The Limbic System and Cerebral Circuits for Emotions, Learning and Memory
Emotion & Memory Components of the Limbic System
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Transcript of Emotion & Memory Components of the Limbic System
Emotion & Memory Components of the Limbic System
Lab 12 Emotion & Memory Components of the Limbic System 4 ** **
1 ** 5 Basal Forebrain 6 ** 2 area of hypothalamus 3 Ventromedial
Prefrontal Cortex
Orbitofrontal Cortex Basal Forebrain What is the ~location of the:
Orbitofrontal Cortex? Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex? Basal
Forebrain? 2 Olfactory Stria 3 Basal Forebrain 1 4 4 anterior
cingulate cortex 5 septum pellucidum Anterior Cerebral Arteries 3
anterior horn of lateral ventricle Orbitofrontal cortex 1
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 2 EMOTION CORTEX VENTRAL
STRIATUM:nucleus accumbens + septal nuclei Anterior cingulate
cortex (ACC) 15 anterior cingulum 14 Anterior commissure 16 4 Basal
forebrain 1 Basal forebrain Hypothalamus 3 amygdala 13 amygdala 17
anterior cingulum 2 5 6 7 VAP 8 10 9 12 11 (basal nucleus of
Meynert) Ventral Amygdalofugal Path (VAFP)
What is the ~location of the: Lateral Hypothalmic Area? Lateral
Hypothalamic Area With medial forebrain bundle Amygdala Amydala?
Ventral Amygdalofugal Path? Cingulate Gyrus 2 DM Nucleus of
Thalamus 1 3 Cingulum What is the ~location of the fast path from
LGN to amygdala?
4 1 amygdala Anterior commissure 5 LGN 3 Visual radiations 2 LGN
What is the ~location of the fast path from LGN to amygdala? 3 1
(fibers) 2 Location of ventral tegmental area
(VTA) 3 MFB fibers en route to lateral reticular formation in rest
of brainstem 1 (fibers) Location of ventral tegmental area (VTA) 2
Reticular formation with laterally descending fibers from MFB
Parabrachial nucleus Reticular formation with laterallydescending
fibers from MFB Locus Ceruleus PAG Rostral Raphe Nuclei What is the
~location of the: PAG? Parabrachial Nucleus? Locus Ceruleus? MFB?
Rostral Raphe Nuclei? Rostral Pons Level Facial motor nucleus What
is the ~location of the: Facial Motor Nucleus? Rostral Pons Level
Trace the path for cognitive recognition of a
Hippocampal formation amygdala LGN IT Optic Radiations primary
visual cortex Visual association ctx. Trace the path for cognitive
recognition of a fearful visual stimulus from LGN toamygdala.
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Medial Prefrontal Cortex Orbitofrontal Gyri What is the ~location
of the: Anterior Cingulate Cortex? Medial Prefrontal Cortex?
Orbitofrontal Gyri? 1 Fibers from Hippocampal Formation 2 1 2 3 4 2
5 3 12 11 8 13 14 6 9 7 10 1 anterior nucleus mammillo-
fornix Internal Medullary lamina 4 anterior nucleus 2 5 LGN
mammillo- thalamic tr. 3 12 Anterior nucleus Temporal horn of
lateral ventricle 11 parahippo- campal gyrus Hippocampal formation
Entorhinal cortex Of parahippocampal gyrus 8 13 14 alveus 6 more
parahippo- campal gyrus 9 fornix 7 Hippocampal formation 10 1 2 3 4
7 6 5 8 Body of lateral ventricle fornix anterior nucleus
mammillo- thalamic tr. 4 Mammillary nuclei 7 III ventricle 6
Temporal horn of lateral ventricle amygdala 5 8 2 1 6 3 4 5 7
Fornix (below septum pellucidum + medial to alveus)
Anterior commissure 6 3 fornix Interventricular foramen Fornix
(post-commissural part, en route to mammillary nuclei) 4 5 7 Fornix
(splitting at anterior commissure) What area of the brain is
affected by the pathology?
A 27-year-old male visited his family physician complaining of
severe headaches that have bothered him for the past couple of
weeks.In addition, he had other difficulties that interfered with
his work.His boss asked him to see a doctor. He was sent for MRIs
(with and without intravenous injection of a gadolinium tracer).A
slice taken from the series with dye injection is shown below. What
area of the brain is affected by the pathology? Left frontal lobe.
Because of the midline shift, right frontal lobe might be affected
What is the pale circle at the tips of the arrows?
A 27-year-old male visited his family physician complaining of
severe headaches that have bothered him for the past couple of
weeks.In addition, he had other difficulties that interfered with
his work.His boss asked him to see a doctor. He was sent for MRIs
(with and without intravenous injection of a gadolinium tracer).A
slice taken from the series with dye injection is shown below. What
is the pale circle at the tips of the arrows? It represents the
territory of breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. In the brief
period between IV injection of the tracer and the actual scan, the
high signal tracer accumulates in the extracellular space in the
area of breakdown of the blood brain barrier What is the darker
area surrounding the pale circle?
A 27-year-old male visited his family physician complaining of
severe headaches that have bothered him for the past couple of
weeks.In addition, he had other difficulties that interfered with
his work.His boss asked him to see a doctor. He was sent for MRIs
(with and without intravenous injection of a gadolinium tracer).A
slice taken from the series with dye injection is shown below. What
is the darker area surrounding the pale circle? It represents the
territory of vasogenic brain edema VBE preferentially in the
extracellular spaces of the white matter. There is less resistance
to extracellular transport in the white matter than in gray matter.
The area of VBE contains, water, salts, proteins that traveled
through the extracellular spaces of the white matter before the
injection of the tracer. Thus it does not have a high signal NOTE:
Why would there be a halo of breakdown of the BBB around the
mass?Most often, this happens because the mass is growing rapidly,
so that vessels peripheral to the mass get compressed (tissue
compression or increased tissue pressure), resulting in a
compression ischemia of the area, which results in inadequate
energy to maintain the barrier functions of endothelial cells of
transport vessels.When the barrier functions fail, there is an exit
of fluid (mostly water + solutes + protein) into the extracellular
space.This fluid then pours into the extracellular space of the
white matter to form vasogenic brain edema (VBE). What are 3 (very
general) possible causes for this lesion?
A 27-year-old male visited his family physician complaining of
severe headaches that have bothered him for the past couple of
weeks.In addition, he had other difficulties that interfered with
his work.His boss asked him to see a doctor. He was sent for MRIs
(with and without intravenous injection of a gadolinium tracer).A
slice taken from the series with dye injection is shown below. What
are 3 (very general) possible causes for this lesion? Rapidly
growing tumor (which it is a Glioblastoma multiformi or GM)
Intracerebral hemorrhage or ICH (based on the shape of the lesion
and its surrounding BBB breakdown & VBE .However, time history
is not great for an ICH, because an ICH would usually cause an
acute episode that would be remembered. 3)Abscess because the shape
of the mass (contents of the abscess) is often similar to what is
seen A 27-year-old male visited his family physician complaining of
severe headaches that have bothered him for the past couple of
weeks.In addition, he had other difficulties that interfered with
his work.His boss asked him to see a doctor. He was sent for MRIs
(with and without intravenous injection of a gadolinium tracer).A
slice taken from the series with dye injection is shown below.
Based on what is visible in the image, what structures are most
likely affected by this lesion? Left side: prefrontal cortex
including anterior cingulate, medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal
cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex, olfactory structures, frontal
eye field, Brocas area, possibly precentral gyrus Right side: There
may be compression of tissue due to the midline shift similar
structures as for the left Anterior Cingulate & Other Emotion
Cortex
A 27-year-old male visited his family physician complaining of
severe headaches that have bothered him for the past couple of
weeks.In addition, he had other difficulties that interfered with
his work.His boss asked him to see a doctor. He was sent for MRIs
(with and without intravenous injection of a gadolinium tracer).A
slice taken from the series with dye injection is shown below. For
each of the following structures, what symptoms would be possible
for the difficulty this man had in his work: Anterior Cingulate
& Other Emotion Cortex Lessened awareness of emotional cues in
other people (so one can miss interpretation of what is said, etc);
lessened awareness of social rules (so one can act in a way that is
offensive (urinate on floor).Possible difficulty in behaving in a
way that is considered appropriate socially Lateral Prefronal
Cortex
A 27-year-old male visited his family physician complaining of
severe headaches that have bothered him for the past couple of
weeks.In addition, he had other difficulties that interfered with
his work.His boss asked him to see a doctor. He was sent for MRIs
(with and without intravenous injection of a gadolinium tracer).A
slice taken from the series with dye injection is shown below. For
each of the following structures, what symptoms would be possible
for the difficulty this man had in his work: Lateral Prefronal
Cortex Difficulty in thinking (analysis, etc.) and making decisions
about future activities A 27-year-old male visited his family
physician complaining of severe headaches that have bothered him
for the past couple of weeks.In addition, he had other difficulties
that interfered with his work.His boss asked him to see a doctor.
He was sent for MRIs (with and without intravenous injection of a
gadolinium tracer).A slice taken from the series with dye injection
is shown below. For each of the following structures, what symptoms
would be possible for the difficulty this man had in his work:
Olfactory Structures Smell deficits Frontal Eye Field (FEF)
A 27-year-old male visited his family physician complaining of
severe headaches that have bothered him for the past couple of
weeks.In addition, he had other difficulties that interfered with
his work.His boss asked him to see a doctor. He was sent for MRIs
(with and without intravenous injection of a gadolinium tracer).A
slice taken from the series with dye injection is shown below. For
each of the following structures, what symptoms would be possible
for the difficulty this man had in his work: Frontal Eye Field
(FEF) ONLY IF IT WAS AFFECTED A DAY OR LESS THAN THE EXAMINATION:
eyes may be pointing toward one side (left side if affect on left
FEF is more severe than any compression of right FEF).Otherwise, no
findings. Difficulty in coming up with words expressive
aphasia
A 27-year-old male visited his family physician complaining of
severe headaches that have bothered him for the past couple of
weeks.In addition, he had other difficulties that interfered with
his work.His boss asked him to see a doctor. He was sent for MRIs
(with and without intravenous injection of a gadolinium tracer).A
slice taken from the series with dye injection is shown below. For
each of the following structures, what symptoms would be possible
for the difficulty this man had in his work: Brocas Area Difficulty
in coming up with words expressive aphasia Precentral Gyrus (&
anterior paracentral lobule)
A 27-year-old male visited his family physician complaining of
severe headaches that have bothered him for the past couple of
weeks.In addition, he had other difficulties that interfered with
his work.His boss asked him to see a doctor. He was sent for MRIs
(with and without intravenous injection of a gadolinium tracer).A
slice taken from the series with dye injection is shown below. For
each of the following structures, what symptoms would be possible
for the difficulty this man had in his work: Precentral Gyrus
(& anterior paracentral lobule) Cortical upper motor neurons.
Deficits:contralateralweakness, hyperreflexia & hypertonia of
muscles supplied by cortical fibers that were injured > 4 or 5
days before the examination; difficulty with complex hand
movements, etc Supplementary Motor & Premotor Areas
A 27-year-old male visited his family physician complaining of
severe headaches that have bothered him for the past couple of
weeks.In addition, he had other difficulties that interfered with
his work.His boss asked him to see a doctor. He was sent for MRIs
(with and without intravenous injection of a gadolinium tracer).A
slice taken from the series with dye injection is shown below. For
each of the following structures, what symptoms would be possible
for the difficulty this man had in his work: Supplementary Motor
& Premotor Areas Difficulty in complex movements, especially of
the hands e.g. movements that require the two hands to work
independently like putting pegs into a base held in one hand,
rapidly alternating movements of both hands in opposite directions
What clinical tests would you use to evaluate clinical signs?
Emotion Related Areas Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Brocas Area FEF
Motor Cortex Observe patients affect, emotional expressions and ask
if there have been changes in feelings Ask questions about date,
time, location, past history etc Any difficulty with language If
this is acute, test for lateral gaze. Patient would have paralysis
of lateral gaze to the side opposite the side of the lesion NOTE:
Gaze paralysis due to cortical lesions are transient one to two
weeks. Alternate more primitive paths will take over with time.
Test for muscle strength, tone and reflexes. Perform complex hand
movements