Employment of Mechanized Cavalry - 1944

70
E PYMENT OF MECHANIZED CAVALRY jEnpluynent of neT z_7'.cj cavalry. CavaL~'yf chcI Kl. 11'// This Lin IS A HOLDING OF THE ARCHIVES SECTIO~ LIBRARY Si RVICESI FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS DOCUMENT NO0. T-7~ COPY NO. Prepared for use in resident instruction at The Cavalry School and distributed to cavalry units with the approval of the Command- ing General, Army Ground Forces.

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WW2 US army field manual

Transcript of Employment of Mechanized Cavalry - 1944

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E PYMENT OFMECHANIZED CAVALRY

jEnpluynent of neT z_7'.cj cavalry. CavaL~'yfchcI Kl. 11'//

This LinIS A HOLDING OF THE

ARCHIVES SECTIO~LIBRARY Si RVICESI

FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSASDOCUMENT NO0. T-7~ COPY NO.

Prepared for use in resident instruction at The Cavalry School anddistributed to cavalry units with the approval of the Command-

ing General, Army Ground Forces.

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EMPLOYMENT OFMECHANIZED CAVALRY

Prepared for use in resident instruction at The Cavalry School and

distributed to cavalry units with the approval of the Command-

ing Generdl, Army Ground Forces.

V1

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CONTENTS

Paragraph Page

CHAPTER 1. General.

SECTION I. Role and charac-teristics----------1- 2 1

II. Organization -------- 3- 6 4

III. Missions ------------ 7-10 8

IV. Command and staff __11-13 10

V. Plans and orders ----14-15 11

CHAPTER 2. Tactical functions.

SECTION I. Reconnaissance dur-ing offensive oper-ations------------16-24 15

II. Intelligence-----------25 34

III. Liaison-------------26-27 34

IV. Signal communi-cation------------28-34 36

V. Security ------------ 35 41

VI. Patrolling-----------36-39 41

VII. Observation-----------40 49

VIII. Night reconnaissance- 41 51

IX. Reconnaissance dur-ing defensive oper-ations------------42-44 51

X. Reconnaissance dur-ing retrogrademovements-------45-48 52

XI. Reconnaissance ele-ment in a seizeand hold mission -49-50 53

XII. Reconnaissance ele-ment in a protec-tive role----------51-52 55

INDEX----------------------------------57

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CHAPTER 1GENERAL

SECTION IROLE AND CHARACTERISTICS

1. ROLE OF MECHANIZED CAVALRY.-a.Mechanized cavalry units are organized, equipped,and trained to perform reconnaissance missionsemploying infiltration tactics, fire, and maneuver.They engage in combat only to the extent neces-sary to accomplish the assigned mission.

b. Reconnaissance units on reconnaissance mis-sions contribute to the security of the main forceby reporting the locations of enemy forces and bygiving timely warning of ground and air attacks.Information and warnings are transmitted direct-ly to units whose security is threatened and tohigher headquarters. Direct communication be-tween cavalry and tank destroyer units is es-sential so that tank destroyer commanders willhave early information of tank concentrations andmovement. Any echelon may monitor a radionet of a lower unit to intercept information.

For military terms not defined in this manualsee TM 20-205.

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2. CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANIZEDCAVALRY.-a. Mechanized cavalry units haveexcellent mobility and communications and con-siderable fire power. They perform distant, close,and battle reconnaissance within zones or areas,or along designated routes or axes. Units maybe employed dismounted on reconnaissance mis-sions when the use of vehicles, is impracticable.The zone assigned will vary with the size of thereconnaissance unit, the routes available to theenemy, the effect of terrain and weather on vis-ibility and movement, the information desired bythe higher commander, and the facility withwhich reserves can be moved within the zone.

b. The frontage for a platoon reconnoitering azone should not exceed 4 miles. A troop with oneplatoon in reserve initially can reconnoiter a zone10 miles, in width, while a squadron with one re-connaissance troop and the light tank company inreserve can reconnoiter a zone 25 miles wide. Forthe 2-squadron group, normal frontage is approxi-mately 40 miles.

c. When performing detailed reconnaissance ofa zone, reconnaissance elements can advance atthe rate of 10 miles per hour over open terrainunder favorable conditions. In unfavorable cir-cumstances, or when enemy resistance is en-countered which cannot be by-passed and mustbe removed, the reconnaissance element's rate ofadvance may be reduced to that of dismountedreconnaissance. When the latter situation can

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be foreseen, the higher commander must reinforcehis reconnaissance elements appropriately for anoperation which closely approximates that of anadvance guard.

d. When speed is essential, enemy oppositionnegligible, roads available, and details unimpor-tant, the rate of advance may be limited only bythe speed of the vehicles.

e. The time interval by which reconnaissanceelements precede the main force in an advancemust be determined initially for each mission. Allfactors which may affect the rate of advance ofreconnaissance must be considered before mis-sions are assigned.

f. Night reconnaissance is less effective thandaylight reconnaissance and is limited ordinarilyto dismounted patrolling, observation of routes,and the use of listening posts.

g. Operations of mechanized cavalry and re-connaissance aviation are complementary. Avia-tion provides information which facilitates theexecution of ground reconnaissance missions andconserves ground reconnaissance elements.

SECTION IIORGANIZATION

3. RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON (T/O & E2-27).-The reconnaissance platoon is the basic

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reconnaissance unit. It is organized to operateunder troop control in a zone or along a prescribedroute. The number and composition of recon-naissance teams formed within the platoon willvary. (FM 2-20.)

4. RECONNAISSANCE TROOP (T/O & E2-2'7).--All mechanized cavalry reconnaissancetroops are identical in organization except thereconnaissance troop, infantry division, which hasa detachment for liaison with division headquar-ters and additional maintenance personnel. Thetroop is the smallest unit containing the personneland equipment necessary for command, ma-neuver, administration, communication, mainten-ance, and supply. It can deliver heavy fire withmortars, antitank guns, and automatic weapons,but its strength is inadequate for sustained of-fensive and defensive combat. This fact must beborne in mind constantly by officers charged withthe assignment of missions. (FM 2-20.)

5. RECONNAISSANCE SQUADRON (T/O &E 2-25).-a. Mechanized cavalry reconnaissancesquadrons are of two types. The first type, theseparate squadron, consists of a headquarters,headquarters and service troop, three reconnais-sance troops, a light tank company, an assaultgun troop, and a medical detachment. Thissquadron may be made a part of the cavalrygroup, mechanized. (paragraph 6.) The secondtype, the squadron which is organic within anarmored division, differs from the first type in j

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that it has four reconnaissance troops and an as-sault gun troop consisting of four rather thanthree assault gun platoons. Both types are self-contained units, having tactical and administra-tive functions. (FM 2-30.)

b. The headquarters contains personnel, trans-portation, and equipment for command, staff,communication, and administration. Headquar-ters and service troop performs administrativeduties for the headquarters, and maintenance andsupply for the squadron. (T/O & E 2-26.)

c. The light tank company is the support ele-ment of the squadron, containing a headquartersand three tank platoons. It provides the squad-ron additional combat power to overcome minoropposition. It is employed most advantageouslyas a unit when supported by the fire of assaultguns. In difficult terrain, it may be used for re-connaissance. (T/O & E 17-17.)

d. The assault gun troop is composed of a head-quarters and three two-gun (75-mm howitzer)platoons. The assault gun troop in the recon-naissance squadron of the armored division hasan additional platoon. (T/O & E 2-28.)

6. CAVALRY GROUP.-The cavalry group,mechanized, is organized, trained, and equippedto perform reconnaissance and protective mis-sions for a corps or larger unit. It is formed byattaching two or more reconnaissance squadronsto a group headquarters and headquarters troop.

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SEE NOTE I

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506 NT3

SEE NOTE 3

GP COMD NET SEE NOTE 2

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MSG CEN COM 08&rMS TR CO

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NOTES LJ

(I) RESERVED FOR CO FOR USE IN ANY NET T(2) TO BE USED IN MULTIPLE GP COMD NETS TO HIGHER HQ

OR IN DIV RCN, CORPS RCN, OR AIR NET(3) TO BE USED BY LIAISON OFFICER AT

HIGHER HEADQUARTERS.(4) RESERVED TO MONITOR NETS OR SEE

NOTE 2 ABOVE.(5) FM NETS ARE SHOWN BY SOLID LINES,

AM NETS BY DOTTED LINES.

;l FIGURE 2.-Radio net, headquarters and headquarters troop, cavalry group, mechanized.

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(T/O & E's 2-22 and 2-25.) The role of the groupheadquarters is to supervise the training of at-tached squadrons and command them tactically.Administrative control of attached squadrons islimited to general supervision. The radio net,headquarters and headquarters troop, cavalrygroup, mechanized, is shown in Figure 2.

SECTION IIIMISSIONS

7. GENERAL,-a. (1) The primary missionof all mechanized reconnaissance units is the col-lection and transmission of information.

(2) Contact with the enemy is gained at theearliest moment and must never be lost. Timelywarning regarding dispositions and movementsof the enemy is of the greatest value to the highercommander.

b. When performing a reconnaissance mission,the mechanized reconnaissance unit contributes tothe security of the main force by providing time-ly warning of hostile air and mechanized threats.Exceptionally, a mechanized reconnaissance unitmay be ordered to provide protection to the mainforce. The roles of reconnaissance and protec-tion are entirely separate and are not interde-pendent. If it is required to perform a protec-tive task, the mechanized cavalry unit must be

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appropriately reinforced and assigned a muchnarrower zone than if required to perform recon-naissance. A mechanized reconnaissance unitshould not be given both reconnaissance and pro-tective missions at the same time.

8. RECONNAISSANCE MISSIONS.-Mechan-ized cavalry units may be ordered to:

a. Reconnoiter a definite area, zone, or route,either to the front or to a flank of the main force.

b. Observe routes or defensive positions, eitherfrom observation posts or by patrols.

9. PROTECTIVE MISSIONS.-a. Mechanizedcavalry units may be ordered to:

(1) Act as part of a covering force either infront or to the flanks of the higher unit.

(2) Act as part of an advance, flank, or rearguard.

(3) Act as part of a counterreconnaissancescreen.

(4) Cover a withdrawal if appropriately rein-forced.

b. Before their departure on a protective mis-sion, or when sustained combat or the crossingof obstacles is anticipated, reconnaissance unitsshould be reinforced. Infantry, field artillery,tanks, tank destroyers, and engineers are suit-able attachments.

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10. OTHER MISSIONS.-Other roles _ forwhich the reconnaissance unit may be employedinclude:

a. Seizing and holding a critical terrain featurefor a very limited time.

b. Acting as a mobile reserve of fire power foruse against enemy airborne troops.

c. Pursing a beaten or disorganized enemy to.maintain or regain contact.

SECTION IVCOMMAND AND STAFF

11. CAVALRY RECONNAISSANCE UNITCOMMANDERS.-The commander of a cavalryreconnaissance unit performs staff as well as com-mand functions. He advises the commander ofthe organization to which his unit is assigned orattached on reconnaissance matters. The cav-alry commander must be completely in the con-fidence of his higher commander. He should beconsulted when reconnaissance plans are beingformulated or changed. He should recommendmissions for his unit and methods of coordinatingthe efforts of all reconnaissance agencies. Inti-mate knowledge of the situation is essential tothe cavalry commander in order that he may co-ordinate the action of subordinate units and pre-pare plans for future employment.

10

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12. CAVALRY RECONNAISSANCE UNITSTAFFS.-The staffs of cavalry reconnaissancegroups and squadrons are similar in organizationbut vary in size and in the magnitude and com-plexity of their functions. For a description ofstaff functions, see FM's 101-5 and 2-30.

13. COMMAND POSTS.-Command posts ofmechanized cavalry units normally are locatednear the command post of the higher unit duringthe planning phase and until active reconnaissanceoperations begin. Thereafter, command postsare kept well forward. A liaison officer shouldbe present at the command post of the higherunit at all times. Subordinate cavalry command-ers establish their command posts where they canexercise tactical command most effectively.

SECTION VPLANS AND ORDERS

14. GENERAL.-a. Basic decision.-The basicdecision as to the employment of the cavalry re-connaissance unit is the responsibility of thehigher commander. Its missions are based onthe essential elements of information which thecommander announces to focus attention uponthe enemy's capabilities. The cavalry command-er must be prepared to submit recommendationsas to the employment of the reconnaissance unitbefore the higher commander formulates his de-cision.

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b. Estimate of the reconnaissance situation andrequirements.-The cavalry commander can beprepared properly to submit recommendationsonly if he and his staff have made a continuousestimate of the situation from a reconnaissanceviewpoint at the same time that the higher com-mander has been making his estimate of the situa-tion.

c. Phases of reconnaissance planning.-The re-connaissance plan must provide for maximum as-sistance to the higher commander's plan of ma-neuver. The successive steps in the formation ofthe commander's plan for the employment of themechanized cavalry reconnaissance unit are:

(1) An estimate of the situation by the cav-alry reconnaissance commander and submissionof recommendations prior to the higher com-mander's decision.

(2) Formulation of the plan for the employ-ment of the reconnaissance unit based on thehigher commander's decision.

(3) Preparation of the order or annex to putthe plan into effect.

15. RECONNAISSANCE ORDERS.-a. Gen-eral.-For a general discussion of combat ordersand annexes, see FM 101-5. Forms 13A and 13Bare intended to standardize reconnaissance in-structions. It is the duty of the higher com-mander to furnish his cavalry commander allavailable information and intelligence pertaining

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to the known and suspected areas of enemy activ-ity. The higher commander will have receivedsuch information from various agencies andmeans, including air forces, the Counterintelli-gence Corps, radio intercept stations, field artil-lery flash and sound battalions, adjacent units,maps, and other sources. Orders include:

(1) All pertinent information of the enemy notalready known.

(2) Information of friendly forces with whichthe reconnaissance unit may come in contact.

(3) The specific information to be secured, in-cluding when and where it is to be obtained.

(4) Zone boundaries (area, axis, or route).

(5) Objectives or phase lines, including timeeach is to be reached.

(6) Times and places to which reports will besent.

(7) Time and place at which the reconnais-sance unit will rejoin the higher unit, or what itwill do when it has accomplished its specific mis-sion.

(8) Administrative details.

(9) Communication, including advanced mes-sage centers, CP's of higher units, and similardetails.

b. Reconnaissance subparagraph.-The recon-naissance subparagraph of the corps (division)

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field order gives the commander's decision on theemployment of the attached or assigned cavalryreconnaissance unit. It includes only detailsnecessary for the information of the commandersof major echelons and for coordinating the ef-forts of reconnaissance agencies.

c. Reconnaissance orders.-(1) After theproper mission has been selected, specific ordersmust be issued to carry it out. Definite ordersare possible only when plans are definite. In-corporated in an intelligence annex or in recon-naissance instructions, these orders focus the at-tention of reconnaissance agencies upon items ofinformation which the higher commander desires.

(2) The cavalry commander's orders to hissubordinate reconnaissance units follow the fiveparagraph form. Initially, at the start of eachphase of an operation, orders are complete. Theymay be written or in the form of an operationmap; thereafter, they usually are fragmentary,being issued orally, or in the form of messagesand overlays.

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CHAPTER 2TACTICAL FUNCTIONS

SECTION IRECONNAISSANCE

DURING OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

16. GENERAL.-For the general doctrinegoverning offensive operations, see FM 100-5.

17. BATTLE ORGANIZATION.-Prior tomovement, the cavalry commander carefully con-siders his mission and his means for accomplish-ing it. He makes his initial dispositions with aview to minimizing change as the operation prog-resses and to insuring control without sacrificingtactical flexibility. He makes necessary attach-ments at this time.

a. The cavalry group, mechanized, is composedof two or more squadrons. A two-squadrongroup may operate with both squadrons initiallyforward on active reconnaissance on a front of40 miles. The group commander may choose toconstitute a reserve from elements of one or bothof his squadrons or specify that squadron re-serves will be committed only on his order.

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(1) When reinforced by corps or army troops,a group composed of two or three squadrons canperform effective reconnaissance on a propor-tionately wider front.

(2) A four-squadron group may operate withthree squadrons assigned to active reconnais-sance on a 75-mile front and the fourth initiallyin reserve.

(3) In any event the formation of a group re-serve will be determined by the group mission,width of the zone to be covered, the road net, andthe enemy situation. The group commander'srequest for attachments, based upon carefullyestimated needs, will indicate specifically the typeand strength of troops desired.

b. The mechanized reconnaissance squadronnormally operates with two (three, armored di-vision) reinforced reconnaissance troops in ad-vance on active reconnaissance and one recon-naissance troop and the light tank company inreserve. (FM 2-30.) The squadron commandernormally attaches an assault gun platoon to eachof his leading reconnaissance troops. Squadronheadquarters follows with the reserve. Theroute is dictated by communication facilities andthe terrain.

c. The mechanized reconnaissance troop usual-ly operates with two platoons initially assignedto active reconnaissance. (FM 2-20.) Assaultguns with the reconnaissance troop of the mech-

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anized cavalry squadron may be attached to andoperate separately with reconnaissance platoons,or move in troop reserve.

18. MOVEMENT TO CONTACT.-a. General.-After the intelligence plan has been made, themission selected, and definite orders issued, theprocess of obtaining information and getting itback to the higher commander in time begins.

b. Initial plan.-(1) The commander of themechanized cavalry unit normally bases his in-itial plan of movement on the likelihood of meet-ing the enemy and the average speed that he isrequired to maintain. Personal control andtimely reports are essential.

(2) The higher commander, and the mechan-ized cavalry commander in turn, prescribes spe-cific axes or routes, and zones or areas. Respon-sibility is allocated definitely so as to prevent du-plication of effort. Designation of boundaries isnot intended to restrict the initiative of subor-dinate commanders. Maximum freedom of move-ment warranted by the particular situation is al-lowed. Governing factors are described in FM100-5 and FM 2-30.

c. Rate of advance.-The forward movement ofmechanized reconnaissance elements will be asrapid as the terrain and enemy dispositions willpermit. Prescribed essential elements of infor-mation having forced the attention of the com-mander on enemy capabilities, he will make max-

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imum use of available roads until active hostileresistance or other developments make it neces-sary for him to continue his mission across coun-try. The rate of advance, depending upon theterrain, the enemy situation, and the degreeof detail in which the reconnaissance is to be per-formed, may vary from the maximum speed ofvehicles to the rate of march of dismounted ele-ments.

d. Contact improbable.-When contact is im-probable, reconnaissance elements will move rap-idly from one phase line to the next.

e. Contact probable.--When contact is expectedbut information in hand does not indicate whereor when contact will be made, reconnaissance ele-ments will move as rapidly as possible by boundsfrom one critical terrain feature to the next.

f. Contact imminent.- (1) When contact is im-minent and information in hand definitely indi-cates, where and when contact will be made, recon-naissance elements will move by relatively shortbounds from one critical terrain feature to thenext. If the terrain and situation indicate suchaction, movement will be made across country.

(2) The enemy most likely will try to delay thereconnaissance elements by antitank and anti-personnel mines. He also will use artillery fire.Reconnaissance elements must not consider minesor artillery fire as contact. They must reportthem, by-pass or clear paths through the mine

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fields, and by-pass or infiltrate through the artil-lery fire.

(3) It must be kept in mind that the enemy maychange his tactics and hold his fire, permittingthe reconnaissance elements to approach, thentry to destroy them by ambush. While in the im-minent contact zone, reconnaissance elementsmust proceed with caution. The force which ison the move when contact is made is at an obviousdisadvantage.

19. CONTACT.-During this phase, mechan-ized cavalry attempts to by-pass hostile recon-naissance and security elements. If this is im-possible and the situation indicates such action,reconnaissance elements will attack the enemyand destroy him. If the strength and dispositionof the enemy preclude a successful attack, recon-naissance elements keep the enemy under obser-vation and retain the initiative by out-patrollinghim day and night.

20. RECONNAISSANCE OF ENEMY'S MAINBATTLE POSITION.-a. Action of reconnais-sance platoon in front of the enemy's main battleposition.-Observation posts and patrols must bepushed forward until the enemy's main battleposition is reached. Once this position is reached,reconnaissance is intensified by establishment ofobservation posts, listening posts, and day andnight patrols. Until the larger force penetratesthe enemy position, all action is deliberate ratherthan hasty.

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F~IG( R 'iu; ases of reconnaissance action.

CONTACT

WIWI

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b. Action of reconnaissance troop in front ofthe enemy's main battle position.-(1) Normally,the commander of the reconnaissance troop whoseplatoon or platoons have gained contact with theenemy's main battle position is following behindhis advanced elements with his headquarters andreserve. Once the initial contact has been gained,the troop commander must decide immediatelythe best method of employing his reserve. Atthe earliest opportunity, he must move forwardto the critical area and personally obtain first-hand information of the situation. It is essentialthat he remain in contact with his command post.His whereabouts must be known to his own head-quarters in case of a radio failure. After he hasmade his personal reconnaissance, he should re-port the situation at once to his higher command-er. If the situation indicates the expediency fordoing so, he may commit his reserve to intensifyreconnaissance. If he needs reinforcements heshould ask for them.

(2) Troops of reconnaissance squadrons, withassault guns attached, frequently will locate theirtwo assault guns so that they can better supportthe efforts of the reconnaissance platoons. Oftenit will be desirable to detach them from recon-naissance platoons and employ them as a platoonunder troop control. The troop commander atthis time normally will order the establishmentof additional observation posts and the increaseof patrolling activity. He will coordinate all ob-servation posts and patrols.

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c. Action of reconnaissance squadron in frontof the enemy's main battle position.-(1) Squad-ron headquarters and the reserve normally movebehind two reinforced troops, the squadron com-mander having at least one reconnaissance troopand a light tank company at his disposal. Whenthe enemy's main battle pos,ition is reached andis found to be so organized as to preclude use ofvehicles, reconnaissance elements for the mostpart will work dismounted. This phase is time-consuming. Action is at once stealthy and ag-gressive.

(2) The reserve may be employed to intensifythe reconnaissance, or it may be used on a flank,as a reservoir for patrols, or on other missions.

(3) When no immediate opportunity exists foremploying it in offensive action, the tank com-pany is disposed so as to protect advance obser-vation posts and other installations.

(4) Exceptionally the assault guns may begrouped under the command of the assault guntroop commander so as to support all or as manyas possible of the reconnaissance elements. Thisusually will require relocation for better control.

(5) The squadron commander should move tothe critical points and make a personal reconnais-sance. It is essential that he remain in radio con-tact with his command post and keep his subord-inates informed of his exact location and inten-tions.

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21. BATTLE RECONNAISSANCE.-a. Dur-ing the phase following that in which contactwith the enemy's main battle position is made,mechanized cavalry units usually are called uponto perform battle reconnaissance.

(1) While the infantry, armored, and artilleryunits close up and make their dispositions, me-chanized cavalry develops the situation by inten-sifying reconnaissance to the front or flanks. Ob-servation posts are established well forward andvigorous day and night patrolling is maintained.

(2) Mechanized cavalry frequently will becalled upon to perform reconnaissance in force,to command and control attachments made by thehigher commander specifically for that purpose,or to act as part of a larger force with a similarmission. A reconnaissance in force requires me-ticulous coordination and planning. Early estab-lishment and continuous operation of observationposts are important success factors in the con-duct of reconnaissance in force. Observers shouldbe located where they can make detailed visualreconnaissance of suspected enemy positions thatmay be disclosed. (Fig. 4).

b. Other battle reconnaissance missions will in-clude information of terrain and obstacles, andlocation of the enemy, his dispositions and hisstrength.

22. MAINTAINING CONTACT DURING BAT-TLE.-a. Contact once gained must be main-tained. The enemy may try to disengage and

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ENEMY

w w

I' 1 R . Reconnfaissance in foeis a bold, well '

nated attack executed to discover andl test the enemy'sposition and strength. Detailed observation from estab-lished observa tion posts prior to, during, and after the.,, attack is essential.

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withdraw to his next position when such actionis indicated, hoping to effect his withdrawalsecretly and in an orderly manner. The enemynormally will leave a small force to fight a rearguard action and withdraw the bulk of his forcesunder the cover of darkness. Maintenance ofcontact during this phase is difficult. The enemymay be expected to lay mines extensively, to erectbarriers, and employ all types of demolitions tofacilitate his withdrawal. Higher commandersmust use all available reconnaissance agencies toprevent the breaking of contact. All agenciescomplement one another in this effort.

b. Ground reconnaissance elements, by vigor-ous probing with patrols and by establishing ob-servation posts and listening posts deep in theenemy's position, try to prevent the enemy fromwithdrawing secretly. If higher headquartersprovides advance warning that the enemy is at-tempting to withdraw, ground reconnaissance ele-ments must push aggressively forward and checkthe report.

c. The surest way of preventing surprise is tolocate observation and listening posts by stealthdeep in the hostile position, overlooking criticalroutes of communication. Anticipatory plansshould be made so that such posts are establishedat the first opportunity. Personnel should be pro-vided enough supplies to permit them to stay outfor several days. They also must have a re-liable means of communication with higher head-quarters.

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23. RECONNAISSANCE ELEMENTS DUR-ING BREAKTHROUGH.-a. The role of the re-connaissance unit during a breakthrough followschronologically its role during battle. The high-er commander issues his order for the assault ofthe position and for exploitation of the break-through. Normally, the reconnaissance unit willbe given the mission of reconnoitering routes, lo-cating pockets of enemy resistance for the ex-ploiting force, and providing the exploiting forcetimely warning of enemy counterattacks.

b. Reconnaissance units should be informedearly of the plan of the higher commander. Oncethe breakthrough assault is launched, speed is es-sential. The action of reconnaissance elements asthey go through the gap is hasty rather than de-liberate. A breakthrough can become a pursuitand the enemy's orderly withdrawal a rout if theaction is vigorous and aggressive.

c. Upon receipt of orders for his mission dur-ing the breakthrough, the cavalry commanderwill prepare his command for its role. Withinthe squadron, the assault guns will be attachedto the reconnaissance troops; tank platoons alsomay be attached to the troops. Vehicles and menwill be prepared for the mounted movement,ready to probe forward at the first opportunity.This phase, like the pursuit phase, is marked byboldness.

24. RECONNAISSANCE ELEMENTS DUR-ING PURSUIT.-a. Pursuit of a withdrawing

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enemy.-(1) A beaten enemy may withdraw ingood order protected by demolitions and rearguards. Though his morale may be shaken, heis still likely to retain sufficient control of hisforces to make an orderly withdrawal to his nextprepared position. When this happens, the re-connaissance unit may be used:

(a) For independent reconnaissance in front ofthe advance guard with particular attention tomine fields, barriers, and other types of demolit-ions works.

(b) As an integral part of the advance guard.An advance guard that includes a reconnaissancesquadron or group also may have tanks, self-propelled artillery, tank destroyers, and engin-eers attached to it, constituting a force with con-siderable cross-country mobility and strikingpower.

(2) The supply problems involved in a pursuitrequire careful consideration. Being vulnerable,supply vehicles require protection. It is essen-tial, therefore, that the number of such vehiclesbe kept to the minimum. Since the decision mustdepend on the situation, no definite rule can belaid down; the reconnaissance element ordered topursue must not fail because of lack of fuel, am-munition, and other supplies.

b. Pursuit of a disintegrated enemy.-(1) Ifthe enemy has suffered a defeat and his forceshave disintegrated, the reconnaissance squadron

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® - ENEMY

ENEMY

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Ft f . . Reconnaissance prior to breakthrough opera-t i0os.

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or group may be given an independent pursuitmission. The reconnaissance commander maythen take calculated risks which would not other-wise be justifiable. The reconnaissance elementmay be ordered to:

(a) Follow-up quickly and regain contact.Once contact has been regained, the enemy mustbe pursued aggressively so that he does not havetime to lay mines or carry out demolitions.

(b) Outflank the enemy rear guards andthreaten his main forces.

(2) During the pursuit, the reconnaissancecommander will allow his subordinates maximumlatitude consistent with control in exploiting localopportunities. Such orders normally will be inthe form of reconnaissance instructions.

(3) Even when disintegration of the enemy'smain forces has begun, reconnaissance units mayencounter isolated hostile elements whose fight-ing qualities and will to resist are great. Timeshould not be wasted in trying to clean out thesepockets. They should be by-passed and their lo-cations reported. The retreating enemy must bekept on the run and not permitted to reorganize.

(4) Mines, cratered roads, and destroyedbridges are major obstacles to a rapid and suc-cessful pursuit. Every effort will be made to pre-vent the enemy from destroying vital bridges.If necessary, small detachments will be left be-hind to insure that bridges remain intact.

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+?EEMY

CORPS RECONNAISSANCE

DIVISION RECONNAISSANCE DIVISION

/ D L I1

RECONNAISSANCE

TAMARO

Ftc;i : 6. Reconnaissance during breakthrough opera-tions.

,t

II

l

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(5) If the enemy rear guards are sufficientlystrong to hold up the squadron or group, the com-mander will swing to a flank and try to work hisway around. The wider the flanking movement,the better will be the chance of getting through.The deeper into the hostile position his flankingmovement takes him, the greater will be his op-portunity to further the disorganization of theenemy.

c. Prisoners of war and enemy materiel.-(FM 30-15)-(1) When the enemy is demoralizedand disorganized, the prisoner problem becomesacute. Large numbers of prisoners are burden-some. The mission of the reconnaissance elementis to increase the disorganization of the enemy.It will not be diverted from this mission to roundup prisoners who will, in the course of the action,be dealt with by other troops. The followingprisoners, however, are of great value and, when-ever practicable, should be taken:

(a) Senior commanders and their staffs.

(b) Individuals for identification of units in thevicinity.

(2) The disposal of prisoners is a difficult prob-lem. The guiding rules are:

(a) Important prisoners must be sent back un-der escort.

(b) All prisoners must be rendered harmless.

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(c) The momentum of pursuit must not be lost.Since the speed of the pursuit must be kept up,it usually will be necessary to leave enemy ma-teriel intact for later recovery, except when thereis danger of its being recaptured.

d. Local inhabitants.- (1) Disintegration of

the enemy normally is the signal for a consider-able movement of civilian refugees in rear areas.Extent of the movement increases as hostile re-

sistance decreases. Refugees plus military strag-glers may impede the advance seriously. When-

ever practicable, reconnaissance elements should

isolate civilians in areas where they will not in-

terfere with troop movements.

(2) If the population is largely hostile to the

enemy, active help can be expected from local pa-

triots. Contact should be made as soon as pos-

sible with these individuals because their cooper-

ation may be invaluable. However, it should not

be assumed that all the population is friendly.

Constant watch for fifth columnists must be main-

tained, and though guides are valuable the offers

of individuals to act in this capacity should be

treated with suspicion. Officials, such as mayors

of towns, usually retain some vestige of control.

Wherever practicable, the cooperation of the near-

est civilian official should be sought when dealing

with local inhabitants.

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HOSILE REAR GUARD) _

CORPS RECONNAISSANCE

I IFIGI iRi: 7. Reconnaissance during pursuit operations.

UUU

I I

IRITlORAM lN4' Ef fl .

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SECTION IIINTELLIGENCE

25. RECONNAISSANCE INTELLIGENCE.-In order to perform efficient reconnaissance, it isnecessary that all reconnaissance elements con-tinuously collect and disseminate information ofthe enemy by all available means. Frequent, andtimely, intelligence reports from higher headquar-ters assist subordinate units in accomplishingtheir missions. It is essential that the reconnais-sance commander disseminate pertinent intelli-gence down to his subordinate elements. Mech-anized cavalry commanders who have been pres-ent during the planning phase and have assistedthe higher commander in the coordination of re-connaissance activities should be able to functionintelligently even in the absence of orders. If theplan is definite, continuous and aggressive actionwill produce essential information. It should bedisseminated promptly, laterally as well as verti-cally.

SECTION IIILIAISON

26. GENERAL.-Liaison is established be-tween reconnaissance units and the higher echelonand, in many cases, between adjacent reconnais-

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sance elements. Close contact makes possible thetimely transmission of information and gives thereconnaissance unit the intimate knowledge ofthe situation which it requires for effective per-formance of its mission. Maintenance of liaisonis a command responsibility in all echelons.

27. COMMAND LIAISON.-a. A reconnais-sance unit commander uses liaison officers to es-tablish and maintain liaison with higher head-quarters and adjacent units. A liaison officer isthe personal representative of his commander.It is essential that he be an outstanding individualin all respects. He must demonstrate tact andsound judgment, possess unlimited energy, andbe professionally competent.

b. The primary mission of a liaison officer isto advise and assist the higher commander in ob-taining desired information and to keep his re-connaissance commander informed of the plans,operations, and disposition of the higher unit.

c. He must be able to inform the higher com-mander of the capabilities of his reconnaissanceunit and to transmit promptly to his headquartersany orders, plans, or other pertinent data.

d. It is the duty of the higher commander,through his staff, to keep liaison officers from me-chanized cavalry reconnaissance units informed ofthe locations of friendly and hostile forces, thecontemplated scheme of maneuver, and the im-mediate requirements for information.

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SECTION IVSIGNAL COMMUNICATION

28. REFERENCES.-For principles and pro-cedures relating to signal communication, seeFM's 24-5, 24-18, and 24-20. Technical man-uals provide technical information on signalequipment. For details of signal communica-tion in mechanized cavalry units, see FM's 2-20,2-30, and FM 7-24.

29. GENERAL.-The commander of each re-connaissance unit is responsible for the estab-lishment and maintainence of signal communi-cation within his own and attached units.

30. AXIS OF SIGNAL COMMUNICATION.-The axis of signal communication for a recon-naissance unit is designated by higher head-quarters. When higher headquarters cannotdesignate an axis of communication, the com-mander of the reconnaissance unit should desig-nate his own axis of communication and informhigher and subordinate commanders of locationsand times when command posts will open andclose within the reconnaissance zone.

31. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.-Meansof communication employed by cavalry recon-naissance units are radio (telephone and tele-graph), wire (telephone and telegraph) whensupplied by higher headquarters on request,

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messengers (mounted, dismounted), visual, andsound. No single means of communication isinfallible. Alternate means must be provided.

a. Radio.-(1) Radio is the principal means ofcommunication between elements of a unit andbetween units. In general, each headquartersmaintains a station in the net of the next high-er headquarters. Special purpose nets are or-ganized as required. Type radio nets for thecavalry reconnaissance squadron, mechanized,and for each of its components are contained inFM 2-30. For additional nets for the mechan-ized cavalry reconnaissance troop, infantry di-vision, see FM 7-24.

(2) In developing an SOP covering radiotransmission within his unit, the mechanizedcavalry reconnaissance commander should pre-scribe

(a) Several tactical nettings.

(b) Situations in which messenger communica-tion will be used.

(c) Elements to operate visual communication.

(d) System of relief for operators to insurethat sets are maintained in continuous oper-ation.

(e) Brevity codes, map coordinate codes, andprearranged message codes to reduce transmit-ting time and coordinate with higher headquar-ters.

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(f) Sequence in which radio frequencies are tobe employed in avoiding or minimizing hostileinterference.

(g) Permissible repairs to various types ofequipment.

(h) Method of transporting spare parts andoperating equipment.

(3) The principal means of air-ground com-munication is radio, either radiotelephone orradiotelegraph. The most important supple-mental means is the CCBP-8 panel code. Othermeans involve transmission of prearranged sig-nals by panels, colored smokes, pyrotechnics,and signal lamps. For the physical transmis-sion of maps, overlays, and written messagesbetween air and ground, the drop and pick-upmethod may be used. (FM 24-5.)

b. Wire.-Wire communication is establishedby higher headquarters down to the reconnais-sance unit and sometimes to subordinate recon-naissance elements when the situation makessuch action expedient. Time available and fu-ture needs for wire are governing factors. Ifinstalled, the wire system may include commandposts, observation and listening posts, and some-times dismounted patrol check points.

c. Messengers.-Messengers are used when thetime distance between units makes messengersthe fastest means of communication; to sendmaps, overlays, or field orders; when radio com-

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munication is interrupted for any reason; andfor delivery of administrative reports on sched-uled messenger service.

d. Sound power on EE8 telephone.-When thesituation is stabilized temporarily, sound powertelephones will be supplied by higher headquar-ters upon request. At such times, observationposts, listening posts, and dismounted patrolswill constitute the primary means of gatheringinformation.

e. Visual.-Visual communication is suitablefor prearranged signals, such as those used forbattle formations and for short code groups. Max-imum use should be made of visual signals forinternal control of reconnaissance platoons.Such practice will reduce the volume of radiotraffic and insure sets being free to transmitessential reconnaissance information.

f. Sound.-Voice is used between elementswithin voice range of each other. Sound com-munication is of value chiefly for alarms andfor transmission of short prearranged messages.

32. SIGNAL SECURITY.-a. Since radio isnon-secret, the enemy's capability of intercept-ing radio messages must be presupposed.

b. Encoding and enciphering are acceptedmeans of gaining secrecy in radio transmission.Discretion must be used even in the sending ofmessages in code or cipher. When prompt ac-tion is called for, the commander must decide

Page 44: Employment of Mechanized Cavalry - 1944

whether the urgency of sending the message in

the clear outweighs the value to the enemy of

the information contained therein. Radio trans-mission in the clear is justified when speed isessential and the urgency of the message is toogreat to permit encoding, or when the time

available is insufficient for the enemy to exploit

the information contained in the message. In

a fast moving situation, with several stations in

the net all vitally interested in the informationbeing transmitted by the others (as in platoons

on active reconnaissance), transmission in the

clear is expeditious and enables all commanders

to keep abreast of the situation.

33. MESSAGE CENTERS.-Message centersare operated at all squadron or higher command

posts for the purpose of speeding message trans-

mission. Information must be disseminated

rapidly and accurately. Message center pro-

cedures must be kept simple. See FM 24-5.

For further details, see FM's 101-5, 11-5, 2-20,and 2-30.

34. CODES AND CIPHERS.-Mechanized'cav-

alry reconnaissance units are equipped with the

codes and ciphers authorized for the higher unit

of which they are a part. Extensive use is made

of brevity and prearranged codes.

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SECTION VSECURITY

35. GENERAL.-Security embraces all meas-ures taken by a command to protect itselfagainst annoyance, surprise, and observation byan enemy. Each commander is responsible forthe security of his command. Regardless of thesecurity measures taken by higher commanders,all mechanized cavalry units must consider theprobability of air and ground attack and takeappropriate security measures. For generalprinciples of security, see FM 100-5; for pro-tective measures of individuals and small units,see FM 21-75; for security measures employedby reconnaissance squadrons and troops, seeFM's 2-20 and 2-30.

SECTION VIPATROLLING

36. REFERENCES.-The techniques employedby mounted reconnaissance patrols are coveredin FM's 2-20 and 2-30; for the techniques ofdismounted patrolling, see FM 21-75.

37. GENERAL.-a. Utilization of mechanizedcavalry.-Patrolling is the essential reconnais-sance activity. Effective utilization of trained

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mechanized cavalry depends largely upon theability of the commander to select specific mis-sions for and coordinate the vehicular and dis-mounted patrolling operations of subordinate re-connaissance elements. Continuous control in-sures maximum flexibility so that, in the eventthe unit's mission is changed by the higher com-mander, all elements of the reconnaissance unitmay be employed in concerted effort on the newmission. Uncoordinated patrolling usually re-sults in confusion, duplication of effort, and fail-ure to accomplish reconnaissance missions.

b. Strength of patrols.-The strength of a pa-trol depends upon its mission, the terrain, theenemy, and conditions of visibility. It variesfrom two men to a reinforced troop.

c. Classification of patrols.-Patrols, mountedor dismounted, are classified with respect to thespecific missions assigned.

(1) Reconnaissance patrols.-The mission ofa reconnaissance patrol is to secure informationand to report it in time to be of value to thecommander desiring it. A reconnaissance pa-trol operates by stealth and avoids combat ex-cept to accomplish its mission or to defend it-self. It will fight for information when neces-sary.

(a) When enemy forces are believed to be near,mounted reconnaissance patrols operate acrosscountry wherever practicable. They progress by

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bounds from one observation point to another,utilizing available cover and concealment. Roadsare covered by observation and leading elementsof each patrol are covered by fire.

(b) Terrain and the situation may require theuse of dismounted reconnaissance patrols. Whenconditions preclude the use of vehicles for recon-naissance, personnel must dismount and continueon foot. Vehicles may remain mobile or im-mobile. Normally, however, vehicles will be leftimmobile only when maximum dismountedstrength is required.

(2) Combat patrols.-A combat patrol exe-cutes missions which require fighting to accom-plish. It is organized on the basis of that ex-pectancy. A combat patrol secures informa-tion as a secondary mission. Small patrols havelittle combat strength. The capability of mech-anized cavalry reconnaissance units must not bedestroyed by committing subordinate elements ofinsufficient strength to numerous uncoordinatedcombat patrol actions.

d. Missions of patrols.-The mission assignedto a patrol must be definite and specific. When-ever possible, a warning order should be issuedin time for the accomplishment of thorough plan-ning. Further, it is the responsibility of thehigher commander to notify all friendly troopsthrough which the patrol must pass of the pa-trol's proposed actions.

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e. Organization of patrols.-The higher com-mander is responsible for furnishing the cavalrycommander appropriate additional means as re-quired for accomplishing assigned patrol missions.

f. Weapons and equipment.-A patrol travelsas lightly as possible. It is armed with weaponswhich can be handled conveniently and employedto develop a large volume of fire.

g. Reconnaissance estimate of situation and or-ders.- (1) Successful accomplishment of a patrolmission normally requires detailed planning andpreparation. The patrol leader makes as thoroughpreliminary reconnaissance as time and circum-stances permit. He uses all available sources ofinformation, such as maps, aerial photographs,friendly troops, S-2 data, and local inhabitants.He seeks information of the terrain, dispositions,strength, and habits of the enemy, and the typeand location of man-made obstacles which his pa-trol is likely to encounter. He considers theweather carefully and, if appropriate, refers tosun and moon tables.

(2) The patrol leader studies his mission,makes an estimate of the situation, considerstime and space factors, and prepares to issue hisorder based on a definite plan.

(3) Orders are issued by the patrol leader andevery patrol member is told the mission and thedetails of the operation. Orders must be specific.What, when, where, how, and why must be un-

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derstood by every member of the patrol. Theleader who issues the order should require eachmember of the patrol to memorize important de-tails. The fact that each member may be onhis own should be recognized and stressed. Theplan, including essential details pertaining to ad-jacent patrols, listening posts, or observationposts, should be rehearsed when practicable on aterrain plot.

h. Routes, movements, and formations.- (1)Routes.-(a). Selection of the routes for a patrolrequires careful consideration and should be a re-sult of the study of maps and aerial photographsand, if possible, actual terrain reconnaissance.

(b) The possibility of ambush is of paramountimportance when selecting routes available to apatrol. This is especially true with regard to amounted patrol. An initial objective and an in-itial assembly point are designated. If the patrolis ambushed, the patrol leader must act quicklyto extricate the patrol. The action must be defi-nite and determined.

(c) Before leaving the friendly front lines, thepatrol leader informs the nearest unit commanderof his proposed route and obtains from him latestinformation of friendly and enemy forces in thevicinity.

(2) Movements.-(a) The patrol takes advan-tage of terrain features as it moves to or from itsdestination.

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(b) The patrol moves by the selected routesto its destination or to a covered position fromwhich the leader decides to make his detailed re-connaissance. This is either the final or an in-termediate objective.

(3) Formations.-(a) In addition to the mis-sion, terrain, and conditions of visibility, factorsinfluencing the formation of the patrol includecontrol, security, size of patrol, and requiredspeed of action.

(b) Patrol members should be so thoroughlyfamiliar with planned formations and the routesthey are to take that they can rejoin the patrolimmediately after an action.

i. Control and security.-(1) Control.- (a)The patrol must be directed, regulated, and con-trolled by the patrol leader at all times. The pa-trol leader moves where he can exercise the maxi-mum degree of control.

(b) Terrain and visibility affect control andsecurity of the patrol, and the distance betweenindividuals (men or vehicles) and elements of thepatrol.

(2) Security.--The patrol provides its own all-around security by employing a point, rear point,flank security groups, and air scouts.

j. Reports and captured documents.-(1) Per-tinent information obtained by the patrol is sentimmediately to the patrol leader.

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(2) The patrol searches enemy personnel andinstallations for documents such as maps, mes-sages, orders, and codes.

(3) If the information or the captured docu-ments are of sufficient importance, they are sentat once to higher headquarters. All other ma-terial and information are turned in when the pa-trol leader makes his report.

k. Preparation for night patrolling.-Much dis-mounted night patrolling is required of mechan-ized cavalry reconnaissance units. Personnel ofthese patrols should be selected early in the day,given some rest, specially equipped, and briefedin time to permit careful study of maps and, ifpossible, perform daylight reconnaissance ofroutes and terrain. Usually a night patrol will berequired to accomplish only one specific task.

38. RECONNAISSANCE PATROLS.-a. Re-connaissance patrols may perform a variety ofmissions, but all are concerned primarily with thesecuring of information and getting it back to thecommander in time for it to be of use to him. Areconnaissance patrol seldom will exceed a pla-toon in strength. It is equipped with radio forprompt transmission of information.

b. For most patrols, designation of a map manis considered to be essential. He marches justin rear of or rides with the patrol leader. Heis responsible for the preparation of a routesketch and for noting thereon indications of ene-

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my activity, special conditions of terrain or veg-etation, and intersecting trails. He is trainedto record the observations of the patrol leaderand to make notes on his own initiative. Fromsuch sketches and notes the patrol leader, thecavalry commander, and in many cases G-2 ofthe higher unit, can obtain valuable informa-tion. Such sketches are especially valuable inareas for which available maps are inaccurateor incomplete.

c. Missions of reconnaissance patrols may in-clude:

(1) Gaining information of the location andcharacteristics of hostile and when the situationdemands, friendly positions and installations,routes, stream crossings, obstacles, or terrainfeatures.

(2) Investigating a gassed area and markingthe boundaries of that area.

(3) Locating, clearing, and reporting locationof enemy mine fields.

(4) Giving early warning of an enemy attackor withdrawal by observation patrols during dayor listening patrols at night which move to posi-tions overlooking or along enemy routes of com-munication. Stealth characterizes the action ofthese patrols.

39. COMBAT PATROLS.-a. Combat patrolsshould have sufficient strength in men and wea-pons to fight when such action is indicated.

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b. Missions of combat patrols may include:

(1) Preventing small hostile reconnaissanceunits from discovering the disposition of friend-ly troops.

(2) Keeping hostile infiltrating groups fromexecuting harassing or destructive missions.

(3) Operating, in a defensive situation, infront of and between friendly outposts and de-fended localities.

(4) Screening, in retrograde movements, thewithdrawal of the main body.

(5) Raiding an enemy column or position.

(6) Seizing and holding an installation pend-ing the arrival of other troops.

(7) Seizing and holding a critical terrainfeature for observation, or pending the arrivalof other troops.

(8) Mopping up isolated hostile groups inrear of friendly front lines.

SECTION VIIOBSERVATION

40. GENERAL.-a. Observation is essential tothe successful accomplishment of reconnaissancemissions. Aggressive patrol action in seizingkey terrain suitable for observation is indicated,

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b. Observation is a form of static reconnais-sance. The ability to observe must be developedto the highest possible degree in all personnel of

the reconnaissance unit. All personnel must beexperts at observing with field glasses. Whenin contact with the enemy much information maybe obtained by means of observation posts (OP).The field of view must be divided and definitesector responsibilities assigned. Operations of

OP's must be coordinated so that the entire unitfront is under continuous observation.

c. OP's often will have to be located in placesthat are inaccessible to vehicles. This means

that radios, rations, and other necessary equip-ment and supplies will have to be packed by theunit's personnel or by animals, if available.

d. OP's sometimes may be gained by stealth;

at other times it will be necessary to fight for

them.

e. The commander of each OP, in addition to

sending back frequent reports, always must

make a "last light" and "first light" report.

Last or first light reports should include only

what actually can be seen by members of a pa-

trol from their position immediately prior to

darkness or just following daylight.

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SECTION VIIINIGHT RECONNAISSANCE

41. NIGHT RECONNAISSANCE.-Reconnais-sance at night is conducted by patrols, habitual-ly dismounted. Vehicles normally will be usedonly in the approach to the area in which con-tact is probable; however, in the event it is ex-pedient to use vehicles in areas of probable orimminent contact, dismounted patrols will pre-cede them. (FM's 2-20 and 21-75.)

SECTION IXRECONNAISSANCE

DURING DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS42. GENERAL.-a. For discussion of defen-

sive combat, see FM 100-5.

b. Information always is vital. The mechan-ized cavalry reconnaissance unit has an import-ant mission to perform when the higher unit ison the defensive. In general, the methods ofobtaining information while on the defensive donot differ markedly from those employed inother types of operations.

43. RECONNAISSANCE.-When the higherechelon is engaged in defending a position, the

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reconnaissance element, reinforced as necessary,maintains contact with the enemy. It may beordered to perform counterreconnaissance mis-sions. The infantry patrols on its own immedi-ate front. The reconnaissance element may beused for special patrols, especially when the dis-tance between the opposing positions is consid-erable. (FM's 100-5 and 2-30.)

44. DELAYING ACTION.-The reconnais-sance element may be called upon to fight a delay-ing action to give friendly troops time to organ-ize positions. However, if the reconnaissanceunit is ordered to offer prolonged resistance, itshould be reinforced. (FM's 100-5 and 2-30.)

SECTION XRECONNAISSANCE

DURING RETROGRADE MOVEMENTS45. GENERAL.-a. See FM 100-5 for general

principles relating to retrograde movements.

b. In a retrograde movement, reconnaissanceelements may be called upon to furnish protectionor to perform reconnaissance.

46. PROTECTION.-The reconnaissance unitfurnishes protection by covering the flanks or rearof the withdrawing troops. Properly reinforced,it is prepared to fight a delaying action.

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47. RECONNAISSANCE.-There is no essen-tial difference in the techniques of reconnaissanceduring a withdrawal and during an advance, ex-cept that in the former reconnaissance "in re-verse" is performed. This involves falling backin front of the advancing enemy and providing thelatest information of the enemy's progress.

48. NIGHT WITHDRAWALS.-Since most re-trograde movements will be made at night and thehigher commander will want to deceive the enemyas to his intentions, the reconnaissance unit maybe used to assist in the deception. It may deceivethe enemy by increasing the activity of its patrolsduring the night of the withdrawal, or it mayuse its fire power to keep up the appearance ofnormal activity. (FM 2-30.)

SECTION XIRECONNAISSANCE ELEMENT

IN A SEIZE AND HOLD MISSION49. PRELIMINARY ACTION.-a. The mech-

anized cavalry reconnaissance unit may be or-dered to seize and hold a critical terrain feature.(FM 2-30.) Necessary attachments to it shouldbe made prior to its departure on such a mission.The mechanized cavalry commander should betold:

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(1) The extent of the:objective he is to seize.

(2) The approximate time he is to be relieved.

b. Frequently, a seize and hold mission will begiven when speed is essential. Elements are dis-patched at once with the remainder of the recon-naissance unit following close behind. All theresources of the commander must be used toovercome any minor opposition betwen him andhis objective. If the enemy is encountered insuch strength as to make it obvious that the racefor the objective has been lost, he must occupya position as far forward as possible in order tofacilitate future operations.

50. ACTION UPON REACHING OBJECTIVE.a. Immediately upon reaching the objective, theleading element will:

(1) Disperse its vehicles under cover.

(2) Dig in.

(3) Push out patrols to get information.

(4) Erect obstacles.

b. Since troop positions will have been choseninitially from a map, the commander must co-ordinate the defense and make any adjustmentsnecessary to suit the actual ground and the tac-tical situation.

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SECTION XIIRECONNAISSANCE

ELEMENT IN A PROTECTIVE ROLE51. GENERAL.-While carrying out a protec-

tive mission a reconnaissance element cannot cov-er as wide a frontage as it can in executing re-connaissance.

a. The higher commander may decide to makehis reconnaissance element the basis of his ad-vance guard, in which event he will usually re-inforce it.

b. Control is maintained by designating phaseor report lines.

c. Upon contact, report of strength, composi-tion, direction, and speed of movement of enemyis made. The advance guard engages the enemyin order to permit the uninterrupted march of themain body. (Pars 7 and 19.)

52. PROTECTION WHEN THE HIGHERUNIT IS HALTED.-The mechanized cavalry re-connaissance unit, properly reinforced, may be re-quired to protect the higher unit while it is haltedby moving ahead and occupying a tactical locality.Reconnaissance platoons, with assault guns andsometimes light tanks attached, organize posi-tions, choosing ground that is easy to defend. Re-Iconnaissance patrols are sent out ahead and to theflanks to give timely warning of the enemy's ad-vance.

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INDEX

Paragraph Page

Action

Delaying ___________________44 52

In front of enemy's main

battle position _-----------20 19

In maintaining contact --... 22 23

In protective role ----------- 51 55

In retrograde movements ____47 53

Of dismounted patrols --... 37 c (1) (b) 43

Of mounted patrols --------- 37 c (1) (a) 42

Seize and hold ______________49 53

Upon reaching objective _____50 54

Advance guard, reconnaissance

elements as ______________24 26

Airborne troops, use of mechan-

ized cavalry against _-__10 b 10

Air-ground communication ____31 a (3) 38

Annex, intelligence ------------ 15 c 14

Assault gun troop, organization

of ------------------------ 5 d 6

Assignment of routes, zones,and areas 18 b (2) 18

Attachments to mechanized

cavalry ------------------ 9 b 9Axis of signal communication __30 37

Battle organization

Of cavalry group, mechanized 17 a 15

Of reconnaissance squadron,mechanized _______________17 b 16

Of reconnaissance troop,mechanized ___1____________7 c 16

Battle reconnaissance missions ..21 b 23

Break-through missions ----.. 23 a 26

Cavalry commanderPersonal reconnaissance of __20 c (5) 22Plans and orders of --------- 14 11Responsibilities of ---------- 17 15

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Cavalry group, mechanizedCodes and ciphers, use of ____34 40Combat patrols--------------39 48Functions of ---------------- 17 16Organization of--------------6 6

CCBP8 panel code, use of _____31 a (3) 38Characteristics of mechanized

cavalry _______________-- - - 2 2Classification of patrols-------37 c 42

Command and staffUnit commanders-----------11 10Unit staffs------------------12 11

Command liaison -------------- 27 35Command posts----------------13 11

Communication, signalAir-ground------------------31 a (3) 38Messengers------------------31 c 38Radio ______________________31 a 37Sound power----------------31 d 37Visual ---------------------- 31 e 37Voice ______________________31 f 38Wire------------------------31 b 37

ContactDuring offensive operations __19 19Imminent _______________-___18 f 18Improbable------------------18 d 18Maintenance of-------------22 23Movement to----------------18 e 17Probable--------------------18 e 18Regaining of----------------24 b (1) 27

ControlDuring patrolling operations -37 41Reconnaissance orders-------15 12

Counterreconnaissance, mechan-ized cavalry's role in ------ 9 a (3) 9

Covering force, use of mechan-ized cavalry as------------9 a (1) 9

Pararaphr Page

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Critical areas and features,seizure of ______________49 53

Defensive operations, recon-

naissance during ---------- 42 51Delaying action --------------- 44 --- 52Development of radio SOP - 31 a (2) 37Disintegrated enemy, pursuit of 24 b 27Dismounted action of patrols __37 c (1) (b) 43Dispositions on reconnaissance _17 15

Employment

Basic decision with re-spect to __________________14 11

In reconnaissance in force ___21 23Of assault guns _----------_20 c (4) 22

Of light tank company instable situation _-----------_20 c (3) 22

Of patrols, general ---------- 37 41Of reserve ------------------ 20 c (2) 22Other missions _--------------_10 10Protective missions --------_ 9 9Reconnaissance missions 8 9

Enemy's main battle position, recon-naissance of

By reconnaissance platoon ___20 a 19By reconnaissance squadron _20 c 22By reconnaissance troop -... 20 b 21

Exploitation, use of mechan-ized cavalry in _----------24 b (2) 29

First light reports ----------- 40 e 50

Flank guard, use of mechan-ized cavalry as ----------- 9 a (2) 9

Frontages on reconnaissance __ 2 b, 17 a 2 and 16Group, cavalry, organization of_ 6 6Guards, use of mechanized

cavalry as ---------------- _ 9 a (2) 9

Higher commander, duties ofBasic decision of ----------- 14 11

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Page 64: Employment of Mechanized Cavalry - 1944

In establishing wire com-munication --------------- 31 b 36

In furnishing informationand intelligence ----------- 15 12

In providing reinforcements _ 9 b 9Reconnaissance orders of -_ 15 12

Initial dispositions for re-connaissance -------------- 17 16

Initial plan, movement tocontact ------------------ 18 b 17

IntelligenceAnnex --------------------- 15 c 14Dissemination of ------------ 25 34

Last light reports ------------- 40 e 50Liaison

Command ------------------ 27 35General -------------------- 26 34Officer, duties of ------------ 27 26

Light tank company, employ-ment of ------------------ 20 c (3) 22

Local opportunities, exploita-tion of ------------------- 24 b (2) 29

Map man, designation of bypatrol leader ------------- 38 b 47

Means of signal communication 31 36Mechanized cavalry

Characteristics of ----------- 2 2Proper missions for --------- 7 8Role of --------------------- 1 1Utilization of --------------- 37 a 41

Message centers -------------- 33 40Messengers,, use of ------------ 31 c 38Missions

General -------------------- _ 7 8Of combat patrols ----------- 39 b 49Of reconnaissance patrols - -38 c 48Other ---------------------- 10 10Protective ------------------ 9 9

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Page 65: Employment of Mechanized Cavalry - 1944

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Reconnaissance ------------- 8 9

Mounted patrols, action of ---- 37 c (1) (a) 42Movement

Flanking during pursuit ---- 24 b (5) 31Initial plan of -------------- 18 b 17

Of patrols ------------------ 37 h (2) 45Retrograde _____-----------------45 52

To contact, rate ofadvance for -------------- 18 c 17

Net, radio, for groupheadquarters------------- 6 6

NightPatrolling, preparation for __37 k 47Reconnaissance ------------- 41 51

Withdrawals ---------------- 48 53Objective, action upon reaching 50 54ObservationPosts ---------------------- 40 49Reports __--------------------40 e 50

Offensive operations, reconnaissance duringBattle ---------------------- 21 23Break-through -------------- 23 26

Contact -------------------- 19 19Enemy's main battle position_20 19Maintaining contact _---------22 23Movement to contact -------- 18 17Pursuit --------------------- 24 26

Orders and instructions ------- 15 12Organization

Cavalry group -------------- 6 6Reconnaissance platoon ------ 3 4Reconnaissance squadron 5 5Reconnaissance troop -------- 4 5

Panel code, CCBP8, use of ---- 31 a (3) 38Patrols

Classification of ------------- 37 c 42Combat -------------------- 39 48Control and security of -- 37 i 46

Page 66: Employment of Mechanized Cavalry - 1944

Estimate of situation andorders to ----------------- 37 g 44

Mission of ------------------ 37 d 43Organization of __-------------37 e 44Reconnaissance __------38 47Reports and captured

documents ---------- ___------37 j 46Routes, movements, and

formations of ---------__----37 h 45Strength of ------------__----37 b 42

Utilization by mechanizedcavalry ------------------- 37 a 41

Weapons and equipment of _37 f 44Performance of mission by

mechanized cavalry ------- 7 b 8Phases

Of planning forreconnaissance ------------ 14 11

Of reconnaissance ----------- 18 17Plans and orders

Estimate of reconnaissancesituation and requirements_14 b 12

Reconnaissance orders ------- 15 12Reconnaissance subparagraph

of field order __-------------15 b 13Posts, observation ------------- 40 49Primary mission of

mechanized cavalry ------- 7 a 8Protection during retro-

grade movements --------- 46 52Protective missions ------------ 9 9Protective role, reconnais-

sance element inGeneral -------------------- 51 55When higher unit is halted __52 55

PursuitFlanking movement during __24 b (5) 31

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Page 67: Employment of Mechanized Cavalry - 1944

Handling of localinhabitants during __------ 24 d 32

Handling of PW andmateriel during ----------- 24 c 31

RadioDevelopment of SOP _--------31 a (2) 37In air-ground communication_31 a (3) 38Net, group headquarters __- 6 6Use of by mechanized cavalry 31 a 37

Rate of advanceDuring movement to contact_18 c 17

Rear guard, mechanizedcavalry as ---------------- 9 a (2) 9

ReconnaissanceDuring battle --------------- 21 b 23During break-through ------- 23 a 26During defensive operations __43 51During night withdrawals - 48 53During offensive operations __17 15During pursuit _--------------24 26During retrograde movements 47 53Element in a protective role __51 55Elements in exploitation _- 24 b (2) 29In a seize and hold mission __49 53In force --------------------_21 a 23Night _-------------------- 41 51Patrols __---------------------38 47

Reconnaissance of enemy's mainbattle position

By reconnaissance platoon ___20 a 19By reconnaissance squadron __20 c 22By reconnaissance troop _-- 20 b 21

Reconnaissance subparagraph __15 12Reports, observation --_--__ __40 e 50Reserve, use of in stabilized

situation ----------------- 20 c (2) 22Responsibility for

communication __----------29 36

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Page 68: Employment of Mechanized Cavalry - 1944

Retrograde movementsGeneral---------------------45 51

Night withdrawals-----------48 53

Protection-------------------46 52

Reconnaissance during ----- 47 53

Routes, zones, and areasInitial control plan---------18 b 17

Specified in reconnaissanceorders -------------------- 15 a (4) 13

SecurityGeneral---------------------35 41

Mechanized cavalry's contri-bution to-------------------1 b 1

Of patrols-------------------37 i (2) 46

Signal-----------------------32 39

Seize and hold mission, reconnais-sance element in

Action upon reaching 54objective------------------50

Preliminary action----------49 53

SelectionOf mission for mechanized

cavalry ------------------- 14 a 11

Of routes for patrols ----- 37 h (1) 45

Signal communicationAxis ----------------------- 30 36Codes and ciphers------------34 40Means ---------------------- 31 36Message centers------------33 40Responsibility for-----------29 36Security--------------------32 39

Signals, visual-----------------31 e 39

SOP, radio communication --- 31 a (2) 37

Sound and voice, use of--------31 f 39

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Page 69: Employment of Mechanized Cavalry - 1944

Squadron, cavalry reconnaissance,mechanized

Action of in front of enemy'smain battle position _____- 20 c 22

Frontage for --------------- 2 b 2Normal dispositions of __- 17 b 16Organization of ------------- 5 5

Strength of patrols __-----------37 a 41Supply

Problems during pursuit --- 24 a (2) 27

Supply vehicles during pursuit _23 c 26Tactical missions of mechanized

cavalryOther --------------------__10 10Protection ------------------___ __ 9 9Reconnaissance ___--_______8 9

Tactics of mechanized cavalry,general ------------------- 1 a 1

Telephone, EE8, use of __---- - 31 d 39Training mission of cavalry

group headquarters _______ 6 6Transmission of information

By liaison officer ------------ 27 c 35Mechanized cavalry's responsi-

bility for -----------------_ 7 8Troop, cavalry reconnaissance

Actions in front of enemy'smain battle position _-_20 b 21

Frontage for ---------------___________ 2 b 2Normal dispositions of _---17 c 16Organization of ------------- 4 5

UnitCommanders __----------------11 10Staffs ---------------------- 12 11

Utilization of patrols bymechanized cavalry _-------37 a 41

Visual signals ---------------- 31 e 39Voice and sound, use of ------- 31 f 39

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Page 70: Employment of Mechanized Cavalry - 1944

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WeaponsAssault guns, employment of

17 b, 17 c, 20 b (2), 20 c (4)Light tank company,

employment of __________5 cWire, use of _________________31 bWithdrawals, night -.-.- _______48Withdrawing enemy, pursuit of_24 aZones

Assignment of ______________18 b (2)Reconnaissance frontages of _ 2, 17 a

Page

16, 21, 22

6385326

172, 15

H-184

REPRODUCED AT THE CAVALRY SCHOOL

FORT RILEY, KANSAS, 1944