Emotion. Emotion Defining Emotion Defining Emotion Elements of Emotion 1: The Body Elements of...

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Emotion Emotion

Transcript of Emotion. Emotion Defining Emotion Defining Emotion Elements of Emotion 1: The Body Elements of...

Page 1: Emotion. Emotion Defining Emotion Defining Emotion Elements of Emotion 1: The Body Elements of Emotion 1: The Body Elements of Emotion 2: The Mind Elements.

EmotionEmotion

Page 2: Emotion. Emotion Defining Emotion Defining Emotion Elements of Emotion 1: The Body Elements of Emotion 1: The Body Elements of Emotion 2: The Mind Elements.

EmotionEmotion

• Defining EmotionDefining Emotion

• Elements of Emotion 1: The BodyElements of Emotion 1: The Body

• Elements of Emotion 2: The MindElements of Emotion 2: The Mind

• Elements of Emotion 3: The CultureElements of Emotion 3: The Culture

• Putting the Elements together: Putting the Elements together: Emotion and GenderEmotion and Gender

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EmotionEmotion

• A state of arousal involving facial and A state of arousal involving facial and body changes, brain activation, body changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.action, all shaped by cultural rules.

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Elements of Emotion 1: The Elements of Emotion 1: The BodyBody• Primary and secondary emotionsPrimary and secondary emotions

• The face of emotionThe face of emotion

• The brain and emotionThe brain and emotion

• Hormones and emotionHormones and emotion

• Detecting emotions: Does the body Detecting emotions: Does the body lie?lie?

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Elements of Emotion 1: The Elements of Emotion 1: The BodyBody• Primary emotionsPrimary emotions

– Emotions considered to be universal and biologically Emotions considered to be universal and biologically based. They generally include fear, anger, sadness, based. They generally include fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contempt.joy, surprise, disgust, and contempt.

• Secondary emotionSecondary emotion– Emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and Emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and

vary across individuals and cultures.vary across individuals and cultures.

• Three biological areas of emotion are Three biological areas of emotion are – facial expressions, facial expressions, – brain regions and circuits, and brain regions and circuits, and – autonomic nervous system.autonomic nervous system.

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Universal Expressions of Universal Expressions of EmotionEmotion• Facial expressions for primary emotions are Facial expressions for primary emotions are

universal.universal.• Even members of remote cultures can recognize Even members of remote cultures can recognize

facial expressions in people who are foreign to facial expressions in people who are foreign to them.them.

• Facial feedbackFacial feedback– Process by which the facial muscles send messages to the Process by which the facial muscles send messages to the

brain about the basic emotion being expressed.brain about the basic emotion being expressed.

• Infants are able to read parental expressions.Infants are able to read parental expressions.• Facial expression can generate same expressions in Facial expression can generate same expressions in

others, creating mood contagion.others, creating mood contagion.

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The Face of AngerThe Face of Anger

• Anger is universally Anger is universally recognized by recognized by geometric patterns geometric patterns on the face.on the face.

• In each pair, the In each pair, the left form seems left form seems angrier than the angrier than the right form.right form.

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Facial Expressions in Social Facial Expressions in Social ContextContext

• Across and within cultures, agreement often Across and within cultures, agreement often varies on which emotion a particular facial varies on which emotion a particular facial expression is revealing.expression is revealing.

• People don’t usually express their emotion in People don’t usually express their emotion in facial expressions unless others are around.facial expressions unless others are around.

• Facial expressions convey different meanings Facial expressions convey different meanings depending on their circumstances.depending on their circumstances.

• People often use facial expressions to lie about People often use facial expressions to lie about their feelings as well as to express them.their feelings as well as to express them.

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The Brain and EmotionThe Brain and Emotion• The amygdalaThe amygdala

– Responsible for assessing threat. Responsible for assessing threat. – Damage to the amygdala results in Damage to the amygdala results in

abnormality to process fear.abnormality to process fear.

• Left prefrontal cortex Left prefrontal cortex – Involved in motivation to approach others.Involved in motivation to approach others.– Damage to this area results in loss of joy.Damage to this area results in loss of joy.

• Right prefrontal cortex Right prefrontal cortex – Involved in withdrawal and escape. Involved in withdrawal and escape. – Damage to the area results in excessive mania Damage to the area results in excessive mania

and euphoria.and euphoria.

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Hormones and EmotionHormones and Emotion

• When experiencing an intense emotion, When experiencing an intense emotion, 2 hormones are released.2 hormones are released.– EpinephrineEpinephrine– NorepinephrineNorepinephrine

• Results in increased alertness and Results in increased alertness and arousal.arousal.

• At high levels, it can create the At high levels, it can create the sensation of being out of control sensation of being out of control emotionally.emotionally.

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The Autonomic Nervous The Autonomic Nervous SystemSystem

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Detecting Emotions: Does the Detecting Emotions: Does the Body Lie?Body Lie?

• Polygraph testing Polygraph testing relies on arelies on autonomic utonomic nervous system nervous system arousal.arousal.

• Typical measures:Typical measures:– Galvanic Skin ResponseGalvanic Skin Response– Pulse, blood pressurePulse, blood pressure– BreathingBreathing– FidgetingFidgeting

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Polygraph TestsPolygraph Tests

• Empirical support is Empirical support is weak and conflicting.weak and conflicting.

• Test is inadmissible in Test is inadmissible in most courts.most courts.

• It is illegal to use for It is illegal to use for most job screening.most job screening.

• Many government Many government agencies continue to agencies continue to use for screening.use for screening.

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Elements of Emotion 2: The Elements of Emotion 2: The MindMind

• How thoughts create emotionsHow thoughts create emotions– The two factor theory of emotion.The two factor theory of emotion.– Attributions and emotions.Attributions and emotions.

• Cognitions and emotional complexityCognitions and emotional complexity

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Two-factor Theory of Two-factor Theory of EmotionEmotion

• Physiological Physiological arousalarousal– Sweaty palmsSweaty palms– Increased heart rateIncreased heart rate– rapid breathingrapid breathing

• Cognitive LabelCognitive Label– Attribute source of Attribute source of

arousal to a causearousal to a cause

• To have an To have an emotion, both emotion, both factors are requiredfactors are required

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Attributions and EmotionsAttributions and Emotions

• Perceptions and attributions are Perceptions and attributions are involved in emotions.involved in emotions.

• How one reacts to an event depends How one reacts to an event depends on how he or she explains it.on how he or she explains it.– For example, how one reacts to being For example, how one reacts to being

ignored or winning the silver instead of ignored or winning the silver instead of the gold medal.the gold medal.

• Philosophy of life is also influential.Philosophy of life is also influential.

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Cognitions and Emotional Cognitions and Emotional ComplexityComplexity

• Cognitions, and therefore, emotions, Cognitions, and therefore, emotions, become more complex as a child’s become more complex as a child’s cerebral cortex matures.cerebral cortex matures.– Self-conscious emotions, such as shame and Self-conscious emotions, such as shame and

guilt, do not occur until after infancy, due to guilt, do not occur until after infancy, due to the emergence of a sense of self and others.the emergence of a sense of self and others.

• People can learn how their thinking People can learn how their thinking affects their emotions and can change affects their emotions and can change their thinking accordingly.their thinking accordingly.

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Elements of Emotion 3: Elements of Emotion 3: The CultureThe Culture• Culture and emotional variationCulture and emotional variation

• The rules of emotional regulationThe rules of emotional regulation– Display rulesDisplay rules– Body languageBody language– Emotion workEmotion work

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Culture and Emotional Culture and Emotional VariationVariation• Culture determines what people feel angry, sad, Culture determines what people feel angry, sad,

lonely, happy, ashamed or disgusted about.lonely, happy, ashamed or disgusted about.• Some cultures have words for specific emotions Some cultures have words for specific emotions

unknown to other cultures.unknown to other cultures.– Ex. Ex. SchadenfreudeSchadenfreude

• Some cultures don’t have words for emotions Some cultures don’t have words for emotions that seem universal to others.that seem universal to others.– Tahitian and sadnessTahitian and sadness

• Differences in secondary emotions appear to be Differences in secondary emotions appear to be reflected in differences in languages.reflected in differences in languages.

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The Rules of Emotional The Rules of Emotional RegulationRegulation• Display RulesDisplay Rules

– When, where, and how emotions are to be When, where, and how emotions are to be expressed or when they should be squelched.expressed or when they should be squelched.

• Body LanguageBody Language– The nonverbal signals of body movement, The nonverbal signals of body movement,

posture and gaze that people constantly posture and gaze that people constantly express.express.

• Emotion WorkEmotion Work– Acting out an emotion we do not feel or trying Acting out an emotion we do not feel or trying

to create the right emotion for the occasion.to create the right emotion for the occasion.

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Putting it all together: Putting it all together: Emotion and GenderEmotion and Gender

• Physiology and intensityPhysiology and intensity

• Sensitivity to other people’s Sensitivity to other people’s emotionsemotions

• CognitionsCognitions

• ExpressivenessExpressiveness– Factors which affect expressivenessFactors which affect expressiveness

• Emotion workEmotion work

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Putting the Elements Putting the Elements Together: Emotion and Together: Emotion and GenderGender• Physiology and intensityPhysiology and intensity

– Women recall emotional events more Women recall emotional events more intensely and vividly than do men.intensely and vividly than do men.

– Men experience emotional events Men experience emotional events more intensely than do women.more intensely than do women.

– Conflict is physiologically more Conflict is physiologically more upsetting for men than womenupsetting for men than women..

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Sensitivity to Other People’s Sensitivity to Other People’s EmotionsEmotions

• Factors which influence one’s ability Factors which influence one’s ability to “read” emotional signals:to “read” emotional signals:– The sex of the sender and receiver.The sex of the sender and receiver.– How well the sender and receiver know How well the sender and receiver know

each other.each other.– How expressive the sender is.How expressive the sender is.– Who has the power.Who has the power.– Stereotypes and expectations.Stereotypes and expectations.

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CognitionsCognitions

• Men and women appear to differ in Men and women appear to differ in the types of every day events that the types of every day events that provoke their anger.provoke their anger.

• Women become angry over issues Women become angry over issues related to their partners disregard.related to their partners disregard.

• Men become angry over damage to Men become angry over damage to property or problems with strangers.property or problems with strangers.

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ExpressivenessExpressiveness

• In North America women:In North America women:– Smile more than men.Smile more than men.– Gaze at listeners more.Gaze at listeners more.– Have more emotionally expressive faces.Have more emotionally expressive faces.– Use more expressive body movements.Use more expressive body movements.– Touch others more.Touch others more.– Acknowledge weakness and emotions Acknowledge weakness and emotions

more.more.

• Compared to women, men only Compared to women, men only express anger to strangers more.express anger to strangers more.

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Factors Influencing Factors Influencing Emotional ExpressivenessEmotional Expressiveness• Gender rolesGender roles

• Cultural normsCultural norms

• The specific situationThe specific situation

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Emotion Work and GenderEmotion Work and Gender

• Women work hard at appearing Women work hard at appearing warm, happy and making sure others warm, happy and making sure others are happy.are happy.

• Men work hard at persuading others Men work hard at persuading others they are stern, aggressive and they are stern, aggressive and unemotional.unemotional.

• Why?Why?– Gender roles and status.Gender roles and status.