase. Similarly, employment in the other privateservice sector industries--transportation and public utilities and finance,insurance, and real estate--was little changed in August.

Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)

The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers onprivate nonagricultural payrolls dropped by 0.3 hour to 34.6 hours inAugust, seasonally adjusted. The factory workweek declined by 0.2 hour to41.0 hours, and manufacturing overtime edged down 0.1 hour to 3.8 hours.The average workweek in manufacturing has been at or above 41 hoursthroughout most of 1987 and 1988, quite high by historical standards. (See

table B-2.)

As a result of the August drop in the workweek, the index of aggregateweekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on privatenonagricultural payrolls, at 125.5 (1977-100), declined 0.7 percent,seasonally adjusted. The index for manufacturing was also down, by 0.5

percent to 96.1. (See table B-5.)

Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)

Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisoryworkers were unchanged in August, seasonally adjusted. Average weeklyearnings fell 0.9 percent, reflecting the decline in the average workweek.Prior to seasonal adjustment, average weekly earnings dropped 92 cents to$323.40, while average hourly earnings were unchanged at $9.24. (See table

B-3.)

26

The Hourly Earnings Index (Establishment Survey Data)

The Hourly Earnings Index (HEI) was 179.4 (1977-100) in August,seasonally adjusted, an increase of 0.1 percent from July. For the 12months ended in August, the increase was 3.1 percent. In dollars ofconstant purchasing power, the HEI decreased 0.5 percent during the 12-month period ended in July. The HEI is computed so as to exclude theeffects of two types of changes unrelated to underlying wage ratemovements--fluctuations in manufacturing overtime and interindustryemployment shifts. (Beginning in 1989, the Hourly Earnings Index will nolonger be published in this release.) (See table B-4.)

The Employment Situation for September 1988 will be released onFriday, October 7, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT).

27

Explanatory Note

This news release presents statistics from two major surveys,the Current Population Survey (household survey) and theCurrent Employment Statistics Survey (establishment survey).The household survey provides the information on the laborforce, total employment, and unemployment that appears inthe A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a samplesurvey of about 55.800 households that is conducted by theBureau of the Census with most of the findings analyzed andpublished by the Bureau of Labor Statistics aLS)t.

The establishment survey provides the information on theemployment, hours, and earnings of workers onnonaggricultural payrolls that appears in the B tables, markedESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collectedfrom payroll records by s5. in cooperation with State agencies.The sample includes over 300,000 establishments employingover 38 million people.

For both surveys, the data for a given month are actuallycollected for and relate to a particular week. In the householdsurvey, unless otherwise indicated, it is the calendar week thatcontains the 12th day of the month, which is called the surveyweek. In the establishment survey, the reference week is thepay period including the 12th, which may or may not corres-pond directly to the calendas week.

The data in this release are affected by a number of technicalfacteso, ineluding definitions, sarvey differences, seasonal ad-justments, and the inevitable variance in results between asurvey of a sample and a census of the entire population. Eachof these factors is explained below.

Cowsmetg, deflntstions, and dlltecemres

The sample households in the household survey are selectedso as to reflect the entire civilian noninstsiutional population16 years of age and older. Each person in a household isclassified as employed, unemployed. or not in the Labor force.Thsose who hold more than one job are classified according tothe job as which they worked the most hours.

People are classified as employed if they did any work at allas paid civilians: worked in their own business or profession oren their own farm: or worked 15 hours or more in an enter-prise operated by a member of their family, whether they werepaid or not. People are also counted ats employed if they wereon unpaid leave because of illness, had weather, disputes be-tween labor and management, or personal reasons. Membersof the Armed Forses stationed in the United States are also in-chided in the employed total.

People are classified as unemployed, regardless of theireligibility for unemployment benefits or public assistance, ifthey meet all of the following criteria: They had no mploy-ment during the survey week: they were available for work at

that time; and they made specific efforts to find employmensometime during the prior 4 weeks. Persons laid off from theformer jobs and awaiting recall and those expecting to repoto a job within 30 days need not be looking for work to tcounted as unemployed.

The loboforre equals the sum of the number employed anthe number unemployed. The unemployment rate is thpercentage of unemployed people in the labor force (civiliaplus the resident Armed Forces). Table A-5 presents a specmgrouping of seven measures of unemployment bhsed on vaning definitions of unemployment and the labor force. Thdefinitions are provided in the table. The most restrictivdefinition yields U-I and the most comprehensive yields U-.The overall unemployment rate is U-5a, while U-5b representthe sante measure with a civilian labor force base.

Unlike the household survey, the establishment survey onlcounts wage and salary employees whose names appear on thpayroll records of nonagricultural fir5st5. As a result, there amany differences between the two surveys, among which arthe following:

- Tt honrd mesa athhbuxh baud n a t .Wk. rekW mr ar uensn: sti bih-i urare add .tnbbe uniMlbyed. un.aid futy wrik-, Rmu bh b d -m ,usnbes at he re AM d Fur- The hairind as Aides nae -Muns un a d

meoend: st -siatae msey do -;- Th. b-sstold -re a Umaed Ia h-s a t -n f ad alder. st

e-btabm arier . a- tuw- by V:

- The htotd su-e h. an r idrti at idsdsb. aV .sn usdeivdat ui hued onty nie: u sXe eab eso Rese. te we in aa

-mo sbe am job us otnwa t a ni.pP a wae ss u- amye1e awm b.vunlid erIats ru -h vnu a.

Other differences between the two surveys are described in"Comparing Employment Estimates from Household andPayroll Surveys,' which may be obtained from the Ls5 upsnrequest.

Seaausosal adjustmentOver the course of a year, the size of the Nation's labor

force and the levels of employment and unemploymentundergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events aschanges in weather, reduced or expanded production, har-vests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools.For example, the labor force increases by a large numbser eachJune, when schools close and many young people ente the jobmarket. The effect of such seasonal variation can be verylarge: over the course of a year, for example, seasonality mayaccount for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-monthchanges in unemployment.

28

Because them seasonal evems follow a more or less regularpattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can beeliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month.These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such asdeclines in economic activity or increases in the participationof women in the labor force, easier to spot. To return to thescL ool's-out enample. the large number of people enteing thelabor force each June is likely to obscure any other changesthat have taken place since May, making it difficult to deter-mine if the level of economic activity hat risen or declined.However, because the effect of students finishing school inprevious years is known, the statistics for the current year canbe adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as thesasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure pro-vides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes ineconomic activity.

Measures of labor force, employment, and unemploymentcontain components such as age and sex. Statistics for allemployees, production workers, average weekly hours, andaverage hourly earnings include components based on theemployer's industry. All these statistics can be seasonally ad-justed either by adjusting the total or by adjusting each of thecomponents and combinsig them. The second procedureusually yields more accurate informasion and is thereforefollowed by BLS. For example, the seasonally adjusted figurefor the labor force is the sum of eight seasonally adjustedcivilian employment components, plus the resident ArmedForces total (not adjusted for seasonalityl, and four seasonallyadjusted unemployment components: the total for unemploy-ment is the sum of the four unemployment components; andthe overall unemployment rate is derved by dividing theresulting estimate of total unemployment by the estimate ofthe labor force.

The numerical factors used to make the seasonal ad-justments are recalculated regularly. For the householdsurvey, the factors are calculated for the January-June periodand again for the July-December period. The January revisionis applted to data that have been published over the previous 5years. For the establishment survey, updated factors forseasonal adjustment are calculated only once a year, alongwith the introduction of new benchmarks which are discussedat the end of the next section.

Sampling variabilityStatistics based on the household and establishment surveys

are subject to sampling error, that is, the estimate of thenumber of people employed and the other estimates drawnfrom these surveys probably differ from the figures that wouldbe obtained from a complete census, even if the same question-naires and procedures were used. In the household survey, theamount of the differences can be expressed in terms of stand-ard errors. The numerical value of a standard error dependsupon the size of she sample, the results of the survey, and otherfactors. However, the numerical value is always such that thechances are approximately 68 out of 100 that an estimate basedon the sample will differ by no more than the standard error

from the results of a complete census. The chances are approinately 90 out of I0 that an estimate based on the sample adiffer by no more than 1.6 times the standard error from tIresults of a complete census At approximately the SO-percelevl of confidence-the confidence limits used by ass in ianalyses-the error for the monthly change in total emploment is on the order. of plus or minus 35g,000; for totunemployment it is 224,00D; and, for the overall unenmploment ratse, i is 0.19 percentage point. These figures do mmean that the sample resuls are off by then magnitudes burather, that the chances are approximately 90 out of 100 th:the "trae" level or rate would not be expected to differ frinthe estimates by more than these amounts.

Sampling errors for monthly surveys are reduced when tidata are cumulated for seveal months, such as quarterly cannually. Also, as a general rule, the smaller the estimate, thlarger the sampling error. Therefore, relatively speaking, thestimate of the size of the labor force is subject to less crrcthan is the estimate of the number unemployed. And, amonthe unemployed, the sampling error for the jobless rate oadult men, for example, is much smaller than is the error fothe jobless rate of teenagers. Specifically, the error on monthlchange in the jobless rate for men is .25 percentage point; foteenagers. it is 1.29 percentage points.

In the establishment survey, estimates for the 2 most currenmonths are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, thesestimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. When all threturns in the sample have been received, the estimates ar,revised. In other words, data for the month of September ar'published in preliminary form in October and November antin final form in December. To remove errors that build u1over time, a comprehensive count of the employed is conducted each year. The results of this survey are used tcestablish new benchmarks-comprehensise counts o0employment-against which month-to-month changes can bemeasured. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes inshe classification of ndustries and allow for the formation ofnew establishments.

Additional stataatics and other InformationIn order to provide a broad viw of the Nation's employ-

mein situation, ULS regularly publishes a wide variety of datain ihis newts release. More comprehensive stasissict are contain-ed in Employment and Earnings, published each month byas. Is is available for S8.50 per issue or $22.00 per year fromthe U.S. Governens Printing Office, Washington, DC20204. A check or money order made out to the Superinten-dent of Documents must accompany all orders.

Employment and Earnings also provides approximations ofthe standard errors for the household survey data published inthis release. For unemployment and other labor forcecategories, the standard errors appear in tables B through J ofits "Explanatory Noses." Measures of the reliability of thedata drown from she establishment survey and the actualamounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are pro-vided in tables M, 0. P. and Q of that publication.

29

HOUSEHOLD DATA

TV. A.1. En..P*Y d. X 4. P.p ^ h -le f For M 6h6 6W S60 by -

HOUSEIHOD DATA

A4' 9 Aft A4 . M A.1667 186NS Im 17 IS7 16 6m 6 Iion

TWAL

W P _ _ _ _ 164.73 1"'462 165 104.736 185.964 186.0 e 186247 1S6402 1ess22S __._ _ _22. _0 _ _ 12.5068 122.042 123.0W8 122.005 123.157 123.357 123.723T. W _.____._____ ee. 67.4 67.1 e6. 662 e6 661 ea2 663

ToUSop_68- -- Il63 119.738 I16.456 11l4.766 116.445 115.8 1. 11703 I16 .732 116 .72

En6

nilb'.~s................ _ 62.__85.____ § ezg7 63.5..... ............ eas 62.4 62.2 0276.R.6A h,66Fao4.. ..... .......... 1.736 107m 168s2 1 736 1732 1.714 1.e85 16m 1692a_ _--- - 114527 117666 116.737 113aso 114713 114.195 115.018 115.58 115.166

___ -.-_._____- 3.452 3.541 3,455 3,143 3.256 3 305 30 3.0456 31t51N06'Ioj66 W66k. _ 111.075 113.524 113.52 105.907 1 11.485 I 1 166 11933 11Z014 I1 2526Lk , vb6 _ 7 6.622 6 60. 7.256 6e610 6 78 6455 6e625 6.651ll _ . _ 1 .7 5.4 53 5.9 5.4 5.5 5.2 5.4 55

54 h I4.-_ 61.366 GO t41 61.434 ez2se 62. 6.3 63 .088 63.55 6.4756

US 6W. ._4d 660.

N,* _ w . ___.__ __- 59 .445 essc4 6e.5M8 66.225 e6.527 es.367 e9445 66.504Lb .___ _ 660.00 720555 656. 97*37 6ez44s 66.318 664e 6.52 6723

P nI_ ____-- - 77. 78.5 760 76.7 767 76. 768 76e 76.ToU ...i~os~d 66 66.85A76 66405 MAI$6 es 64.3 84n.34 66. esd4.6

_q~w.6 n NM _..... .................. _737 74.5 74.2 7. 7.7 72 72.7 72.7 72.6R06464,1 h Fo0 1.575 1.512 1,529 1.575 I .59 1263 1.522 1.512 1.5504a _ _ _ 63.7M0 1664 14.764 925.41 .2= S328 03.411 63.466 e.428

Lk s.M X 3.45 4_ _1 3A.0 3.753 3.454 3.518 3.708qF _ S _______ 5.4 5.0 4.9 5.9 &2 5.5 &I 5.1 5 5

M~~koka.-A~~. _ __ _ _._ _ ---------- . .. SkI40 9BA57 97.018 W140 iC730 NXI O& 9WM 0 97.9M8In.60, k - - 54360 5535 55.= 54.105 64.610 54s374 64.725 s4636 55.w

P.-ko-ft mw ~~~~56. 57.1 5669 56. 56.,5 54.2 56.5 563 56.7T66d l - 50.656so 2.0SZM Z524 50.670 51.553 51 .27 517e 51 .730 51Al$

En~n ndl~iowo.6~ , ,._ ..................... 53.0 53.7 53.6 52. 52.3 53.0 53.4 53.4 53.5P-44.0 A-W F0 161 161 163 161 163 181 162 161 163

a 66 _ __ __ _ _ S.797 51.602 51,661 50.706 51l.30 51.16 s5A0.7 51.566 S.755Lknin16

5.. .3_....... _ .305 3.294 3* 3.235 3.057 3.047 2.26 3.105 3.063

th.,q" ... ...... .. .... ...... ..... 6.2 60 58 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.7 s .

15Th. Po nn4 d A6d F. - 55 .d *.d' 1, [W40 ,46 d -6.1. n_116 kWb_nnl1.64 -t 6-016,6. 64666- 154*6,11 _6,6, 9. h6, _a,483666 ' TdW . 4 .6 of4 66 -*,d 11r4 nlW85-

kc540 _ nb d 86 4.4 F- 0.1c U, 66, I[086 40bmd Fa..st.d

98-835 - 89 - 2

30

HUSE0LD DATA HOUJSE8 DATA

788.w. "6 Ew ~sm own ofV-aM pwow~ by - d .T1 M88 *8 ,48

Am X -*- h o ft. t b1eMI-M7Gb 1"1 =ce I11 ~ = 1907I alow l m I

- 182.S02 184.72 1848 183,082 154,232 184X,374 184 se2 184,729 14.830048811 Xbv 8456 -_____________________ 101.814 M238 123I8 120,308 121,322 120D78 121.472 121.684 128031pw., r _________________________ 68S 67.1 68. 68.7 68. 68.8 688 8.0 6

E _~l68d _114.827 117. I 6 116.727 I,050 14713 1I4.195 115.0I8 115=,8 115.160E_~81ysw4.yops~A I 82. 82G4 S 2.2 81.8 e. 81.8 8L3 6Z3 623UAIpd.4 _ 7M 8.2 e .68s 7.08 Coelo 0 .M76 8.455 8.e30 8.801L81.Ibp-g mm se 8. 8. 8.4 e.0 84 8. 83 8.4 8

Cols, m*~~~~ds88 O86l~~~~l 78.66 man6 so66 78.66 8O.3 00 .402 MM82 8WAN WAMg82il1 62.22 62.6 82.883 82.78l 6.M 82.66 82.8 6182

Pw 1. 7 78. 77.8 7M 77.8 778 77.0 78.0El198o6.d -6--6---------- s,346 6.822 82,384 58525 58,e63 58,880 59,797 88.84 509a4EIp~o~l~s~i~p~~l rdo __________________ 174.7 78.2 78.1 73.8 74.5 74.1 74,3 74.4 74.2A918*,. 2,418 248 2.4 2M2W 2.285 0181 2M2c 2,247 2.311

884891848.81 _18M. 157.130 Wa.16s 58,151 sss2e 87627 87.408 57,88 57,706 57,322a ----l--.d 2.87 2,887 2,803 32. 2.08 .72 2.870 2.815 2080L81 . 66__4. 4 e 4A4 852 4.0 48 4.0 4.5 4.8

W66N M Von ad i

-A.baiww _______ Be 68 g 8836 88.67 886 68,387 8828 68,30 66,36 MM87Odle8 M. 8468 48.8- s 0258 502637 4899.8 80.812 .441 so.482 58.778 88O24Pseo 58 88. 88.3 087 s84 88. 5V7 s0._ 881854 48.848 47.783 48.M 47aoe 48.170 47Mg 48.166 4.166 4MA4N

eo-* w s2 J MA 5" SM 63.3 sus W3 5" 5 s, 54.0A~~~bA- M~~ 688 680 8N09 87 616 842 -NO.18*,d 6.. - 48.181 47.133 47,384 4868e 47,478 2 47,373 47.553 47.87 47.681tA88q181y.4 2.843 2843 2.3 2Msl 2442 2481 2.473 2.878 R1kw 6p 87 82 82 . 4.8 4.8 4. 8. 4.

o_6~ - 14.86814.822 l4.481 14A4 146l 14. 14.2 14,533 14A.N~08 8466 _____________________ 8.418 10.1423 8a.3 8.284 7.818 778 8*163 8.141 8.172P.666,M.. do ____________________ e84.3 MA6 84.8 83 542 54.0 82 8o 84

8.141 8.8 L140 W87 8.6 GA4" 7.0581 8.07 8.888.6 88.6e 882 47,2 42. 425 485 47.0 478.

88 4 -3 25 w° 237 290 27 257 e254N8.l~18*Id 648~ _____________..~ 7.76 6=3 7,772 8.672 8.26 8.7 8.781 8.68 8.821,374 1,482 I.= 1.27 12. I"m 1.112 -12l4 1 3

W._a.81 86w __________________ 12.8 14.0 1. 18.2 18. 12. 132 15.2 18

8 T W N- -M -X 4 84d if 5 Wl,0 * aw ,Wpid 6 6 d X8 dw BOb4 ~M-* -*M. 8M- 81 6 .Omfd .0 8668666 Pc8.Wo

M8Ab aok

l l l l l I

HOUSEHOLD DATA

788A- tqfy~S. 4.3 M.wis..8 t43 P8PW. by .. .1083 f.N W I8p4 081

28. 0088501 818l.

HSEHHOD DATA

N - - ] I - 7 . -

C137 IX~l 38 18 15 7

1. 1 M 3I lo 18 , 13 198 lw8

aM. 410185d.W Po4 3 .* 157,134 114,278 11.340 157.134 157,843 158304 141.131 15,279 151.34004 -4808 104,.31 108.38 108.148 13,518 10(.574 104Pss 104.31 104.38 105.007

P.wdon 38 ______________________ .8 81e 2 87.0 ess 3.2 5.89 8ee2 eI e 3.3M8 2 101.432 101213 3.518 98.751 3.257 903.2 3725 93,901

E405Is.138~8.381 4480' _______________ 82.3 84.1 3s 825 32 82. 832 83.0 83.1003m w 5,144 4*48 4.825 035 4.524 4*913 4,759 478 s 1.oe

L t0l ._4 4.9 4.7 4.8 52 4. 4.7 40 47 4.9

O . 00 _54 usss 55.13 55.253 58.183 8.38s 54,818 u.82 58.732 U.825Ps_1 138 -____________________ 78.e 7Me, 789 75.2 7e5. 75.3 78-2 7es 78.4e d1548184 52335 53.182 53.084 51.715 52.538 52S.1 528491 52.G3 52.80

011540411885.8q81483 138' _____________- 71.8 75.1 75. 74.7 75.4 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.0M15bpd 2.224 2014 2.139 2.438 2.181 2.304 2.171 2.120 2Z351

Wb-,4053 8.1 3.8 3.8 5 4 0 4*2 ..0 3.0 43

_45.58-- -C~b.1 f- _________ 42.081 42.4 42.e84 42332 42.38 42.2 42.821 42.37 43,177

Plen81 1.48 1_____________________________.. 55.4 55.7 51.0 55 58.3 18.1 58.2 58.t 1 .1E40.49 40.871 40.985 40,449 81.087 41.104 41.182 41.080 41.30

E n*_.A .W __________ 532 535 53 54.1 53e 53 53.7 54.110.1 --YW 2012 I.317 I.00 1.883 I1.3 1.723 1.738 1.847 1,775

t0- 401- -I 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 3.0 40 40 4.3 4.1

04.1. 8 _12 8517 8.38 7.001 8.38 8e784 7.108 8.3.' 7005P.048538. 87.0 7ne 710 585 15.0 57.0 510 58. 592

End~14sy5 7.0s8 7.579 7.134 e.017 5*910 557s OA2se e,081 6,035EP nI0,l4 _ 58.A e3.8 88.3 50.3 45J 4955 527 513 510.I _l~l~y84 913 1.038 4 9584 M73 ass 850 52 G 57

I.0.1Is485.ll.I5 1048 ________________________________ 11.4 12.0 11.1 14.1 14. 13.1 1.0 12.5 13.8M. 12.___ __ 123 s 11.2 15.2 14.5 138 128e MA.8 13.8w a 10.4 11.1 11. 12.8 13.7 1Z4 11.1 11.1 13.8

0aa. M w 3w 1 203.s 0.715 8.r738 203s8 08.822 20,.e0 20.883 20.715 20.738a~ 8b 10. 13.35 13.700 13.481 131050 13.078 13.03 12.8 s3 13,282

P8 F8.es 657 3.1 3 e 14, 824 * 0.3 82. 84.2 0480El1d~.4 11.721 12_,51 11.952 11.513 1 1.42 11.452 1 1.489 1 1.774 1 1.784

Eoslos.,.1558p.48580 1858' 81.5 58.1 57.7 5s.8 55.7 55.5 55.5 58s 58.7Lh, . 1.871 1.es 1,519 1.837 1.597 1.817 150 1.519 1.490

Ih4140 3 _ 12.5 12.2 113 12.4 12.2 12.4 113 .IA 11.3

O_88 mt 8.121 8.181 8.212 8.0 8.1823 e.107 8.0e4 8.70 8.154P8 I3 _. 75.e 745 75.4 745 753 74.5 7a 130 74.7

En. d 5.401 553 S,844 0.407 5511 5.449 5.411 5.402 5.5eE0W40AjWW0- _ e e 0 57.7 s8.5 8se 87.3 W5 5 e es 87.0

1W d __. - 630 582 5s 447 es2 858 888 575 55W1k581440s10.8 .. __ 10.3 58 9.1 10.7 10.8 10a8 1.0 0.5 0.

_22_ s - W

0.381n 54 , , _,_ ,_ _ - __,,8^115 8e284 88 6.122 e.083 8,01 8,574 8.307 8.152P.548100n185.. 4- -. 'o.3 61.0 5s.8 82 so 5.4 5s.0 50.0 01.2 5959Ed5485.4 5.375 0.015 551S 5,430 5.407 5.414 5.431 5.800 5.572En _ n ..5 8 me 50 5us 53, 53s 527 5z7 52.7 540 540

U1 _ _._ ' __ 730 NO 850 e s2 eee M4s 802 857 610uI1.1104111.151818. - - 12.1 1058 10.5 11.3 11.3 IS0 10.7 10.4 5.9

0.8 b. .. 1.154 124 1,103 974 82a g3 852 917 528P 0 , .- ._._._____ _ 53.2 57.4 505 44.9 37.7 414 39.0 42.0 42.4

E.bO.d - - S2 848 802 u 78 su 54 S 810 82 625E._b53.So*53 n Ib 33 97 357 31.2 25.9 27.0 o 20 o 28.7

Ul._ 0.__ .. _ 32 -05 3D2 208 08m 314 242 255 3D05 48- n41 2.............. .. 25S2 32 27.3 30.6 314 34.0 25.4 31.1 32.4

n _.__._. _ 25-1 323 2605 33.27276 33.3 30.4 30.4 32.2Wa3- - 24.0 32.9 28.3 27.1 35 355 8 M5g 3150 32.7

04. i0885 Us0 041 8

32

HOUSEHOLD DATA

TV6 A Enacyt1.61 9 h. dONM pullout by .. 8 .q .1 186dI o eW_-C-lk1"

98,18 w .6.8181888148

HOUSEHOLD DATA

NM -*N8m.9d 8..y .*1.ld'

I_ edy 6. ho A. Apn M1y A- J*i Ah19l7 1911 1986 1967 1988 1988 1986 19SS 1968

-SPA-C O4

O Ip__. ._ _._ ---. __.-._ -... 12.975 13344 13.381 12925 13.230 13.268 13.3W8 13.344 13.381C~, ___ 1b. 8.133 9C91 849 8.828 8,889 9027 8.P14 6,82

P68w9~nl 1.81 .... ~_________________ 672 9L4 6789 681 687 6. 972 673 68"8W13 836 8.357 7856 8010 e.8 8,219 8,264 8.188

Eo -,dj.p5 r8 _____- 8o 8z9 25 60D8 68.5 6D.7 612 819 812U,186I 06d .__.__.. . .___ 878 737 733 683 818 801 w 728 75064 1 ._ _ 7J lI 8,1 81 9.3 8.0 90 8.0 84

Th. P.Aon M, b68 *888I. _Mww 81.0 PWFh8.888868. 9 4 N8 h9 1. Ud nrd _4 NOTE. DN4 l hr 81 .. nbo_ Id Hhp9. & w1w. 6

WI 6 nlI4O8of.1. _89 14 l or a- dW18H1 - k86648d k4 " W1.1 nd68 P86dO~~~~~~~~~~64868w_ 88814.48184818d _.488 1 _ h povM5 d l P

_o-gm AV. Mm_._ _ _ A1967 im 1966 I i I m m I

CHARAC1!mnTC

O.~ldi.O d. 187 9096. .......................... ... ...... 114.527 117G88 11.737 I1308 114.713 114,195 11s01B 188 115.16sM ~ a =9-= .= p= 1 4884A2 408687 I48748 40.= 40.459 40.27 40.485 40.535 40.480kw_ p______ 27,6 208.138 208286 2.1808 2.88 208.867 28713 208.84 288321.88 96. 6669615486.. 8.08 0.127 8.n5 8.187 8.055 5.957 8.085 8.148 6.2

AJOR 360T18 AND CLASS OF WORKER

wq y1.781 1,8 1.755 1.861 1.678 1.83 1.86 1.3 1.868_ _._.161d k . .. .... .. .... ... 1.472 1.482 1.498 1383 18m 1.348 138 1.384 1416

U.pyid IN,*y .1.1 Igo9 2D7 2087 186 116 189 107 148 188

W8P6 ._4 _ 188.4 104,8 1044 101,241 108 1018 128.8. 1038133 188,.87G.88.1-d 0.. 18.140 18.438 18.48 18.784 17.015 18.87 17.884 16.96 17.1I24P=18.w1 .,.43 - BB 187,872 84,447 88.58 m8-.40 658.35 8W.74 85,984RMN h=.8f I= = 1 1.251 1,202 1.178 121 1.116 1.130 1.128 1.108003 481.11515 as__ 00 96,87 86.67 8.27 84.431 8288 84788 88.08 84.877

896...r48784 81.548 -~~~~~~ .... 8.36S7 8.688 8698 8.214 8.837 8.817 8.877 a 8 ,88 64811.819941W * 1.148 ............................ . ....... 65 288 282 248 281 307 381 288 243

PERSONS AT WORK PART TM'

P.1 U- Ir .0688 ........... _ 5 . 81494 i41 55589 5283 s.194 4844 5s317 5832 8.181S"or8. _ __, = - - 2.417 2.450 2.374 2.468 2.236 2.227 2J374 2.480 2.318Co. 8 .49.01 15- 2AWO %20 2.837 2.828 2.80 2.315 2.37 Z5881 Z.481

Vo , W p6- _ _ _ _ _|- 1.898 12.357 11.87 14.573 18.016 14,790 14.807 15.870 15,021

P188 8I 4 , ___ _ _ _ _ _ .373 SAM6 s.081 5.016 4,924 4.623 5.078 .18 4,889Sl6.k.5 - 2.287 Z2.02 Z.117 2.28 2.121 Z.12D 2.6Z 231 .7C.td 0*4 sn a p- 2.683 3.214 2742 2.483 2.387 2.236 2 .868 28545 2.428

V O P . ...... ..... . . _ 1.138 11.911 11=37 14.099 14-52 14,338 14,0B3 I4.868 14,188

E.d. P-- '.f .pb but W hp968n1488 . 806 % 18 1

- 33

HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA

m Iv 1 " A~hb A-

U.1 P-n0 o,.OwW ISw60 00g 6 p.16O ,% _- _m .... ___...... ____ _ _ 1.7 1.6 5I 14 1.3 12 13 14

U.2 J6 b.n ..r.- 0 d b. I c _._ __ 3_0 Ls 2Z7 Ue Zs ZS Zs Z

U-3 U wd pm 25

Y- 4d p6,s O p 4 rd _ _ _ ___........ . .4__ 4.6 4.5 44 4.2 41 4.2 44

U4 1_,Wkd _54. 4 .s 54d,40 , 1 5_____ 59 5.6 55 5.4 5.1 49 5.0 53

tlXf Tdw _" _" ds,g N. I.M._ A.-d Fn_ ___. _____ 5.. _. 6.2 5. S 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.4 5.5

u4b ToW .465d . 6 s v . d s e _______INr. 6.- a3 Ga U9 S7 05 5.3 5.4 5.6

U-4 T.W kA-, O..S Pk. 1/2 pV,4 Pk. p1/2 oW - p6-b - _5 - pr4dft dA. I00.f..I-1/2 of ft MM 0 ___. I-- ,5 _ a 2 5. 6o 7.6 75 76 78

W7 T.0 .4 I p0, 172 P.60.Pk. 1/2 WW - P.M IN

5,06600*

64Pk. dp..0d

_..ska . Itd- f o dl b f-wO..gpd _n- I- 1/2 d rp.4W,. O.-63 V.0 6,do __ __3 sn N4 NA NA N4

NA nd b-W

T A£4 _h.d 4. _ _

14-b4. Os

-L. M 5-6044 -L oAP A* A167 166 1666 1967 166 166 166 166 1666

TMK 'S p6.1.646, 73256 G6n 6.61 6.0 54 5.6 5.3 5.4 U.MM0 16 5-6 W4.6 4351 3.516 3.766 6.1 U 5.3 5. 3 56 5.MM 52D p6-.4.6 3.256 2.515 3.09 5.2 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.5 46

10s 6 p64. -6 oW__ 3355 3.106 3.06 6.0 U. U 5.4 5.7 5.6260 y 25-6Oso 20611 Z576 2.466 5.3 43 4.9 4.6 5.I 4.5

6 laIII6 1661 p64. 035 1.25 1.253 16.2 IU. 15. 13.6 15.2 1UA

M4.1td.k145 60.. ________ 13553 136 1.436 3.7 3. 3,3 31 3.0 3.4644.10066466. p.64.6 - 0356~~~~~~.2 0,212 5.2 4.3 3.6 3.6 3.7 4.1 4.1

W,0,4. Oskoh,0114.5.....___.... 5 577 502 9.0 6.7 6.4 7.0 6.6 74.

FW1*- .64. 5.012 5.174 53517 5.6 5.1 5.2 469 50 5.3P4.1.4k 4.4.00 I.432 1.443 1.321 6.2 7.4 7.7 75 :.1 7.4L4.60.,06I6'- NM ______We__ -- - 639 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.5

0,445*0 P6 966 oWy 4.0*4. 5.6 4345 5.14 6.0 5.3 S.7 54 5.4 5.6G5o.d ,600d,000 . Zoo 1I3 1367 6. 6.5 6.61 60 6.3 6.61

MWN ~ ~ ~ ~ ____ 75 42 52 6 6.4 10.4 6.7 5.3 668C0066,oW, - .... ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~70. 635 659 11 .3 I0A 10.5 10.2 10.2 II.

1.224 "lot1 1.2 5.6 5.3 5.4 4. 5.2 5.707 557 633 5.5 41 469 4.4 550 5.0

N.M.Ob 9.0 I~~~~51 50 53 a. 6.5 50 54 5.6 6.45o-646.k..y0016k 60..…......... 3.3635,122 3. 176 53 4.7 5.2 SI 5.0 SI1

TI-P6to0 64PAoW.oW. 74 223 364.4 3.6 4.4 4.1 3.5 3LW666.64,oW law"f. 1. 615 1.415 1S26 7.0 5.9 5.3 569 6.2 565F -46 4.6 0. W 66 ,0 _____ _____...1 k 1,404 1.464 1.425 4.7 4.1 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.4

G.00.r4.66.1 .e- ________~. 647 526 550 3.7 3.0 2.9 Zs 3.1 3.1Agftgk"., 5-64.6404.54.45,05 166 IN6 205 15.6 1536 131 6.7 j1538 11.4

04Lk Vp,0 1 * P a d ft ,ft.4 ci.a ft-b

,AA"M t- OWN bYl ft by 8Amd ad pa -n pW *. 1* -. 4..44..6p-4566 I C- M 5h.0,

34

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Tow .A-?. D.806601 t om o u .

(to.. h AD.-O

HOUSEHOLD DATA

e 0-. _ _ AW Ao y Mi AL1 67 19e 166 1667 1968 1I9 1s6e 166 196

DUAATIO

L. D- 5 wM . .. .......... 2.151 3.164 3.005 3,3 3.125 3.078 30z6 Zes5 2107S 1 1 _*4 ._._-.--2.5 2.186 2004 Z142 1,9566 z110 IAO 2.075 1zo7e

15 .m .4 - Iev~~~~~.06 1.473 1.470 I,66 1,540 1.00 1.512 1,529 1,57615 b 7e _X . -- _= = == e '42 as 6e 1134 725 764 727 530 16027 _.4 Ado * ._ 1.040 78 665 .I oe 16 620 700 791 617

A..w (.. d.Um I -A --- ------ ---- 14.2 12. 1.0 14.3 13.4 13.0 1.9 13.8 13.7Md -m .. 0. . _=. = = 4 05. 0.9 04 6 5.9 6.0 .3 & 09

PERC9fT oSRBTO

Tobl ,w _ 108. 165.0 10.0 0.0 10060 108.0 165,0 101.0 100 0L- 0 5 b ______ 4 49.4 4605 44.2 47.2 452 47.4 A.4 49.6510 14 -Md 3 00 32., 31.4 260 2005 21.1 292 31.1 26.715 W.*. . ... ..-----.------ 7 21A. 22.1 26.2 23.3 20.7 23.4 244 24,515 I1 28w ....... _. ............... 0.1 10.0 10.1 11.5 10.9 110 112 12e2

7w_..n .. .......... _ 14.7 11. 12.0 14.7 1213 12.1 1' .19 10

TOM Ay 04 _cn A f.

F4_ *4_d _-.t Nt

_~~~~~~~~~~~~~O A1 A.D MW 1 A sy v. be.s167 9066 1866 1967 1960 1960 1968 196 96

NUMBEROFU0 UNEMPOD

J00 0.. .. ..... ....... 145 2.907 2.667 3.380 2.016 3.236 3.00 3U06 3.138OI. I.V .... .. . . ........ 730 791 7?6 674 631 793 65 62 661pb- . ,_ _ .............. .24152 Z970 Z482 25 z9 5 Z90 44 2 1944 2904 2927

N.00I,. 5 _. ..... .. . ......................... I.06 e 975 161784 m 28 m,4 1.0 676

PERCEIT D i

T .. oy117d .... ... 0.....100.0.0...... _ .__ . .: 100.0 1OD.0 100.0 100.0 100.oJob I .. __ .. . ... 44A 43.3 43.4 47.0 44.1 47.9 470 40.3 40.200 kw"6 . ......... 10.3 11.4 II., Il1 12.4 11.7 13.3 12.8 13.1o011oblo. .= = =. 34.1 310 32.3 349 31.7 3002 336 323.5 33.1.R4 I- .__.___== 14.3 100 1393 15.0 12.7 14,5 13.5 14.7R-"ft0 - 26.1 27.5 26.4 27,5 27.0 26.5 26.0 26.0 27,560.90,01 ....................... .........--- 12.0 14.2 123 1109 13.8 11.9 11.9 11.6 11.7

UNEMPLOYED A4 A PERCET OF THeIvlLJAM LAOR FORCE

Jb .__ . .. _ _ . _._.__........ ........ . ze Z4 2.3 2e Z4 Z7 2zs 2zs 2ze0.80680 . _...... . 10 1.0 Is 1.4 1.5 1,5 1.4 1.0 10N- ._ , _ . .7 _ . .7 .7 .6 7 .6 .0 .e

35

HOUSEHOLD DATA

T29bA..44J Wp 8 byAW. 8 d

HOUSEHOLD DATA

l9a7 198 19M 8 1987 1968 1988 1968 19M 8 1988

T7t, 185 6- 90_ ._ 7258 8.82 9.851 A 0 5.4 8 5.3 84 5.8119

2 4l - Z738 Z468 2.513 11. 11.2 11. 10. 10.9 11.1

169 19 y *D _. 1.3 ,34 1.283 18.2 &JI 15.8 18 152 15818 b 17w. ..__ 826 58 0 807 183 17.8 161 114 17.5 18 7189 19 ON 628 871 14.7 142 1S3 12.9 1210 13.9

20 10 24 V24 _ 1.269 1234 1220 9.4 6.7 6. &4 8"5 8.425ZS ....V - -_ -_ _ _ 4.544 4.16o 435 4.7 4. 4. 4.1 4.2 4.42519 54 79 ... .. _ 4,050 38961 3,871 4.9 4.3 4.5 4. 4.4 4,

55 V 1 .wd ._ . _ 483 481 478 32 2z 3.5 2. 3.1 3.2

M96 18 I6 V __ 4 021 3519 3.748 8.I 5 58 5.2 53 5.18 19 24 y .. . ..___ 1.518 1334 1.3i5 12.5 11.2 11.8 10.5 11l 11.51e 8 19 Y_.. _____ _ _ 763 704 78 17.8 15.8 18.2 14.7 16.8 1.9

8 17 ________ 363 302 297 20.5 172 16.7 17. I72 1718119 o _ _. 387 370 371 18 14 7 15.8 14.2 14.7 14.7ZO _ 24 y ____ 755 635 681 98. 8J .1 8.2 8.4 90

25 y .d 9 - zs2s21 Z174 z425 4.7 4.1 42 4.1 2.9 4.425ID545_4 2_215 1,908 Z118 4.9 42 44 42 4.1 4.5F5 V_ .d O _ _-___ 302 Z75 301 3.4 31 3.7 32 21 3.4

h,. Is ,_ d1 a 3.235 3106 3.083 8.0 56 58 4 57 581 01 24 _69y..- _ _ , 1218 1.134 1.154 110 11.3 11.0 10.0 10.5 I5.718 M 199 . ... _ _ 74 535 815 144 16.0 8o 12.4 138. 15.61619o 1776 . 275 287 310 160 164 155 137 17.0 198

1819 19 le _ 301 260 38 134 12.7 14.7 11. 11.2 12.925 M 24 .9 844 W4 539 96 6.7 6. 6.7 6.7 78

25 1649 -_z018 1.975 1.833 4.7 4.2 42 42 45 4.42519 54 I.- -_ 135 17'5 1,753 8o 45 4.5 48 4.7 48e55 76n d9 0.- ._ 181 1ee 175 2s 2.7 32 2e 3.0 2z

T98I. A-10. E9 ., I I. f 269690699699,. .960

- - I~~~~~~~m --AT I. E9a A.4 Aug AP,. Y M7 Y 41967 1986 1969 1987 1968 1968 1 1968 l98

Ck. r 25M- z m 25.451 25.49D 25ss es 06AQ 2M 2845' 2,.495,A0., 5f. _ ___ __ 18.964 17.S0 17250 15,897 11e733 18.s9 16.735 17.021 18.563

P9 5on 16 . _ _ _ _ .es5.7 882 85.1 84.5 83.7 83.4 834 89.4 841E.4o9..d ............. ... .. 15045 15,833 15.524 14.460 14.9 14.818 15.017 15.319 15.2E.PWM-19.8.p08,d99 r5. ... ..... .......... S 59.1 5886 572 56. 58.3 56.5 57.9 5728

0.46789076 ..................... ______. .3 1.874 1.725 1I05 1.755 1.87 1.718 1.701 1,894Uk-w" t m ______ 11.4 10.7 10.0 11j3 10.7 11.3 10. 10.0 10.0

08 M , le t. ._ _ 6.884 8,943 9.240 9.171 9.ss 9.542 9,681 9.430 5.497

0-19. d.Sw nn p_ n9 5 1.* d 8 6 556 d 00

36

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Tobi A&I1. Om_.§5. MB f46 a. d 4 .. y.45 I *4Wd

(.146-. r-MDd.)

TeJ, 16 8 ,o d C

M Ww . pdft ..............E- .4 U n_ ..09605446. -A655

T ~.l0w. -*& M4*46660464P5,61T.d_. .40d ww p. -- ----.--5X" -rr . ...... f-.. .... .......... ..... .... -..

A&io& _ p_ ' -__.I --55561. MBW-66, _ _

PM . *.Msli W h_.. rd _' =

_ _ _ __016 1 666 16 014 - - _ _ _ _ -_. d - 5.141 - 14 4. 5*- - -- - -

16.0,56 .1 -0. a dq _ __.._._ _______.

M Ih 0 ,61 6 h0,._H d", _.b.......................... __.__._._ ...............

T A,. - 5t.. W W 15 - 1 - -*.ft. __ ____o5 4 4 5. 5. d . 5. Id4 _, ... - -..

F 0 M-by, -__ - - . 14,,MB

6 1. -a.. M 54 - I IM5 ft. -540wb -hft -W F

37

HOUSEHOLD DATA

T7b 1 A-I&412. * . 1 E l 0 100 do _ P 0 n 0 for 0 11 S0 0

(1 4I t 8 8 5 0

0 8 8 0 w5 4 o . a 8 0 XW

C~m 20,599

CNN..l 18 I .8. .. _ . _ . 13,575E 8.4d -_.…----.-- 13,125

ULb 8 4 __._.. . 5.4

COns. f- b 5.927

U 0-- _ ___._. _ .. -.. _._ 33701101180 8 100e __ ... ... . .. . _ ____.___._5.7

OGW.ll _ _ _ ._._ _. 8 .745OW 080 ._._____-- -.. .. ...- 5,904

E o_._ 5.503

ua ~ .. 1080.... _ .. 40.

1 3 8 W> l 10810101 11001. . ........... ........... 4 .5

e0_ ._ ... _ .... . .3,10

C ~ . - I d . _ _ .....___._._ .... ........... ...... ......... 3,1 419

U d _ . ____.__.__.. .......................... 3.078

mtkw 1._.____. ... 0801w _ 8 10 _ _O - -E 41080 - ................ 4.003

U---PI-YW ~~~ - 300U l1.8660118 .0 l W . . 8 .3

C4.1 110 _______ .................... _ .034

U0110 80 -,8 d _ _ ........... _ .......1..0..... .0 . .... 39

N1_ Yd4-

0M 0 1 . b -I0 _._.__ __._._ 13,760ak _ 0 80 ... ............ . ....... 8..... .856

40q10l1510 10__ .... … ... . ........ __ .__. 43S!

E NOW. d 00W.

081 I._ _8 _. 3.332e ... .... ............................. 3.193080_._ ...... _ __._ . 138UnK4b ._ . _.____ .... ..... .. ......... ....... ._ .__ 4

U ~ln..................... 4,R2CW- hb. I.________ 5.2

e .VI__ .... ..2-...2und __ ....... _ _.__ . ___._ __ ...365

.............................................. 6.9

S. 4 11 zd ol Utb.

HOUSEHOLD ODTA

- -, I - -_.hl 448 I 4s 4 _ 1 I I 10 A

100 l 0010100 0 l l0l l

21.012

14.28013.401

5.9

5|8

353

5.m

8.780

3020.2

4.030

3,005%11

3.6

4 .54:296

30270

5.0424.0523.084

1694.2

13.7778.7148.350

308*.2

3.411

1093.2

8.2035.3365.0!4

2725.S

21.0431425513.402

794

.238

5.0213145.0

5.7875.062550843M2

6.7

4.604

3.1068

3.1

7.0024,.624.33

3257.0

8.0444.0293im3

1433,0

13 7748.7428.375

3874.3

3.207

3.0

5.3435.04

29956

20.50 2084 25.0.931 20.972:m 2.77 14.077 141.12 14.10513,031 13.362 13.251 13,315

740 715 091 7905.4 5.1 8.3 5.

0.403 9.828 9.46 9 071

5.063 8. m 80 .080 815.33 5.773 5.780 5.831

323 320 305 2045.5 53 5.0 4.0

8.745 87 5.776 0.701

5.033 5.740 5,733 5.7085,420 532 5.52 5.332

413 414 381 3777.1 7.2 8a.0 8

4.590 4.500 4,0D 408033.099 3.103 3,124 3,.103.006 3.072 3.036 3.070

83 91 08 1213.0 2.9 2.0 3.5

8.940 8.801 "908 9 03m4.012 4.306 4,4a0 45034.207 4.22D 4.205 425

405 330 203 300.0 7.4 .5 0

0 . 8.8 32 8,834 8 83 0

3,0as 3.9 a 3,32 3.953. 017 3.831 3.778 3.010

Ias 130 148 1454.2 3.5 3.7 3.7

13,760 13.709 13.770 13.778.508 8.323 8.429 8.5108.119 8.072 8.071 822

389 291 350 2904. 3.5 4.2 35

4,8a0 4.0a5 .875 4.833,288 3.300 3.287 3.3153.140 3.177 3.183 3.213

140 23 114 1834.3 3.7 3.5 32

8.182 $-1o 8 8.1900234 5,2 5. 5.2714.873 4,945 4,822 4,598351 332 322 318.9 0.3 82 50

21.0 2 21.04314X131 14.15613,374 13.373

757 7805.4 5.6

9.g 3 9.7118.102 8.1825.037 5.86

285 30043 4.9

,7.86 8.7875.780 5,087

5.304 5.72

6.4 7.0

*804 4,8043.137 3,1193,020 3:.05

I17 1043.7 3.3

6.0 7,D4.587 4.5"4.251 4.229

336 3377.3 7.4

8.042 8.0443.983 3,983

3.25 3,0144 1553.0 38

13.777 137748,537 0.5499,171 .8.208

380 3834.3 45

4.889 4,843.332 3.3393.235 3.238

97 10324@ 3.1

0.203 8.2855.252 5.2984

l 4.073 5.0Dl 279 290

I

38

HOUIEHO DATA

T~b I.11 Sb gingd dUN 0 d. N P Wo det 81W dsei WV03 - -

T *'' hi te.86640_

HOUSDOW DATA

6f &d -ft= N - --A. * A4O � O . A*y..G._ _17 Im Im 1667 im im im a

O -.,fl*wa.w o.dpA gG 925 . R6 6.315 0.317 8.33 9.33 CM2E~ bM. 1.7 592 9825 5.61 9M .M6 9,7M2 CM735 9G.76Eeic.' 6.53 GAN 6,M MM37 9.47 975 5.410 CM43 SAN2lhw=ohiS,4 253 575 2e 0 M M276 26 292 202 s2eLS16, ,uw iN. _ __________ _ 52 U 42 s e 42 &1 &1 . 45

oW 218 _ 12.272 12032 12,6 12.261 12,06 12,0272 12.272Ow, lw be. ______________________ 6.446 6.453 466 40

39

O5TALS167M CT1 EST67L57813127 *T.

T761. .-I. 1- _ avieulI _Y.l1 4 ia6.,

II.. l 961 a b"

I 4 . . . . . . . .4.. . . .. 5 ... . . . . . .t.

t !.~ ~~~~~~ ,.I.S.. 14*7 67. I 6*. I . I Fe, 4...U 1*, 1.70.I~t 1467 l801l9466V 966V I 147 I~ 116 4 ,00.' I 1140i6V|

7.564 l1f2.h106.4 26l1*06.03106.Z211162.61115.2105.'IIO 11II6.*571186.2371186.676T7.l1 .4 n9...... . 6..7.......1 64.4451 51 3 67i 67571 " MIS1 "6.687'1 44.1271 1.2 60

0.*6~~~~5*64774 iu*6~ ~. s ... .... ............. 51 25.7 26.100! 25.4511 25.635i 25.441 .5521 25.6551 25S.67011 .4'_'6ti_ *'64.. j .412 6x21.31i 429.61 1 425 42 31i I.2., 41415'

Ce mm6 o2 ai 41.4 6i2 I9 5181 4.6541 5.64i1 5.0121 5.2161 5.2371 5.503i 5'5251 5.524

,0...! ii l j Sltaw .... 554.n i , . 21.7 1 .4 21i 1,21j i 1 1 1 .. i412i 1.401i i ' si 1.556

1=1461 19.6311 151 14.661 1 16 1 1. 1. 1.

7,6*664160 4fl I 13 0481 13.4241 13.2561 *3.~~~~~~~~~~' 451 5.3 II=60 I352 13.14*1 13.3401 13.17711,91I.ZI 1 26 i 1.3 I O. I N I I.4

-67.616 .. ri 52! 11.3421 11.6961 11.5i 51.296 2!45 1 11.4771 12.5151 11.5431 11.56jF,6*041*7. 60,46, 551 7.7201 7. 7.646 7.,,' 7,'631 7.6441 .66 7 2

*_ls rt_*" w ffi t2*jg~~~............. 1 76''1 :::i S 7 3:1,2l:,, *j tl 7l 7

Ies e ~ i~ tr i. I 7Xa~l~l~eltl~el74aIII 1111 I -. lI. 111 ;-I 71.0i*. i 6774 0.4* .oi*65. .. .! 2 Z.61 7z6.1 S7 7 .411 7541 7563 7j 71 375 71 753

.*44r0 !* 944.60 61 2534l .42t 526~Zl3.i251 55. 5ii'j1 5551 5571 i37 521 557;2ir

1460.. 01.,. 00 _ _ ',.6*606 551 544.45 5i461 547.3 5 40 I7 'S I i 1 51571 56I 1 5 * 4I . t* -............ . 7 12.s1 76.11 77.4 765.5 75 771 7.76 7211 7661 I 7I

F16.4 71641 4 I 27.7 2. 2.41 22. 271 11 11

21o4441 .oo *1.0.o6 - .06. 1*2 606.612.26.52. 158.71.1i26. I 2.41 '2s;.i 217 2.15 2.3125 01 2.121 2.124

019 !2 026 21 2 .01 I2. iS6. 12.013.5 20211 2.1351 2. 2 71 Z' 11 S 2 I5 2.5i2

t t^ ! § 27:! lt 2 ! i ::j; 2i N AN2 :' 1`11 :. :::1" N." 1 137 ! 2.93 2 ,. °

4646, ,t6160 044 *0.* .51 657.21 646.6 624.1 6741 r441 65 1 ' 581 6541j.17.0.5 0* .0650 7.a.00 .14 715.51 714.11 716.1 6 7441 7041 . 11 11 1

04.o.110*6606 0.~~~.e f. ....... .... .5 65.11 5