Emotion is Multifaceted Emotion refers to the mix of: 1. Physiological Arousal 2. Expressive...
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Transcript of Emotion is Multifaceted Emotion refers to the mix of: 1. Physiological Arousal 2. Expressive...
Emotion is Multifaceted • Emotion refers to the
mix of:1. Physiological Arousal2. Expressive Behaviors (how you react to the physiological arousal)3. Conscious Experience (how you cognitively interpret environment)
Theories of Emotion
• Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?
Emotion
• William James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
• We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress.
• The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.
Support for James-Lange• Subjects report
feeling more sad when viewing scenes of war, sickness, and starvation if their “sad face” muscles are activated.
• They also find comic strips funnier if their “happy face” muscles are activated.
This is called the facial feedback effect
Criticism of James-LangeFear
(emotion)Pounding
heart(arousal)
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
LOVE(emotion)
Poundingheart
(arousal)Sight of
Your secret crush
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
• Say James-Lange theory is full of crap.
• Similar physiological changes = drastically different emotional states.
• Physiological change & cognitive appraisal occur at same time
• Thalamus (routes to multiple places)
Cannon-BardTheory of Emotion
• The Physiological Response and the
Emotion are experienced at the
SAME TIME
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Fear(emotion)
Think – Two cannons firing at the same time.
Physiological change (heart rate, breathing)
Emotion
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
• Most complete theory• They happen at the same time but…• People who are already
physiologically aroused experience more intense emotions than unaroused people when both groups are exposed to the same stimuli.
• Biology and Cognition interact with each other to increase the experience.
Schachter Two-Factory Theory
Cognitivelabel
“I’m afraid”
Fear(emotion)
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward the ground at 60 mph, your autonomic reaction would include heart racing and screaming. But if your cognitive appraisal says you are on a rollercoaster, then you have the emotion of “fun.”
Must Cognition Precede all Emotions?
• Some pathways, especially ones involving amygdala (fear), bypass cortical areas involved in thinking.
• Certain likes, dislikes, and fears do ignore conscious thinking.
Experiencing Emotion• Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
– tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level
• brightness of lights • volume of sound • level of income
– defined by our prior experience– This is why winning the lottery would only make us
happy for a short while. Once the novelty of having all that money wears off, we adapt to this new level of wealth (or achievement, etc.)
• Relative Deprivation pony example– perception that one is worse off relative to those with
whom one compares oneself
The Concept of Happiness
• Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon: you will be helpful more often if you are in a good mood.
• Subjective Well Being: most common measurement of happiness, satisfaction, and quality of life. Looks at physical as well as economic indicators.
Facial Expressions Are Universal
• No matter what part of the world you are from, facial expressions indicating 6 basic emotions tend to be universal.
Context Affects Interpretation of Facial
Expressions
Microexpressions – Universal Expressions – Paul
Ekman
Stress & Health
Stress Can Be Harmful or Helpful Depending on Your
Stress Appraisal
Stressful event(tough math test)
Threat(“Yikes! This isbeyond me!”)
Challenge(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Panic, freeze up
Aroused, focused
Appraisal Response
Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome
• Describes our response to a stressful event.
• Three stages1.Alarm2.Resistance3.Exhaustion
Perceived Control’s Effect on Health and Stress
• Stressful events are especially harmful if they are perceived as negative and uncontrollable.
• Those who feel stressful events are beyond their control are also more susceptible to illness and disease.
The Rat With No Control Over the Shocks Develops
Ulcers
No connection to shock sourceTo shock control To shock source
“Executive” rat “Subordinate” rat Control rat